1
|
Kinane DF, Lappin DF, Culshaw S. The role of acquired host immunity in periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 38641953 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this narrative review is to relate the contribution of European researchers to the complex topic of the host immune system in periodontal disease, focusing on acquired immunity. Other chapters in this volume will address the genetics and autoantibody responses and other forms of immunity to periodontal disease. While the contribution of European authors is the focus, global literature is included in this descriptive narrative for contextual clarity, albeit many with European co-authors. The topic is relatively intense and is thus broken down into sections outlined below, tackled as descriptive narratives to enhance understanding. Any attempt at a systematic or scoping review was quickly abandoned given the descriptive nature and marked variation of approach in almost all publications. Even the most uniform area of this acquired periodontal immunology literature, antibody responses to putative pathogens in periodontal diseases, falls short of common structures and common primary outcome variables one would need and expect in clinical studies, where randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) abound. Addressing 'the host's role' in immunity immediately requires a discussion of host susceptibility, which necessitates consideration of genetic studies (covered elsewhere in the volume and superficially covered here).
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu J, Yu L, Ye S, Ye Z, Yang L, Xu X. Oral microbiota-host interaction: the chief culprit of alveolar bone resorption. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1254516. [PMID: 38455060 PMCID: PMC10918469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1254516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
There exists a bidirectional relationship between oral health and general well-being, with an imbalance in oral symbiotic flora posing a threat to overall human health. Disruptions in the commensal flora can lead to oral diseases, while systemic illnesses can also impact the oral cavity, resulting in the development of oral diseases and disorders. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, known as pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontitis, play a crucial role in linking periodontitis to accompanying systemic diseases. In periodontal tissues, these bacteria, along with their virulence factors, can excessively activate the host immune system through local diffusion, lymphatic circulation, and blood transmission. This immune response disruption contributes to an imbalance in osteoimmune mechanisms, alveolar bone resorption, and potential systemic inflammation. To restore local homeostasis, a deeper understanding of microbiota-host interactions and the immune network phenotype in local tissues is imperative. Defining the immune network phenotype in periodontal tissues offers a promising avenue for investigating the complex characteristics of oral plaque biofilms and exploring the potential relationship between periodontitis and associated systemic diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying Porphyromonas gingivalis- and Fusobacterium nucleatum-induced alveolar bone resorption, as well as the immunophenotypes observed in host periodontal tissues during pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Surong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zitong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Luyi Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yuan W, Yang Y, Wei Y, Yu X, Bao J, Zhong J, Wang Z, Chen L. Ferritin was involved in interleukin-17A enhanced osteogenesis through autophagy activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110916. [PMID: 37713787 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a prevalent inflammatory immune disease that involves tissue inflammation and excessive bone loss. In murine periodontitis models and periodontitis patients, upregulated interleukin-17A (IL-17A) expression was observed, and its level seemed to correlate with the disease severity. In this study, we intended to investigate the specific role of ferritin, a critical iron storage protein, in IL-17A enhanced osteogenic differentiation as well as the underlying mechanism. Under osteogenic induction, IL-17A stimulation promoted differentiation and mineralization of murine calvarial osteoblasts. In addition, increased iron accumulation and ferritin expression were detected in osteoblasts treated with IL-17A, indicating an alteration in iron metabolism during osteogenesis. Administration of iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) and transfection with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting ferritin heavy chain (FTH) further revealed that ferritin suppression consequently inhibited osteoblast differentiation. Autophagy activation was also found upon IL-17A stimulation, which played a positive role in osteogenic differentiation and was subsequently suppressed by DFO or siRNA targeting FTH. In conclusion, IL-17A induced ferritin expression in osteoblasts, which further enhanced osteogenic differentiation via autophagy activation. These findings may provide further insight into the role of IL-17A in osteoblast differentiation and demonstrate ferritin as a potential target in modulating alveolar bone homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Yuan
- Department of Periodontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- Department of Periodontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yingming Wei
- Department of Periodontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xufei Yu
- Department of Periodontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jiaqi Bao
- Department of Periodontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jiahui Zhong
- Department of Periodontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhongxiu Wang
- Department of Periodontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Periodontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hathaway-Schrader JD, Novince CM. Maintaining homeostatic control of periodontal bone tissue. Periodontol 2000 2021; 86:157-187. [PMID: 33690918 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar bone is a unique osseous tissue due to the proximity of dental plaque biofilms. Periodontal health and homeostasis are mediated by a balanced host immune response to these polymicrobial biofilms. Dysbiotic shifts within dental plaque biofilms can drive a proinflammatory immune response state in the periodontal epithelial and gingival connective tissues, which leads to paracrine signaling to subjacent bone cells. Sustained chronic periodontal inflammation disrupts "coupled" osteoclast-osteoblast actions, which ultimately result in alveolar bone destruction. This chapter will provide an overview of alveolar bone physiology and will highlight why the oral microbiota is a critical regulator of alveolar bone remodeling. The ecology of dental plaque biofilms will be discussed in the context that periodontitis is a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. The pathogenesis of periodontal bone loss will be explained from both a historical and current perspective, providing the opportunity to revisit the role of fibrosis in alveolar bone destruction. Periodontal immune cell interactions with bone cells will be reviewed based on our current understanding of osteoimmunological mechanisms influencing alveolar bone remodeling. Lastly, probiotic and prebiotic interventions in the oral microbiota will be evaluated as potential noninvasive therapies to support alveolar bone homeostasis and prevent periodontal bone loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Hathaway-Schrader
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Chad M Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yamaguchi M, Fukasawa S. Is Inflammation a Friend or Foe for Orthodontic Treatment?: Inflammation in Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption and Accelerating Tooth Movement. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2388. [PMID: 33673606 PMCID: PMC7957544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide a review on the role of inflammation in orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) and accelerating orthodontic tooth movement (AOTM) in orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is stimulated by remodeling of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone. These remodeling activities and tooth displacement are involved in the occurrence of an inflammatory process in the periodontium, in response to orthodontic forces. Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins (PGs), interleukins (Ils; IL-1, -6, -17), the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α superfamily, and receptor activator of nuclear factor (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) are increased in the PDL during OTM. OIIRR is one of the accidental symptoms, and inflammatory mediators have been detected in resorbed roots, PDL, and alveolar bone exposed to heavy orthodontic force. Therefore, these inflammatory mediators are involved with the occurrence of OIIRR during orthodontic tooth movement. On the contrary, regional accelerating phenomenon (RAP) occurs after fractures and surgery such as osteotomies or bone grafting, and bone healing is accelerated by increasing osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Recently, tooth movement after surgical procedures such as corticotomy, corticision, piezocision, and micro-osteoperforation might be accelerated by RAP, which increases the bone metabolism. Therefore, inflammation may be involved in accelerated OTM (AOTM). The knowledge of inflammation during orthodontic treatment could be used in preventing OIIRR and AOTM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yamaguchi
- Ginza Orthodontic Clinic, Ginza Granvia 6F, 3-3-14 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0061, Japan;
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mazurek-Mochol M, Kozak M, Malinowski D, Safranow K, Pawlik A. IL-17F Gene rs763780 and IL-17A rs2275913 Polymorphisms in Patients with Periodontitis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1081. [PMID: 33530501 PMCID: PMC7908462 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Periodontitis (PD) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can eventually lead to tooth loss. Genetic and environmental factors such as smoking are involved in the pathogenesis of PD. The development of PD is potentiated by various pathogens that induce an immune response leading to the production of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-17. The synthesis of IL-17 is influenced genetically. The polymorphisms in IL-17 gene may affect the synthesis of IL-17. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the IL-17F rs763780 and IL-17A rs2275913 polymorphisms and PD in non-smoking and smoking patients to check if these polymorphisms could be a risk factor for PD. Methods: The study enrolled 200 patients with PD (130 non-smokers and 70 smokers) and 160 control subjects (126 non-smokers and 34 smokers). Periodontitis was diagnosed on the basis of 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. All samples were genotyped using allelic discrimination assays with TaqMan® probes on a Real-Time PCR Detection System. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of the IL-17F rs763780 and IL-17A rs2275913 genotypes and alleles between patients with PD and control subjects, between smoking patients with PD and smoking control subjects, and between non-smoking patients with PD and non-smoking control subjects. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest a lack of statistically significant associations between IL-17F rs763780 and IL-17A rs2275913 polymorphisms and PD in Polish population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Kozak
- Department of Prosthetics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Damian Malinowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Suárez LJ, Garzón H, Arboleda S, Rodríguez A. Oral Dysbiosis and Autoimmunity: From Local Periodontal Responses to an Imbalanced Systemic Immunity. A Review. Front Immunol 2020; 11:591255. [PMID: 33363538 PMCID: PMC7754713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paradigm of onset and progression of periodontitis includes oral dysbiosis directed by inflammophilic bacteria, leading to altered resolution of inflammation and lack of regulation of the inflammatory responses. In the construction of explanatory models of the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease, autoimmune mechanisms were among the first to be explored and historically, for more than five decades, they have been described in an isolated manner as part of the tissue damage process observed in periodontitis, however direct participation of these mechanisms in the tissue damage is still controversial. Autoimmunity is affected by genetic and environmental factors, leading to an imbalance between the effector and regulatory responses, mostly associated with failed resolution mechanisms. However, dysbiosis/infection and chronic inflammation could trigger autoimmunity by several mechanisms including bystander activation, dysregulation of toll-like receptors, amplification of autoimmunity by cytokines, epitope spreading, autoantigens complementarity, autoantigens overproduction, microbial translocation, molecular mimicry, superantigens, and activation or inhibition of receptors related to autoimmunity by microorganisms. Even though autoreactivity in periodontitis is biologically plausible, the associated mechanisms could be related to non-pathologic responses which could even explain non-recognized physiological functions. In this review we shall discuss from a descriptive point of view, the autoimmune mechanisms related to periodontitis physio-pathogenesis and the participation of oral dysbiosis on local periodontal autoimmune responses as well as on different systemic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina J. Suárez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Oral, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernan Garzón
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Oral, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silie Arboleda
- Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiologia Clínica Oral (UNIECLO), Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang H, Chen D, Lippuner K, Hunziker EB. Induced Experimental Periimplantitis and Periodontitis: What are the Differences in the Inflammatory Response ? J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2020; 47:359-369. [PMID: 33259586 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This preliminary study investigates the differences between experimental periodontitis and periimplantitis in a dog model, with a focus on the histopathology, the inflammatory responses and specific immunoregulatory activities, driven by Th1/Th2 positive cells. Twelve dental implants were inserted into the edentulated posterior mandibles of six Beagle dogs and were given twelve weeks time for osseointegration. Experimental periimplantitis and periodontitis (first mandible molar) was then induced using cotton-floss ligatures. Twelve weeks later, alveolar bones were quantitated by cone beam-computer tomography. Histopathological analysis of the inflamed gingiva and of the periodontal tissues was performed by light microscopy, and the Th1/ Th2 cell populations were investigated by flow cytometry. Periimplantitis as well as periodontitis were both found to be associated with pronounced bone resorption effects, both to a similar degree vertically, but with a differential bone resorption pattern mesio-distally, and with a significantly higher and consistent bone resorption result in periimplantitis; however, with a higher variance of bone resorption in periodontitis. The histological appearances of the inflammatory tissues were identical. The percentages of Th1/ Th2 cells in the inflamed gingival tissues of both experimental periimplantitis and periodontitis were also found to be similar. Experimental periodontitis and periimplantitis in the dog model show essentially the same cellular pathology of inflammation. However, bone resorption was found to be significantly higher in periimplantitis; the histopathological changes in the periodontal tissues were similar in both groups, but showed a higher inter-individual variation in periodontitis, and appeared more uniform in periimplantitis. This preliminary study indicates that more focused experimental in-vivo inflammation models need to be developed to better simulate the human pathology in the two different diseases, and in order to have a valuable tool to investigate more specifically how novel treatments/prevention approaches may heal the differential adverse effects on bone tissue and on periodontium in periodontitis and in periimplantitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Huang
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081LA Amsterdam, Nord-Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Basic Science of Stomatology, Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kurt Lippuner
- Department of Osteoporosis, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 3, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Bruno Hunziker
- Inselspital Universitatsspital Bern Research Head Osteoporosis and Othopaedic Research Freiburgstrasse 3 SWITZERLAND Bern Bern 3010 +41860794446551 +41794446551 Departments of Osteoporosis and Orthopaedic Surgery, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 3, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abidi AH, Mayall RE, Ruan CX, Ou KL, Walinski CJ. Immunomodulatory activity seen as a result of photobiomodulation therapy in stimulated primary human fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 121:104968. [PMID: 33221565 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral biofilms burden host responses by induction of inflammatory mediators, exacerbating periodontal inflammation. Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) has been shown to decrease levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. However, optimal wavelengths and exposure doses have not been established. This study investigated the effects of PBMT on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) stimulated with inflammatory mediators (LPS, TNF-α, and IL-1β). METHODS Cytotoxic effects of laser wavelengths 660 nm and 810 nm were assessed by measuring their effects on cellular dehydrogenase activity. The study was expanded to include 980 nm, 660 nm + 810 nm, and 810 nm + 980 nm. P.g. LPS, TNF-α, and/or IL-1β were added one hour before irradiation, then exposed to laser irradiation to determine the most appropriate stimulus. The levels of INF-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A/F, and MCP-1 production in stimulated hPDLFs were measured and analyzed. RESULTS P.g. LPS was a poor stimulus for hPDLFs, while TNF-α and IL-1β significantly elevated the analytes. The 660 nm laser treatment induced pro-inflammatory cytokines when stimulated, while 810 nm exhibited significant suppression. IL-1β was the stimulus of choice and the 810 nm wavelength alone exhibited anti-inflammatory effects for all analytes except IL-8, while the 810 nm in combination with 660 nm and/or 980 nm exhibited effects similar to 810 nm alone. CONCLUSIONS The downregulation of inflammatory mediators by the combination or individual treatment with 810 nm wavelength shows promise for the management of periodontal inflammation. PBMT may lead to the development of a novel approach in the management of periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ammaar H Abidi
- Dept of Bioscience Research and Dept of General Dentistry, University of Tennessee College of Dentistry, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Rebecca E Mayall
- Dept of Prosthodontics, University of Tennessee College of Dentistry, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cozy X Ruan
- General Practice Residency, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Keng Liang Ou
- Dept of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Dept of Oral Hygiene Care, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung, Taiwan; 3D Global Biotech Inc., New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Medara N, Lenzo JC, Walsh KA, Reynolds EC, Darby IB, O'Brien-Simpson NM. A review of T helper 17 cell-related cytokines in serum and saliva in periodontitis. Cytokine 2020; 138:155340. [PMID: 33144024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a complex underlying immunopathology. Cytokines, as molecular mediators of inflammation, play a role in all stages of disease progression. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are thought to play a role in periodontitis. Th17 cell development and maintenance requires a pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu, with many of the cytokines implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Serum and saliva are easily accessible biofluids which can represent the systemic and local environment to promote the development of Th17 cells. Here we review human clinical studies that investigate IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, IFN-γ, sCD40L and TNF-α in serum and saliva in periodontitis. We highlight their putative role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and place them within a wider context of animal and other clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Medara
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Jason C Lenzo
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Katrina A Walsh
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Ivan B Darby
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de Oliveira PGFP, Bonfante EA, Bergamo ETP, de Souza SLS, Riella L, Torroni A, Benalcazar Jalkh EB, Witek L, Lopez CD, Zambuzzi WF, Coelho PG. Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Mellitus on Peri-implantitis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:596-610. [PMID: 32591106 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Literature has reported that up to 50% of dental implants may be affected by peri-implantitis, a bacteria-induced chronic inflammatory process, which promotes osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and inhibits bone formation, leading to progressive bone loss around implants. Current evidence points toward an increased risk for the development of peri-implantitis in both obesity/metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes mellitus (DM) conditions relative to the healthy population. Currently, there is no effective treatment for peri-implantitis and the 50% prevalence in MetS and DM, along with its predicted increase in the worldwide population, presents a major concern in implant dentistry as hyperglycemic conditions are associated with bone-healing impairment; this may be through dysfunction of osteocalcin-induced glucose metabolism. The MetS/DM proinflammatory systemic condition and altered immune/microbiome response affect both catabolic and anabolic events of bone-healing that include increased osteoclastogenesis and compromised osteoblast activity, which could be explained by the dysfunction of insulin receptor that led to activation of signals related with osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, chronic hyperglycemia along with associated micro- and macro-vascular ailments leads to delayed/impaired wound healing due to activation of pathways that are particularly important in initiating events linked to inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis; this may be through deactivation of AKT/PKB protein, which possesses a pivotal role in drive survival and eNOS signaling. This review presents an overview of the local and systemic mechanisms synergistically affecting bone-healing impairment in MetS/DM individuals, as well as a rationale for hierarchical animal model selection, in an effort to characterize peri-implantitis disease and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gabriela Faciola Pessôa de Oliveira
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University Center of State of Para, Belem, PA, Brazil
| | - Estevam A Bonfante
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Edmara T P Bergamo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luis Scombatti de Souza
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Periodontology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Riella
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Torroni
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ernesto B Benalcazar Jalkh
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Christopher D Lopez
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Willian Fernando Zambuzzi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Bioscience Institute (IBB), UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA; Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yokoji-Takeuchi M, Takahashi N, Yamada-Hara M, Sulijaya B, Tsuzuno T, Aoki-Nonaka Y, Tabeta K, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Yamazaki K. A bacterial metabolite induces Nrf2-mediated anti-oxidative responses in gingival epithelial cells by activating the MAPK signaling pathway. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 110:104602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
13
|
Xu W, Zhou W, Wang H, Liang S. Roles of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its virulence factors in periodontitis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 120:45-84. [PMID: 32085888 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infection-driven inflammatory disease, which is characterized by gingival inflammation and bone loss. Periodontitis is associated with various systemic diseases, including cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and reproductive system related abnormalities. Recent theory attributes the pathogenesis of periodontitis to oral microbial dysbiosis, in which Porphyromonas gingivalis acts as a critical agent by disrupting host immune homeostasis. Lipopolysaccharide, proteases, fimbriae, and some other virulence factors are among the strategies exploited by P. gingivalis to promote the bacterial colonization and facilitate the outgrowth of the surrounding microbial community. Virulence factors promote the coaggregation of P. gingivalis with other bacteria and the formation of dental biofilm. These virulence factors also modulate a variety of host immune components and subvert the immune response to evade bacterial clearance or induce an inflammatory environment. In this chapter, our focus is to discuss the virulence factors of periodontal pathogens, especially P. gingivalis, and their roles in regulating immune responses during periodontitis progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, Pudong, China
| | - Huizhi Wang
- VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rajendran M, Looney S, Singh N, Elashiry M, Meghil MM, El-Awady AR, Tawfik O, Susin C, Arce RM, Cutler CW. Systemic Antibiotic Therapy Reduces Circulating Inflammatory Dendritic Cells and Treg-Th17 Plasticity in Periodontitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2690-2699. [PMID: 30944162 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis (PD) is a common dysbiotic inflammatory disease that leads to local bone deterioration and tooth loss. PD patients experience low-grade bacteremias with oral microbes implicated in the risk of heart disease, cancer, and kidney failure. Although Th17 effectors are vital to fighting infection, functional imbalance of Th17 effectors and regulatory T cells (Tregs) promote inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated, in a small pilot randomized clinical trial, whether expansion of inflammatory blood myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) and conversion of Tregs to Th17 cells could be modulated with antibiotics (AB) as part of initial therapy in PD patients. PD patients were randomly assigned to either 7 d of peroral metronidazole/amoxicillin AB treatment or no AB, along with standard care debridement and chlorhexidine mouthwash. 16s ribosomal RNA analysis of keystone pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and its consortium members Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus gordonii confirmed the presence of all three species in the reservoirs (subgingival pockets and blood DCs) of PD patients before treatment. Of the three species, P. gingivalis was reduced in both reservoirs 4-6 wk after therapy. Further, the frequency of CD1C+CCR6+ myeloid DCs and IL-1R1 expression on IL-17A+FOXP3+CD4+ T cells in PD patients were reduced to healthy control levels. The latter led to decreased IL-1β-stimulated Treg plasticity in PD patients and improvement in clinical measures of PD. Overall, we identified an important, albeit short-term, beneficial role of AB therapy in reducing inflammatory DCs and Treg-Th17 plasticity in humans with PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mythilypriya Rajendran
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Stephen Looney
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Nagendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912.,Cancer Research Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Mahmoud Elashiry
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Mohamed M Meghil
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Ahmed R El-Awady
- Department of Research, Immunology Program, Children's Cancer Hospital, Cairo 57357, Egypt
| | - Omnia Tawfik
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt; and
| | - Cristiano Susin
- Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Roger M Arce
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Christopher W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Thorbert-Mros S, Larsson L, Kalm J, Berglundh T. Interleukin-17-producing T cells and interleukin-17 mRNA expression in periodontitis and long-standing gingivitis lesions. J Periodontol 2019; 90:516-521. [PMID: 30536765 DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T helper17 cells (Th17) are key targets in the evaluation of differences between "destructive" and "non-destructive" periodontal lesions. The aim of the present study was to analyze the density of interleukin-17 (IL-17) producing T cells and IL-17 mRNA expression in lesions representing severe periodontitis and longstanding gingivitis. METHODS Two groups of patients were recruited. The gingivitis group consisted of 28 patients, 41-70 years old, with evident signs of gingival inflammation but no attachment loss. The periodontitis group consisted of 36 patients, 33-67 years of age. A gingival biopsy was obtained from one selected diseased site from each patient and prepared for immunohistochemical and reverse transcription, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. RESULTS Although the density of CD3 positive cells (T cells) did not differ between the two types of lesions, the total number and density of cells positive for CD3+CD161 (IL-17-producing T-cells) were larger in periodontitis than in long-standing gingivitis lesions. About 30% of CD3-cells in periodontitis lesions were also positive for CD161. The corresponding figure for gingivitis samples was 15%. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) analysis revealed that differences between periodontitis and gingivitis samples remained after adjusting for smoking, age, and gender. In addition, males had larger proportions of IL-17 producing T cells than females in both groups. The IL-17 mRNA expression was higher in periodontitis than in gingivitis samples. CONCLUSION It is suggested that IL-17 producing T cells represent a significant feature in the detection of differences between destructive and non-destructive lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Thorbert-Mros
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena Larsson
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josephine Kalm
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tord Berglundh
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nikolajczyk BS, Dawson DR. Origin of Th17 Cells in Type 2 Diabetes-Potentiated Periodontal Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1197:45-54. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28524-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
17
|
Lee DG, Shin YK, Park JH, Park SY, Hwang E, Yang JE, Jo H, Kim KY, Mavlonov GT, Yi TH. Alveolar Bone Protective Effect of Hiziki Extracts on the Progression of Periodontitis. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:313-323. [PMID: 29656307 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of hiziki extract on alveolar bone loss, inflammation, and osteo-biomarker expression in hPDL cells (10, 50, 100 μg/ml final concentrations in culture medium) and on a ligature-induced periodontitis rat model (50, 100, 200 mg/kg with oral administration). Hiziki extract increased alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralized nodule formation in hPDL cell. In western blot analysis, hiziki extract resulted in increased expression of osteoblast markers, including transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), SMAD anchor for receptor activation (SARA) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) in hDPL cells. Additionally, expression of osteoclast markers and inflammatory cytokines was inhibited, which were receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), RANK receptor (RANKL) and nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1). Hiziki extract also prevented alveolar bone loss in a ligature-induced periodontitis rat model through reducing the distance between cementoenamel junction and alveolar bone crest (CBJ-ABC) and furcation involvement. These findings suggested that hiziki extract has prophylactic potential for the prevention of periodontitis through anti-inflammation and, anti-bone resorption effects and the inhibition of alveolar bone destruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Don-Gil Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yu-Kyong Shin
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hee Park
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Park
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Eunson Hwang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hae Jo
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Ki-Young Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Gafurjon T Mavlonov
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hoo Yi
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jiang H, Li Y, Ye C, Wu W, Liao G, Lu Y, Huang P. EB 2017 Article: Changes in advanced glycation end products, beta-defensin-3, and interleukin-17 during diabetic periodontitis development in rhesus monkeys. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:684-694. [PMID: 29587489 PMCID: PMC6378511 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218766512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontal disease has drawn great attention; however, the mechanisms underlying their association remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to develop a rhesus monkey model of diabetic periodontitis and explore the potential mechanisms by which DM affects the progression of periodontal disease. Three healthy rhesus monkeys were selected as the control group. Five streptozotocin-induced diabetic rhesus monkeys were chosen as the experimental group. Ligature placement was used to induce periodontitis. The changes in the levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), beta-defensin-3 (BD-3), and interleukin-17 (IL-17) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at different stages during disease progression. Periodontitis was confirmed by clinical assessment, radiographic images, and histological examination. Significant changes in the levels of AGEs and BD-3 in serum were observed at the periodontitis stage in diabetic rhesus monkeys ( P < 0.05). The expression of BD-3 mRNA in the gingiva of diabetic group at baseline was significantly high ( P < 0.05). Diabetic monkeys exhibited significantly enhanced IL-17 mRNA expression at the periodontitis stage ( P < 0.05). Our findings indicated that the rhesus monkey can serve as an ideal model for exploring the pathogenesis of diabetic periodontitis, and the hyperglycemic environment may accelerate inflammatory response and weaken the defense system in periodontal tissues. Impact statement The mechanism underlying the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and periodontal disease is not yet fully understood. Hence, there is a need to establish animal models to reveal the effect of DM on the pathogenesis of periodontitis. In this study, we explored the appropriate methods for inducing periodontitis and shortening the modeling time in rhesus monkeys, to investigate the pathogenesis of diabetic periodontitis and develop innovative therapies. Our results suggest that a hyperglycemic environment might lead to the destruction of periodontal tissues by accelerating inflammatory response and weakening the defense system in periodontal tissues. Therefore, this study has significant treatment implications regarding the regulation of the immune response against periodontal diseases in patients with DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- 1 Department of Periodontics, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 2 Department of Periodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yuanmin Li
- 3 Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Changchang Ye
- 1 Department of Periodontics, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wanhong Wu
- 1 Department of Periodontics, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangneng Liao
- 3 Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- 3 Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Huang
- 1 Department of Periodontics, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Issaranggun Na Ayuthaya B, Everts V, Pavasant P. The immunopathogenic and immunomodulatory effects of interleukin-12 in periodontal disease. Eur J Oral Sci 2018; 126:75-83. [PMID: 29411897 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is an inflammatory cytokine that promotes the response of the immune system. This cytokine has been implicated as a potent stimulator of several diseases characterized by inflammatory-induced bone destruction, such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. Yet, the exact role of IL-12 in the development and progress of periodontitis has not been clarified. Several studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between the level of IL-12 and the severity of periodontal destruction. Deletion of IL-12 in mice with periodontitis significantly suppressed the level of bone destruction. Interestingly, next to a role in modulating the pathogenesis, IL-12 also has immunological-regulatory properties. This cytokine induces expression of immunosuppressive molecules, such as indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Thus, these findings suggest both negative and positive influences of IL-12 in periodontal disease. It is currently proposed that the diversity of action of cytokines is a molecular key which regulates biological development and homeostasis. Accordingly, the actions of IL-12 might be one of the mechanisms that regulate homeostasis of periodontal tissue during and following inflammation. Therefore, this article aims to review both destructive and protective functionalities of IL-12 with an emphasis on periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjar Issaranggun Na Ayuthaya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Research Unit of Mineralized Tissue, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vincent Everts
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Research Unit of Mineralized Tissue, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mahabady S, Tjokro N, Aharonian S, Zadeh HH, Chen C, Allayee H, Sedghizadeh PP. The in vivo T helper type 17 and regulatory T cell immune responses to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2017; 32:490-499. [PMID: 28544588 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is known to elicit a systemic immune response in the infected host, and occasionally causes non-oral infections. Detailed information on its immunopathological responses and the involvement of bacterial virulence factors remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to assess the systemic immune response to A. actinomycetemcomitans oral infection. We used an animal model that simulates systemic dissemination of the bacteria by injecting live wild-type (WT) D7S-1 and a double knockout mutant of leukotoxin and cytolethal distending toxin (ΔltxΔcdt) A. actinomycetemcomitans strains in rat oral mucosa. Draining lymph nodes were examined for regulatory T (Treg) and T helper type 17 (Th17) cell subsets and their associated mediators. An increase in the proportion of Th17 cells and a decrease in Treg cells over the experimental period of 3 weeks were similarly observed for rats challenged with WT and ΔltxΔcdt. Significant upregulation and downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in the Th17 gene pathway was noted, as well as several qualitative differences between WT and ΔltxΔcdt. Furthermore, we observed differential fold regulation in key genes associated with a proinflammatory response in ΔltxΔcdt-inoculated rats relative to D7S-1 group. This suggests that although the knockout of these two virulence factors (ΔltxΔcdt) may suppress certain proinflammatory genes, it causes similar over-expression of other genes compared with D7S-1, indicating a common factor that still remains in the pathogenicity of A. actinomycetemcomitans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mahabady
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation & Tissue Engineering, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Tjokro
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Aharonian
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation & Tissue Engineering, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H H Zadeh
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation & Tissue Engineering, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H Allayee
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P P Sedghizadeh
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zenobia C, Hajishengallis G. Basic biology and role of interleukin-17 in immunity and inflammation. Periodontol 2000 2017; 69:142-59. [PMID: 26252407 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (also known as interleukin-17A) is a key cytokine that links T-cell activation to neutrophil mobilization and activation. As such, interleukin-17 can mediate protective innate immunity to pathogens or contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. This review summarizes the basic biology of interleukin-17 and discusses its emerging role in periodontal disease. The current burden of evidence from human and animal model studies suggests that the net effect of interleukin-17 signaling promotes disease development. In addition to promoting neutrophilic inflammation, interleukin-17 has potent pro-osteoclastogenic effects that are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases involving bone immunopathology. Systemic treatments with anti-interleukin-17 biologics have shown promising results in clinical trials for psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis; however, their impact on the highly prevalent periodontal disease has not been investigated or reported. Future clinical trials, preferably using locally administered interleukin-17 blockers, are required to implicate conclusivelyinterleukin-17 in periodontitis and, more importantly, to establish an effective adjunctive treatment for this oral inflammatory disease.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abusleme L, Moutsopoulos NM. IL-17: overview and role in oral immunity and microbiome. Oral Dis 2016; 23:854-865. [PMID: 27763707 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a multifaceted cytokine with diverse roles in both immune protection and also immunopathology. IL-17 has a well-recognized role in immune surveillance at mucosal and barrier surfaces, but also has been increasingly implicated as a driver of immunopathology in settings of autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. The current review introduces basic aspects of IL-17 biology and examines the protective and pathogenic roles of IL-17 with a focus on oral mucosal immunity and inflammation. Specific emphasis is given to the role of the IL-17 response as a catalyst in 'shaping the microbiome at the oral barrier'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Abusleme
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N M Moutsopoulos
- Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kennedy R, Lappin DF, Dixon PM, Bennett D, Riggio MP. Gingival Toll-like receptor and cytokine messenger RNA levels in equine periodontitis and oral health. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:294-299. [PMID: 27270960 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Equine periodontitis is a common and painful condition. However, the disease often goes unnoticed by owners and is thus a major welfare concern. The aetiopathogenesis of the condition remains poorly understood and has been investigated in few studies. The innate immune system is known to play an important role in human periodontitis, but its role in equine periodontitis has not been examined. OBJECTIVES To quantify the messenger (m)RNA levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokines in gingival tissue from orally healthy horses and those affected by periodontitis. STUDY DESIGN Observational study. METHODS Gingival tissue samples were taken post-mortem from 13 horses with no clinical signs of oral disease and 20 horses with periodontitis. mRNA levels of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 and cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. The statistical significance of results was assessed using appropriate t tests. RESULTS mRNA levels of all TLRs and cytokines were upregulated in equine periodontitis. Significant increases in mRNA levels of TLR2, TLR9, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 (P≤0.05) and IFN-γ (P≤0.01) were observed for both unweighted and age-weighted analyses of diseased gingival tissue samples compared with healthy gingival samples. In comparisons of samples of periodontitis lesions with healthy gingival control samples from the same horse, significant increases in mRNA levels of TLR4, TLR9, IL-10, IFN-γ (P≤0.05), TLR2, IL-1β and IL-12p35 (P≤0.01) were observed. CONCLUSIONS This study has provided an initial insight into the involvement of the immune system in equine periodontitis. Increased mRNA levels of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 indicate substantial microbial challenge in diseased gingival tissue. A mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine response is produced in equine periodontitis. Further studies are required to more fully characterise the role of the innate immune system in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kennedy
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Dental School, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - D F Lappin
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Dental School, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - P M Dixon
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - D Bennett
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - M P Riggio
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Dental School, University of Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Campbell L, Millhouse E, Malcolm J, Culshaw S. T cells, teeth and tissue destruction - what do T cells do in periodontal disease? Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 31:445-456. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Campbell
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - E. Millhouse
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - J. Malcolm
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - S. Culshaw
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The Influence of Interleukin 17A and IL17F Polymorphisms on Chronic Periodontitis Disease in Brazilian Patients. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:147056. [PMID: 26339129 PMCID: PMC4539172 DOI: 10.1155/2015/147056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A case-control study was conducted on patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and healthy controls with the aim of evaluating possible association between interleukin 17A (IL17A) G197A (rs2275913) and IL17F T7488C (rs763780) polymorphisms and periodontitis. Genotypes were determined by PCR-RFLP method. Statistical analyses were conducted using the OpenEpi and SNPStas software to calculate Chi-square with Yates correction or Fisher's exact tests, odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). SNPStas software was used to calculate Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. IL17A AA genotype was more frequent in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) in the codominant and recessive models (P = 0.09; OR = 2.53 and P = 0.03; OR = 2.46, resp.), the females with CP (P = 0.01, OR = 4.34), Caucasoid patients with CP (P = 0.01, OR = 3.45), and nonsmoking Caucasian patients with CP (P = 0.04, OR = 3.51). The IL17A A allele was also more frequent in Caucasians with CP (P = 0.04, OR = 1.59). IL17F T7488C polymorphism was not associated with chronic periodontitis. In these patients from Southern Brazil, the IL17A rs2275913 polymorphisms, IL17A AA genotype, and the A allele were associated with a susceptibility to chronic periodontitis.
Collapse
|
26
|
Inflammatory Mediators of Leprosy Reactional Episodes and Dental Infections: A Systematic Review. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:548540. [PMID: 26339136 PMCID: PMC4539113 DOI: 10.1155/2015/548540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactional episodes in leprosy are a result of complex interactions between the immune system, Mycobacterium leprae, and predisposing factors, including dental infections. To determine the main inflammatory mediators in the immunopathological process of dental infections and leprosy reactions, we conducted a systematic review of primary literature published between 1996 and 2013. A three-stage literature search was performed (Stage I, "leprosy reactions" and "inflammatory mediators"; Stage II, "dental infections" and "inflammatory mediators"; and Stage III, "leprosy reactions," "dental infections," and "inflammatory mediators"). Of the 911 eligible publications, 10 were selected in Stage I, 68 in Stage II, and 1 in Stage III. Of the 27 studied inflammatory mediators, the main proinflammatory mediators were IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17; the main anti-inflammatory mediators were IL-10 and IL-4. Serum IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were significant during periodontal and reactional lesion evolution; IFN-γ and IL-1β were associated with types 1 and 2 reactions and chronic periodontal disease. The proinflammatory mediators in dental infections and leprosy reactions, especially IL-6 and TNF-α, were similar across studies, regardless of the laboratory technique and sample type. IFN-γ and IL-1β were significant for leprosy reactions and periodontal diseases. This pattern was maintained in serum.
Collapse
|
27
|
Effect of smoking on immunity in human chronic periodontitis. Immunobiology 2014; 219:909-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
28
|
Azman R, Lappin DF, MacPherson A, Riggio M, Robertson D, Hodge P, Ramage G, Culshaw S, Preshaw PM, Taylor J, Nile C. Clinical associations between IL-17 family cytokines and periodontitis and potential differential roles for IL-17A and IL-17E in periodontal immunity. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:1001-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
29
|
Garlet GP, Sfeir CS, Little SR. Restoring host-microbe homeostasis via selective chemoattraction of Tregs. J Dent Res 2014; 93:834-9. [PMID: 25056995 PMCID: PMC4213252 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514544300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The disruption of host-microbe homeostasis at the site of periodontal disease is considered a key factor for disease initiation and progress. While the downstream mechanisms responsible for the tissue damage per se are relatively well-known (involving various patterns of immune response operating toward periodontal tissue destruction), we are only beginning to understand the complexity of host-microbe interactions in the periodontal environment. Unfortunately, most of the research has been focused on the disruption of host-microbe homeostasis instead of focusing on the factors responsible for maintaining homeostasis. In this context, regulatory T-cells (Tregs) comprise a CD4+FOXp3 +T-cell subset with a unique ability to regulate other leukocyte functions to avoid excessive immune activation and its pathological consequences. Tregs act as critical determinants of host-microbe homeostasis, as well as determinants of a balanced host response after the disruption of host-microbe homeostasis by pathogens. In periodontitis, Tregs play a protective role, with their natural recruitment being responsible for conversion of active into inactive lesions. With controlled-release technology, it is now possible to achieve a selective chemoattraction of Tregs to periodontal tissues, attenuating experimental periodontitis evolution due to the local control of inflammatory immune response and the generation of a pro-reparative environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G P Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, São Paulo University (FOB/USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - C S Sfeir
- Bioengineering The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine Department of Oral Biology The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S R Little
- Departments of Chemical Engineering Bioengineering Immunology The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cheng WC, Hughes FJ, Taams LS. The presence, function and regulation of IL-17 and Th17 cells in periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41:541-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chien Cheng
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; King's College London; London UK
- Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Disease; Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation; King's College London; London UK
| | - Francis J. Hughes
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; King's College London; London UK
| | - Leonie S. Taams
- Division of Immunology, Infection & Inflammatory Disease; Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation; King's College London; London UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Okui T, Aoki-Nonaka Y, Nakajima T, Yamazaki K. The Role of Distinct T Cell Subsets in Periodontitis—Studies from Humans and Rodent Models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40496-014-0013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
32
|
Konermann A, Götz W, Wohlleber D, Knolle P, Deschner J, Jäger A. Osteoimmunological mechanisms involved in orthodontically and bacterially induced periodontal stress. J Orofac Orthop 2013; 73:430-9. [PMID: 23001185 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-012-0102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Orthodontic tooth movement is known to cause sterile inflammation of the periodontal ligament (PDL). It may also be accompanied by pathological effects of external apical root resorption, with interindividual differences in the incidence and extent of resorption. An involvement of autoimmunological mechanisms is currently under discussion. This study aimed to improve our understanding of similarities between the inflammatory mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of periodontitis and root resorption. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human PDL cells were stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β/IL-17A/IFN-γ, or left non-stimulated. Their potential for phagocytosis was then evaluated by incubation with dextran or E. coli or S. aureus particles, followed by flow cytometric and immunohistochemical analysis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyze receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression in PDL cells. Verification was obtained in vivo by studying IL-17A, RANKL, and OPG expression in biopsies of inflamed periodontal tissues and in biopsies of rat maxillae with mechanically induced root resorption. Statistical analysis included Wilcoxon's rank sum test to analyze gene expression data and one-way ANOVA in conjunction with Tukey's post hoc test to analyze flow cytometric data. RESULTS PDL cells phagocytosed foreign particles under both inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, IL-17A significantly downregulated RANKL expression while significantly upregulating OPG expression in PDL cells. These immunomodulatory cytokines were also demonstrable in both inflammatorily altered periodontal tissues and root resorption lacunae, while the incidence of IL-7A was strikingly variable in resorption areas. CONCLUSION PDL cells were demonstrated to effect phagocytosis and to express immunomodulatory molecules, which proves their capability of participating in periodontal osteoimmunological processes. The development of root resorption and periodontitis appears to be governed by similar pathophysiological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Konermann
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Myneni SR, Settem RP, Sharma A. Bacteria take control of tolls and T cells to destruct jaw bone. Immunol Invest 2013; 42:519-31. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2013.822761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
34
|
Konermann A, Winter J, Novak N, Allam JP, Jäger A. Verification of IL-17A and IL-17F in oral tissues and modulation of their expression pattern by steroid hormones. Cell Immunol 2013; 285:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
35
|
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the periodontium involving interactions between bacterial products, numerous cell populations and inflammatory mediators. It is generally accepted that periodontitis is initiated by complex and diverse microbial biofilms which form on the teeth, i.e. dental plaque. Substances released from this biofilm such as lipopolysaccharides, antigens and other virulence factors, gain access to the gingival tissue and initiate an inflammatory and immune response, leading to the activation of host defence cells. As a result of cellular activation, inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, arachidonic acid metabolites and proteolytic enzymes collectively contribute to tissue destruction and bone resorption. This review summarises recent studies on the pathogenesis of periodontitis, with the main focus on inflammatory mediators and their role in periodontal disease.
Collapse
|
36
|
Kadkhodazadeh M, Baghani Z, Ebadian AR, Youssefi N, Mehdizadeh AR, Azimi N. IL-17 gene polymorphism is associated with chronic periodontitis and peri-implantitis in Iranian patients: a cross-sectional study. Immunol Invest 2013; 42:156-63. [PMID: 23323524 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.746697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) and peri-implantitis (PI) are characterized by an immune response leading to destructive inflammation. The prominent impact of genetic factors on periodontitis has been previously evaluated and IL-17 has found to play a critical role in this process. This cytokine has a controversial behavior. This study aimed at finding out whether the polymorphism of this cytokine plays a significant role in chronic periodontitis (CP) and PI or it is just a pro-inflammatory regulatory cytokine. Fresh human blood samples were obtained and three main genotypes were traced carefully. The samples were transferred into 96-well plates and sent to KBioscience Institute in the United Kingdom for genotyping the polymorphism using Competitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) technique. SPSS version19 software and chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical differences considering p-value less than 0.05. A significant difference was detected between the three groups in terms of specific SNP studied in this experiment (P = 0.00). The CC genotype of IL17 polymorphism (rs10484879) may contribute to the pathogenesis of peri-implantitis and periodontitis. The association of IL-17 polymorphism with PI and CP is a promising finding that may help in future similar studies on other ethnicities and larger study populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Kadkhodazadeh
- Dental Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Moon JS, Cheong NR, Yang SY, Kim IS, Chung HJ, Jeong YW, Park JC, Kim MS, Kim SH, Ko HM. Lipopolysaccharide-induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in the periodontal ligament. J Periodontal Res 2013; 48:733-9. [PMID: 23488665 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-oxidizing enzyme with immune-inhibitory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of IDO by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of gram-negative bacteria, in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human PDL cells and gingival fibroblasts (GFs) were prepared from explants of human PDLs and from gingival tissues of clinically healthy donors, respectively. Real-time RT-PCR, western blotting and the IDO enzyme assay were performed to determine the expression of IDO following LPS treatment of cells. LPS was injected into mice tail veins to evaluate the effects of LPS in vivo in the maxillary first molar. Immunofluorescence staining and histological analysis were followed to localize IDO in mouse PDL. RESULTS The level of expression of IDO mRNA in primary human PDL cells after LPS treatment was increased in a dose-dependent manner, reaching a peak 8 h after LPS treatment. The expression and activities of IDO protein were significantly increased in comparison with those of the control. In addition, the increased production of kynurenine in culture medium was observed 72 h after LPS treatment. In the immunofluorescence findings, stronger immunoreactivities were shown in PDL than in gingival tissues in the maxillae. In accordance with the immunofluorescence findings, LPS treatment induced a strong up-regulation of IDO mRNA in human PDL cells, whereas human GFs showed only a weak response to LPS. CONCLUSION These results clearly show that IDO was induced by LPS in primary human PDL cells, suggesting that PDL might be involved in the regulation of oral inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Moon
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 2nd stage Brain Korea, Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Saraiva AM, Alves e Silva MRM, Correia Silva JDF, da Costa JE, Gollob KJ, Dutra WO, Moreira PR. Evaluation of IL17A expression and of IL17A, IL17F and IL23R gene polymorphisms in Brazilian individuals with periodontitis. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:207-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
39
|
Gümüş P, Buduneli E, Bıyıkoğlu B, Aksu K, Saraç F, Nile C, Lappin D, Buduneli N. Gingival crevicular fluid, serum levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, osteoprotegerin, and interleukin-17 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis and with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2013; 84:1627-37. [PMID: 23327689 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.120595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study is performed to evaluate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum levels of soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (sRANKL), interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17E, IL-17F, IL-17A/F, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoporosis (OPR), and those who are systemically healthy (SH), all with periodontal disease. METHODS GCF and serum samples were obtained before any periodontal intervention from 17 women with RA, 19 with OPR, and 13 who were SH with periodontitis. Full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements were recorded. sRANKL, OPG, and IL-17 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Clinical periodontal measurements were similar in the three study groups. Although the total amounts of GCF albumin, OPG, IL-17A, and IL-17A/F were similar in the study groups, there were statistically significant differences in GCF concentrations of sRANKL, OPG, IL-17A, IL-17E, IL-17F, and IL-17A/F. The sRANKL/OPG ratios were significantly higher in the RA group than in the OPR and SH groups (P <0.05). Serum sRANKL, sRANKL/OPG, and IL-17A/IL-17E ratios were significantly higher, whereas OPG concentrations were significantly lower in the RA group compared to other groups (P <0.05). Serum IL-17A concentrations were significantly higher in the RA and OPR groups than in the SH group (P <0.05). CONCLUSION Increased inflammatory mediator levels in patients with RA, despite the long-term use of various anti-inflammatory drugs, suggest that these patients may have a propensity to overproduce these inflammatory mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Gümüş
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Association between polymorphisms in interleukin-17A and -17F genes and chronic periodontal disease. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:846052. [PMID: 23304063 PMCID: PMC3523166 DOI: 10.1155/2012/846052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a cytokine that induces neutrophil recruitment and the release of inflammatory mediators in several inflammatory conditions; nevertheless, the involvement of IL-17 gene polymorphisms in chronic periodontitis (CP) has not been addressed yet. Our aim was to evaluate the association between periodontal status and the polymorphisms IL-17A G197A and IL-17F C7488T in subjects with CP along with their impact on levels of inflammatory mediators. MATERIAL AND METHODS Genomic DNA was obtained from 30 CP patients and 30 healthy controls (HCs). IL-17A G197A and IL-17F C7488T polymorphisms were determined using PCR-RFLP. Serum and periodontal tissues were collected and processed for ELISA, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and/or microscopic analysis. RESULTS The frequencies of genotypes in the CP group were significantly different from those of HC. Odds ratio indicated that increased risks for CP were associated with the -197A allele, not with the -7488T allele. In addition, the -197A allele was correlated with worse clinical parameters, higher MPO activity, and increased expression of inflammatory mediators (IL-17A and IL-8) than the other genotypes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the IL-17A -197A allele is associated with increased risk for CP, likely because this genotype relates to the enhanced inflammation in periodontal tissues.
Collapse
|
41
|
Okui T, Aoki Y, Ito H, Honda T, Yamazaki K. The Presence of IL-17+/FOXP3+ Double-positive Cells in Periodontitis. J Dent Res 2012; 91:574-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034512446341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that distinct inflammatory cytokines convert forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3+) regulatory T-cells (Tregs) into IL-17-producing cells (Th17 cells) in vitro. However, this functional plasticity has not been examined in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In this study, we analyzed the IL-17A+FOXP3+ cells present in periodontitis lesions to determine the association between Treg conversion and the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The immunohistochemical analysis of gingival tissues demonstrated that the numbers of Th17 cells (IL-17A+FOXP3−) and Tregs (IL-17A−FOXP3+) were greater in periodontitis lesions than in gingivitis lesions. We further identified a small number of IL-17A+FOXP3+ cells in periodontitis lesions but not in gingivitis lesions. The flow cytometry analysis of CD4+ T-cell lines established from gingival tissues and the peripheral blood of periodontitis patients showed that the proportion of Tregs was reduced and the proportion of IL-17A+FOXP3+ cells among all FOXP3+ cells was elevated in gingival tissue T-cell lines relative to the proportions in peripheral blood T-cell lines. Our findings indicate that Treg-Th17 conversion may occur in periodontitis lesions. Further studies addressing the role of Treg conversion during inflammatory responses against periodontopathic bacteria are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. Okui
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 5274 Gakkocho 2-ban-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Y. Aoki
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 5274 Gakkocho 2-ban-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - H. Ito
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - T. Honda
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - K. Yamazaki
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 5274 Gakkocho 2-ban-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Konermann A, Beyer M, Deschner J, Allam JP, Novak N, Winter J, Jepsen S, Jäger A. Human periodontal ligament cells facilitate leukocyte recruitment and are influenced in their immunomodulatory function by Th17 cytokine release. Cell Immunol 2012; 272:137-43. [PMID: 22119482 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this in vitro study was to examine the immunomodulatory impact of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells on the nature and magnitude of the leukocyte infiltrate in periodontal inflammation, particularly with regard to Th17 cells. PDL cells were challenged with pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-17A, and IFN-γ) and analyzed for the expression of cytokines involved in periodontal immunoinflammatory processes (IL-6, MIP-3 alpha, IL-23A, TGFß1, IDO, and CD274). In order to further investigate a direct involvement of PDL cells in leukocyte function, co-culture experiments were conducted. The expression of the immunomodulatory cytokines studied was significantly increased under pro-inflammatory conditions in PDL cells. Although PDL cells did not stimulate leukocyte proliferation or Th17 differentiation, these cells induced the recruitment of leukocytes. The results of our study suggest that PDL cells might be involved in chronic inflammatory mechanisms in periodontal tissues and thus in the transition to an adaptive immune response in periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Konermann
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Miyauchi S, Maekawa T, Aoki Y, Miyazawa H, Tabeta K, Nakajima T, Yamazaki K. Oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis and systemic cytokine profile in C57BL/6.KOR-ApoEshl mice. J Periodontal Res 2011; 47:402-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
44
|
Takahashi N, Okui T, Tabeta K, Yamazaki K. Effect of interleukin-17 on the expression of chemokines in gingival epithelial cells. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119:339-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
45
|
Myneni SR, Settem RP, Connell TD, Keegan AD, Gaffen SL, Sharma A. TLR2 signaling and Th2 responses drive Tannerella forsythia-induced periodontal bone loss. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:501-9. [PMID: 21632710 PMCID: PMC3119786 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammation of the tooth-supporting soft tissue and alveolar bone due to infection by a select group of gram-negative microbes, which leads to tooth loss if untreated. Because mice deficient in CD4(+) cells are resistant to infection-induced alveolar bone loss, Th cells have been implicated in bone-destructive processes during PD. However, the extent to which different Th cell subtypes play roles in pathogenesis or host protection remains to be defined and is likely to vary depending on the dominant microorganism involved. By far, Porphyromonas gingivalis is the best-studied periodontal microbe in PD. Although the gram-negative anaerobe Tannerella forsythia is also a vital contributor to periodontal bone loss, almost nothing is known about immune responses to this organism. Previous studies from our laboratory revealed that T. forsythia induces periodontal bone loss in mice and that this bone loss depends on the bacterially expressed BspA protein. In this study, we showed that T. forsythia activates murine APCs primarily through TLR2-dependent signaling via BspA. Furthermore, T. forsythia infection causes a pronounced Th2 bias, evidenced by T cell expression of IL-5, but not IFN-γ or IL-17, in draining lymph nodes. Consistently, deficiencies in TLR2 or STAT6 result in resistance to T. forsythia-induced alveolar bone loss. Thus, TLR2 signaling and Th2 cells play pathogenic roles in T. forsythia-induced alveolar bone destruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas R. Myneni
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Rajendra P. Settem
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Terry D. Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
- The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Sarah L. Gaffen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Ashu Sharma
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ozçaka O, Nalbantsoy A, Buduneli N. Interleukin-17 and interleukin-18 levels in saliva and plasma of patients with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:592-8. [PMID: 21635252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE This study was planned to investigate whether patients with chronic periodontitis exhibit different salivary and/or plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-18 compared with clinically healthy subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS Whole saliva and blood samples, together with full-mouth clinical periodontal recordings, were obtained from 22 otherwise healthy untreated nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis and from 21 systemically and periodontally healthy control subjects. The concentrations of IL-17 and IL-18 in saliva and plasma were determined using ELISAs. RESULTS The healthy control group exhibited significantly lower values in all clinical periodontal measurements (p < 0.001). The salivary concentration of IL-17 was significantly lower, and that of IL-18 significantly higher, in patients from the chronic periodontitis group compared with healthy control subjects (p = 0.025 and p = 0.009, respectively). Plasma IL-17 and IL-18 concentrations were similar in the two study groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Within the limits of the present study, it may be suggested that an elevated salivary IL-18 level in untreated nonsmoker chronic periodontitis patients has the potential to be a biomarker for periodontal tissue destruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Ozçaka
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abe D, Kubota T, Morozumi T, Shimizu T, Nakasone N, Itagaki M, Yoshie H. Altered gene expression in leukocyte transendothelial migration and cell communication pathways in periodontitis-affected gingival tissues. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:345-53. [PMID: 21382035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Gene expression is related to the pathogenesis of periodontitis and plays a crucial role in local tissue destruction and disease susceptibility. The aims of the present study were to identify the expression of specific genes and biological pathways in periodontitis-affected gingival tissue using microarray and quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses. MATERIAL AND METHODS Healthy and periodontitis-affected gingival tissues were taken from three patients with severe chronic periodontitis. Total RNAs from six gingival tissue samples were used for microarray analyses. Data-mining analyses, such as comparisons, gene ontology and pathway analyses, were performed and biological pathways with a significant role in periodontitis were identified. In addition, quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis was performed on samples obtained from 14 patients with chronic periodontitis and from 14 healthy individuals in order to confirm the results of the pathway analysis. RESULTS Comparison analyses found 15 up-regulated and 13 down-regulated genes (all of which showed a change of more than twofold in expression levels) in periodontitis-affected gingival tissues. Pathway analysis identified 15 up-regulated biological pathways, including leukocyte transendothelial migration, and five down-regulated pathways, including cell communication. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR verified that five genes in the leukocyte transendothelial migration pathway were significantly up-regulated, and four genes in the cell communication pathway were significantly down-regulated, which was consistent with pathway analysis. CONCLUSION We identified up-regulated genes (ITGB-2, MMP-2, CXCL-12, CXCR-4 and Rac-2) and down-regulated genes (connexin, DSG-1, DSC-1 and nestin) in periodontitis-affected gingival tissues; these genes may be related to the stimulation of leukocyte transendothelial migration and to the the impairment of cell-to-cell communication in periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Abe
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sánchez-Hernández PE, Zamora-Perez AL, Fuentes-Lerma M, Robles-Gómez C, Mariaud-Schmidt RP, Guerrero-Velázquez C. IL-12 and IL-18 levels in serum and gingival tissue in aggressive and chronic periodontitis. Oral Dis 2011; 17:522-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
49
|
|
50
|
Colic M, Gazivoda D, Vasilijic S, Vucevic D, Lukic A. Production of IL-10 and IL-12 by antigen-presenting cells in periapical lesions. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 39:690-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|