1
|
Zhou T, Li X. Chemically modified seaweed polysaccharides: Improved functional and biological properties and prospective in food applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13396. [PMID: 38925601 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Seaweed polysaccharides are natural biomacromolecules with unique physicochemical properties (e.g., good gelling, emulsifying, and film-forming properties) and diverse biological activities (e.g., anticoagulant, antioxidant, immunoregulatory, and antitumor effects). Furthermore, they are nontoxic, biocompatible and biodegradable, and abundant in resources. Therefore, they have been widely utilized in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. However, their properties and bioactivities sometimes are not satisfactory for some purposes. Modification of polysaccharides can impart the amphiphilicity and new functions to the biopolymers and change the structure and conformation, thus effectively improving their functional properties and biological activities so as to meet the requirement for targeted applications. This review outlined the modification methods of representative red algae polysaccharides (carrageenan and agar), brown algae polysaccharides (fucoidan, alginate, and laminaran), and green algae polysaccharides (ulvan) that have potential food applications, including etherification, esterification, degradation, sulfation, phosphorylation, selenylation, and so on. The improved functional properties and bioactivities of the modified seaweed polysaccharides and their potential food applications are also summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chi Y, Li Y, Ding C, Liu X, Luo M, Wang Z, Bi Y, Luo S. Structural and biofunctional diversity of sulfated polysaccharides from the genus Codium (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta): A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130364. [PMID: 38401579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
It is believed that polysaccharides will become a focal point for future production of food, pharmaceuticals, and materials due to their ubiquitous and renewable nature, as well as their exceptional properties that have been extensively validated in the fields of nutrition, healthcare, and materials. Sulfated polysaccharides derived from seaweed sources have attracted considerable attention owing to their distinctive structures and properties. The genus Codium, represented by the species C. fragile, holds significance as a vital economic green seaweed and serves as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. To date, the cell walls of the genus Codium have been found to contain at least four types of sulfated polysaccharides, specifically pyruvylated β-d-galactan sulfates, sulfated arabinogalactans, sulfated β-l-arabinans, and sulfated β-d-mannans. These sulfated polysaccharides exhibit diverse biofunctions, including anticoagulant, immune-enhancing, anticancer, antioxidant activities, and drug-carrying capacity. This review explores the structural and biofunctional diversity of sulfated polysaccharides derived from the genus Codium. Additionally, in addressing the impending challenges within the industrialization of these polysaccharides, encompassing concerns regarding scale-up production and quality control, we outline potential strategies to address these challenges from the perspectives of raw materials, extraction processes, purification technologies, and methods for quality control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhou Chi
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China.
| | - Yang Li
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Chengcheng Ding
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Meilin Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Yanhong Bi
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Si Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qiu Z, Qiao Y, Zhang B, Sun-Waterhouse D, Zheng Z. Bioactive polysaccharides and oligosaccharides from garlic (Allium sativum L.): Production, physicochemical and biological properties, and structure-function relationships. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3033-3095. [PMID: 35765769 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Garlic is a common food, and many of its biological functions are attributed to its components including functional carbohydrates. Garlic polysaccharides and oligosaccharides as main components are understudied but have future value due to the growing demand for bioactive polysaccharides/oligosaccharides from natural sources. Garlic polysaccharides have molecular weights of 1 × 103 to 2 × 106 Da, containing small amounts of pectins and fructooligosaccharides and large amounts of inulin-type fructans ((2→1)-linked β-d-Fruf backbones alone or with attached (2→6)-linked β-d-Fruf branched chains). This article provides a detailed review of research progress and identifies knowledge gaps in extraction, production, composition, molecular characteristics, structural features, physicochemical properties, bioactivities, and structure-function relationships of garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides. Whether the extraction processes, synthesis approaches, and modification methods established for other non-garlic polysaccharides are also effective for garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides (to preserve their desired molecular structures and bioactivities) requires verification. The metabolic processes of ingested garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides (as food ingredients/dietary supplements), their modes of action in healthy humans or populations with chronic conditions, and molecular/chain organization-bioactivity relationships remain unclear. Future research directions related to garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yiteng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhenjia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Glasson CRK, Luiten CA, Carnachan SM, Daines AM, Kidgell JT, Hinkley SFR, Praeger C, Andrade Martinez M, Sargison L, Magnusson M, de Nys R, Sims IM. Structural characterization of ulvans extracted from blade (Ulva ohnoi) and filamentous (Ulva tepida and Ulva prolifera) species of cultivated Ulva. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:571-579. [PMID: 34813787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ulvans from Ulva ohnoi, Ulva tepida and Ulva prolifera were extracted under mild acidic conditions, isolated and their composition and structure determined. The ulvans contained mostly rhamnose (31.6-46.7 mol%) and glucuronic acid (26.6-37.5 mol%), with smaller amounts of xylose (3.4-10.4 mol%) and iduronic acid (3.1-7.6 mol%). In addition, the ulvan samples also contained galactose (4.4-26.0 mol%). Glycosyl linkage analysis showed that ulvan from U. ohnoi contained mostly →4)-GlcpA-(1→ and →3,4)-Rhap-(1→. Preparation of partially methylated alditol acetate standards of idose showed that U. ohnoi contained →4)-IdopA-(1→. In addition to these residues, glycosyl linkage analysis of U. tepida and U. prolifera showed the presence of →2,3,4)-Rhap-(1→, →4)-Xylp-(1→, →2,4)-GlcpA-(1→ and →3,4)-GlcpA-(1→. These two species also contained galactose linkages. These data, together with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy indicated that U. ohnoi comprised mostly of type A3S ulvanobiuronic acid repeats [→4)-β-D-GlcpA-(1→4)-α-L-Rhap3S-(1→], together with smaller amounts of type B3S ulvanobiuronic acid repeats [→4)-α-L-IdopA-(1→4)-α-L-Rhap3S-(1→] and ulvanobiose (U3S [→4)-β-D-Xylp-(1→4)-α-L-Rhap3S-(1→]). NMR spectra of U. tepida and U. prolifera showed resonances not detected in U. ohnoi, highlighting the complexity of the ulvans from these species. Regardless of the structural diversity of the ulvan samples there was very little antioxidant or inhibitory activity detected on enzymatic processes investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R K Glasson
- MACRO - The Centre for Macroalgal Resources and Biotechnology, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia; Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand.
| | - Cara A Luiten
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Susan M Carnachan
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Alison M Daines
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Joel T Kidgell
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand; Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand.
| | - Simon F R Hinkley
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
| | - Christina Praeger
- MACRO - The Centre for Macroalgal Resources and Biotechnology, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia; Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand.
| | - Maria Andrade Martinez
- MACRO - The Centre for Macroalgal Resources and Biotechnology, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia.
| | - Liam Sargison
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Marie Magnusson
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato, Tauranga 3110, New Zealand.
| | - Rocky de Nys
- MACRO - The Centre for Macroalgal Resources and Biotechnology, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia.
| | - Ian M Sims
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim M, Jang JK, Park YS. Production Optimization, Structural Analysis, and Prebiotic- and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Gluco-Oligosaccharides Produced by Leuconostoc lactis SBC001. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010200. [PMID: 33477973 PMCID: PMC7835818 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leuconostoc lactis SBC001, isolated from chive, produces glucansucrase and synthesizes oligosaccharides through its enzymatic activity. This study was conducted to optimize oligosaccharide production using response surface methodology, analyze the structure of purified oligosaccharides, and investigate the prebiotic effect on 24 bacterial and yeast strains and the anti-inflammatory activity using RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The optimal conditions for oligosaccharide production were a culture temperature of 30 °C and sucrose and maltose concentrations of 9.6% and 7.4%, respectively. Based on 1H-NMR spectroscopic study, the oligosaccharides were identified as gluco-oligosaccharides that consisted of 23.63% α-1,4 glycosidic linkages and 76.37% α-1,6 glycosidic linkages with an average molecular weight of 1137 Da. The oligosaccharides promoted the growth of bacterial and yeast strains, including Lactobacillus plantarum, L. paracasei, L. johnsonii, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, L. rhamnosus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were treated with the oligosaccharides, the production of nitric oxide was decreased; the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 was suppressed; and the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway was inhibited. In conclusion, the gluco-oligosaccharides obtained from Leu. lactis SBC001 exhibited a prebiotic effect on six bacterial and yeast strains and anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
| | - Jae-Kweon Jang
- Food Nutrition Major, School of Food, Chungkang College of Cultural Industries, Icheon 17390, Korea;
| | - Young-Seo Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-750-5378
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bailly C, Hecquet PE, Kouach M, Thuru X, Goossens JF. Chemical reactivity and uses of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), also known as edaravone. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
7
|
Ciancia M, Fernández PV, Leliaert F. Diversity of Sulfated Polysaccharides From Cell Walls of Coenocytic Green Algae and Their Structural Relationships in View of Green Algal Evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:554585. [PMID: 33133113 PMCID: PMC7550628 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.554585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Seaweeds biosynthesize sulfated polysaccharides as key components of their cell walls. These polysaccharides are potentially interesting as biologically active compounds. Green macroalgae of the class Ulvophyceae comprise sulfated polysaccharides with great structural differences regarding the monosaccharide constituents, linearity of their backbones, and presence of other acidic substituents in their structure, including uronic acid residues and pyruvic acid. These structures have been thoroughly studied in the Ulvales and Ulotrichales, but only more recently have they been investigated with some detail in ulvophytes with giant multinucleate (coenocytic) cells, including the siphonous Bryopsidales and Dasycladales, and the siphonocladous Cladophorales. An early classification of these structurally heterogeneous polysaccharides was based on the presence of uronic acid residues in these molecules. In agreement with this classification based on chemical structures, sulfated polysaccharides of the orders Bryopsidales and Cladophorales fall in the same group, in which this acidic component is absent, or only present in very low quantities. The cell walls of Dasycladales have been less studied, and it remains unclear if they comprise sulfated polysaccharides of both types. Although in the Bryopsidales and Cladophorales the most important sulfated polysaccharides are arabinans and galactans (or arabinogalactans), their major structures are very different. The Bryopsidales produce sulfated pyruvylated 3-linked β-d-galactans, in most cases, with ramifications on C6. For some species, linear sulfated pyranosic β-l-arabinans have been described. In the Cladophorales, also sulfated pyranosic β-l-arabinans have been found, but 4-linked and highly substituted with side chains. These differences are consistent with recent molecular phylogenetic analyses, which indicate that the Bryopsidales and Cladophorales are distantly related. In addition, some of the Bryopsidales also biosynthesize other sulfated polysaccharides, i.e., sulfated mannans and sulfated rhamnans. The presence of sulfate groups as a distinctive characteristic of these biopolymers has been related to their adaptation to the marine environment. However, it has been shown that some freshwater algae from the Cladophorales also produce sulfated polysaccharides. In this review, structures of sulfated polysaccharides from bryopsidalean, dasycladalean, and cladophoralean green algae studied until now are described and analyzed based on current phylogenetic understanding, with the aim of unveiling the important knowledge gaps that still exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ciancia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, CIHIDECAR-CONICET, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Marina Ciancia, ; Frederik Leliaert,
| | - Paula Virginia Fernández
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, CIHIDECAR-CONICET, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Frederik Leliaert
- Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium
- Ghent University, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Marina Ciancia, ; Frederik Leliaert,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hager FF, Sützl L, Stefanović C, Blaukopf M, Schäffer C. Pyruvate Substitutions on Glycoconjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4929. [PMID: 31590345 PMCID: PMC6801904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are the most diverse biomolecules of life. Mostly located at the cell surface, they translate into cell-specific "barcodes" and offer a vast repertoire of functions, including support of cellular physiology, lifestyle, and pathogenicity. Functions can be fine-tuned by non-carbohydrate modifications on the constituting monosaccharides. Among these modifications is pyruvylation, which is present either in enol or ketal form. The most commonly best-understood example of pyruvylation is enol-pyruvylation of N-acetylglucosamine, which occurs at an early stage in the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan. Ketal-pyruvylation, in contrast, is present in diverse classes of glycoconjugates, from bacteria to algae to yeast-but not in humans. Mild purification strategies preventing the loss of the acid-labile ketal-pyruvyl group have led to a collection of elucidated pyruvylated glycan structures. However, knowledge of involved pyruvyltransferases creating a ring structure on various monosaccharides is scarce, mainly due to the lack of knowledge of fingerprint motifs of these enzymes and the unavailability of genome sequences of the organisms undergoing pyruvylation. This review compiles the current information on the widespread but under-investigated ketal-pyruvylation of monosaccharides, starting with different classes of pyruvylated glycoconjugates and associated functions, leading to pyruvyltransferases, their specificity and sequence space, and insight into pyruvate analytics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona F Hager
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Leander Sützl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Muthgasse 11, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Cordula Stefanović
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Blaukopf
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christina Schäffer
- Department of NanoBiotechnology, NanoGlycobiology unit, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao C, Wu Y, Liu X, Liu B, Cao H, Yu H, Sarker SD, Nahar L, Xiao J. Functional properties, structural studies and chemo-enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
10
|
Liu X, Hao J, He X, Wang S, Cao S, Qin L, Mao W. A rhamnan-type sulfated polysaccharide with novel structure from Monostroma angicava Kjellm (Chlorophyta) and its bioactivity. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 173:732-748. [PMID: 28732920 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A homogeneous polysaccharide was obtained from Monostroma angicava Kjellm by water extraction, preparative anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. Results of chemical and spectroscopic analyses showed that the polysaccharide was a glucuronic acid-containing rhamnan-type sulfated polysaccharide. The backbone mainly consisted of →3)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ and →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ residues, partially sulfated at C-2 of →3)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ and C-3/C-4 of →2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→. The branching contained unsulfated or monosulfated 3-linked, 2-linked, 4-linked α-l-rhamnose and terminal β-d-glucuronic acid residues. The polysaccharide had strong antidiabetic activity assessed by glucose consumption, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels using human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. The polysaccharide exhibited high anticoagulant property by activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time assays, and possessed high fibrin(ogen)olytic activity evaluated by plasminogen activator inhibitior-1, fibrin(ogen) degradation products and D-dimer levels using rats plasma. The investigation demonstrated that the polysaccharide from Monostroma angicava Kjellm was a novel sulfated rhamnan and could be a potential antidiabetic and anticoagulant polysaccharide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiejie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiaoxi He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Sujian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wenjun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|