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Sen A, Tanguy G, Galand PE, Andersen AC, Hourdez S. Bacterial symbiont diversity in Arctic seep Oligobrachia siboglinids. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:30. [PMID: 37264469 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High latitude seeps are dominated by Oligobrachia siboglinid worms. Since these worms are often the sole chemosymbiotrophic taxon present (they host chemosynthetic bacteria within the trophosome organ in their trunk region), a key question in the study of high latitude seep ecology has been whether they harbor methanotrophic symbionts. This debate has manifested due to the mismatch between stable carbon isotope signatures of the worms (lower than -50‰ and usually indicative of methanotrophic symbioses) and the lack of molecular or microscopic evidence for methanotrophic symbionts. Two hypotheses have circulated to explain this paradox: (1) the uptake of sediment carbon compounds with depleted δC13 values from the seep environment, and (2) a small, but significant and difficult to detect population of methanotrophic symbionts. We conducted 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 regions on two species of northern seep Oligobrachia (Oligobrachia webbi and Oligobrachia sp. CPL-clade), from four different high latitude sites, to investigate the latter hypothesis. We also visually checked the worms' symbiotic bacteria within the symbiont-hosting organ, the trophosome, through transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The vast majority of the obtained reads corresponded to sulfide-oxidizers and only a very small proportion of the reads pertained to methane-oxidizers, which suggests a lack of methanotrophic symbionts. A number of sulfur oxidizing bacterial strains were recovered from the different worms, however, host individuals tended to possess a single strain, or sometimes two closely-related strains. However, strains did not correspond specifically with either of the two Oligobrachia species we investigated. Water depth could play a role in determining local sediment bacterial communities that were opportunistically taken up by the worms. Bacteria were abundant in non-trophosome (and thereby symbiont-free) tissue and are likely epibiotic or tube bacterial communities. CONCLUSIONS The absence of methanotrophic bacterial sequences in the trophosome of Arctic and north Atlantic seep Oligobrachia likely indicates a lack of methanotrophic symbionts in these worms, which suggests that nutrition is sulfur-based. This is turn implies that sediment carbon uptake is responsible for the low δ13C values of these animals. Furthermore, endosymbiotic partners could be locally determined, and possibly only represent a fraction of all bacterial sequences obtained from tissues of these (and other) species of frenulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Sen
- Department of Arctic Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, Norway.
- Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.
| | - Gwenn Tanguy
- FR2424 Sorbonne Université-CNRS, Genomer, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Pierre E Galand
- UMR8222 Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB), CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-Sur-Mer, France
| | - Ann C Andersen
- UMR7144 Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin (AD2M), Sorbonne Université-CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Stéphane Hourdez
- UMR8222 Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB), CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-Sur-Mer, France
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Evolution of Sulfur Binding by Hemoglobin in Siboglinidae (Annelida) with Special Reference to Bone-Eating Worms, Osedax. J Mol Evol 2016; 82:219-29. [PMID: 27100359 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-016-9739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Most members of Siboglinidae (Annelida) harbor endosymbiotic bacteria that allow them to thrive in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents, methane seeps, and whale bones. These symbioses are enabled by specialized hemoglobins (Hbs) that are able to bind hydrogen sulfide for transportation to their chemosynthetic endosymbionts. Sulfur-binding capabilities are hypothesized to be due to cysteine residues at key positions in both vascular and coelomic Hbs, especially in the A2 and B2 chains. Members of the genus Osedax, which live on whale bones, do not have chemosynthetic endosymbionts, but instead harbor heterotrophic bacteria capable of breaking down complex organic compounds. Although sulfur-binding capabilities are important in other siboglinids, we questioned whether Osedax retained these cysteine residues and the potential ability to bind hydrogen sulfide. To answer these questions, we used high-throughput DNA sequencing to isolate and analyze Hb sequences from 8 siboglinid lineages. For Osedax mucofloris, we recovered three (A1, A2, and B1) Hb chains, but the B2 chain was not identified. Hb sequences from gene subfamilies A2 and B2 were translated and aligned to determine conservation of cysteine residues at previously identified key positions. Hb linker sequences were also compared to determine similarity between Osedax and siboglinids/sulfur-tolerant annelids. For O. mucofloris, our results found conserved cysteines within the Hb A2 chain. This finding suggests that Hb in O. mucofloris has retained some capacity to bind hydrogen sulfide, likely due to the need to detoxify this chemical compound that is abundantly produced within whale bones.
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Eichinger I, Schmitz-Esser S, Schmid M, Fisher CR, Bright M. Symbiont-driven sulfur crystal formation in a thiotrophic symbiosis from deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 6:364-372. [PMID: 24992535 PMCID: PMC4232855 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The siboglinid tubeworm Sclerolinum contortum symbiosis inhabits sulfidic sediments at deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. A single symbiont phylotype in the symbiont-housing organ is inferred from phylogenetic analyses of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) gene and fluorescent in situ hybridization. The phylotype we studied here, and a previous study from an arctic hydrocarbon seep population, reveal identical 16S rRNA symbiont gene sequences. While sulfide is apparently the energy source for the symbionts (and ultimately the gutless host), both partners also have to cope with its toxicity. This study demonstrates abundant large sulfur crystals restricted to the trophosome area. Based on Raman microspectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis, these crystals have the same S8 sulfur configuration as the recently described small sulfur vesicles formed in the symbionts. The crystals reside adjacent to the symbionts in the trophosome. This suggests that their formation is either extra- or intracellular in symbionts. We propose that formation of these crystals provides both energy-storage compounds for the symbionts and serves the symbiosis by removing excess toxic sulfide from host tissues. This symbiont-mediated sulfide detoxification may have been crucial for the establishment of thiotrophic symbiosis and continues to remain an important function of the symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmgard Eichinger
- Department of Limnology and Oceanography, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaAlthanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaAlthanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schmid
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaVeterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles R Fisher
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, Schuylkill, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Monika Bright
- Department of Limnology and Oceanography, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of ViennaAlthanstr. 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Eichinger I, Hourdez S, Bright M. Morphology, microanatomy and sequence data of Sclerolinum contortum (Siboglindae, Annelida) of the Gulf of Mexico. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2013; 13:311-329. [PMID: 25960690 PMCID: PMC4416538 DOI: 10.1007/s13127-012-0121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sclerolinum is a small genus of Siboglinidae (Annelida) living in an obligate mutualistic association with thiotrophic bacteria as adults. Its taxonomic position, based on morphology, has been controversial; however, molecular data point to a sister taxa relationship with vestimentiferans. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and comparative morphology revealed that the studied population from deep-sea hydrocarbon seeps of the Gulf of Mexico belongs to Sclerolinum contortum known from the Arctic Sea. Since no anatomical and microanatomical studies have been published yet, we conducted such a study on S. contortum using serial sectioning and light and transmission electron microscopy. We show that the Sclerolinum body, divided into a head, trunk, and opisthosoma, is very similar to that of the vestimentiferans, and therefore we propose that the body regions are homologous in both taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmgard Eichinger
- Department of Marine Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stéphane Hourdez
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR 7144, CNRS, Equipe Génétique des Adaptations aux Milieux Extrêmes, 29680 Roscoff, France
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR 7144, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Equipe Génétique des Adaptations aux Milieux Extrêmes, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Monika Bright
- Department of Marine Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Eichinger I, Klepal W, Schmid M, Bright M. Organization and microanatomy of the Sclerolinum contortum trophosome (Polychaeta, Siboglinidae). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2011; 220:140-153. [PMID: 21551450 DOI: 10.1086/bblv220n2p140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The trophosome-an organ especially evolved to accommodate symbiotic bacteria-is a key character of the polychaete family Siboglinidae. Astonishingly, the trophosomes vary in organization and origin between the different siboglinid taxa. The trophosome of the small genus Sclerolinum was nearly unknown until now. Here we investigated the trophosome of S. contortum from the Gulf of Mexico, using light and electron microscopy. We show that this organ derives from the visceral mesoderm and propose that the trophosome of the sister clade Vestimentifera and Sclerolinum is a homologous character. Like that of juvenile vestimentiferans, the trophosome of Sclerolinum trophosome is simply organized. This study reveals that the Sclerolinum trophosome exhibits two regions that differ in the organization of host tissue and the size and shape of the symbionts. We suggest that a specific cell cycle within the symbiont-housing organ is directed along the longitudinal body axis, with a region of proliferation anteriorly and a region of degradation posteriorly. Using Raman microspectroscopy we demonstrate that the endosymbionts of S. contortum from the Gulf of Mexico contain sulfur vesicles, and we argue for a chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing metabolism.
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Hilário A, Capa M, Dahlgren TG, Halanych KM, Little CTS, Thornhill DJ, Verna C, Glover AG. New perspectives on the ecology and evolution of siboglinid tubeworms. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16309. [PMID: 21339826 PMCID: PMC3038861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hilário
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar and Departamento de Biologia, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Kenneth M. Halanych
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | | | - Daniel J. Thornhill
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, United States of America
| | - Caroline Verna
- Symbiosis Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Adrian G. Glover
- Zoology Department, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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Lazar CS, Dinasquet J, Pignet P, Prieur D, Toffin L. Active archaeal communities at cold seep sediments populated by Siboglinidae tubeworms from the Storegga Slide. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2010; 60:516-527. [PMID: 20401609 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-010-9654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Siboglinid tubeworms in cold seep sediments can locally modify the geochemical gradients of electron acceptors and donors, hence creating potential microhabitats for prokaryotic populations. The archaeal communities associated with sediments populated by Oligobrachia haakonmosbiensis and Sclerolinum contortum Siboglinid tubeworms in the Storegga Slide were examined in this study. Vertical distribution of archaeal communities was investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis based on 16S rRNA genes. The active fraction of the archaeal community was assessed by using reverse-transcribed rRNA. Archaeal communities associated with sediments colonized by tubeworms were affiliated with uncultivated archaeal lineages of the Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. The composition of the active archaeal populations changed with depth indicating a reorganization of microbial communities. 16S rRNA gene libraries were dominated by sequences affiliated to the Rice Cluster V which are unusual in marine sediment samples. Moreover, this study provides the first evidence of living Crenarchaeota of the Rice Cluster V in cold seep sediments. Furthermore, the Storegga Slide sediments harbored a high diversity of other minor groups of uncultivated lineages including Terrestrial Miscellaneous Euryarchaeotal Group, Marine Benthic Group (MBG)-D, MBG-E, Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeotal Group, Lake Dagow Sediment, Val Kotinen Lake clade III, and Sippenauer Moor 1. Thus, we hypothesize that the vertical geochemical imprint created by the tubeworms could support broad active archaeal populations in the Siboglinidae-populated Storegga Slide sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandre Sara Lazar
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197, Ifremer Centre de Brest, Département Etudes des Environnements Profonds, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
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