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Senekowitsch S, Wietkamp E, Grimm M, Schmelter F, Schick P, Kordowski A, Sina C, Otzen H, Weitschies W, Smollich M. High-Dose Spermidine Supplementation Does Not Increase Spermidine Levels in Blood Plasma and Saliva of Healthy Adults: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Pharmacokinetic and Metabolomic Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081852. [PMID: 37111071 PMCID: PMC10143675 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Spermidine is a biogenic polyamine that plays a crucial role in mammalian metabolism. As spermidine levels decline with age, spermidine supplementation is suggested to prevent or delay age-related diseases. However, valid pharmacokinetic data regarding spermidine remains lacking. Therefore, for the first time, the present study investigated the pharmacokinetics of oral spermidine supplementation. (2) Methods: This study was designed as a randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blinded, two-armed crossover trial with two 5-day intervention phases separated by a washout phase of 9 days. In 12 healthy volunteers, 15 mg/d of spermidine was administered orally, and blood and saliva samples were taken. Spermidine, spermine, and putrescine were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The plasma metabolome was investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics. (3) Results: Compared with a placebo, spermidine supplementation significantly increased spermine levels in the plasma, but it did not affect spermidine or putrescine levels. No effect on salivary polyamine concentrations was observed. (4) Conclusions: This study's results suggest that dietary spermidine is presystemically converted into spermine, which then enters systemic circulation. Presumably, the in vitro and clinical effects of spermidine are at least in part attributable to its metabolite, spermine. It is rather unlikely that spermidine supplements with doses <15 mg/d exert any short-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Senekowitsch
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eliza Wietkamp
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Grimm
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmelter
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Philipp Schick
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anna Kordowski
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hans Otzen
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Smollich
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
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2
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Kannan SK, Esakkiappa S, Anthonysamy E, Sudalaimuthu S, Sulaiman Y, Khan MM, Chinnaiah J, Krishnan G. Determination of urinary spermine using controlled dissolution of polysulfide modified gold electrode. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:87. [PMID: 36759372 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Spermine (SPM) is considered a biomarker for prostate cancer and detecting it becomes highly challenging due to its electro- and optical-inactive nature. SPM has a tendency to interact with groups such as phosphates and sulfides to form macrocyclic arrangements known as nuclear aggregates of polyamines. Using this tendency, an electrochemical sensor has been developed using a polysulfide (PS) modified Au electrode (PS@Au electrode). PS has been synthesized from elemental sulfur by hydrothermal method and characterized using UV-Vis, fluorescence, FTIR, SEM, and XPS analyses. The PS@Au electrode was employed for electrochemical sensing of SPM. In the presence of SPM, a decrease in gold oxide reduction current was noted which is proportional to the concentration of SPM. The decrease in gold oxide reduction (0.5 V) current was attributed to the complexing nature of SPM-PS at the electrode interface. The reason for the decrease in current has been substantiated using XRF, XPS, and spectroelectrochemical studies. Under the optimized conditions, the PS@Au electrode exhibited a linear range of 1.55-250 µM with LOD of 0.511 ± 0.02 µM (3σ). The electrochemical strategy for SPM sensing exhibited better selectivity even in the presence of possible interferents. The selectivity stems from the selective interaction of SPM with PS on the Au electrode surface; the tested amino acids, and other molecules do not complex with PS and hence they could not interfere. The PS@Au electrode has been subjected to the determination of SPM in artificial urine samples and exhibited outstanding performance in the synthetic sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar Kannan
- Electrodics & Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR - Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Subramani Esakkiappa
- Electroplating & Metal Finishing Division, CSIR - Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Esokkiya Anthonysamy
- Electrodics & Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR - Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sudalaimani Sudalaimuthu
- Electrodics & Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR - Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Yusran Sulaiman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Functional Nanotechnology Devices Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Mansoob Khan
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Jeyabharathi Chinnaiah
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.,Electroplating & Metal Finishing Division, CSIR - Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Giribabu Krishnan
- Electrodics & Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR - Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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3
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Abstract
Conventional workup of rare neurological disease is frequently hampered by diagnostic delay or lack of diagnosis. While biomarkers have been established for many neurometabolic disorders, improved methods are required for diagnosis of previously unidentified or underreported causes of rare neurological disease. This would result in a higher diagnostic yield and increased patient numbers required for interventional studies. Recent studies using next-generation sequencing and metabolomics have led to identification of novel disease-causing genes and biomarkers. This combined approach can assist in overcoming challenges associated with analyzing and interpreting the large amount of data obtained from each technique. In particular, metabolomics can support the pathogenicity of sequence variants in genes encoding enzymes or transporters involved in metabolic pathways. Moreover, metabolomics can show the broader perturbation caused by inborn errors of metabolism and identify a metabolic fingerprint of metabolic disorders. As such, using "omics" has great potential to meet the current needs for improved diagnosis and elucidation of rare neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Crowther
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- CRC Clinical Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Radiz - Rare Disease Intiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Poms
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- CRC Clinical Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Radiz - Rare Disease Intiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- CRC Clinical Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Radiz - Rare Disease Intiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, University Childrens' Hospital Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 34/2, 8036, Graz, Austria.
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4
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Abstract
The content of spermidine and spermine in mammalian cells has important roles in protein and nucleic acid synthesis and structure, protection from oxidative damage, activity of ion channels, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Spermidine is essential for viability and acts as the precursor of hypusine, a post-translational addition to eIF5A allowing the translation of mRNAs encoding proteins containing polyproline tracts. Studies with Gy mice and human patients with the very rare X-linked genetic condition Snyder-Robinson syndrome that both lack spermine synthase show clearly that the correct spermine:spermidine ratio is critical for normal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Pegg
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
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5
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Abela L, Simmons L, Steindl K, Schmitt B, Mastrangelo M, Joset P, Papuc M, Sticht H, Baumer A, Crowther LM, Mathis D, Rauch A, Plecko B. N(8)-acetylspermidine as a potential plasma biomarker for Snyder-Robinson syndrome identified by clinical metabolomics. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:131-7. [PMID: 26174906 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical metabolomics has emerged as a powerful tool to study human metabolism in health and disease. Comparative statistical analysis of untargeted metabolic profiles can reveal perturbations of metabolite levels in diseases and thus has the potential to identify novel biomarkers. Here we have applied a simultaneous genetic-metabolomic approach in twin boys with epileptic encephalopathy of unclear etiology. Clinical exome sequencing identified a novel missense mutation in the spermine synthase gene (SMS) that causes Snyder-Robinson syndrome (SRS). Untargeted plasma metabolome analysis revealed significantly elevated levels of N(8)-acetylspermidine, a precursor derivative of spermine biosynthesis, as a potential novel plasma biomarker for SRS. This result was verified in a third patient with genetically confirmed SRS. This study illustrates the potential of metabolomics as a translational technique to support exome data on a functional and clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Abela
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
- Radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luke Simmons
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
- Radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Schmitt
- Radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Epilepsy and Neurophysiology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Mastrangelo
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, ICP, Via Castelvetro 24, 20154, Milan, Italy
| | - Pascal Joset
- Radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Mihaela Papuc
- Radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alessandra Baumer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Lisa M Crowther
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
- Radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Déborah Mathis
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anita Rauch
- Radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Albert JS, Bhattacharyya N, Wolfe LA, Bone WP, Maduro V, Accardi J, Adams DR, Schwartz CE, Norris J, Wood T, Gafni RI, Collins MT, Tosi LL, Markello TC, Gahl WA, Boerkoel CF. Impaired osteoblast and osteoclast function characterize the osteoporosis of Snyder - Robinson syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:27. [PMID: 25888122 PMCID: PMC4428506 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Snyder-Robinson Syndrome (SRS) is an X-linked intellectual disability disorder also characterized by osteoporosis, scoliosis, and dysmorphic facial features. It is caused by mutations in SMS, a ubiquitously expressed gene encoding the polyamine biosynthetic enzyme spermine synthase. We hypothesized that the tissue specificity of SRS arises from differential sensitivity to spermidine toxicity or spermine deficiency. Methods We performed detailed clinical, endocrine, histopathologic, and morphometric studies on two affected brothers with a spermine synthase loss of function mutation (NM_004595.4:c.443A > G, p.Gln148Arg). We also measured spermine and spermidine levels in cultured human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) and fibroblasts using the Biochrom 30 polyamine protocol and assessed the osteogenic potential of hBMSCs. Results In addition to the known tissue-specific features of SRS, the propositi manifested retinal pigmentary changes, recurrent episodes of hyper- and hypoglycemia, nephrocalcinosis, renal cysts, and frequent respiratory infections. Bone histopathology and morphometry identified a profound depletion of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, absence of a trabecular meshwork, a low bone volume and a thin cortex. Comparison of cultured fibroblasts from affected and unaffected individuals showed relatively small changes in polyamine content, whereas comparison of cultured osteoblasts identified marked differences in spermidine and spermine content. Osteogenic differentiation of the SRS-derived hBMSCs identified a severe deficiency of calcium phosphate mineralization. Conclusions Our findings support the hypothesis that cell specific alterations in polyamine metabolism contribute to the tissue specificity of SRS features, and that the low bone density arises from a failure of mineralization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0235-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Albert
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. .,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Nisan Bhattacharyya
- Skeletal Clinical Studies Unit, Craniofacial and Skeletal Disease Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Lynne A Wolfe
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. .,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - William P Bone
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Valerie Maduro
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - John Accardi
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - David R Adams
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. .,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Charles E Schwartz
- J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetics Centre, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA.
| | - Joy Norris
- Skeletal Clinical Studies Unit, Craniofacial and Skeletal Disease Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Tim Wood
- J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetics Centre, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA.
| | - Rachel I Gafni
- Skeletal Clinical Studies Unit, Craniofacial and Skeletal Disease Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Michael T Collins
- Skeletal Clinical Studies Unit, Craniofacial and Skeletal Disease Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Laura L Tosi
- George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. .,Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Thomas C Markello
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. .,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - William A Gahl
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. .,Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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7
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Baronas VA, Kurata HT. Inward rectifiers and their regulation by endogenous polyamines. Front Physiol 2014; 5:325. [PMID: 25221519 PMCID: PMC4145359 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inwardly-rectifying potassium (Kir) channels contribute to maintenance of the resting membrane potential and regulation of electrical excitation in many cell types. Strongly rectifying Kir channels exhibit a very steep voltage dependence resulting in silencing of their activity at depolarized membrane voltages. The mechanism underlying this steep voltage dependence is blockade by endogenous polyamines. These small multifunctional, polyvalent metabolites enter the long Kir channel pore from the intracellular side, displacing multiple occupant ions as they migrate to a stable binding site in the transmembrane region of the channel. Numerous structure-function studies have revealed structural elements of Kir channels that determine their susceptibility to polyamine block, and enable the steep voltage dependence of this process. In addition, various channelopathies have been described that result from alteration of the polyamine sensitivity or activity of strongly rectifying channels. The primary focus of this article is to summarize current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of polyamine block, and provide some perspective on lingering uncertainties related to this physiologically important mechanism of ion channel blockade. We also briefly review some of the important and well understood physiological roles of polyamine sensitive, strongly rectifying Kir channels, primarily of the Kir2 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Baronas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Harley T Kurata
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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8
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Pegg AE. The function of spermine. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:8-18. [PMID: 24395705 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines play important roles in cell physiology including effects on the structure of cellular macromolecules, gene expression, protein function, nucleic acid and protein synthesis, regulation of ion channels, and providing protection from oxidative damage. Vertebrates contain two polyamines, spermidine and spermine, as well as their precursor, the diamine putrescine. Although spermidine has an essential and unique role as the precursor of hypusine a post-translational modification of the elongation factor eIF5A, which is necessary for this protein to function in protein synthesis, no unique role for spermine has been identified unequivocally. The existence of a discrete spermine synthase enzyme that converts spermidine to spermine suggest that spermine must be needed and this is confirmed by studies with Gy mice and human patients with Snyder-Robinson syndrome in which spermine synthase is absent or greatly reduced. In both cases, this leads to a severe phenotype with multiple effects among which are intellectual disability, other neurological changes, hypotonia, and reduced growth of muscle and bone. This review describes these alterations and focuses on the roles of spermine which may contribute to these phenotypes including reducing damage due to reactive oxygen species, protection from stress, permitting correct current flow through inwardly rectifying K(+) channels, controlling activity of brain glutamate receptors involved in learning and memory, and affecting growth responses. Additional possibilities include acting as storage reservoir for maintaining appropriate levels of free spermidine and a possible non-catalytic role for spermine synthase protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Pegg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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9
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Peron A, Spaccini L, Norris J, Bova SM, Selicorni A, Weber G, Wood T, Schwartz CE, Mastrangelo M. Snyder-Robinson syndrome: A novel nonsense mutation in spermine synthase and expansion of the phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2316-20. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Peron
- Clinical Genetics Service; V. Buzzi Children's Hospital; ICP Milan Italy
| | - Luigina Spaccini
- Clinical Genetics Service; V. Buzzi Children's Hospital; ICP Milan Italy
| | - Joy Norris
- JC Self Research Institute; Greenwood Genetic Center; Greenwood South Carolina
| | - Stefania M. Bova
- Pediatric Neurology Unit; V. Buzzi Children's Hospital; ICP Milan Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Weber
- Pediatrics Clinic; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; Milan Italy
| | - Tim Wood
- JC Self Research Institute; Greenwood Genetic Center; Greenwood South Carolina
| | - Charles E. Schwartz
- JC Self Research Institute; Greenwood Genetic Center; Greenwood South Carolina
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10
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Zhang Z, Norris J, Kalscheuer V, Wood T, Wang L, Schwartz C, Alexov E, Van Esch H. A Y328C missense mutation in spermine synthase causes a mild form of Snyder-Robinson syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3789-97. [PMID: 23696453 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Snyder-Robinson syndrome (SRS, OMIM: 309583) is an X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) syndrome, characterized by a collection of clinical features including facial asymmetry, marfanoid habitus, hypertonia, osteoporosis and unsteady gait. It is caused by a significant decrease or loss of spermine synthase (SMS) activity. Here, we report a new missense mutation, p.Y328C (c.1084A>G), in SMS in a family with XLID. The affected males available for evaluation had mild ID, speech and global delay, an asthenic build, short stature with long fingers and mild kyphosis. The spermine/spermidine ratio in lymphoblasts was 0.53, significantly reduced compared with normal (1.87 average). Activity analysis of SMS in the index patient failed to detect any activity above background. In silico modeling demonstrated that the Y328C mutation has a significant effect on SMS stability, resulting in decreased folding free energy and larger structural fluctuations compared with those of wild-type SMS. The loss of activity was attributed to the increase in conformational dynamics in the mutant which affects the active site geometry, rather than preventing dimer formation. Taken together, the biochemical and in silico studies confirm the p.Y328C mutation in SMS is responsible for the patients having a mild form of SRS and reveal yet another molecular mechanism resulting in a non-functional SMS causing SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Department of Physics, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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