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Saleh AA, Mousa A, Amber K, Badwi N, Shoukry M, Khairy M, Nusairat B, Odetallah N, Lin YMA, Selim S. Effect of endo-1,4-beta-xylanase supplementation to low-energy diets on performance, blood constituents, nutrient digestibility, and gene expressions related growth of broiler chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:99-110. [PMID: 37587735 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The presence of soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) was reported to reduce nutrient utilisation, and adversely impact the broilers' growth performance; accordingly, NSP-degrading enzymes are essential supplements to cereal-based diets. Therefore, the current trial was conducted to characterise the impacts of supplemental xylanase (Xyl) to diets with low-ME levels on performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, nutrient digestibility and some genes expressions in broiler chickens. A total of 600 1-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 6 treatments with 10 replications of 10 birds each per group in a completely randomised design. The 6 treatments were as follow: (1) basal diets with balanced ME content served as control (positive control, PC), (2) low-energy diet (negative control 1 [NC1]; ME content reduced by 70 kcal/kg compared with PC), (3) low-energy diet (negative control 2 [NC2]; ME content reduced by 140 kcal/kg compared with PC), (4) NC1 + 100 g/ton xylanase (NC1 + 100Xyl), (5) NC2 + 100 g/ton xylanase (NC2 + 100Xyl), and (6) NC1 + 50 g/ton xylanase (NC1 + 50Xyl). At the end of the experiment (35 days of age), the reduction of energy in the NC diets yielded lower live body weight (BW) and total body weight gain (BWG) (p ˂ 0.001); however, it significantly increased feed intake (p ˂ 0.05), leading to worst feed conversion ratio (FCR) and European production efficiency factor (EPEF) (p ˂ 0.01) than PC. There was non-significant variation in final BW, BWG, FCR, or EPEF between the PC group and the NC groups supplemented with Xyl. Carcass yield, gizzard, liver and, muscle relative weights were not influenced by dietary treatments; while broilers fed diet with low-energy diets with or without Xyl addition had lower abdominal fat (p ˂ 0.01) than PC. Furthermore, broilers fed on low-ME diets supplemented with Xyl showed a reduction in plasma total cholesterol (p ˂ 0.05) and low density lipoprotein (p ˂ 0.01) levels. Greater antibody titre against Newcastle disease (p ˂ 0.05) was recorded in the NC1 + 100Xyl and NC2 + 100Xyl groups. The addition of Xyl to low-energy diets significantly improved (p ˂ 0.05) fibre digestibility compared to the PC group. Moreover, enzyme supplementation increased muscle total lipids content and decreased muscle thiobarbituric acid retroactive substance content. In addition, enzyme supplementation increased gene expression related to growth and gene expression related to fatty acid synthesis. It was concluded that a low-ME diet might diminish broiler performance, whereas Xyl supplementation to low-ME diets beneficially affected growth performance, abdominal fat percentage, nutrient digestibility and immunity for broilers, and gene expressions related to growth and fatty acid synthesis in broiler chickens fed low-energy diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali Saleh
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mousa
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Khairy Amber
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Nemat Badwi
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Shoukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Basheer Nusairat
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Yun-Mei Amy Lin
- BioResource International, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shaimaa Selim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Menoufia, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt
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Fat digestion and metabolism: effect of different fat sources and fat mobilisers in broilers diet on growth performance and physiological parameters – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Commercial broilers have a short production cycle and a high requirement for energy (3000 kcal/kg in starter phase and 3200 kcal/kg in finisher phase). Therefore, the need to add energy rich lipids to their diet is inevitable. Digestibility of fat depends on its multiple properties: chain length, the composition of fatty acids, ratio of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids and free fatty acids. The high cost of vegetable oils and less availability due to their consumption in human diet are the main reasons for searching cheaper alternative fat sources. Animal oils like poultry and fish oil are the by-product of rendering plants and after refining, they are used in poultry diets as an energy source. Due to presence of impurities and free fatty acids, the digestibility of animal fat is less. There is a limited amount of bile acids and lipase available during early age and when birds are reared on high energy diet (finisher phase). Supplementation of emusifier or lipase in broilers diet increase fat utilisation. Emulsifiers increase fat digestibility by increasing active surface area of lipid droplets. Lysolecithin and Lysophospholipids are produced from hydrolyses of lecithin and phospholipids by phopholipase A2. The bile acids mainly compose of cholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid and have strong emulsification properties. Triacylglyceryl acylase (lipase) is an enzyme involved in catalysis and the hydrolysis of lipids. It can be concluded that use of emulsifier and lipase in broilers diet improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal histology in broilers.
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Abd El-Wahab A, Chuppava B, Radko D, Visscher C. Hepatic lipidosis in fattening turkeys: A review. TURKEY DISEASES, PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 1:48-66. [DOI: 10.51585/gjvr.2021.3.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The conditions on turkey fattening farms, including management, housing, and feeding, have been constantly improved recently in favour of animal health. Many studies deal scientifically with poultry health. However, specifically concerning liver health, there are still open questions regarding the influence of dietary factors on the metabolism and function of the liver. Consideration of the factors that could influence and alter liver metabolism is therefore of critical relevance. The liver, as a major metabolic organ, is the main site of fat synthesis in turkeys. Under certain conditions, fat can excessively accumulate in the liver and adversely affect the birds’ health. The so-called hepatic lipidosis (HL) in fattening turkeys has been known for years. This disease has unacceptable economic and animal welfare impacts, with high animal losses up to 15% within only a few days. To date, little is known about the causes and the metabolic changes in fattening turkeys leading to HL despite the increasing focus on health management and animal welfare. To understand what is different in turkeys compared to other species, it is necessary to discuss the metabolism of the liver in more detail, including HL-associated gross and microscopic lesions. In the current review, aspects of liver structure and lipid metabolism with special regard to lipogenesis are explained to discuss all dietary factors attributing to the development and prevention of HL. As part of the prevention of the HL, dietetics measures can be helpful in the future.
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Saleh AA, Abudabos AM, Ali MH, Ebeid TA. The effects of replacing corn with low-tannin sorghum in broiler’s diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities, lipid peroxidation and gene expressions related to growth and antioxidative properties. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2019.1680377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Saleh
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Alaeldein M. Abudabos
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mutahar H. Ali
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek A. Ebeid
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
- Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Saleh AA, Kirrella AA, Abdo SE, Mousa MM, Badwi NA, Ebeid TA, Nada AL, Mohamed MA. Effects of Dietary Xylanase and Arabinofuranosidase Combination on the Growth Performance, Lipid Peroxidation, Blood Constituents, and Immune Response of Broilers Fed Low-Energy Diets. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E467. [PMID: 31336620 PMCID: PMC6680578 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to examine that impact of dietary xylanase (Xyl) and arabinofuranosidase (Abf) supplementation on the performance, protein and fat digestibility, the lipid peroxidation, the plasma biochemical traits, and the immune response of broilers. A total of 480, un-sexed, and one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were randomly divided into three treatments with eight replicates, where chicks in the first treatment were fed basal diets and served as the control, chicks in the second treatment were fed diets formulated with reductions of 90 kcal/kg, and chicks in the third treatment were fed the same formulated diets used in the second group as well as the Xyl and Abf combination (Rovabio® Advance). Feed intake was decreased by the low energy diet, leading to an enhancement in feed efficiency enzyme supplementation in the low energy diet (p < 0.015). Both protein and fat digestibility were improved (p < 0.047) due to enzyme supplementation. Moreover, enzyme supplementation increased muscle total lipids content and decreased muscle thiobarbituric acid retroactive substance content. Furthermore, diets supplemented with Xyl and Abf exhibited an increase in antibody titers against the Newcastle disease virus (p < 0.026). In addition, enzyme supplementation increased gene expression related to growth and gene expression related to fatty acid synthesis. It could be concluded that dietary Xyl and Abf supplementation had beneficial impacts on growth, nutrient digestibility, lipid peroxidation, immune response, and gene expressions related to growth and fatty acid synthesis in broiler chickens fed low-energy diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Saleh
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 333516, Egypt.
| | - Abeer A Kirrella
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 333516, Egypt
| | - Safaa E Abdo
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 333516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Mousa
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 333516, Egypt
| | - Nemat A Badwi
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 333516, Egypt
| | - Tarek A Ebeid
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 333516, Egypt
- Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed L Nada
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 333516, Egypt
- Orkila Egypt Chemicals SAE, 12 Al-Badeya Street, El Merghany Heliopolis, Cairo 11757, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Mohamed
- Adisseo France SAS 10 Place du Général de Gaulle, Antony, 92160 Paris, France
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Muret K, Klopp C, Wucher V, Esquerré D, Legeai F, Lecerf F, Désert C, Boutin M, Jehl F, Acloque H, Giuffra E, Djebali S, Foissac S, Derrien T, Lagarrigue S. Long noncoding RNA repertoire in chicken liver and adipose tissue. Genet Sel Evol 2017; 49:6. [PMID: 28073357 PMCID: PMC5225574 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-016-0275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving functional annotation of the chicken genome is a key challenge in bridging the gap between genotype and phenotype. Among all transcribed regions, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a major component of the transcriptome and its regulation, and whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) has greatly improved their identification and characterization. We performed an extensive profiling of the lncRNA transcriptome in the chicken liver and adipose tissue by RNA-Seq. We focused on these two tissues because of their importance in various economical traits for which energy storage and mobilization play key roles and also because of their high cell homogeneity. To predict lncRNAs, we used a recently developed tool called FEELnc, which also classifies them with respect to their distance and strand orientation to the closest protein-coding genes. Moreover, to confidently identify the genes/transcripts expressed in each tissue (a complex task for weakly expressed molecules such as lncRNAs), we probed a particularly large number of biological replicates (16 per tissue) compared to common multi-tissue studies with a larger set of tissues but less sampling. RESULTS We predicted 2193 lncRNA genes, among which 1670 were robustly expressed across replicates in the liver and/or adipose tissue and which were classified into 1493 intergenic and 177 intragenic lncRNAs located between and within protein-coding genes, respectively. We observed similar structural features between chickens and mammals, with strong synteny conservation but without sequence conservation. As previously reported, we confirm that lncRNAs have a lower and more tissue-specific expression than mRNAs. Finally, we showed that adjacent lncRNA-mRNA genes in divergent orientation have a higher co-expression level when separated by less than 1 kb compared to more distant divergent pairs. Among these, we highlighted for the first time a novel lncRNA candidate involved in lipid metabolism, lnc_DHCR24, which is highly correlated with the DHCR24 gene that encodes a key enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS We provide a comprehensive lncRNA repertoire in the chicken liver and adipose tissue, which shows interesting patterns of co-expression between mRNAs and lncRNAs. It contributes to improving the structural and functional annotation of the chicken genome and provides a basis for further studies on energy storage and mobilization traits in the chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Muret
- UMR PEGASE, INRA, 35042, Rennes, France.,UMR PEGASE, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35042, Rennes, France
| | | | - Valentin Wucher
- UMR6290 IGDR, CNRS, Université Rennes 1, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Diane Esquerré
- Plateforme GENOTOUL, INRA, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,GenPhySE, INPT, ENVT, INRA, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- UMR IGEPP, INRA, 35042, Rennes, France.,UMR IGEPP, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Lecerf
- UMR PEGASE, INRA, 35042, Rennes, France.,UMR PEGASE, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Colette Désert
- UMR PEGASE, INRA, 35042, Rennes, France.,UMR PEGASE, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Morgane Boutin
- UMR PEGASE, INRA, 35042, Rennes, France.,UMR PEGASE, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Jehl
- UMR PEGASE, INRA, 35042, Rennes, France.,UMR PEGASE, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Hervé Acloque
- GenPhySE, INPT, ENVT, INRA, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Elisabetta Giuffra
- GABI, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sarah Djebali
- GenPhySE, INPT, ENVT, INRA, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvain Foissac
- GenPhySE, INPT, ENVT, INRA, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Thomas Derrien
- UMR6290 IGDR, CNRS, Université Rennes 1, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Sandrine Lagarrigue
- UMR PEGASE, INRA, 35042, Rennes, France. .,UMR PEGASE, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, 35042, Rennes, France.
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Ouyang K, Xu M, Jiang Y, Wang W. Effects of alfalfa flavonoids on broiler performance, meat quality, and gene expression. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2015-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Two hundred and forty 1-d-old Arbor Acre female broilers were used to study the effects of alfalfa flavonoids (AF) on broiler performance, meat quality, and gene expression. Chicken were fed with basal diet supplemented with AF at 0, 5, 10, or 15 mg kg−1 diet for a period of 42 d. Growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant effect and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene expressions were investigated. Results showed that AF inclusion in the diet enhanced the body weight (BW) at 42 d of age and the average daily gain from 0 to 42 d, decreased the total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels and increased HDL level in the serum, enhanced the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the serum. Also, AF supplementation decreased the abdomen fat rate, marble, and the drip loss and storage loss after the storage for 96 h. Gene expressions’ results showed that AF inclusion decreased the FAS expression and increased the LPL, PPARγ, and ATGL expressions in the liver and adipose tissues, especially when the AF inclusion level was 15 mg kg−1 diet. These results indicate that AF were found to be effective for average daily gain and breast percentage promoting, meat quality and antioxidant activity improvement via upregulating the LPL, ATGL, PPARγ, and downregulating the FAS expression in adipose and liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehui Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingsheng Xu
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People’s Republic of China
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Ouyang K, Xu M, Jiang Y, Wang W. Effects of alfalfa flavonoids on broiler performance, meat quality, and gene expression. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2015-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two hundred and forty 1-d-old Arbor Acre female broilers were used to study the effects of alfalfa flavonoids (AF) on broiler performance, meat quality, and gene expression. Chicken were fed with basal diet supplemented with AF at 0, 5, 10, or 15 mg kg−1 diet for a period of 42 d. Growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant effect and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene expressions were investigated. Results showed that AF inclusion in the diet enhanced the body weight (BW) at 42 d of age and the average daily gain from 0 to 42 d, decreased the total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels and increased HDL level in the serum, enhanced the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the serum. Also, AF supplementation decreased the abdomen fat rate, marble, and the drip loss and storage loss after the storage for 96 h. Gene expressions’ results showed that AF inclusion decreased the FAS expression and increased the LPL, PPARγ, and ATGL expressions in the liver and adipose tissues, especially when the AF inclusion level was 15 mg kg−1 diet. These results indicate that AF were found to be effective for average daily gain and breast percentage promoting, meat quality and antioxidant activity improvement via upregulating the LPL, ATGL, PPARγ, and downregulating the FAS expression in adipose and liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehui Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingsheng Xu
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People’s Republic of China
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Fouad AM, El-Senousey HK. Nutritional factors affecting abdominal fat deposition in poultry: a review. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:1057-68. [PMID: 25050050 PMCID: PMC4093572 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The major goals of the poultry industry are to increase the carcass yield and to reduce carcass fatness, mainly the abdominal fat pad. The increase in poultry meat consumption has guided the selection process toward fast-growing broilers with a reduced feed conversion ratio. Intensive selection has led to great improvements in economic traits such as body weight gain, feed efficiency, and breast yield to meet the demands of consumers, but modern commercial chickens exhibit excessive fat accumulation in the abdomen area. However, dietary composition and feeding strategies may offer practical and efficient solutions for reducing body fat deposition in modern poultry strains. Thus, the regulation of lipid metabolism to reduce the abdominal fat content based on dietary composition and feeding strategy, as well as elucidating their effects on the key enzymes associated with lipid metabolism, could facilitate the production of lean meat and help to understand the fat-lowering effects of diet and different feeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Fouad
- Corresponding Author: A. M. Fouad. Tel: +20-2-35440696, Fax: +20-2-35717355, E-mail:
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Moradi S, Zaghari M, Shivazad M, Osfoori R, Mardi M. The effect of increasing feeding frequency on performance, plasma hormones and metabolites, and hepatic lipid metabolism of broiler breeder hens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:1227-37. [PMID: 23571332 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to study the effects of feeding regimens on reproductive performance, plasma hormone and metabolite levels, and hepatic lipid metabolism of Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens from 26 to 38 wk of age. Seventy-two birds were used in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments, each replicated 4 times. Treatments were as follows: 1) once a day feeding, in which birds were fed once a day at 0615 h (control), 2) twice a day feeding, in which daily allocated feed was fed in 2 equal meals at 0615 and 1215 h, and 3) thrice a day feeding in which daily allocated feed was offered in 3 equal meals at 0615, 1215, and 1815 h. Through 38 wk of age, total hen-day egg production in the hens fed twice and thrice a day was greater (67.1 and 67.2 vs. 62.2 eggs/hen, P < 0.01). Similarly, egg weight was higher (P < 0.01) in birds fed more than once a day. Multi-meal-fed birds had significantly lower plasma triiodothyronine and glucose at 32 wk and also lower glucose and cholesterol, and higher 17β-estradiol levels at 38 wk than those fed once a day (P ≤ 0.05). Hepatic expression of malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and ATP citrate lyase relative to β-actin decreased (P < 0.05) in birds fed twice and thrice a day compared with birds fed once a day at peak egg production (32 wk). In contrast, feeding regimens did not affect the hepatic gene expression of lipogenic enzymes after peak egg production at 38 wk. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) gene expression was constant over dietary regimens. There was no difference in malic enzyme activity in multi-meal-fed birds at 38 wk. In summary, feeding broiler breeder hens 2 or 3 meals per day improved the reproductive performance during the early lay cycle. Implementing twice or thrice a day feeding regimens altered hepatic lipogenic gene expression in broiler breeder hens only at peak egg production, which indicated a short-term effect of increasing feeding frequency on hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moradi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, Karaj 31587-11167, Iran.
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De novo lipogenesis in the liver and adipose tissues of ducks during early growth stages after hatching. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 163:154-60. [PMID: 22652187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vivo de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in the liver and adipose tissues of ducks during early developmental stages after hatching has not previously been investigated. In this study, female Peking ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) at weeks 1 to 8 post-hatching were selected for experimentation. We measured the mRNA levels of 6 DNL-related genes in the duck liver, subcutaneous adipose tissue and abdominal adipose tissue by real-time PCR during the 8 weeks. Correlations of the plasma triacylglycerol (TG) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations with fat deposition at these sites were also detected during growth. Our results showed that fat content was highest in the subcutaneous adipose tissue and lowest in the liver during the growth period we studied. Additionally, plasma VLDL and TG were significantly associated with lipid content in adipose tissue (P<0.05), but not in the liver. Lastly, in the growing birds, the expression levels of lipogenic genes (with the exceptions SREBP-1c and SCD1) were much higher in the liver than in the adipose tissues, and the maximal expression levels of these genes occurred at week 4 or 5 at these sites. These findings indicated that the main site of DNL is always the liver in post-hatching ducks, and adipose tissues are of little importance for DNL. Taken together, our results suggested that the plasma lipoproteins contribute greatly to fat deposition in adipose tissues originating from hepatic lipogenesis.
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Boussaid-Om Ezzine S, Métayer-Coustard S, Collin A, Rideau N, Leterrier C, Bouvarel I, Seiliez I, Tesseraud S. Regulators of protein metabolism are affected by cyclical nutritional treatments with diets varying in protein and energy content. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:1467-73. [PMID: 22305405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the E3 ubiquitin ligases muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF1) and atrogin-1, which mediate the ubiquitination of certain proteins and thereby their proteolysis, are regulated by cyclical nutritional treatments varying in lysine content. In order to explore further the regulatory mechanisms involved in metabolic adaptation to dietary changes, we investigated the effects of daily variations in energy [2800 (E-) followed by 3200 kcal/kg (E+)], protein [230 (P+) followed by 150g/kg (P-)] or both [E-P+ followed by E+P-] on muscle protein metabolism in 2-week-old male broiler chickens. Growth performance was similar for all treatments. Expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 was changed by alternation of diets varying in protein (higher expression with P- vs. P+) and energy content (higher expression with E- vs. E+). The expression of atrogin-1 was regulated with mixed diets (increase in E+P- vs. E-P+) but not that of MuRF1. Such regulation may involve the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which was more phosphorylated with P+ than with P-. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein, p70S6 kinase and ribosomal protein S6, which are mTOR targets known to control protein synthesis, were highly activated by increased protein content (P+ vs. P-). The mechanisms coordinating the protein synthesis/proteolysis balance remain to be characterized.
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Mitchell A, Rosebrough R, Taicher G, Kovner I. In vivo measurement of body composition of chickens using quantitative magnetic resonance. Poult Sci 2011; 90:1712-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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