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Naniyil A, Koroth Valappil N, Andrews AP, Gokulnath S. Carbazole-embedded p-benziporphyrinoid: synthesis, structure and a reversible chemodosimeter for mercury(II) ions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6957-6960. [PMID: 38887917 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02281e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The first carbazole-embedded p-benziporphyrinoid is synthesized by a [3+1] acid-catalyzed condensation between appropriate coupling partners. The macrocycle 1 exhibited orange emission and showed a large Stokes shift of 5831 cm-1. Intriguingly, it shows a selective affinity towards Hg2+ ions over other metal-ions in a reversible manner. Job's plot confirmed the 1 : 1 stoichiometry with unambiguous confirmation of both 1 and 1-Hg by single crystal X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athira Naniyil
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram-695551, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Kerala, India.
| | - Naveen Koroth Valappil
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram-695551, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Kerala, India.
| | - Alex P Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram-695551, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Kerala, India.
| | - Sabapathi Gokulnath
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram-695551, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Kerala, India.
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2
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Yadav B, Ravikanth M. Porphyrinoid framework embedded with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: new synthetic marvels. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1932-1960. [PMID: 38376865 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02116e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The highly conjugated tetrapyrrolic porphyrin macrocycle and its contracted and expanded congeners have been extensively used for a wide range of applications across diverse research domains because of their captivating and intriguing features. Over the years, the porphyrin framework and electronic properties of porphyrinoids have been modified and tuned by replacing one or more pyrrole ring(s) with five- and six-membered heterocycles/carbacycles, and their resulting properties have been explored. In recent times, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene and dibenzo[g,p]chrysene, have been used to replace one or more pyrrole rings of porphyrinoids, and resulting polycyclic-aromatic-embedded porphyrinoids show unique features that differ from those of other modified porphyrinoids. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the porphyrinoid macrocyclic framework induce different π-conjugation pathways in macrocycles, exhibit variable degrees of aromaticity from nonaromatic to aromatic and antiaromatic and provide a unique ligand environment to form stable coordination and organometallic complexes in which metals show uncommon oxidation states and unusual reactivity. This review presents an overview of the synthesis, coordination chemistry, structure and properties of various porphyrinoids with an embedded PAH that have been reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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3
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Ali MA, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and Studies of Symmetrical DitelluraCalix[6]phyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1)s. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1389-1396. [PMID: 38238884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Rare examples of ditellura calix[6]phyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1)s containing two telluratripyrrin units connected via two sp3 carbons were synthesized by condensing 16-telluratripyrrane with a cyclic ketone in CH2Cl2 under acid-catalyzed conditions. The X-ray structure obtained for meso-cyclohexyl-substituted calix[6]phyrin revealed that the macrocycle resembles a roof-like shape with two telluratripyrrin units that are perpendicular to each other, whereas the DFT-optimized structure of meso-cyclopentyl-substituted calix[6]phyrin showed a bird-like structure with two telluratripyrrin units that are almost in the same plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashif Ali
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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4
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Tripathi N, Sinha A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of Phenothiazine Embedded Heteroporphyrins. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300952. [PMID: 38055208 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of phenothiazine embedded heteroporphyrins containing one phenothiazine unit, two pyrrole rings and one heterocycle such as furan, thiophene, selenophene and tellurophene connected via four meso carbons were synthesized. The macrocycles were synthesized by condensing the phenothiazine based tripyrrane with corresponding 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)heterocycle under BF3 ⋅ OEt2 catalyzed conditions and compared the structural, spectral, and electrochemical properties with the reported phenothiazinophyrins. The studies showed that the phenothiazine embedded heteroporphyrins were nonaromatic and electronic properties were significantly altered by replacing the pyrrole ring from phenothiazinophyrin with different heterocycles. The X-ray structure of phenothiazine embedded thiaporphyrin revealed that the macrocycle was distorted with an inverted thiophene ring. Both mono-protonated and diprotonated derivatives of macrocycles were generated by the controlled addition of trifluoroacetic acid to the macrocycles. The macrocyclic protons experienced upfield/downfield shifts in protonated derivatives compared to their corresponding neutral phenothiazine embedded heteroporphyrins. However, the heterocyclic ring in both mono- and diprotonated derivatives retained its inverted conformation. The macrocycles in their neutral and protonated form exhibit nonaromatic absorption features. The studies indicated the electron rich nature of macrocycles and DFT/TD-DFT studies were carried out to justify the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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5
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Tiwari S, Ravikanth M. Dibenzi Heteroheptaphyrin(2.0.1.1.1.1.0)s: Synthesis, Spectral, Redox and Theoretical Studies. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300885. [PMID: 37950482 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Three examples of dibenzi heteroheptaphyrin(2.0.1.1.1.1.0)s were synthesized by condensing bis(phenylene ethene) based hexapyrrane with appropriate diol, 2,5-bis(α-hydroxy-α-arylmethyl) thiophene or selenophene in CH2 Cl2 under BF3 ⋅ OEt2 catalyzed inert atmosphere conditions followed by DDQ oxidation in open air. HR-MS analyses confirmed the identities of dibenzi heteroheptaphyrins. The DFT optimized structures revealed that dibenzi heteroheptaphyrins were highly distorted nonplanar macrocycles with two thiophene rings preferred to be in an inverted conformation. 1D & 2D NMR helped in deducing the molecular structures of dibenzi heteroheptaphyrins and supported their nonaromatic nature. The theoretical NMR calculations were carried which matched closely with the experimental NMR data. NMR studies also revealed that the π-delocaliztion was significantly altered in dibenzi heteroheptaphyrins compared to previously reported dibenzi hexaphyrins. The dibenzi heptaphyrins showed one sharp absorption band in 400-500 nm region and a broad band in the region of 600-800 nm which were bathochromically shifted in their diprotonated derivatives. The theoretical absorption calculations corroborate the slight hypsochromic shift of the broad absorption band in the lower energy region of dibenzi heptaphyrins compared to dibenzi hexaphyrins. The electrochemical studies revealed that the dibenzi heptaphyrins were easier to reduce but difficult to oxidize compared to dibenzi hexaphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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6
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Koniarz S, Szydełko K, Białek MJ, Hurej K, Chmielewski PJ. Complexes of N-Confused Porphyrin Derivatives as Ortho-Metallating Ligands. Synthesis, Structure, Redox Properties, and Chirality. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306696. [PMID: 37990757 PMCID: PMC10787092 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
A family of transition metal complexes of meso-aryl-2-aza-21-carbaporphyrin (N-confused porphyrin, NCP) derivatives acting as ortho-metallating ligands for ruthenium(II), rhodium(III), and iridium(III) is synthesized and characterized by XRD, spectroscopic, and electrochemical methods. The chirality of these systems is shown by the separation of the enantiomers and analyzed by circular dichroism and DFT. A preliminary catalytic study indicates the activity of the iridium(III) ortho-metallated complexes in the N-heterocyclization of primary amines with diols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Koniarz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław, 50383, Poland
| | - Kinga Szydełko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław, 50383, Poland
| | - Michał J Białek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław, 50383, Poland
| | - Karolina Hurej
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław, 50383, Poland
| | - Piotr J Chmielewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, Wrocław, 50383, Poland
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7
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Abstract
The cis and trans structural isomers of di-p-benzidithiaoctaphyrins were synthesized by adopting two different synthetic routes using readily available precursors under acid-catalyzed conditions, and the isomers were separated using basic alumina column chromatography. 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy were used to deduce the molecular structures of the macrocycles, which also helps to differentiate the cis isomer from the trans isomer. DFT studies revealed that both the cis and trans isomers adopt figure of eight conformations but exhibit clear differences in their structural features, and the trans isomer is more distorted than the cis isomer. Experimental and theoretical studies revealed that both the cis and trans isomers are nonaromatic stable macrocycles and show subtle differences in their structure, spectral and redox properties. The cis and trans isomers of di-p-benzidithiaoctaphyrin exhibit nonaromatic absorption features in the visible-NIR region, and electrochemical studies revealed their electron-rich nature. TD-DFT studies are in agreement with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vratta Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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8
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Udaya HS, Mishra V, Gopalakrishna TY, Anand VG. Topological Diversity in Electrochemically Active Core-Modified Expanded Porphyrinoids. Org Lett 2023; 25:6628-6632. [PMID: 37669470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiophene-based expanded porphyrinoids undergo a transition from a planar conformation to a twisted conformation upon a systematic increase in the number of thiophene units. Octaphyrin, with 40π electrons, displayed temperature-dependent interconversion between planar and nonplanar conformations in the solution state, in contrast to the rigid planar conformation in the solid state. 60π-dodecaphyrin and 70π-tetradecaphyrin have the maximum number of π-electrons for 12- and 14-heterocycle porphyrinoids, respectively. Spectro-electrochemical measurements confirmed facile reversible two-electron oxidation and the unstable radical cation intermediate in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosahalli S Udaya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Vishnu Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Tullimilli Y Gopalakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Venkataramanarao G Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
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9
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Tripathi N, Sinha A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of stable nonaromatic phenothiazinophyrins. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6617-6623. [PMID: 37531194 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00778b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Stable and nonaromatic phenothiazinophyrins which resulted from the replacement of one of the pyrrole rings of porphyrin with a phenothiazine unit were synthesized by condensing phenothiazine based tripyrrane with aryl aldehyde and pyrrole under acid catalysed conditions. NMR studies revealed that the pyrrole ring that is across the phenothiazine unit is inverted and DFT studies also supported that the pyrrole ring inverted phenothiazinophyrins were more stable. Phenothiazinophyrins and their protonated derivatives showed panchromatic absorption features and absorbed in the visible to NIR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
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10
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Vaz B, Pérez-Lorenzo M. Unraveling Structure-Performance Relationships in Porphyrin-Sensitized TiO 2 Photocatalysts. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1097. [PMID: 36985991 PMCID: PMC10059665 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, porphyrins have arisen as exceptional photosensitizers given their ability to act as chlorophyll-mimicking dyes, thus, transferring energy from the light-collecting areas to the reaction centers, as it happens in natural photosynthesis. For this reason, porphyrin-sensitized TiO2-based nanocomposites have been widely exploited in the field of photovoltaics and photocatalysis in order to overcome the well-known limitations of these semiconductors. However, even though both areas of application share some common working principles, the development of solar cells has led the way in what is referred to the continuous improvement of these architectures, particularly regarding the molecular design of these photosynthetic pigments. Yet, those innovations have not been efficiently translated to the field of dye-sensitized photocatalysis. This review aims at filling this gap by performing an in-depth exploration of the most recent advances in the understanding of the role played by the different structural motifs of porphyrins as sensitizers in light-driven TiO2-mediated catalysis. With this goal in mind, the chemical transformations, as well as the reaction conditions under which these dyes must operate, are taken in consideration. The conclusions drawn from this comprehensive analysis offer valuable hints for the implementation of novel porphyrin-TiO2 composites, which may pave the way toward the fabrication of more efficient photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Vaz
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Moisés Pérez-Lorenzo
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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11
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Organometallic Chemistry within the Structured Environment Provided by the Macrocyclic Cores of Carbaporphyrins and Related Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031496. [PMID: 36771158 PMCID: PMC9920839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique environment within the core of carbaporphyrinoid systems provides a platform to explore unusual organometallic chemistry. The ability of these structures to form stable organometallic derivatives was first demonstrated for N-confused porphyrins but many other carbaporphyrin-type systems were subsequently shown to exhibit similar or complementary properties. Metalation commonly occurs with catalytically active transition metal cations and the resulting derivatives exhibit widely different physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties and range from strongly aromatic to nonaromatic and antiaromatic species. Metalation may trigger unusual, highly selective, oxidation reactions. Alkyl group migration has been observed within the cavity of metalated carbaporphyrins, and in some cases ring contraction of the carbocyclic subunit takes place. Over the past thirty years, studies in this area have led to multiple synthetic routes to carbaporphyrinoid ligands and remarkable organometallic chemistry has been reported. An overview of this important area is presented.
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Muthu M, Tiwari S. Spectroscopic investigation of preferential solvation of N-confused tetraphenylporphyrinin binary mixtures of dichloromethane with organic cosolvents. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 283:121718. [PMID: 35963116 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic behaviour of porphyrin is known to be sensitive to the choice of the solvent and has been used to probe solvation phenomena. The UV-visible spectra of N-confused tetraphenylporphyrin are observed in a series of binary solvent mixtures - (dichloromethane + diethyl ether), (dichloromethane + chlorobenzene) and (dichloromethane + ethyl acetate). The resulting ET scale for NCTPP solvation indicates nonlinear behaviour and preferential solvation by a solvent-solvent complex in all the three solvents - with the dichloromethane + ethyl acetate system showing the largest deviation from ideality. The data is fitted to the model based on solvent exchange equilibria for determining the preferential solvation parameters which are specific to the probe as well as the identity of solvents in the binary mixture. Further analysis using polarity parameters from literature indicate that the solvation of NCTPP in the (dichloromethane + ethyl acetate) mixture is dependent on the hydrogen bond accepting capacity and polarizability of the medium. Excess spectra derived from ATR-FTIR measurement of dichloromethane + ethyl acetate solutions lead to important inferences about the structure and role of solvent-solvent interactions responsible for the preferential solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariammal Muthu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Shraeddha Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
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13
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Tiwari S, Sengupta R, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and properties of NIR absorbing dithia Di(p-Benzi)Hexaphyrins. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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14
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Cramer EK, AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Oxyquinoliziniporphyrins: Introduction of a Heterocyclic Dimension to Carbaporphyrinoid Systems. Org Lett 2022; 24:5402-5406. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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15
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Szyszko B. Phenanthrene‐Embedded Carbaporphyrinoids and Related Systems: From Ligands to Cages and Molecular Switches. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szyszko
- University of Wroclaw: Uniwersytet Wroclawski Chemistry 14 F. Joliot-Curie 14 50383 Wroclaw POLAND
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16
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Yadav B, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and Studies of Structural Isomers of meso-Fused Dicarbahexaphyrins. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200432. [PMID: 35560980 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two close structurally related isomers of nonaromatic meso -fused dicarbahexaphyrins were synthesized by condensing one equivalent of fluorene based tripyrrane with one equivalent of pentafluorobenzaldehyde in CH 2 Cl 2 under BF 3 .OEt 2 catalyzed conditions. The cis and trans isomers of meso -fused dicarbahexaphyrins were separated by preparative thin-layer chromatography and isolated pure macrocycles as green solids in 6-7% yields. NMR spectra of cis and trans isomers are quite distinct from each other and trans isomer was very symmetric and showed fewer resonances than cis isomer in NMR. The NMR study supported the nonaromatic nature of both cis and trans isomers of meso -fused dicarbahexaphyrins. DFT optimized structures revealed that the cis isomer adopted a singly twisted puckered conformation whereas the trans isomer displayed a saddle like conformation. Both cis and trans isomers almost showed similar nonaromatic absorption features with slight differences in their peak maxima. However, the protonated derivative of cis isomer showed absorption bands in visible-NIR region with bands extended upto 1000 nm whereas the trans isomer showed strong bands in the visible region. Both cis and trans macrocycles were easier to oxidize and reduce and TD-DFT studies corroborated with the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Chemistry, Department of chemistry IIT bombay, 400076, Mumbai, INDIA
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17
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Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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Toganoh M, Furuta H. Creation from Confusion and Fusion in the Porphyrin World─The Last Three Decades of N-Confused Porphyrinoid Chemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8313-8437. [PMID: 35230807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Confusion is a novel concept of isomerism in porphyrin chemistry, delivering a steady stream of new chemistry since the discovery of N-confused porphyrin, a porphyrin mutant, in 1994. These days, the number of confused porphyrinoids is increasing, and confusion and associated fusion are found in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, biological chemistry, and catalysts. In this review, the birth and growth of confused porphyrinoids in the last three decades are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Toganoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Hao F, Zhang T, Yu D, Yang X, Jiang HW, Xiao JC, Chen QY. Porphyriynes: 18-π-Conjugated Macrocycles Incorporating a Triple Bond. Org Lett 2022; 24:1716-1721. [PMID: 35199515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tetraphenylporphyriyne (Pyne1), a novel porphyrin analogue with a C≡C bond incorporated into an 18-π-conjugated system, has been created via cleavage of the N-confused pyrrolic ring in Ag(III) N-confused tetraphenylporphyrin. The structure of Pyne1 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography and 1H NMR, IR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The mechanism of cleavage of the N-confused pyrrolic ring was investigated by theoretical calculations. The successful synthesis of other Pynes indicated the generality of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, Qilu University of Technology-Shandong Academy of Science, Ji'nan 250353, China.,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, Qilu University of Technology-Shandong Academy of Science, Ji'nan 250353, China
| | - Donghai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaodeng Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, Qilu University of Technology-Shandong Academy of Science, Ji'nan 250353, China
| | - Hua-Wei Jiang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ji-Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing-Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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20
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Ali MA, Laxman K, Panda KN, Ravikanth M. Tellurophene-Containing Core-Modified Pentaphyrin(2.1.1.1.1)s. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2480-2488. [PMID: 35080412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Various core-modified tellurophene-containing pentaphyrin(2.1.1.1.1)s were synthesized via (3 + 2) condensation of 16-telluratripyrrane with different heterodiols under mild acid catalyzed conditions in 5-12% yields. The formation of pentaphyrin (2.1.1.1.1) with a N2O2Te core was not successful due to its inherent instability. The new pentaphyrins were characterized and studied by HR-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, X-ray crystallography for one of the pentaphyrins, absorption and DFT/TD-DFT techniques. The NMR studies indicated their nonaromatic nature. The X-ray structure obtained for pentaphyrin(2.1.1.1.1) with N4Te core revealed that the macrocycle exists in a highly distorted nonplanar structure. The DFT studies showed that the macrocycles are nonaromatic and exists in highly distorted nonplanar geometry. Furthermore, as the core heterocyclic groups at ethene moiety were changed from pyrrole to furan to thiophene to benzene, the macrocycles tended toward more planar structures. The absorption spectra of pentaphyrins showed one strong sharp band in the region of 450-540 nm along with a broad band in the region of 700-800 nm. The pentaphyrin(2.1.1.1.1) with N4Te core upon protonation showed distinct color change in solution and large bathochromic shifts in absorption bands with an absorption in the NIR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashif Ali
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Kandala Laxman
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.,Department of Chemistry, GIS, GITAM Deemed to Be University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530045, AP, India
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21
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Hexabenzocoronene functionalized with antiaromatic S- and Se-core-modified porphyrins (isophlorins): comparison with the dyad with regular porphyrin. PURE APPL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The important and perspective molecular building blocks composed of hexaphenylbenzenes (HPBs) or their oxidized derivatives, hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes (HBCs), and metalloporphyrins have recently received significant attention of the researchers. In this study, motivated by recent findings, we have addressed the modifications of structures and properties of HBC-porphyrin compounds by using instead of aromatic porphyrins antiaromatic 20π isophlorin derivatives of thiophene or selenophene. We have reported the first comparative computational investigation of the following systems: (i) HBC with one non-metallated aromatic porphyrin, P(N4H2), unit, HBC-P(N4H2), (ii) HBC with one S-core-modified antiaromatic porphyrin (S-isophlorin), PS4, unit, HBC-PS4, and (iii) HBC with one Se-core-modified antiaromatic porphyrin (Se-isophlorin), PSe4, unit, HBC-PSe4. The study has been done employing the B3LYP/6-31G* approach (in the gas phase and in the implicit solvents, benzene and dichloromethane), and comparison with the B3LYP/6-31G** and B3LYP/6-311G* approaches was performed, where relevant. The effects of the core-modified antiaromatic isophlorins on the structures, electronic, and other properties, potentially including reactivity, of the whole building block HBC-isophlorin have been shown to be quite pronounced and to be noticeably stronger than the effects of the original aromatic non-metallated porphyrin. Thus, we have demonstrated theoretically that the complete porphyrin core-modification with other elements, this time with S and Se leading to the formation of the antiaromatic isophlorins, should be considered as a promising way for modifying and tuning structures, electronic properties and reactivity of the hexabenzocoronene-porphyrin(s) building blocks.
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22
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Kaur G, Ravikanth M. Recent developments in the chemistry of triphyrin(2.1.1)s. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Various (metallo)porphyrins and related compounds have been intensively investigated by different research groups due to their extremely important role in living organisms along with their versatile applications in technology. The design of novel porphyrinoids by core-modification, or substitution of pyrrole nitrogens, with the elements of other groups of the Periodic Table has been considered as a highly promising methodology for tuning structures and properties of porphyrinoids and thus opening new possible applications for them. Much effort has been given to the modifications of the porphyrin core with elements of the main groups, namely O, S, Se (chalcogens), and the heavier congener of nitrogen, phosphorus. In general, the porphyrin core modification by replacing nitrogens with heteroatoms is a promising and effective strategy for obtaining new compounds with unusual structures and properties (optical, electrochemical, coordinating, etc.) as well as reactivity. These novel molecules can also be employed as promising building or construction blocks in various applications in the nanotechnology area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey E. Kuznetsov
- Departamento de Química , Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María , Av. Santa María 6400 , Vitacura , Santiago 7660251 , Chile
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24
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Sinha A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and Properties of Dibenzothiophene Embedded Heteroporphyrins. J Org Chem 2021; 86:6100-6110. [PMID: 33876633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of new stable dibenzothiophene embedded heteroporphyrins were synthesized in 6-7% yields by condensing 1 equiv of dibenzothiophene-based tripyrrane with 1 equiv of four different diols, 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)heterocycles (furan, thiophene, selenophene, and tellurophene), under mild acid-catalyzed conditions in CH2Cl2. The formation of dibenzothiophene embedded heteroporphyrins was confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry and thoroughly characterized by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, absorption, electrochemical, and density functional theory/time-dependent density functional theory (DFT/TD-DFT) studies. The NMR studies indicated that the macrocycles were nonaromatic in nature. The electronic properties of the macrocycles were significantly altered as the heterocycle of the macrocycles was varied from furan to thiophene, selenophene, and tellurophene, as reflected clearly in the spectral and electrochemical properties. The macrocycles exhibited a sharp band in the region of 420-440 nm and a relatively broad absorption band(s) in the higher wavelength region of 550-800 nm. The oxa analogue was considerably blue-shifted as compared to the other macrocycles, whereas the tellura analogue exhibited relatively broadened and red-shifted absorption bands. Upon protonation of these macrocycles, the resulting diprotonated species displayed bathochromically shifted absorption bands, which were extended to the NIR region. DFT studies revealed that the macrocycles were highly distorted and strained and exhibited half chair conformation with restricted π-conjugation and confirmed their nonaromatic nature due to the lack of planarity of the macrocycle. TD-DFT studies were in agreement with the experimental spectral and electrochemical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisikta Sinha
- Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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26
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Senge MO, Sergeeva NN, Hale KJ. Classic highlights in porphyrin and porphyrinoid total synthesis and biosynthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4730-4789. [PMID: 33623938 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00719a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins feature prominently in nature, be it as enzymatic cofactors, electron and exciton shuffles, as photoactive dyes, or as signaling substances. Their involvement in the generation, storage and use of oxygen is pivotal to life, while their photochemical properties are central to the biochemical functioning of plants. When complexed to metals, porphyrins can engage in a multitude of contemporary applications ranging from solar energy generation to serving as catalysts for important chemical reactions. They are also able to function as useful theranostic agents, and as novel materials for a wide range of applications. As such, they are widely considered to be highly valuable molecules, and it almost goes without saying that synthetic organic chemistry has dramatically underpinned all the key advances made, by providing reliable access to them. In fact, strategies for the synthesis of functionalized porphyrins have now reached a state of refinement where pretty well any desired porphyrin can successfully be synthesized with the approaches that are available, including a cornucopia of related macrocycle-modified porphyrinoids. In this review, we are going to illustrate the development of this exciting field by discussing a number of classic syntheses of porphyrins. Our coverage will encompass the natural protoporphyrins and chlorophylls, while also covering general strategies for the synthesis of unsymmetrical porphyrins and chlorins. Various industrial syntheses of porphyrins will also be discussed, as will other routes of great practical importance, and avenues to key porphyrinoids with modified macrocycles. A range of selected examples of contemporary functionalization reactions will be highlighted. The various key syntheses will be described and analyzed from a traditional mechanistic organic chemistry perspective to help student readers, and those who are new to this area. The aim will be to allow readers to mechanistically appreciate and understand how many of these fascinating ring-systems are built and further functionalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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27
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Kuznetsov AE. Comparison of P- and As-core-modified porphyrins with the parental porphyrin: a computational study. PURE APPL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2020-1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The first comparative DFT (B3LYP/6-31G*) study of the Zn-porphyrin and its two derivatives, ZnP(P)4 and ZnP(As)4, is reported. For all three species studied, ZnP, ZnP(P)4 and ZnP(As)4, the singlet was calculated to be the lowest-energy structure and singlet-triplet gap was found to decrease from ca. 41—42 kcal/mol for N to ca. 17—18 kcal/mol for P and to ca. 10 kcal/mol for As. Both ZnP(P)4 and ZnP(As)4 were calculated to attain very pronounced bowl-like shapes. The frontier molecular orbitals (MOs) of the core-modified porphyrins are quite similar to the ZnP frontier MOs. For the HOMO-2 of the core-modified porphyrins due to the ZnP(P)4/ZnP(As)4 bowl-like shapes we might suppose the existence of “internal” electron delocalization inside the ZnP(P)4/ZnP(As)4 “bowls”. Noticeable reduction of the HOMO/LUMO gaps was calculated for ZnP(P)4 and ZnP(As)4, by ca. 1.10 and 1.47 eV, respectively, compared to ZnP. The core-modification of porphyrins by P and especially by As was found to result in significant decrease of the charge on Zn-centers, by ca. 0.61—0.67e for P and by ca. 0.69—0.76e for As. Charges on P- and As-centers were computed to have large positive values, ca. 0.41—0.45e and ca. 0.43—0.47e, for P and As, respectively, compared to significant negative values, ca. −0.65 to −0.66e for N. The porphyrin core-modification by heavier N congeners, P and As, can noticeably modify the structures, electronic, and optical properties of porphyrins, thus affecting their reactivity and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey E. Kuznetsov
- Department of Chemistry , Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María , Av. Santa Maria 6400 , Vitacura 7660251 , Santiago , Chile
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Luciano MP, Atoyebi AO, Tardie W, Zeller M, Brückner C. Pyrrole-Modified Porphyrins Containing Eight-Membered Heterocycles Using a Reversal of the "Breaking and Mending" Strategy. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15273-15286. [PMID: 33174754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of meso-aryl-porphyrins/chlorins to porphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles (so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins, PMPs) along an approach we dubbed "the breaking and mending of porphyrins" is well known. However, examples are limited to the synthesis of PMPs containing up to six-membered heterocycles; the syntheses of larger rings failed. We report here hitherto unavailable eight-membered chlorin-type PMPs using an inverted "mending and breaking" approach. All examples are based on the addition of N,N'-dimethylurea derivatives to a meso-phenyl-β,β'-dioxoporphyrin, followed by oxidative cleavage of the intermediate diol adduct. We correlate the extremely nonplanar solid-state structures of three crystallographically characterized PMPs containing an eight-membered ring with their solution-state optical properties. The first examples of bis-modified, bacteriochlorin-type PMPs containing either two eight-membered rings or an eight-membered ring and an imidazolone ring are also detailed. Using other N,N'-nucleophiles failed to either generate chlorins containing a β,β'-dihydroxypyrroline, a prerequisite for the "breaking step," or the cleavage of those substrates that did generate a diol underwent subsequent reactions that thwarted the generation of the desired PMPs. This contribution adds novel PMPs containing eight-membered rings, highlights the effects these derivatizations have on the macrocycle conformation, and how that affects their optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Luciano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Adewole O Atoyebi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Weston Tardie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 101 Wetherill Hall, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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Pacholska-Dudziak E, Vetter G, Góratowska A, Białońska A, Latos-Grażyński L. Chemistry inside a Porphyrin Skeleton: Platinacyclopentadiene from Tellurophene. Chemistry 2020; 26:16011-16018. [PMID: 32511814 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Platinum(II) binds to 21,23-ditelluraporphyrin forming a side-on complex, which can be easily transformed into an aromatic metallaporphyrin, that is, 21-platina-23-telluraporphyrin, with a platinacyclopentadiene unit built in the porphyrin skeleton in place of one pyrrole ring. The central platinum(II) ion with a CCNTe square-planar coordination sphere can be oxidized to platinum(IV) by chlorine, bromine, methyl iodide or allyl chloride to yield octahedral complexes. All platinatelluraporphyrins show dynamic behavior involving the platinum ion coordination sphere fluxionality and the porphyrin skeleton deformation, both in-plane and out-of-plane, as demonstrated by 1 H NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Pacholska-Dudziak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Vetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Góratowska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Białońska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
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30
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Latham AN, Lash TD. Synthesis and Characterization of N-Methylporphyrins, Heteroporphyrins, Carbaporphyrins, and Related Systems. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13050-13068. [PMID: 32940469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MacDonald-type "3 + 1" condensations of an N-methyltripyrrane with a series of dialdehydes afforded a matched set of N-methylporphyrins, N-methylheteroporphyrins, N-methyloxybenziporphyrin, N-methyloxypyriporphyrin, N-methyltropiporphyrin, and a N-methylcarbaporphyrin aldehyde. meso-Unsubstituted heteroporphyrins have been little explored previously, and this strategy was also used to prepare N-unsubstituted 21-oxa-, 21-thia-, and 21-selenaporphyrins. In every case, the N-methylporphyrinoids exhibited weaker, bathochromically shifted UV-Vis absorptions compared to their core unsubstituted congeners. However, proton NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that these derivatives retained strong diamagnetic ring currents and the presence of the internal alkyl substituents had little effect on the global aromatic characteristics. Nevertheless, the UV-Vis spectra of N-methyl-oxybenzi- and N-methyl-oxypyriporphyrins were dramatically altered and gave greatly weakened absorptions. N-Methyl-oxybenzi- and N-methyltropiporphyrins reacted with palladium(II) acetate to give stable palladium(II) complexes, demonstrating that N-alkylation alters the metalation properties for these carbaporphyrinoids. The organometallic derivatives also retained strongly aromatic properties, and the proton NMR spectra showed the N-methyl resonances near -3 ppm. N-Methylcarbaporphyrin-2-carbaldehyde also gave a palladium(II) complex, but this gradually rearranged at higher temperatures to afford a C-methyl complex. The results demonstrate that core alkylation of porphyrinoids greatly alters the reactivity and spectroscopic properties for these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa N Latham
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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Grover N, Sankar M. N-Confused Porphyrin - A Unique "Turn-On" Chemosensor for CN - and F - ions and "Turn-Off" Sensor for ClO 4 - ions. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2192-2197. [PMID: 32468689 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Confused meso-tetrakis(4-carbomethoxyphenyl)porphyrin (1) and its Ni(II) complex (1 a) have been synthesized and utilized for anion sensing studies, and the results are compared with N-confused meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (NCTPP). Anion susceptibilities of 1 and 1 a were investigated using spectroscopic, electrochemical, and DFT studies. Porphyrins 1 and 1 a were able to detect CN- , F- , and ClO4 - ions selectively over the tested set of anions even at ppm level. Interestingly, the addition of ClO4 - ions resulted in fluorescence quenching (turn off) whereas the addition of F- or CN- resulted in fluorescence enhancement (turn on). Notably, the TFA addition resulted in fluorescence quenching, whereas the fluorescence enhancement was observed while adding TBAOH. The higher association constant (Ka ) values with anions, lower detection limit, and shifts in redox potentials are due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the -COOCH3 group at the para-position of the meso-phenyl ring. This electron-withdrawing nature is crucial for the higher affinity towards anions. The anion sensing description in this article may not only unveil the built-in nature of N-confused porphyrins, but may also provide a general proposal for the development of novel anion sensors based on porphyrinoids. The electron-deficient porphyrin framework, large polarisable π-system, and anion binding through the outer NH or a combination of the above factors serve as a foundation for N-confused porphyrin to act as an anion sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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32
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Fang X, Chen X, Wang Q, Yang YF, She YB. Understanding the structures and aromaticity of heteroporphyrins with computations. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4415-4422. [PMID: 32463054 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00656d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteroporphyrins are porphyrin derivatives with replacement of the pyrrolic NH moiety by other heteroatom-containing groups, such as PH, AsH, SiH2, O, S, etc. For all studied heteroporphyrins, the macrocycle structure is distorted due to the presence of large heteroatoms. The HOMO-LUMO gap of heteroporphyrins is generally decreased compared to regular porphyrins. Both nucleus independent chemical shifts values and visualized anisotropy of induced current density were computed to describe the aromaticity of heteroporphyrins. The plots of anisotropy of induced current density suggest that the ring current diverged into an outer and an inner pathway at each ring. The current mainly passes through the outer path at the pyrrolic rings with inner hydrogen and through the inner path at the pyrrolic rings without inner hydrogen. In both regular porphyrin and O-substituted heteroporphyrins, the aromatic pathway is mainly contributed by the 22π-electron aromatic route model. Heteroatoms such as PH, AsH, S, Se and Te have little contribution to the aromaticity of heteroporphyrins. In addition, the π conjugation is also interrupted at the CH2 and SiH2 moiety, and the ring current mainly passes through the outer path of the heteroporphyrins with CH2 and SiH2 replacing the pyrrolic NH moiety. Therefore the 18π-[18]annulene model is dominated in PH-, AsH-, S-, Se-, Te-, CH2- and SiH2-substituted heteroporphyrins. These computational studies shed new light on the aromatic characters of heteroporphyrins, and will facilitate the further development of various novel heteroporphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Fang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Xiahe Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Qunmin Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Yuan-Bin She
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
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33
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A Pincer Motif Etched into a meta-Benziporphyrin Frame. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rao Y, Zhou W, Xu L, Zhou M, Yin B, Tanaka T, Osuka A, Song J. Singly and Doubly Neo-Confused Smaragdyrins. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18836-18844. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Rao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Bangshao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jianxin Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Educational of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
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Riba-Moliner M, Oliveras-González C, Amabilino DB, González-Campo A. Supramolecular block copolymers incorporating chiral and achiral chromophores for the bottom-up assembly of nanomaterials. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The coordination of the chiral metalloporphyrin ([5,10,15,20-[4-([Formula: see text]-2-[Formula: see text]-octadecylamidoethyloxiphenyl]porphyrin] zinc (II)) and an achiral homologue to an amphiphilic block copolymer of poly(styrene-[Formula: see text]-4-vinyl pyridine) (PS-[Formula: see text]-P4VP) have been studied in solution and as cast material. The resulting chiral dye-polymer hybrid material has been accomplished via axial coordination between the zinc (II) metal ion in the core of the porphyrin ring and the pyridyl units of the block-copolymer in a non-coordinative solvent. The supramolecular organization and possible chirality transfer to the hybrid material have been studied in solution by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Circular Dichroism. The morphology of the chiral and achiral doped polymers has been studied in solid state by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. We show that the nanostructures formed depend greatly upon the nature of the side-chains on the porphyrins, where a chiral group leads to a very homogeneous phase-separated material, perhaps indicating that chiral side groups are useful for the preparation of this type of supramolecular hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Riba-Moliner
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus Universitari, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Oliveras-González
- Université d’Angers, CNRS Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR 6200, UFR Science, Bât. K, 2 Bd. Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France
| | - David B. Amabilino
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Arántzazu González-Campo
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus Universitari, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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Abstract
Porphyrins are tetrapyrrolic aromatic macrocycles and ubiquitous in nature. They are excellent dyes with strong absorption in the visible region (400–700 nm) and they exhibit decent fluorescence in the red region (620–900 nm). Carbazole is a nitrogen-containing electron rich aromatic heterocycle which can be linked to porphyrins and other chromophores. This review provides an overview of the different synthetic strategies that have been employed to prepare carbazole-substituted porphyrins and carbazole-fused porphyrinoids and similar systems. It also shows that how the substitution of carbazole occurs on the porphyrin core can alter its optical and electronic features. Introduction of carbazole moieties in the porphyrin ring resulted in fused porphyrinoids with changed aromaticity and significantly altered electronic features of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Das
- The University of Burdwan, Rajbati, Bardhaman-713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Iti Gupta
- Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gandhinagar-382355, Gujrat, India
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37
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Tin(IV)-Porphyrin Tetracarbonyl Cobaltate: An Efficient Catalyst for the Carbonylation of Epoxides. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cationic tin(IV) porphyrins with tetracarbonyl cobaltates were synthesized, exhibiting bifunctional catalytic reactivity. The Lewis acidic tin-porphyrin center activated epoxides; concurrently, cobalt carbonyl anions efficiently opened epoxides and delivered carbonyl moieties. Thus, a series of β-lactones with a high synthetic value were obtained. This catalytic system showed excellent efficiency exceeding a turnover number of one thousand with a broad substrate scope. In addition, the presented tin porphyrin-based catalyst exhibited exclusive chemoselectivity to terminal epoxides over internal ones. The selective carbonylation of di-epoxides demonstrated the usefulness of these catalysts in the synthesis of complex molecular structures.
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Omori H, Hiroto S, Takeda Y, Fliegl H, Minakata S, Shinokubo H. Ni(II) 10-Phosphacorrole: A Porphyrin Analogue Containing Phosphorus at the Meso Position. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4800-4805. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Omori
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Satoru Hiroto
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Youhei Takeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Heike Fliegl
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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39
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Miyazaki T, Fukuyama K, Mashita S, Deguchi Y, Yamamoto T, Ishida M, Mori S, Furuta H. Ruthenium N-Confused Porphyrins: Selective Reactivity for Ambident 2-Heteroatom-Substituted Pyridines Serving as Axial Ligands. Chempluschem 2019; 84:603-607. [PMID: 31944014 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three types of ruthenium(II) N-confused porphyrin (NCP) complexes bearing an axial 2-thiopyridine, 2-pyridone, and 2-iminopyridine moiety at the inner carbon atom, respectively, were synthesized. The unique reactivity of the 2-substituted pyridine derivatives (2-X-pyridine; X=SH, OH, NH2 ) toward the inner carbon atom of the NCP allows the formation of two types of coordinated products (i. e., pyridine donor versus 2-heteroatom donors), as inferred from single-crystal X-ray structures. The selective reactivity was investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Finally, the catalytic activity of these ruthenium complexes was demonstrated through the styrene oxidation reactions. As a result, the ruthenium(II) NCP complex bearing a 2-thiopyridine moiety, together with aqueous H2 O2 as an oxidant showed the highest selectivity for benzaldehyde (benzaldehyde/styrene oxide=20 : 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Miyazaki
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fukuyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shunichi Mashita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuya Deguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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40
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Fukuda M, Mori S, Furuta H, Shimizu S. N‐Confused Porphyrin‐aza‐Dipyrrin Chimera: A Versatile Metal Coordination Ligand Using its Unique NH Tautomerism. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1697-1702. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES)Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS)Kyushu University Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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41
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Latham AN, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Metalation and Methyl Group Migration in 21-, 22-, and 23-Methylcarbaporphyrins: Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium(II), Rhodium(I), and Rhodium(III) Derivatives. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alissa N. Latham
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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42
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Shimizu S. aza-BODIPY synthesis towards vis/NIR functional chromophores based on a Schiff base forming reaction protocol using lactams and heteroaromatic amines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8722-8743. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03365c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Schiff base forming reaction of lactams and heteroaromatic amines led to creation of a new class of aza-BODIPY analogues as visible and near infrared functional chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
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43
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Thorat KG, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of Phlorin Analogues of Dithiacorrphycene and Their Use as Specific Chemodosimetric Sensors for Fe 3+ Ions. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3040-3050. [PMID: 30009561 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of stable phlorin analogues of dithiacorrphycene were synthesized by treating appropriate tetrapyrranes with two equivalents of trifluoroacetic acid in CH2 Cl2 followed by oxidation with p-chloranil. The oxidative coupling of tetrapyrrane resulted in the formation of two unexpected phlorin analogues of dithiacorrphycenes that differed from each other at the meso-sp3 -carbon, and the two macrocycles were easily separated and isolated by column chromatography. The novel macrocycles were confirmed by X-ray crystallography and characterized by HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and time-dependent DFT studies. X-ray structure analysis revealed the highly strained and distorted nature of the macrocycles. The macrocycles showed one ill-defined absorption band at λ≈315 nm and a broad band at λ≈530 nm. Because both macrocycles possess two thiophene and two pyrrole rings with one ionizable inner NH, the cation-sensing properties of the phlorin analogues of dithiacorrphycenes have been investigated. The phlorin analogues of dithiacorrphycenes act as specific chemodosimetric sensors for Fe3+ ions by converting phlorin analogues of dithiacorrphycenes into dithiacorrphycene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor G Thorat
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
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44
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Bizzarri C, Spuling E, Knoll DM, Volz D, Bräse S. Sustainable metal complexes for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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45
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Ye L, Fang Y, Ou Z, Xue S, Wang L, Kadish KM. Electrochemistry of N-confused inner amino-substituted free-base tetraarylporphyrins in nonaqueous media. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Four N-confused free-base tetraarylporphyrins containing an amino group on the inner carbon of the inverted pyrrole were synthesized and characterized as to their electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties in dichloromethane and N,N-dimethylformamide containing 0.1 M tetra-[Formula: see text]-butylammonium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte. The examined compounds are represented as (NH[Formula: see text](Ar)[Formula: see text]NcpH[Formula: see text], where “Ncp” is the N-confused porphyrin macrocycle and Ar is a [Formula: see text]-CH[Formula: see text]OPh, [Formula: see text]-CH[Formula: see text]Ph, Ph or [Formula: see text]-ClPh substituent on each meso-position of the macrocycle. Each porphyrin undergoes multiple irreversible reductions and oxidations. The first one-electron addition and first one-electron abstraction are located on the porphyrin [Formula: see text]-ring system to give [Formula: see text]-anion and [Formula: see text]-cation radicals with a HOMO–LUMO gap ranging from 1.21 to 1.34 V in CH[Formula: see text]Cl[Formula: see text] and 1.06 to 1.12 V in DMF. Both electrogenerated products are unstable and undergo a rapid chemical reaction to give new electroactive species which can be further reduced at more negative potentials or further oxidized at more positive potentials. The effects of the inner amino-substituent on the UV-vis spectra and electrochemical properties of the porphyrin are discussed, and comparisons made to data in the literature for both structurally related N-confused porphyrins containing an inner carbon NO[Formula: see text] group and derivatives without the inner substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ye
- School of Computer, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Songlin Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
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46
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Kuzuhara D, Kawatsu S, Furukawa W, Hayashi H, Aratani N, Yamada H. Synthesis of [14]Oxatriphyrins(2.1.1) and Their Transformation into Ethane-Bridged Oxatripyrrins by Boron Complexation. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Kuzuhara
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho 630-0192 Ikoma Nara Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kawatsu
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho 630-0192 Ikoma Nara Japan
| | - Wataru Furukawa
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho 630-0192 Ikoma Nara Japan
| | - Hironobu Hayashi
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho 630-0192 Ikoma Nara Japan
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho 630-0192 Ikoma Nara Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Materials Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST); 8916-5 Takayama-cho 630-0192 Ikoma Nara Japan
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47
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Singhal A. Functional Calixphyrins: Synthetic Strategies and Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:21. [PMID: 29721703 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calixphyrins are hybrid macrocycles that contain both sp2- and sp3-hybridized carbon atoms and hence bear analogy to both porphyrins and calixpyrroles. Due to the presence of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms, π-conjugation is disrupted in calixphyrins, which leads to conformational flexibility. Hence, these molecules find a use in anion binding, host-guest chemistry and metal-coordination chemistry. During the last decade, studies on calixphyrins have been a topic of wide interest to researchers. Various functionalities have been introduced to the structure of calixphyrins, leading to the development of expanded calixphyrins, core-modified calixphyrins and N-confused calixphyrins with diverse applications. This review outlines the detailed historical origin of the synthesis of calixphyrins with emphasis on current research and development in this area. The modular syntheses of normal calixphyrins, expanded calixphyrins, core-modified calixphyrins and N-confused calixphyrins are also discussed, along with their applicative aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Singhal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India.
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48
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Smolczyk TJ, Lash TD. Alphabet soup within a porphyrinoid cavity: synthesis of heterocarbaporphyrins with CNNO, CNOO, CNSO and CNSeO Cores from an oxacarbatripyrrin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9003-9006. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04976a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of porphyrin analogues with four different core atoms have been synthesized from an oxacarbatripyrrin intermediate.
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49
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Luo P, Karsenti PL, Marsan B, Harvey PD. Triplet energy vs. electron transfers in porphyrin- and tetrabenzoporphyrin-carboxylates/Pd3(dppm)3(CO)2+ cluster assemblies; a question of negative charge. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03943c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The simple replacement of the methyl groups by carboxylates changes the dominant quenching mechanism in dye⋯[Pd32+]x assemblies from energy to electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Luo
- Département de chimie
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Sherbrooke
- Canada
| | | | - Benoit Marsan
- Département de chimie
- Université du Québec à Montréal
- Montréal
- Canada
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50
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Ching WM, Chen PPY, Hung CH. A mechanistic study of nitrite reduction on iron(ii) complexes of methylated N-confused porphyrins. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:15087-15094. [PMID: 29067375 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02869e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proton delivery to the prosthetic group is a crucial step to sustain the activity of nitrite reductase. An iron N-confused porphyrin (NCP) complex, which is capable of relaying protons from the outer pyrrolic nitrogen (Nout-H) of the inverted pyrrole ring to the axial coordinated ligand, has been demonstrated to facilitate facile nitrite reduction. Time-dependent FTIR studies on the reaction between [FeII(HCTPPMe)Br] (1) and a nitrite anion revealed a two-step process involving conversion of the starting complex 1 to an {Fe(NO)}7 intermediate, [Fe(CTPPMe)(NO)] (5), before the detection of [Fe(CTPPCH2)(NO)] (3), an {Fe(NO)}6 end product. Moreover, spectroscopic data confirm that Nout-H on the NCP core is indispensable to the proceeding of the nitrite reduction reaction. Mass spectra have detected the coordination of a nitrite to the iron center while DFT theoretical calculations suggest that subsequent intramolecular proton transfer to a nitro group to form [Fe(CTPPMe)(HNO2)] (6a) evokes a homolytic N-OH bond fission on axial nitrous acid due to an enhanced π-back-bonding to produce an {Fe(NO)}7 intermediate and to release a hydroxyl radical. The subsequent oxidation of an {Fe(NO)}7 intermediate by the hydroxyl radical gave the final product, {Fe(NO)}6 [Fe(CTPPCH2)(NO)] (3). This study illustrates a proton assisted small molecule activation on the iron N-confused porphyrin coordination sphere and provides complemental insights into the mechanism of enzymatic nitrite reduction reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Ching
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei City 115, Taiwan.
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