1
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Li Q, Hua Y, Tang C, Chen D, Luo M, Xia H. Isolation, Reactivity, and Tunable Properties of a Strained Antiaromatic Osmacycle. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7580-7591. [PMID: 36952602 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Strain and antiaromaticity in compounds are recognized as two substantial destabilizing features, and consequently, realization of dual destabilizing features in a single molecule is challenging and far more difficult in a single ring. Moreover, transformation of an antiaromatic framework to different antiaromatic or aromatic species is a significant subject in antiaromatic chemistry and has attracted increasing interest. In this work, we isolated a highly strained antiaromatic metallacycle in which a cyclic metal vinylidene unit is embedded. Computational studies revealed its ring strain energies and antiaromatic character and showed that the metal incorporation and the phosphonium substituents play a crucial role in its stabilization. The mechanism of its formation has been illustrated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and the isolation of a key intermediate. We further discovered diverse reactivities and structural reshuffling of this unusual strained antiaromatic complex according to its two destabilizing characters. We obtained two isomers of metallaindenes fused with oxiranes from the direct oxidation of the metal vinylidene or by nucleophilic addition to an isolated metallacyclocumulene formed by the reaction of metal vinylidene with hydroxide ion, achieving a reconfiguration of the antiaromatic framework. Transformations of the antiaromatic metallacycle by electrophiles to various aromatic metallaindynes have been achieved, and that a condensed Fukui function was employed to confirm the regioselectivity of the electrophilic additions, and the acid/base-induced aromaticity switch along with tunable photophysical properties were investigated. These interesting transformations not only enrich the chemistry of metal vinylidenes and antiaromatics and could also perform potentially as switchable optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Hua
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Dafa Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ming Luo
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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2
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Andreev MV, Akishkina IA, Bogdanov VS, Aysin RR, Dolgushin FM, Burlakov VV. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Pathways in the Reactions of Five-Membered Zircona- and Hafnacyclocumulenes with Acetonitrile. Structures and Mechanisms of Formation of the Obtained Complexes. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V. Andreev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Iuliia A. Akishkina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, sq. Miusskaya 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav S. Bogdanov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rinat R. Aysin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor M. Dolgushin
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prospect 31, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Burlakov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Rosenthal U. How Serendipity and Chance Can Be Transformed into Knowledge: Examples from 50 Years of Research in Organometallic Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, University of Rostock Albert-Einstein-Str. 29A, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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4
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Reactions of a Bis(pentalene)dititanium complex with alkenes; the molecular structure of the butadiene complex [Ti2(µ: η5,η5-Pn††)2(μ: η2,η2-s-trans-C4H6)] (Pn†† = 1,4-(Si Pr3)2-C8H4). Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Shi X, Li S, Reiß M, Spannenberg A, Holtrichter-Rößmann T, Reiß F, Beweries T. 1-Zirconacyclobuta-2,3-dienes: synthesis of organometallic analogs of elusive 1,2-cyclobutadiene, unprecedented intramolecular C-H activation, and reactivity studies. Chem Sci 2021; 12:16074-16084. [PMID: 35024129 PMCID: PMC8672727 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06052j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure, bonding, and reactivity of small, highly unsaturated ring systems is of fundamental interest for inorganic and organic chemistry. Four-membered metallacyclobuta-2,3-dienes, also referred to as metallacycloallenes, are among the most exotic examples for ring systems as these represent organometallic analogs of 1,2-cyclobutadiene, the smallest cyclic allene. Herein, the synthesis of the first examples of 1-zirconacyclobuta-2,3-dienes of the type [Cp'2Zr(Me3SiC3SiMe3)] (Cp'2 = rac-(ebthi), (ebthi = 1,2-ethylene-1,1'-bis(η5-tetrahydroindenyl)) (2a); rac-Me2Si(thi)2, thi = (η5-tetrahydroindenyl), (2b)) is presented. Both complexes undergo selective thermal C-H activation at the 7-position of the ansa-cyclopentadienyl ligand to produce a new type of "tucked-in" zirconocene system, 3a and 3b, that possesses a η3-propargyl/allenyl ligand. Both types of complexes react with carbonyl compounds, producing enynes in the case of 2a and 2b, as well as η1-allenyl complexes for 3a and 3b. Computational analysis of the structure and bonding of 2a and 3a reveals significant differences to a previously described related Ti complex. All complexes were fully characterised, including X-ray crystallography and experimental results were supported by DFT analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Shi
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Sihan Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Melanie Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | | | - Fabian Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Torsten Beweries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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6
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Suzuki N, Ban S, Mochizuki A, Ito S. Reactions of five-membered zirconacycloalkynes and zirconacycloallenes with Cp 2Zr(H)Cl; formal hydrogenation by metal hydrides. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16265-16272. [PMID: 34730157 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03313a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of five-membered zirconacycloalkynes and zirconacyloallenes (1-zirconacyclopent-3-ynes and 1-zirconacyclopenta-2,3-dienes) with an excess of Cp2Zr(H)Cl, known as the Schwartz reagent, were studied. Both reactions gave five-membered zirconacycloalkenes, 1-zirconacyclopent-3-enes without subsequent work-up such as protonolysis and hydrogenolysis. The product was identical to the zirconocene-diene complex that was prepared from Cp2Zr(n-Bu)2 (Negishi reagent) and the corresponding 1,4-disubstituted 1,3-dienes. These results indicate that formal hydrogenation by metal hydride took place. The use of diisobutylaluminum hydride or 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane also gave the same product, albeit in lower yields. The reactions starting from deuterated compounds suggested that double hydrozirconation followed by elimination of a dinuclear zirconium complex resulted in the hydrogenated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Ban
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan.
| | - Ayari Mochizuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan.
| | - Saki Ito
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan.
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7
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Zhang Y, Wu B, Zhong M, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Cyclic Bis-alkylidene Complexes of Titanium and Zirconium: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reaction. Chemistry 2020; 26:16472-16479. [PMID: 32875626 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal alkylidenes have exhibited wide applications in organometallic chemistry and synthetic organic chemistry, however, cyclic Schrock-carbene-like bis-alkylidenes of group 4 metals with a four-electron donor from an alkylidene have not been reported. Herein, the synthesis and characterization of five-membered cyclic bis-alkylidenes of titanium (4 a,b) and zirconium (5 a,b) are reported, as the first well-defined group 4 metallacyclopentatrienes, by two-electron reduction of their corresponding titana- and zirconacyclopentadienes. DFT analyses of 4 a show a four-electron donor (σ-donation and π-donation) from an alkylidene carbon to the metal center. The reaction of 4 a with N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) leads to the [2+2]-cycloaddition product 6. Compound 4 a reacted with CO, affording the oxycyclopentadienyl titanium complex 7. These reactivities demonstrate the multiple metal-carbon bond character. The reactions of 4 a or 5 a with cyclooctatetraene (COT) or azobenzene afforded sandwich titanium complex 8 or diphenylhydrazine-coordinated zirconacyclopentadiene 9, respectively, which exhibit two-electron reductive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Botao Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Mingdong Zhong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
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8
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Rosenthal U. Carbon Monoxide Coupling Reactions: A New Concept for the Formation of Hexahydroxybenzene. Chemistry 2020; 26:14507-14511. [PMID: 32428364 PMCID: PMC7756508 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
For linear and cyclic coupling reactions of CO, among other products, the formation of the hexapotassium salt of hexahydroxybenzene is of particular interesting. The interaction of metallic potassium and CO offers, via the assumed K[OC≡CO]K as the result of several carbon monoxide coupling reactions, the formation of C6 (OK)6 among other products. To date, only speculations exist about the reaction pathway for these products, which were first described by Liebig in 1834. A novel concept is suggested here, which consists of the single steps (i) reductive coupling of CO, (ii) formation of dihetero-metallacyclopentynes (cis-2,5-diheterobutatriene as formal ethylenedione O=C=C=O complexes), (iii) formation of its dinuclear 1-metalla-2,5-dioxo-cyclopentyne complexes by external coordination of the triple bond, (iv) insertion of CO into the M-C bond of the formed metallacyclopropene, and (v) the reductive elimination of C6 (OK)6 . The novel aspect of this concept is the formation of dihetero-metallacyclopentynes (in analogy to the well characterized all-C-metallacyclopentynes), which have not been considered in the mechanism of reductive CO coupling reactions. It is expected that the presence of transition-metal impurities would promote the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at theUniversity of RostockAlbert-Einstein-Str. 29A18059RostockGermany
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9
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Abstract
Due to the linear property around an acetylenic carbon, the introduction of such an atom to a small cycle would result in high ring strain. Currently, the smallest isolated rings are five-membered, including metallacycloalkynes and metallapentalynes. Both types contain at least one unusual small bond angle around the acetylenic carbon, thus exhibiting abnormal reactivities. This feature article gives a comprehensive overview on these two kind complexes. The synthesis and reactivities are extensively described, the source of stability is presented, and the future prospect is discussed. The article aims to provide a better development for the chemical diversity of five-membered metallacycloalkynes and metallapentalynes.
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10
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Ma W, Douair I, Maron L, Ye Q. Incorporation of Boron into Uranium Metallacycles: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Boron-Containing Uranacycles Derived from Bis(alkynyl)boranes. Chemistry 2020; 26:13573-13577. [PMID: 32761976 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of uranacyclopropene complex (C5 Me5 )2 U[η2 -1,2-C2 (SiMe3 )2 ] with B-aryl bis(alkynyl)borane PhB(C≡CPh)2 led to the first six-membered uranium metallaboracycle, while the reaction with B-amino bis(alkynyl)borane (Me3 Si)2 NB(C≡CPh)2 afforded an unexpected uranaborabicyclo[2.2.0] complex via [2+2] cycloaddition. The reaction with CuCl revealed the non-innocent property of the rearranged bis(alkynyl)boron species towards oxidant. The reactions with isocyanide DippNC: (Dipp=2,6-iPr2 -C6 H3 ) and isocyanate tBuNCO afforded the novel uranaborabicyclo[3.2.0] complexes. All new complexes have been structurally characterized. DFT calculations were performed to provide more insights into the electronic structures and the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Iskander Douair
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
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11
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Suzuki N, Hosoya M, Ono T, Mochizuki A, Masuyama Y. Zirconium-mediated carbon–carbon bond formation reactions of 1,3-enynes with esters and isocyanates. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Burlakov VV, Andreev MV, Bogdanov VS, Arndt P, Baumann W, Spannenberg A, Rosenthal U, Shur VB. Protolysis of Seven-Membered Zirconacyclocumulene Complexes of Zirconocene. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Burlakov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim V. Andreev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav S. Bogdanov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Perdita Arndt
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Vladimir B. Shur
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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13
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Rosenthal U. Serendipity in unexpected reactions of group 4 metallocene Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene complexes and its consequences for selected applications. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.121071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Rosenthal U. Equilibria and mesomerism/valence tautomerism of group 4 metallocene complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2119-2139. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00637k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Priority of equilibrium: reactivity of unusual group 4 metallocene complexes is best explained by the equilibrium and only additionally by the mesomerism/valence tautomerism. The equilibrium predominates the empirically found experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock
- 19059 Rostock
- Germany
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15
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Rosenthal U. Advantages of Group 4 Metallocene Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Complexes as Metallocene Sources Towards Other Synthetically used Systems. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1036-1047. [PMID: 31406652 PMCID: PMC6682945 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Active species for synthetic and catalytic applications are formed from well defined complexes or mixtures of compounds. For group 4 metallocenes, three pathways for the formation of the reactive complex fragment [Cp'2M] are known: (i) reductive mixtures and well defined complexes which are able to form the metallocene fragments either by (ii) addition or (iii) substitution reactions. In this account for each of theses systems (i)-(iii) a prominent example will be discussed in detail, (i) the Negishi reagent Cp2ZrCl2/n-BuLi, (ii) bis(η5 : η1-pentafulvene) complexes and (iii) metallocene bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene complexes, to show the advantages and the disadvantages for each of these methods for synthetic applications. This account summarizes some main advantages of group 4 metallocene bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene complexes as metallocene generating agents over other synthetically used systems. For each of the special purposes, all described systems have advantages as well as disadvantages. The aim of this overview is to help synthetic chemists in selecting the most effective system on the basis of [Cp'2M] (M=Ti, Zr) for synthetic or catalytic puposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis at theUniversity of RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 29 A19059RostockGermany
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16
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Burlakov VV, Andreev MV, Bogdanov VS, Smol’yakov AF, Minacheva MK, Shur VB. Interaction of the Buchwald Seven-Membered Zirconacyclocumulene Complex with Carbonyl Compounds. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Burlakov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim V. Andreev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav S. Bogdanov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander F. Smol’yakov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Science, RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanny Per. 36, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Mariya Kh. Minacheva
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir B. Shur
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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17
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Rosenthal U. Recent Synthetic and Catalytic Applications of Group 4 Metallocene Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock Albert‐Einstein‐Str. 29A 18059 Rostock Germany
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18
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Qin G, Wang Y, Shi X, Del Rosal I, Maron L, Cheng J. Monomeric thorium dihydrido complexes: versatile precursors to actinide metallacycles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8560-8563. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04013g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The monomeric actinide dihydrido complex [(CpAr*)(Cp*)ThH2(THF)] (2) and actinide metallacyclopentyne [(CpAr*)(Cp*)Th(PhCH–CC–CHPh)] (4) were obtained for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Xianghui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | | | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO
- CNRS & INSA
- UPS
- Université de Toulouse
- 31077 Toulouse
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
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19
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Desnoyer AN, See XY, Tonks IA. Diverse Reactivity of Diazatitanacyclohexenes: Coupling Reactions of 2 H-Azirines Mediated by Titanium(II). Organometallics 2018; 37:4327-4331. [PMID: 31768086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2H-Azirines are versatile coupling partners for the synthesis of N-heterocycles. Herein, we present our studies on the reactivity of Cp2Ti(BTMSA) (1; BTMSA = bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene) with a variety of azirines. In all the cases examined, the initial organometallic products formed are diazatitanacyclohexenes, presumably formed via oxidative addition of Ti(II) into the C-N bond of the azirine to form an azatitanacyclobutene intermediate, followed by C═N insertion of a second equivalent of azirine into the Ti-C bond to form the observed products. Diazatitanacyclohexene 3, bearing phenyl substituents and derived from 2,3-diphenyl-2H-azirine, fragments to form an azabutadiene and nitrile, which is shown to be catalytic in the presence of excess 2,3-diphenyl-2H-azirine. H-substituted complex 8, derived from 3-phenyl-2H-azirine, decomposes via protonolysis of the Cp ligands. In contrast, the methyl-substituted diazatitanacyclohexene 10, derived from 2-methyl-3-phenyl-2H-azirine, is thermally robust. Attempts to trap the putative azatitanacyclobutene intermediate with an alkyne were unsuccessful, resulting instead in the formation of titanacyclopentadiene (12) from coupling of alkyne with BTMSA. Initial reactivity studies found that 10 could be protonolyzed with AcOH to form mixtures of pyrrole and aziridine products, whereas reacting 10 with MeOH results solely in the formation of 2,4-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison N Desnoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xin Yi See
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ian A Tonks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Suzuki N, Kurita R, Kawamura A, Ono T, Masuyama Y. Five-membered zircona- and titanacycloallenes; their diverse reactivity depending upon the position of substituents. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Li J, Kang H, Zhuo K, Zhuo Q, Zhang H, Lin YM, Xia H. Alternation of Metal-Bridged Metallacycle Skeletons: From Ruthenapentalyne to Ruthenapentalene and Ruthenaindene Derivative. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Huijun Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Kaiyue Zhuo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Qingde Zhuo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
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22
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Rosenthal U. Reactions of Group 4 Metallocene Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Complexes with Nitriles and Isonitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14718-14735. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the; University of Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29A 18059 Rostock Germany
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23
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Rosenthal U. Reaktionen von Gruppe-4-Metallocen-Komplexen des Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylens mit Nitrilen und Isonitrilen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Rosenthal
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29A 18059 Rostock Deutschland
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24
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Ma W, Yu C, Chen T, Xu L, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Metallacyclopentadienes: synthesis, structure and reactivity. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:1160-1192. [PMID: 28119972 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00525j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metallacyclopentadienes, which possess two M-C(sp2) bonds and feature the structure of M(C[upper bond 1 start]R1[double bond, length as m-dash]CR2-CR3[double bond, length as m-dash]C[upper bond 1 end]R4), are an important class of five-membered metallacycles. They are considered as both reactive intermediates in the stoichiometric and catalytic transformations of organic molecules and useful precursors to main group element compounds, and have received considerable attention in organometallic chemistry, coordination chemistry and synthetic organic chemistry over the past six decades because of their unique metallacyclic structure. This review comprehensively presents the synthesis, structure and reactivity of the s-, p-, d- and f-block metallacyclopentadienes distributed in the whole periodic table. In addition, their application in synthetic organic chemistry and polymer chemistry is summarized. This review aims to be beneficial for the design and synthesis of novel metallacyclopentadienes, and for promoting the rapid development of metallacyclic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Chao Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Tianyang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. and State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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25
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Long L, Zhou X, Wang T, Chen Z, Zhang H, Xia H. Synthesis of Imidazopyridinium-Fused Metallacycloallene via One-Pot Reaction of η2-Alkynol-Coordinated Osmacycle with 2-Aminopyridine. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Long
- State Key Laboratory for
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongdao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory for
Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People’s Republic of China
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Reiß F, Reiß M, Spannenberg A, Jiao H, Hollmann D, Arndt P, Rosenthal U, Beweries T. Titanocene Silylpropyne Complexes: Promising Intermediates en route to a Four-Membered 1-Metallacyclobuta-2,3-diene? Chemistry 2017; 23:14158-14162. [PMID: 28846172 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of the alkyl-substituted alkynes Me3 SiC2 CH2 R (1: R=SiMe3 ; 2: R=N(SiMe3 )2 ) to titanocene centres [Cp'2 Ti] (Cp'=Cp, Cp*) yields stable alkyne complexes of the type Cp'2 Ti(η2 -Me3 SiC2 CH2 R) (3: Cp'=Cp, R=SiMe3 ; 5: Cp'=Cp, R=N(SiMe3 )2 ; 6: Cp'=Cp*, R=SiMe3 ) that are not prone to alkyne/allene isomerisation. When reacting alkyne 2 with Cp*2 TiCl2 and Mg formation of the complex Cp*2 Ti(III)(η3 -Me3 SiC2 CH2 ) (7) which displays a propargylic unit coordinated to the TiIII centre takes place. All complexes were fully characterised, the molecular structures for 5, 6, and 7 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Melanie Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Haijun Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Hollmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Perdita Arndt
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Torsten Beweries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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27
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Oswald T, Gelert T, Lasar C, Schmidtmann M, Klüner T, Beckhaus R. Formation of Binuclear Zigzag Hexapentaene Titanium Complexes via a Titanacumulene [Ti=C=C=CH2
] Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12297-12301. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Oswald
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Tina Gelert
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Christian Lasar
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Thorsten Klüner
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Beckhaus
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
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28
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Oswald T, Gelert T, Lasar C, Schmidtmann M, Klüner T, Beckhaus R. Formation of Binuclear Zigzag Hexapentaene Titanium Complexes via a Titanacumulene [Ti=C=C=CH2
] Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Oswald
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Tina Gelert
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Christian Lasar
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Thorsten Klüner
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Beckhaus
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
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29
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Ghorai S, Jemmis ED. A DFT Study on the Stabilization of the B≡B Triple Bond in a Metallaborocycle: Contrasting Electronic Structures of Boron and Carbon Analogues. Chemistry 2017; 23:9746-9751. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Ghorai
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 Karnataka India
| | - Eluvathingal D. Jemmis
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 Karnataka India
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30
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Reiß F, Altenburger K, Hollmann D, Spannenberg A, Jiao H, Arndt P, Rosenthal U, Beweries T. Redox-Disproportionation of a Decamethyltitanocene(III) Isonitrile Alkynyl Complex. Chemistry 2017; 23:7891-7895. [PMID: 28418598 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Kai Altenburger
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Dirk Hollmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Haijun Jiao
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Perdita Arndt
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Torsten Beweries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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31
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Manßen M, Lauterbach N, Woriescheck T, Schmidtmann M, Beckhaus R. Reactions of Secondary Amines with Bis(η5:η1-pentafulvene)titanium Complexes: Formation of Titanium Amides and Titanaaziridines. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Manßen
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Nicolai Lauterbach
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Tim Woriescheck
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Rüdiger Beckhaus
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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