1
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Chen F, Zhao J, Meng F, He F, Ni J, Fu Y. The vascular contribution of apolipoprotein E to Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2024; 147:2946-2965. [PMID: 38748848 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent form of dementia, imposes a substantial societal burden. The persistent inadequacy of disease-modifying drugs targeting amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles suggests the contribution of alternative pathogenic mechanisms. A frequently overlooked aspect is cerebrovascular dysfunction, which may manifest early in the progression of Alzheimer's disease pathology. Mounting evidence underscores the pivotal role of the apolipoprotein E gene, particularly the apolipoprotein ε4 allele as the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, in the cerebrovascular pathology associated with Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we examine the evidence elucidating the cerebrovascular impact of both central and peripheral apolipoprotein E on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. We present a novel three-hit hypothesis, outlining potential mechanisms that shed light on the intricate relationship among different pathogenic events. Finally, we discuss prospective therapeutics targeting the cerebrovascular pathology associated with apolipoprotein E and explore their implications for future research endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Fangping He
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jie Ni
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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2
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Small AM, Yutzey KE, Binstadt BA, Voigts Key K, Bouatia-Naji N, Milan D, Aikawa E, Otto CM, St Hilaire C. Unraveling the Mechanisms of Valvular Heart Disease to Identify Medical Therapy Targets: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2024; 150:e109-e128. [PMID: 38881493 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Valvular heart disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and has no effective medical therapy. Severe disease is managed with valve replacement procedures, which entail high health care-related costs and postprocedural morbidity and mortality. Robust ongoing research programs have elucidated many important molecular pathways contributing to primary valvular heart disease. However, there remain several key challenges inherent in translating research on valvular heart disease to viable molecular targets that can progress through the clinical trials pathway and effectively prevent or modify the course of these common conditions. In this scientific statement, we review the basic cellular structures of the human heart valves and discuss how these structures change in primary valvular heart disease. We focus on the most common primary valvular heart diseases, including calcific aortic stenosis, bicuspid aortic valves, mitral valve prolapse, and rheumatic heart disease, and outline the fundamental molecular discoveries contributing to each. We further outline potential therapeutic molecular targets for primary valvular heart disease and discuss key knowledge gaps that might serve as future research priorities.
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3
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Robinson GI, Ye F, Lu X, Laviolette SR, Feng Q. Maternal Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure Induces Abnormalities of the Developing Heart in Mice. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:121-133. [PMID: 36255470 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabis is increasingly being consumed by pregnant women for recreational purposes as well as for its antiemetic and anxiolytic effects despite limited studies on its safety during pregnancy. Importantly, phytocannabinoids found in cannabis can pass through the placenta and enter the fetal circulation. Recent reports suggest gestational cannabis use is associated with negative fetal outcomes, including fetal growth restriction and perinatal intensive care, however, the effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on fetal heart development remains to be elucidated. Materials and Methods: We aimed to determine the outcomes of maternal THC exposure on fetal heart development in mice by administering 0, 5, or 10 mg/kg/day of THC orally to C57BL/6 dams starting at embryonic day (E)3.5. Offspring were collected at E12.5 for molecular analysis, at E17.5 to analyze cardiac morphology or at postnatal day (PND)21 to assess heart function. Results: Maternal THC exposure in E17.5 fetuses resulted in an array of cardiac abnormalities with an incidence of 44% and 55% in the 5 and 10 mg/kg treatment groups, respectively. Maternal THC exposure in offspring resulted in ventricular septal defect, higher semilunar valve volume relative to orifice ratio, and higher myocardial wall thickness. Notably, cell proliferation within the ventricular myocardium was increased, and expression of multiple cardiac transcription factors was downregulated in THC-exposed E12.5 fetuses. Furthermore, heart function was compromised with lower left ventricular ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and cardiac output in PND21 pups exposed to THC compared to controls. Discussion: The results show that maternal THC exposure during gestation induces myocardial hyperplasia and semilunar valve thickening in the fetal heart and postnatal cardiac dysfunction. Our study suggests that maternal cannabis consumption may induce abnormalities in the developing heart and cardiac dysfunction in postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I Robinson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Fang Ye
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Xiangru Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Steven R Laviolette
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Qingping Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
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4
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Shibbani K, Nemer G. Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Tricuspid Atresia and Univentricular Heart. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:885-900. [PMID: 38884757 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The process of valve formation is a complex process that involves intricate interplay between various pathways at precise times. Although we have not completely elucidated the molecular pathways that lead to normal valve formation, we have identified a few major players in this process. We are now able to implicate TGF-ß, BMP, and NOTCH as suspects in tricuspid atresia (TA), as well as their downstream targets: NKX2-5, TBX5, NFATC1, GATA4, and SOX9. We know that the TGF-ß and the BMP pathways converge on the SMAD4 molecule, and we believe that this molecule plays a very important role to tie both pathways to TA. Similarly, we look at the NOTCH pathway and identify the HEY2 as a potential link between this pathway and TA. Another transcription factor that has been implicated in TA is NFATC1. While several mouse models exist that include part of the TA abnormality as their phenotype, no true mouse model can be said to represent TA. Bridging this gap will surely shed light on this complex molecular pathway and allow for better understanding of the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Shibbani
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - George Nemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Division of Genomics and Translational Biomedicine, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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5
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Yang X, Lu F. Lineage Tracing Identifies Dynamic Contribution of Endothelial Cells to Cardiac Valve Mesenchyme During Development. J Histochem Cytochem 2023; 71:675-687. [PMID: 37909423 PMCID: PMC10691411 DOI: 10.1369/00221554231207434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart valve disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among cardiac patients worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of heart valve disease is not clear, and a growing body of evidence hints at the importance of the genetic basis and developmental origins of heart valve disease. Therefore, understanding the developmental mechanisms that underlie the formation of heart valves has important implications for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of congenital heart disease. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition is a key step in initiating cardiac valve development. The dynamic changes in the relative localization and proportion of different cell sources in the heart valve mesenchymal population are still not fully understood. Here, we used the Cdh5-CreER;R26R-tdTomato mouse line to trace endocardial cushion-derived endothelial cells to explore the dynamic contribution of these cells to each layer of the valve during valve development. This is beneficial for elaborating on the role of endocardial cells in the process of valve remodeling from a precise angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Furong Lu
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Nolze A, Matern S, Grossmann C. Calcineurin Is a Universal Regulator of Vessel Function-Focus on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2269. [PMID: 37759492 PMCID: PMC10528183 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin, a serine/threonine phosphatase regulating transcription factors like NFaT and CREB, is well known for its immune modulatory effects and role in cardiac hypertrophy. Results from experiments with calcineurin knockout animals and calcineurin inhibitors indicate that calcineurin also plays a crucial role in vascular function, especially in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In the aorta, calcineurin stimulates the proliferation and migration of VSMCs in response to vascular injury or angiotensin II administration, leading to pathological vessel wall thickening. In the heart, calcineurin mediates coronary artery formation and VSMC differentiation, which are crucial for proper heart development. In pulmonary VSMCs, calcineurin/NFaT signaling regulates the release of Ca2+, resulting in increased vascular tone followed by pulmonary arterial hypertension. In renal VSMCs, calcineurin regulates extracellular matrix secretion promoting fibrosis development. In the mesenteric and cerebral arteries, calcineurin mediates a phenotypic switch of VSMCs leading to altered cell function. Gaining deeper insights into the underlying mechanisms of calcineurin signaling will help researchers to understand developmental and pathogenetical aspects of the vasculature. In this review, we provide an overview of the physiological function and pathophysiology of calcineurin in the vascular system with a focus on vascular smooth muscle cells in different organs. Overall, there are indications that under certain pathological settings reduced calcineurin activity seems to be beneficial for cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Grossmann
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
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7
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Lotto J, Cullum R, Drissler S, Arostegui M, Garside VC, Fuglerud BM, Clement-Ranney M, Thakur A, Underhill TM, Hoodless PA. Cell diversity and plasticity during atrioventricular heart valve EMTs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5567. [PMID: 37689753 PMCID: PMC10492828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) of both endocardium and epicardium guide atrioventricular heart valve formation, but the cellular complexity and small scale of this tissue have restricted analyses. To circumvent these issues, we analyzed over 50,000 murine single-cell transcriptomes from embryonic day (E)7.75 hearts to E12.5 atrioventricular canals. We delineate mesenchymal and endocardial bifurcation during endocardial EMT, identify a distinct, transdifferentiating epicardial population during epicardial EMT, and reveal the activation of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity during both processes. In Sox9-deficient valves, we observe increased epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, indicating a role for SOX9 in promoting endothelial and mesenchymal cell fate decisions. Lastly, we deconvolve cell interactions guiding the initiation and progression of cardiac valve EMTs. Overall, these data reveal mechanisms of emergence of mesenchyme from endocardium or epicardium at single-cell resolution and will serve as an atlas of EMT initiation and progression with broad implications in regenerative medicine and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Lotto
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Sibyl Drissler
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Arostegui
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victoria C Garside
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bettina M Fuglerud
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Avinash Thakur
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pamela A Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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8
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Sakharkar A, Yang J. Designing a Novel Monitoring Approach for the Effects of Space Travel on Astronauts' Health. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020576. [PMID: 36836933 PMCID: PMC9964234 DOI: 10.3390/life13020576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Space exploration and extraterrestrial civilization have fascinated humankind since the earliest days of human history. It was only in the last century that humankind finally began taking significant steps towards these goals by sending astronauts into space, landing on the moon, and building the International Space Station. However, space voyage is very challenging and dangerous, and astronauts are under constant space radiation and microgravity. It has been shown that astronauts are at a high risk of developing a broad range of diseases/disorders. Thus, it is critical to develop a rapid and effective assay to monitor astronauts' health in space. In this study, gene expression and correlation patterns were analyzed for 10 astronauts (8 male and 2 female) using the publicly available microarray dataset E-GEOD-74708. We identified 218 differentially expressed genes between In-flight and Pre-flight and noticed that space travel decreased genome regulation and gene correlations across the entire genome, as well as individual signaling pathways. Furthermore, we systematically developed a shortlist of 32 genes that could be used to monitor astronauts' health during space travel. Further studies, including microgravity experiments, are warranted to optimize and validate the proposed assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Sakharkar
- College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A5, Canada
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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9
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Genetics and Molecular Basis of Congenital Heart Defects in Down Syndrome: Role of Extracellular Matrix Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032918. [PMID: 36769235 PMCID: PMC9918028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), a complex disorder that is caused by the trisomy of chromosome 21 (Hsa21), is a major cause of congenital heart defects (CHD). Interestingly, only about 50% of individuals with Hsa21 trisomy manifest CHD. Here we review the genetic basis of CHD in DS, focusing on genes that regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) organization. The overexpression of Hsa21 genes likely underlies the molecular mechanisms that contribute to CHD, even though the genes responsible for CHD could only be located in a critical region of Hsa21. A role in causing CHD has been attributed not only to protein-coding Hsa21 genes, but also to genes on other chromosomes, as well as miRNAs and lncRNAs. It is likely that the contribution of more than one gene is required, and that the overexpression of Hsa21 genes acts in combination with other genetic events, such as specific mutations or polymorphisms, amplifying their effect. Moreover, a key function in determining alterations in cardiac morphogenesis might be played by ECM. A large number of genes encoding ECM proteins are overexpressed in trisomic human fetal hearts, and many of them appear to be under the control of a Hsa21 gene, the RUNX1 transcription factor.
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10
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Macrophage NFATC2 mediates angiogenic signaling during mycobacterial infection. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111817. [PMID: 36516756 PMCID: PMC9880963 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During mycobacterial infections, pathogenic mycobacteria manipulate both host immune and stromal cells to establish and maintain a productive infection. In humans, non-human primates, and zebrafish models of infection, pathogenic mycobacteria produce and modify the specialized lipid trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) in the bacterial cell envelope to drive host angiogenesis toward the site of forming granulomas, leading to enhanced bacterial growth. Here, we use the zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum infection model to define the signaling basis of the host angiogenic response. Through intravital imaging and cell-restricted peptide-mediated inhibition, we identify macrophage-specific activation of NFAT signaling as essential to TDM-mediated angiogenesis in vivo. Exposure of cultured human cells to Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in robust induction of VEGFA, which is dependent on a signaling pathway downstream of host TDM detection and culminates in NFATC2 activation. As granuloma-associated angiogenesis is known to serve bacterial-beneficial roles, these findings identify potential host targets to improve tuberculosis disease outcomes.
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11
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Roselli C, Yu M, Nauffal V, Georges A, Yang Q, Love K, Weng LC, Delling FN, Maurya SR, Schrölkamp M, Tfelt-Hansen J, Hagège A, Jeunemaitre X, Debette S, Amouyel P, Guan W, Muehlschlegel JD, Body SC, Shah S, Samad Z, Kyryachenko S, Haynes C, Rienstra M, Le Tourneau T, Probst V, Roussel R, Wijdh-Den Hamer IJ, Siland JE, Knowlton KU, Jacques Schott J, Levine RA, Benjamin EJ, Vasan RS, Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Benfari G, Enriquez-Sarano M, Natale A, Mohanty S, Trivedi C, Shoemaker MB, Yoneda ZT, Wells QS, Baker MT, Farber-Eger E, Michelena HI, Lundby A, Norris RA, Slaugenhaupt SA, Dina C, Lubitz SA, Bouatia-Naji N, Ellinor PT, Milan DJ. Genome-wide association study reveals novel genetic loci: a new polygenic risk score for mitral valve prolapse. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:1668-1680. [PMID: 35245370 PMCID: PMC9649914 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common valvular heart disease with a prevalence of >2% in the general adult population. Despite this high incidence, there is a limited understanding of the molecular mechanism of this disease, and no medical therapy is available for this disease. We aimed to elucidate the genetic basis of MVP in order to better understand this complex disorder. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a meta-analysis of six genome-wide association studies that included 4884 cases and 434 649 controls. We identified 14 loci associated with MVP in our primary analysis and 2 additional loci associated with a subset of the samples that additionally underwent mitral valve surgery. Integration of epigenetic, transcriptional, and proteomic data identified candidate MVP genes including LMCD1, SPTBN1, LTBP2, TGFB2, NMB, and ALPK3. We created a polygenic risk score (PRS) for MVP and showed an improved MVP risk prediction beyond age, sex, and clinical risk factors. CONCLUSION We identified 14 genetic loci that are associated with MVP. Multiple analyses identified candidate genes including two transforming growth factor-β signalling molecules and spectrin β. We present the first PRS for MVP that could eventually aid risk stratification of patients for MVP screening in a clinical setting. These findings advance our understanding of this common valvular heart disease and may reveal novel therapeutic targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Roselli
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mengyao Yu
- Université de Paris, PARCC, Inserm, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Victor Nauffal
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrien Georges
- Université de Paris, PARCC, Inserm, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Qiong Yang
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katie Love
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lu Chen Weng
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca N Delling
- Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Svetlana R Maurya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København 2200, Denmark
| | - Maren Schrölkamp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København 2200, Denmark
| | - Jacob Tfelt-Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert Hagège
- Université de Paris, PARCC, Inserm, F-75015 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Departments of Cardiology and Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- Université de Paris, PARCC, Inserm, F-75015 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Departments of Cardiology and Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Inserm Center U1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Inserm U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Centre Hosp. Univ Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1167 – RID-AGE- Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Wyliena Guan
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Demoulas Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jochen D Muehlschlegel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Body
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Svati Shah
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zainab Samad
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Carol Haynes
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michiel Rienstra
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thierry Le Tourneau
- l’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Univ Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- l’institut du thorax, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Probst
- l’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Univ Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Ronan Roussel
- Cordeliers Research Centre, ImMeDiab Team, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Hôpital Bichat-Claude-Bernard, APHP, Department of Diabetology, Paris, France
| | - Inez J Wijdh-Den Hamer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joylene E Siland
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kirk U Knowlton
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert A Levine
- Cardiac Ultrasound Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s and Boston University’s, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s and Boston University’s, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin D Horne
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph B Muhlestein
- Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Giovanni Benfari
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Andrea Natale
- Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, St David’s Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sanghamitra Mohanty
- Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, St David’s Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Chintan Trivedi
- Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute, St David’s Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Moore B Shoemaker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zachary T Yoneda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Quinn S Wells
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael T Baker
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric Farber-Eger
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Alicia Lundby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København 2200, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, København 2200, Denmark
| | - Russell A Norris
- Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Susan A Slaugenhaupt
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Dina
- l’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Univ Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Steven A Lubitz
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Demoulas Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Patrick T Ellinor
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Demoulas Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Milan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Leducq Foundation, Boston, MA 02110, USA
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12
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Bi Y, Yang Z, Jin M, Zhai K, Wang J, Mao Y, Liu Y, Ding M, Wang H, Wang F, Cai H, Ji G. ERp44 is required for endocardial cushion development by regulating VEGFA secretion in myocardium. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13179. [PMID: 35088919 PMCID: PMC8891561 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endocardial cushions are precursors of the valve septum complex that separates the four heart chambers. Several genes have been implicated in the development of endocardial cushions. Specifically, ERp44 has been found to play a role in the early secretory pathway, but its function in heart development has not been well studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we established conditional and tissue-specific knockout mouse models. The morphology, survival rate, the development of heart and endocardial cushion were under evaluation. The relationship between ERp44 and VEGFA was investigated by transcriptome, qPCR, WB, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS ERp44 knockout (KO) mice were smaller in size, and most mice died during early postnatal life. KO hearts exhibited the typical phenotypes of congenital heart diseases, such as abnormal heart shapes and severe septal and valvular defects. Similar phenotypes were found in cTNT-Cre+/- ; ERp44fl / fl mice, which indicated that myocardial ERp44 principally controls endocardial cushion formation. Further studies demonstrated that the deletion of ERp44 significantly decreased the proliferation of cushion cells and impaired the endocardial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), which was followed by endocardial cushion dysplasia. Finally, we found that ERp44 was directly bound to VEGFA and controlled its release, further regulating EndMT. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that ERp44 plays a specific role in heart development. ERp44 contributes to the development of the endocardial cushion by affecting VEGFA-mediated EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youkun Bi
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary ResearchInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhiguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary ResearchInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Meng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary ResearchInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kui Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary ResearchInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary ResearchInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yang Mao
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary ResearchInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary ResearchInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mingqin Ding
- National Institute of Biological SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Huiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary ResearchInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fengchao Wang
- National Institute of Biological SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hong Cai
- Department of DermatologyAir Force Medical CenterPLABeijingChina
| | - Guangju Ji
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary ResearchInstitute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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13
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Henderson DJ, Eley L, Turner JE, Chaudhry B. Development of the Human Arterial Valves: Understanding Bicuspid Aortic Valve. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:802930. [PMID: 35155611 PMCID: PMC8829322 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.802930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the arterial valves are some of the commonest congenital malformations, with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) occurring in as many as 2% of the population. Despite this, most of what we understand about the development of the arterial (semilunar; aortic and pulmonary) valves is extrapolated from investigations of the atrioventricular valves in animal models, with surprisingly little specifically known about how the arterial valves develop in mouse, and even less in human. In this review, we summarise what is known about the development of the human arterial valve leaflets, comparing this to the mouse where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Henderson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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14
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Cardiac forces regulate zebrafish heart valve delamination by modulating Nfat signaling. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001505. [PMID: 35030171 PMCID: PMC8794269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the clinic, most cases of congenital heart valve defects are thought to arise through errors that occur after the endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) stage of valve development. Although mechanical forces caused by heartbeat are essential modulators of cardiovascular development, their role in these later developmental events is poorly understood. To address this question, we used the zebrafish superior atrioventricular valve (AV) as a model. We found that cellularized cushions of the superior atrioventricular canal (AVC) morph into valve leaflets via mesenchymal–endothelial transition (MEndoT) and tissue sheet delamination. Defects in delamination result in thickened, hyperplastic valves, and reduced heart function. Mechanical, chemical, and genetic perturbation of cardiac forces showed that mechanical stimuli are important regulators of valve delamination. Mechanistically, we show that forces modulate Nfatc activity to control delamination. Together, our results establish the cellular and molecular signature of cardiac valve delamination in vivo and demonstrate the continuous regulatory role of mechanical forces and blood flow during valve formation. Why do developing zebrafish atrioventricular heart valves become hyperplastic under certain hemodynamic conditions? This study suggests that part of the answer lies in how the mechanosensitive Nfat pathway regulates the valve mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition.
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15
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Choudhury TZ, Majumdar U, Basu M, Garg V. Impact of maternal hyperglycemia on cardiac development: Insights from animal models. Genesis 2021; 59:e23449. [PMID: 34498806 PMCID: PMC8599640 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of birth defect-related death in infants and is a global pediatric health concern. While the genetic causes of CHD have become increasingly recognized with advances in genome sequencing technologies, the etiology for the majority of cases of CHD is unknown. The maternal environment during embryogenesis has a profound impact on cardiac development, and numerous environmental factors are associated with an elevated risk of CHD. Maternal diabetes mellitus (matDM) is associated with up to a fivefold increased risk of having an infant with CHD. The rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus has led to a growing interest in the use of experimental diabetic models to elucidate mechanisms underlying this associated risk for CHD. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of rodent models that are being used to investigate alterations in cardiac developmental pathways when exposed to a maternal diabetic setting and to summarize the key findings from these models. The majority of studies in the field have utilized the chemically induced model of matDM, but recent advances have also been made using diet based and genetic models. Each model provides an opportunity to investigate unique aspects of matDM and is invaluable for a comprehensive understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying matDM-associated CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Z. Choudhury
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Uddalak Majumdar
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Madhumita Basu
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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16
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Kim K, Lee D. ERBB3-dependent AKT and ERK pathways are essential for atrioventricular cushion development in mouse embryos. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259426. [PMID: 34714866 PMCID: PMC8555822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ERBB family members and their ligands play an essential role in embryonic heart development and adult heart physiology. Among them, ERBB3 is a binding partner of ERBB2; the ERBB2/3 complex mediates downstream signaling for cell proliferation. ERBB3 has seven consensus binding sites to the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K, which activates the downstream AKT pathway, leading to the proliferation of various cells. This study generated a human ERBB3 knock-in mouse expressing a mutant ERBB3 whose seven YXXM p85 binding sites were replaced with YXXA. Erbb3 knock-in embryos exhibited lethality between E12.5 to E13.5, and showed a decrease in mesenchymal cell numbers and density in AV cushions. We determined that the proliferation of mesenchymal cells in the atrioventricular (AV) cushion in Erbb3 knock-in mutant embryos was temporarily reduced due to the decrease of AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Overall, our results suggest that AKT/ERK activation by the ERBB3-dependent PI3K signaling is crucial for AV cushion morphogenesis during embryonic heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Physiology and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (KK); (DL)
| | - Daekee Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (KK); (DL)
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17
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Fukui H, Chow RWY, Xie J, Foo YY, Yap CH, Minc N, Mochizuki N, Vermot J. Bioelectric signaling and the control of cardiac cell identity in response to mechanical forces. Science 2021; 374:351-354. [PMID: 34648325 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc6229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Fukui
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258 and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Renee Wei-Yan Chow
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258 and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jing Xie
- Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Yoke Yin Foo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choon Hwai Yap
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Université de Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1258 and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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18
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Jain R, Epstein JA. Not all stress is bad for your heart. Science 2021; 374:264-265. [PMID: 34648337 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Jain
- Department of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
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19
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Greenspan LJ, Weinstein BM. To be or not to be: endothelial cell plasticity in development, repair, and disease. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:251-269. [PMID: 33449300 PMCID: PMC8205957 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells display an extraordinary plasticity both during development and throughout adult life. During early development, endothelial cells assume arterial, venous, or lymphatic identity, while selected endothelial cells undergo additional fate changes to become hematopoietic progenitor, cardiac valve, and other cell types. Adult endothelial cells are some of the longest-lived cells in the body and their participation as stable components of the vascular wall is critical for the proper function of both the circulatory and lymphatic systems, yet these cells also display a remarkable capacity to undergo changes in their differentiated identity during injury, disease, and even normal physiological changes in the vasculature. Here, we discuss how endothelial cells become specified during development as arterial, venous, or lymphatic endothelial cells or convert into hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells or cardiac valve cells. We compare findings from in vitro and in vivo studies with a focus on the zebrafish as a valuable model for exploring the signaling pathways and environmental cues that drive these transitions. We also discuss how endothelial plasticity can aid in revascularization and repair of tissue after damage- but may have detrimental consequences under disease conditions. By better understanding endothelial plasticity and the mechanisms underlying endothelial fate transitions, we can begin to explore new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah J Greenspan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brant M Weinstein
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Aortic stenosis (AS) remains one of the most common forms of valve disease, with significant impact on patient survival. The disease is characterized by left ventricular outflow obstruction and encompasses a series of stenotic lesions starting from the left ventricular outflow tract to the descending aorta. Obstructions may be subvalvar, valvar, or supravalvar and can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life. Bicuspid aortic valve, whereby the aortic valve forms with two instead of three cusps, is the most common cause of AS in younger patients due to primary anatomic narrowing of the valve. In addition, the secondary onset of premature calcification, likely induced by altered hemodynamics, further obstructs left ventricular outflow in bicuspid aortic valve patients. In adults, degenerative AS involves progressive calcification of an anatomically normal, tricuspid aortic valve and is attributed to lifelong exposure to multifactoral risk factors and physiological wear-and-tear that negatively impacts valve structure-function relationships. AS continues to be the most frequent valvular disease that requires intervention, and aortic valve replacement is the standard treatment for patients with severe or symptomatic AS. While the positive impacts of surgical interventions are well documented, the financial burden, the potential need for repeated procedures, and operative risks are substantial. In addition, the clinical management of asymptomatic patients remains controversial. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop alternative approaches to prevent the progression of left ventricular outflow obstruction, especially in valvar lesions. This review summarizes our current understandings of AS cause; beginning with developmental origins of congenital valve disease, and leading into the multifactorial nature of AS in the adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punashi Dutta
- The Herma Heart Institute, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (P.D., J.F.J., H.K., J.L.).,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.D., J.F.J., J.L.)
| | - Jeanne F James
- The Herma Heart Institute, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (P.D., J.F.J., H.K., J.L.).,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.D., J.F.J., J.L.)
| | - Hail Kazik
- The Herma Heart Institute, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (P.D., J.F.J., H.K., J.L.).,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University & Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (H.K.)
| | - Joy Lincoln
- The Herma Heart Institute, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (P.D., J.F.J., H.K., J.L.).,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (P.D., J.F.J., J.L.)
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21
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Vasung L, Zhao C, Barkovich M, Rollins CK, Zhang J, Lepage C, Corcoran T, Velasco-Annis C, Yun HJ, Im K, Warfield SK, Evans AC, Huang H, Gholipour A, Grant PE. Association between Quantitative MR Markers of Cortical Evolving Organization and Gene Expression during Human Prenatal Brain Development. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:3610-3621. [PMID: 33836056 PMCID: PMC8258434 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between structural changes of the cerebral cortex revealed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and gene expression in the human fetal brain has not been explored. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that relative regional thickness (a measure of cortical evolving organization) of fetal cortical compartments (cortical plate [CP] and subplate [SP]) is associated with expression levels of genes with known cortical phenotype. Mean regional SP/CP thickness ratios across age measured on in utero MRI of 25 healthy fetuses (20-33 gestational weeks [GWs]) were correlated with publicly available regional gene expression levels (23-24 GW fetuses). Larger SP/CP thickness ratios (more pronounced cortical evolving organization) was found in perisylvian regions. Furthermore, we found a significant association between SP/CP thickness ratio and expression levels of the FLNA gene (mutated in periventricular heterotopia, congenital heart disease, and vascular malformations). Further work is needed to identify early MRI biomarkers of gene expression that lead to abnormal cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Vasung
- The Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Intelligent Medical Imaging Research Group, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chenying Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Barkovich
- Department of Radiology, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Caitlin K Rollins
- Intelligent Medical Imaging Research Group, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennings Zhang
- The Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Claude Lepage
- ACELab, McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Teddy Corcoran
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Clemente Velasco-Annis
- Intelligent Medical Imaging Research Group, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hyuk Jin Yun
- The Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kiho Im
- The Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simon Keith Warfield
- Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Charles Evans
- ACELab, McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ali Gholipour
- Intelligent Medical Imaging Research Group, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Computational Radiology Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patricia Ellen Grant
- The Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital; and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Moore K, Fulmer D, Guo L, Koren N, Glover J, Moore R, Gensemer C, Beck T, Morningstar J, Stairley R, Norris RA. PDGFRα: Expression and Function during Mitral Valve Morphogenesis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:28. [PMID: 33805717 PMCID: PMC7999759 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common form of valve disease and can lead to serious secondary complications. The recent identification of MVP causal mutations in primary cilia-related genes has prompted the investigation of cilia-mediated mechanisms of disease inception. Here, we investigate the role of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRα), a receptor known to be present on the primary cilium, during valve development using genetically modified mice, biochemical assays, and high-resolution microscopy. While PDGFRα is expressed throughout the ciliated valve interstitium early in development, its expression becomes restricted on the valve endocardium by birth and through adulthood. Conditional ablation of Pdgfra with Nfatc1-enhancer Cre led to significantly enlarged and hypercellular anterior leaflets with disrupted endothelial adhesions, activated ERK1/2, and a dysregulated extracellular matrix. In vitro culture experiments confirmed a role in suppressing ERK1/2 activation while promoting AKT phosphorylation. These data suggest that PDGFRα functions to suppress mesenchymal transformation and disease phenotypes by stabilizing the valve endocardium through an AKT/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Suite 601 Basic Science Building, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (K.M.); (D.F.); (L.G.); (N.K.); (J.G.); (R.M.); (C.G.); (T.B.); (J.M.); (R.S.)
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23
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Giardoglou P, Bournele D, Park M, Kanoni S, Dedoussis GV, Steinberg SF, Deloukas P, Beis D. A zebrafish forward genetic screen identifies an indispensable threonine residue in the kinase domain of PRKD2. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio.058542. [PMID: 33597201 PMCID: PMC7969590 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D2 belongs to a family of evolutionarily conserved enzymes regulating several biological processes. In a forward genetic screen for zebrafish cardiovascular mutants, we identified a mutation in the prkd2 gene. Homozygous mutant embryos develop as wild type up to 36 h post-fertilization and initiate blood flow, but fail to maintain it, resulting in a complete outflow tract stenosis. We identified a mutation in the prkd2 gene that results in a T757A substitution at a conserved residue in the kinase domain activation loop (T714A in human PRKD2) that disrupts catalytic activity and drives this phenotype. Homozygous mutants survive without circulation for several days, allowing us to study the extreme phenotype of no intracardiac flow, in the background of a functional heart. We show dysregulation of atrioventricular and outflow tract markers in the mutants and higher sensitivity to the Calcineurin inhibitor, Cyclosporin A. Finally we identify TBX5 as a potential regulator of PRKD2. Our results implicate PRKD2 catalytic activity in outflow tract development in zebrafish. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: We identified, through a zebrafish forward screen, an evolutionarily conserved residue in the catalytic domain of protein kinase D2 and its homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Giardoglou
- Zebrafish Disease Model lab, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 115 27, Greece.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens 176 71, Greece
| | - Despina Bournele
- Zebrafish Disease Model lab, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | - Misun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York 100 27, USA
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Clinical Pharmacology Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - George V Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens 176 71, Greece
| | - Susan F Steinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York 100 27, USA
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Clinical Pharmacology Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 222 52, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Zebrafish Disease Model lab, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 115 27, Greece
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24
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Chignon A, Rosa M, Boulanger MC, Argaud D, Devillers R, Bon-Baret V, Mkannez G, Li Z, Rufiange A, Gaudreault N, Gosselin D, Thériault S, Bossé Y, Mathieu P. Enhancer-associated aortic valve stenosis risk locus 1p21.2 alters NFATC2 binding site and promotes fibrogenesis. iScience 2021; 24:102241. [PMID: 33748722 PMCID: PMC7970363 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies for calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) previously reported strong signal for noncoding variants at 1p21.2. Previous study using Mendelian randomization suggested that the locus controls the expression of PALMD encoding Palmdelphin (PALMD). However, the molecular regulation at the locus and the impact of PALMD on the biology of the aortic valve is presently unknown. 3D genetic mapping and CRISPR activation identified rs6702619 as being located in a distant-acting enhancer, which controls the expression of PALMD. DNA-binding assay showed that the risk variant modified the DNA shape, which prevented the recruitment of NFATC2 and lowered the expression of PALMD. In co-expression network analysis, a module encompassing PALMD was enriched in actin-based process. Mass spectrometry and functional assessment showed that PALMD is a regulator of actin polymerization. In turn, lower level of PALMD promoted the activation of myocardin-related transcription factor and fibrosis, a key pathobiological process underpinning CAVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Chignon
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, G1V-4G5, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mickael Rosa
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, G1V-4G5, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Chloé Boulanger
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, G1V-4G5, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Déborah Argaud
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, G1V-4G5, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Romain Devillers
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, G1V-4G5, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Valentin Bon-Baret
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, G1V-4G5, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ghada Mkannez
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, G1V-4G5, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Zhonglin Li
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, G1V-4G5, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Rufiange
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, G1V-4G5, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Gaudreault
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, G1V-4G5, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - David Gosselin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Thériault
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, G1V-4G5, Québec City, QC, Canada
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25
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Simpson KE, Venkateshappa R, Pang ZK, Faizi S, Tibbits GF, Claydon TW. Utility of Zebrafish Models of Acquired and Inherited Long QT Syndrome. Front Physiol 2021; 11:624129. [PMID: 33519527 PMCID: PMC7844309 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.624129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-QT Syndrome (LQTS) is a cardiac electrical disorder, distinguished by irregular heart rates and sudden death. Accounting for ∼40% of cases, LQTS Type 2 (LQTS2), is caused by defects in the Kv11.1 (hERG) potassium channel that is critical for cardiac repolarization. Drug block of hERG channels or dysfunctional channel variants can result in acquired or inherited LQTS2, respectively, which are typified by delayed repolarization and predisposition to lethal arrhythmia. As such, there is significant interest in clear identification of drugs and channel variants that produce clinically meaningful perturbation of hERG channel function. While toxicological screening of hERG channels, and phenotypic assessment of inherited channel variants in heterologous systems is now commonplace, affordable, efficient, and insightful whole organ models for acquired and inherited LQTS2 are lacking. Recent work has shown that zebrafish provide a viable in vivo or whole organ model of cardiac electrophysiology. Characterization of cardiac ion currents and toxicological screening work in intact embryos, as well as adult whole hearts, has demonstrated the utility of the zebrafish model to contribute to the development of therapeutics that lack hERG-blocking off-target effects. Moreover, forward and reverse genetic approaches show zebrafish as a tractable model in which LQTS2 can be studied. With the development of new tools and technologies, zebrafish lines carrying precise channel variants associated with LQTS2 have recently begun to be generated and explored. In this review, we discuss the present knowledge and questions raised related to the use of zebrafish as models of acquired and inherited LQTS2. We focus discussion, in particular, on developments in precise gene-editing approaches in zebrafish to create whole heart inherited LQTS2 models and evidence that zebrafish hearts can be used to study arrhythmogenicity and to identify potential anti-arrhythmic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E. Simpson
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Ravichandra Venkateshappa
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Zhao Kai Pang
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Shoaib Faizi
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Glen F. Tibbits
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tom W. Claydon
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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26
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Duddu S, Chakrabarti R, Ghosh A, Shukla PC. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transcription Factors in Cardiovascular Pathology. Front Genet 2020; 11:588602. [PMID: 33193725 PMCID: PMC7596349 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.588602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors as multifaceted modulators of gene expression that play a central role in cell proliferation, differentiation, lineage commitment, and disease progression. They interact among themselves and create complex spatiotemporal gene regulatory networks that modulate hematopoiesis, cardiogenesis, and conditional differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into cells of cardiovascular lineage. Additionally, bone marrow-derived stem cells potentially contribute to the cardiovascular cell population and have shown potential as a therapeutic approach to treat cardiovascular diseases. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are currently debatable. This review focuses on some key transcription factors and associated epigenetic modifications that modulate the maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and cardiac progenitor cells. In addition to this, we aim to summarize different potential clinical therapeutic approaches in cardiac regeneration therapy and recent discoveries in stem cell-based transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Praphulla Chandra Shukla
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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27
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New Concepts in the Development and Malformation of the Arterial Valves. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7040038. [PMID: 32987700 PMCID: PMC7712390 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although in many ways the arterial and atrioventricular valves are similar, both being derived for the most part from endocardial cushions, we now know that the arterial valves and their surrounding structures are uniquely dependent on progenitors from both the second heart field (SHF) and neural crest cells (NCC). Here, we will review aspects of arterial valve development, highlighting how our appreciation of NCC and the discovery of the SHF have altered our developmental models. We will highlight areas of research that have been particularly instructive for understanding how the leaflets form and remodel, as well as those with limited or conflicting results. With this background, we will explore how this developmental knowledge can help us to understand human valve malformations, particularly those of the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Controversies and the current state of valve genomics will be indicated.
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28
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VEGF-A in Cardiomyocytes and Heart Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155294. [PMID: 32722551 PMCID: PMC7432634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a homodimeric vasoactive glycoprotein, is the key mediator of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is responsible for a wide variety of physio/pathological processes, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Cardiomyocytes (CM), the main cell type present in the heart, are the source and target of VEGF-A and express its receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, on their cell surface. The relationship between VEGF-A and the heart is double-sided. On the one hand, VEGF-A activates CM, inducing morphogenesis, contractility and wound healing. On the other hand, VEGF-A is produced by CM during inflammation, mechanical stress and cytokine stimulation. Moreover, high concentrations of VEGF-A have been found in patients affected by different CVD, and are often correlated with an unfavorable prognosis and disease severity. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about the expression and effects of VEGF-A on CM and the role of VEGF-A in CVD, which are the most important cause of disability and premature death worldwide. Based on clinical studies on angiogenesis therapy conducted to date, it is possible to think that the control of angiogenesis and VEGF-A can lead to better quality and span of life of patients with heart disease.
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29
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Wigington CP, Roy J, Damle NP, Yadav VK, Blikstad C, Resch E, Wong CJ, Mackay DR, Wang JT, Krystkowiak I, Bradburn DA, Tsekitsidou E, Hong SH, Kaderali MA, Xu SL, Stearns T, Gingras AC, Ullman KS, Ivarsson Y, Davey NE, Cyert MS. Systematic Discovery of Short Linear Motifs Decodes Calcineurin Phosphatase Signaling. Mol Cell 2020; 79:342-358.e12. [PMID: 32645368 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Short linear motifs (SLiMs) drive dynamic protein-protein interactions essential for signaling, but sequence degeneracy and low binding affinities make them difficult to identify. We harnessed unbiased systematic approaches for SLiM discovery to elucidate the regulatory network of calcineurin (CN)/PP2B, the Ca2+-activated phosphatase that recognizes LxVP and PxIxIT motifs. In vitro proteome-wide detection of CN-binding peptides, in vivo SLiM-dependent proximity labeling, and in silico modeling of motif determinants uncovered unanticipated CN interactors, including NOTCH1, which we establish as a CN substrate. Unexpectedly, CN shows SLiM-dependent proximity to centrosomal and nuclear pore complex (NPC) proteins-structures where Ca2+ signaling is largely uncharacterized. CN dephosphorylates human and yeast NPC proteins and promotes accumulation of a nuclear transport reporter, suggesting conserved NPC regulation by CN. The CN network assembled here provides a resource to investigate Ca2+ and CN signaling and demonstrates synergy between experimental and computational methods, establishing a blueprint for examining SLiM-based networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jagoree Roy
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nikhil P Damle
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vikash K Yadav
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Blikstad
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eduard Resch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cassandra J Wong
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas R Mackay
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jennifer T Wang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Izabella Krystkowiak
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | | | - Su Hyun Hong
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Malika Amyn Kaderali
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shou-Ling Xu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H7 ON, Canada
| | - Katharine S Ullman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ylva Ivarsson
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Norman E Davey
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fullham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Martha S Cyert
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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30
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Biomechanical Cues Direct Valvulogenesis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7020018. [PMID: 32438610 PMCID: PMC7345189 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate embryonic heart initially forms with two chambers, a ventricle and an atrium, separated by the atrioventricular junction. Localized genetic and biomechanical information guides the development of valves, which function to ensure unidirectional blood flow. If the valve development process goes awry, pathology associated with congenital valve defects can ensue. Congenital valve defects (CVD) are estimated to affect 1–2% of the population and can often require a lifetime of treatment. Despite significant clinical interest, molecular genetic mechanisms that direct valve development remain incompletely elucidated. Cells in the developing valve must contend with a dynamic hemodynamic environment. A growing body of research supports the idea that cells in the valve are highly sensitive to biomechanical forces, which cue changes in gene expression required for normal development or for maintenance of the adult valve. This review will focus on mechanotransductive pathways involved in valve development across model species. We highlight current knowledge regarding how cells sense physical forces associated with blood flow and pressure in the forming heart, and summarize how these changes are transduced into genetic and developmental responses. Lastly, we provide perspectives on how altered biomechanical cues may lead to CVD pathogenesis.
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31
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David D, Freixo JP, Fino J, Carvalho I, Marques M, Cardoso M, Piña-Aguilar RE, Morton CC. Comprehensive clinically oriented workflow for nucleotide level resolution and interpretation in prenatal diagnosis of de novo apparently balanced chromosomal translocations in their genomic landscape. Hum Genet 2020; 139:531-543. [PMID: 32030560 PMCID: PMC10501484 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive clinically oriented workflow for large-insert genome sequencing (liGS)-based nucleotide level resolution and interpretation of de novo (dn) apparently balanced chromosomal abnormalities (BCA) in prenatal diagnosis (PND). Retrospective or concomitant with conventional PND and liGS, molecular and newly developed clinically inspired bioinformatic tools (TAD-GConTool and CNV-ConTool) are applied to analyze and assess the functional and phenotypic outcome of dn structural variants (dnSVs). Retrospective analysis of four phenotype-associated dnSVs identified during conventional PND precisely reveal the genomic elements disrupted by the translocation breakpoints. Identification of autosomal dominant disease due to the disruption of ANKS1B and WDR26 by t(12;17)(q23.1;q21.33)dn and t(1;3)(q24.11;p25.3)dn breakpoints, respectively, substantiated the proposed workflow. We then applied this workflow to two ongoing prenatal cases with apparently balanced dnBCAs: 46,XX,t(16;17)(q24;q21.3)dn referred for increased risk on combined first trimester screening and 46,XY,t(2;19)(p13;q13.1)dn referred due to a previous trisomy 21 pregnancy. Translocation breakpoints in the t(16;17) involve ANKRD11 and WNT3 and disruption of ANKRD11 resulted in KBG syndrome confirmed in postnatal follow-up. Breakpoints in the t(2;19) are within ATP6V1B1 and the 3' UTR of CEP89, and are not interpreted to cause disease. Genotype-phenotype correlation confirms the causative role of WDR26 in the Skraban-Deardorff and 1q41q42 microdeletion phenocopy syndromes, and that disruption of ANKS1B causes ANKS1B haploinsufficiency syndrome. In sum, we show that an liGS-based approach can be realized in PND care providing additional information concerning clinical outcomes of dnBCAs in patients with such rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezső David
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - João P Freixo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Central Lisbon Hospital Center (CHLC), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Fino
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Carvalho
- Department of Medical Genetics, Central Lisbon Hospital Center (CHLC), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Marques
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Cardoso
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raul E Piña-Aguilar
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia C Morton
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Manchester Academic Health Science Center, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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32
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Weinstein N, Mendoza L, Álvarez-Buylla ER. A Computational Model of the Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition. Front Genet 2020; 11:40. [PMID: 32226439 PMCID: PMC7080988 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form the lining of lymph and blood vessels. Changes in tissue requirements or wounds may cause ECs to behave as tip or stalk cells. Alternatively, they may differentiate into mesenchymal cells (MCs). These processes are known as EC activation and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), respectively. EndMT, Tip, and Stalk EC behaviors all require SNAI1, SNAI2, and Matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) function. However, only EndMT inhibits the expression of VE-cadherin, PECAM1, and VEGFR2, and also leads to EC detachment. Physiologically, EndMT is involved in heart valve development, while a defective EndMT regulation is involved in the physiopathology of cardiovascular malformations, congenital heart disease, systemic and organ fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Therefore, the control of EndMT has many promising potential applications in regenerative medicine. Despite the fact that many molecular components involved in EC activation and EndMT have been characterized, the system-level molecular mechanisms involved in this process have not been elucidated. Toward this end, hereby we present Boolean network model of the molecular involved in the regulation of EC activation and EndMT. The simulated dynamic behavior of our model reaches fixed and cyclic patterns of activation that correspond to the expected EC and MC cell types and behaviors, recovering most of the specific effects of simple gain and loss-of-function mutations as well as the conditions associated with the progression of several diseases. Therefore, our model constitutes a theoretical framework that can be used to generate hypotheses and guide experimental inquiry to comprehend the regulatory mechanisms behind EndMT. Our main findings include that both the extracellular microevironment and the pattern of molecular activity within the cell regulate EndMT. EndMT requires a lack of VEGFA and sufficient oxygen in the extracellular microenvironment as well as no FLI1 and GATA2 activity within the cell. Additionally Tip cells cannot undergo EndMT directly. Furthermore, the specific conditions that are sufficient to trigger EndMT depend on the specific pattern of molecular activation within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Weinstein
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Mendoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elena R Álvarez-Buylla
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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33
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Chen CP, Chen CY, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Wu FT, Chen LF, Wang W. Detection of de novo del(18)(q22.2) and a familial of 15q13.2-q13.3 microduplication in a fetus with congenital heart defects. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 58:704-708. [PMID: 31542097 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present detection of de novo del(18)(q22.2) and a familial 15q13.2-q13.3 microduplication in a fetus with congenital heart defects (CHD). CASE REPORT A 27-year-old, primigravid woman was referred for genetic counseling because of fetal CHD. Prenatal ultrasound at 17 weeks of gestation revealed pericardial effusion, cardiomegaly and a large ventricular septal defect. The pregnancy was subsequently terminated at 18 weeks of gestation, and a 192-g female fetus was delivered with facial dysmorphism. Cytogenetic analysis of the umbilical cord revealed a karyotype of 46,XX,del(18)(q22.2). The parental karyotypes were normal. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) of the placental tissue revealed a 2.08-Mb 15q13.2-q13.3 microduplication encompassing KLF13 and CHRNA7, and a 10.74-Mb 18q22.2-q23 deletion encompassing NFATC1. The phenotypically normal father carried the same 2.08-Mb 15q13.2-q13.3 microduplication. Polymorphic DNA marker analysis confirmed a paternal origin of the distal 18q deletion. CONCLUSION Prenatal diagnosis of CHD should include a complete genetic study of the embryonic tissues, and the acquired information is useful for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Yu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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34
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Gunawan F, Gentile A, Gauvrit S, Stainier DYR, Bensimon-Brito A. Nfatc1 Promotes Interstitial Cell Formation During Cardiac Valve Development in Zebrafish. Circ Res 2020; 126:968-984. [PMID: 32070236 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The transcription factor NFATC1 (nuclear factor of activated T-cell 1) has been implicated in cardiac valve formation in humans and mice, but we know little about the underlying mechanisms. To gain mechanistic understanding of cardiac valve formation at single-cell resolution and insights into the role of NFATC1 in this process, we used the zebrafish model as it offers unique attributes for live imaging and facile genetics. OBJECTIVE To understand the role of Nfatc1 in cardiac valve formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the zebrafish atrioventricular valve, we focus on the valve interstitial cells (VICs), which confer biomechanical strength to the cardiac valve leaflets. We find that initially atrioventricular endocardial cells migrate collectively into the cardiac jelly to form a bilayered structure; subsequently, the cells that led this migration invade the ECM (extracellular matrix) between the 2 endocardial cell monolayers, undergo endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition as marked by loss of intercellular adhesion, and differentiate into VICs. These cells proliferate and are joined by a few neural crest-derived cells. VIC expansion and a switch from a promigratory to an elastic ECM drive valve leaflet elongation. Functional analysis of Nfatc1 reveals its requirement during VIC development. Zebrafish nfatc1 mutants form significantly fewer VICs due to reduced proliferation and impaired recruitment of endocardial and neural crest cells during the early stages of VIC development. With high-speed microscopy and echocardiography, we show that reduced VIC formation correlates with valvular dysfunction and severe retrograde blood flow that persist into adulthood. Analysis of downstream effectors reveals that Nfatc1 promotes the expression of twist1b-a well-known regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSIONS Our study sheds light on the function of Nfatc1 in zebrafish cardiac valve development and reveals its role in VIC formation. It also further establishes the zebrafish as a powerful model to carry out longitudinal studies of valve formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Gunawan
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Sébastien Gauvrit
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Anabela Bensimon-Brito
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
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Lyons O, Saha P, Seet C, Kuchta A, Arnold A, Grover S, Rashbrook V, Sabine A, Vizcay-Barrena G, Patel A, Ludwinski F, Padayachee S, Kume T, Kwak BR, Brice G, Mansour S, Ostergaard P, Mortimer P, Jeffery S, Brown N, Makinen T, Petrova TV, Modarai B, Smith A. Human venous valve disease caused by mutations in FOXC2 and GJC2. J Exp Med 2020; 214:2437-2452. [PMID: 28724617 PMCID: PMC5551565 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous valves (VVs) prevent venous hypertension and ulceration. We report that FOXC2 and GJC2 mutations are associated with reduced VV number and length. In mice, early VV formation is marked by elongation and reorientation ("organization") of Prox1hi endothelial cells by postnatal day 0. The expression of the transcription factors Foxc2 and Nfatc1 and the gap junction proteins Gjc2, Gja1, and Gja4 were temporospatially regulated during this process. Foxc2 and Nfatc1 were coexpressed at P0, and combined Foxc2 deletion with calcineurin-Nfat inhibition disrupted early Prox1hi endothelial organization, suggesting cooperative Foxc2-Nfatc1 patterning of these events. Genetic deletion of Gjc2, Gja4, or Gja1 also disrupted early VV Prox1hi endothelial organization at postnatal day 0, and this likely underlies the VV defects seen in patients with GJC2 mutations. Knockout of Gja4 or Gjc2 resulted in reduced proliferation of Prox1hi valve-forming cells. At later stages of blood flow, Foxc2 and calcineurin-Nfat signaling are each required for growth of the valve leaflets, whereas Foxc2 is not required for VV maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Lyons
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Prakash Saha
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Christopher Seet
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Adam Kuchta
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | - Steven Grover
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Victoria Rashbrook
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- Center for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, England, UK
| | - Ash Patel
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Francesca Ludwinski
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Soundrie Padayachee
- Department of Ultrasonic Angiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Evanston, IL
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Glen Brice
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Sahar Mansour
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Peter Mortimer
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Steve Jeffery
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Nigel Brown
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Taija Makinen
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bijan Modarai
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
| | - Alberto Smith
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, England, UK
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Wang Q, Xiong H, Ai S, Yu X, Liu Y, Zhang J, He A. CoBATCH for High-Throughput Single-Cell Epigenomic Profiling. Mol Cell 2019; 76:206-216.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pierpont ME, Brueckner M, Chung WK, Garg V, Lacro RV, McGuire AL, Mital S, Priest JR, Pu WT, Roberts A, Ware SM, Gelb BD, Russell MW. Genetic Basis for Congenital Heart Disease: Revisited: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 138:e653-e711. [PMID: 30571578 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an updated summary of the state of our knowledge of the genetic contributions to the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease. Since 2007, when the initial American Heart Association scientific statement on the genetic basis of congenital heart disease was published, new genomic techniques have become widely available that have dramatically changed our understanding of the causes of congenital heart disease and, clinically, have allowed more accurate definition of the pathogeneses of congenital heart disease in patients of all ages and even prenatally. Information is presented on new molecular testing techniques and their application to congenital heart disease, both isolated and associated with other congenital anomalies or syndromes. Recent advances in the understanding of copy number variants, syndromes, RASopathies, and heterotaxy/ciliopathies are provided. Insights into new research with congenital heart disease models, including genetically manipulated animals such as mice, chicks, and zebrafish, as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell-based approaches are provided to allow an understanding of how future research breakthroughs for congenital heart disease are likely to happen. It is anticipated that this review will provide a large range of health care-related personnel, including pediatric cardiologists, pediatricians, adult cardiologists, thoracic surgeons, obstetricians, geneticists, genetic counselors, and other related clinicians, timely information on the genetic aspects of congenital heart disease. The objective is to provide a comprehensive basis for interdisciplinary care for those with congenital heart disease.
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Abstract
Endothelial cells and mesenchymal cells are two different cell types with distinct morphologies, phenotypes, functions, and gene profiles. Accumulating evidence, notably from lineage-tracing studies, indicates that the two cell types convert into each other during cardiovascular development and pathogenesis. During heart development, endothelial cells transdifferentiate into mesenchymal cells in the endocardial cushion through endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), a process that is critical for the formation of cardiac valves. Studies have also reported that EndoMT contributes to the development of various cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, cardiac fibrosis, valve calcification, endocardial elastofibrosis, atherosclerosis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Conversely, cardiac fibroblasts can transdifferentiate into endothelial cells and contribute to neovascularization after cardiac injury. However, progress in genetic lineage tracing has challenged the role of EndoMT, or its reversed programme, in the development of cardiovascular diseases. In this Review, we discuss the caveats of using genetic lineage-tracing technology to investigate cell-lineage conversion; we also reassess the role of EndoMT in cardiovascular development and diseases and elaborate on the molecular signals that orchestrate EndoMT in pathophysiological processes. Understanding the role and mechanisms of EndoMT in diseases will unravel the therapeutic potential of targeting this process and will provide a new paradigm for the development of regenerative medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Abstract
Endocardial cells are specialized endothelial cells that form the innermost layer of the heart wall. By virtue of genetic lineage-tracing technology, many of the unexpected roles of endocardium during murine heart development, diseases, and regeneration have been identified recently. In addition to heart valves developed from the well-known endothelial to mesenchymal transition, recent fate-mapping studies using mouse models reveal that multiple cardiac cell lineages are also originated from the endocardium. This review focuses on a variety of different cell types that are recently reported to be endocardium derived during murine heart development, diseases, and regeneration. These multiple cell fates underpin the unprecedented roles of endocardial progenitors in function, pathological progression, and regeneration of the heart. Because emerging studies suggest that developmental mechanisms can be redeployed and recapitulated in promoting heart disease development and also cardiac repair and regeneration, understanding the mechanistic regulation of endocardial plasticity and modulation of their cell fate conversion may uncover new therapeutic potential in facilitating heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- From the The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence on Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (H.Z., B.Z.); School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China (H.Z., B.Z.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, China (K.O.L.); and Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (B.Z.).
| | - Kathy O Lui
- From the The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence on Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (H.Z., B.Z.); School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China (H.Z., B.Z.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, China (K.O.L.); and Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (B.Z.).
| | - Bin Zhou
- From the The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence on Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (H.Z., B.Z.); School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China (H.Z., B.Z.); Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, China (K.O.L.); and Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (B.Z.).
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40
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Huang X, Feng T, Jiang Z, Meng J, Kou S, Lu Z, Chen W, Lin CP, Zhou B, Zhang H. Dual lineage tracing identifies intermediate mesenchymal stage for endocardial contribution to fibroblasts, coronary mural cells, and adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8894-8906. [PMID: 31010826 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Early embryonic endocardium undergoes endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition to form cardiac cushion mesenchymal cells (MCs). Embryonic endocardium also gives rise to fibroblasts, intramyocardial adipocytes, and coronary mural cells, including smooth muscle cells and pericytes, in development. Whether endocardial cells directly differentiate into fibroblasts, coronary mural cells, and adipocytes or indirectly via an intermediate stage of endocardial-derived cushion MCs remains unknown. In addition to endocardium, epicardium and neural crest also contribute to cardiac cushion MCs. Given the developmental heterogeneity of cushion MCs and the lack of specific markers for endocardial-derived cushion MCs, conventional genetic lineage tracing utilizing Cre recombinase driven by one specific regulatory element is not sufficient to examine the fates of endocardial-derived cushion MCs. Intersectional genetic targeting approaches, which combine regulatory elements from two or more genes, have been employed to increase the specificity of cell targeting. Here, we developed a dual-recombinase intersectional targeting approach using Nfatc1-Dre, Sox9-CreER, and Cre/Dre double-dependent reporter Ai66 to specifically label endocardial-derived cushion MCs. Taking advantage of intersectional lineage tracing, we found that a subset of cardiac cells including fibroblasts, coronary mural cells, and intramyocardial adipocytes in adult hearts were derived from endocardial-derived cushion MCs. Our study suggests that embryonic endocardium contributes to cushion MCs first, and then endocardial-derived cushion MCs migrate into myocardium and differentiate into fibroblasts, coronary mural cells, and adipocytes in development. Understanding developmental origins of cardiac cell lineages will provide us more insights into cardiac development, regeneration, and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Huang
- From the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Teng Feng
- From the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- From the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jufeng Meng
- From the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shan Kou
- From the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhengkai Lu
- From the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weize Chen
- From the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chao-Po Lin
- From the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- From the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China, and.,the Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- From the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China,
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Colliva A, Braga L, Giacca M, Zacchigna S. Endothelial cell-cardiomyocyte crosstalk in heart development and disease. J Physiol 2019; 598:2923-2939. [PMID: 30816576 PMCID: PMC7496632 DOI: 10.1113/jp276758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes has emerged as a requisite for normal cardiac development, but also a key pathogenic player during the onset and progression of cardiac disease. Endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes are in close proximity and communicate through the secretion of paracrine signals, as well as through direct cell-to-cell contact. Here, we provide an overview of the endothelial cell-cardiomyocyte interactions controlling heart development and the main processes affecting the heart in normal and pathological conditions, including ischaemia, remodelling and metabolic dysfunction. We also discuss the possible role of these interactions in cardiac regeneration and encourage the further improvement of in vitro models able to reproduce the complex environment of the cardiac tissue, in order to better define the mechanisms by which endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes interact with a final aim of developing novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Colliva
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Braga
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 34149, Trieste, Italy.,Biotechnology Development Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano, 34149, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34149, Trieste, Italy
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42
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Aquila I, Frati G, Sciarretta S, Dellegrottaglie S, Torella D, Torella M. New imaging techniques project the cellular and molecular alterations underlying bicuspid aortic valve development. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 129:197-207. [PMID: 30826295 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease is the most common congenital cardiac malformation associated with an increased lifetime risk and a high rate of surgically-relevant valve deterioration and aortic dilatation. Genomic data revealed that different genes are associated with BAV. A dominant genetic factor for the recent past was the basis to the recommendation for a more extensive aortic intervention. However very recent evidence that hemodynamic stressors and alterations of wall shear stress play an important role independent from the genetic trait led to more conservative treatment recommendations. Therefore, there is a current need to improve the ability to risk stratify BAV patients in order to obtain an early detection of valvulopathy and aortopathy while also to predict valve dysfunction and/or aortic disease development. Imaging studies based on new cutting-edge technologies, such us 4-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) speckle-tracking imaging (STI) and computation fluid dynamics, combined with studies demonstrating new gene mutations, specific signal pathways alterations, hemodynamic influences, circulating biomarkers modifications, endothelial progenitor cell impairment and immune/inflammatory response, all detected BAV valvulopathy progression and aortic wall abnormality. Overall, the main purpose of this review article is to merge the evidences of imaging and basic science studies in a coherent hypothesis that underlies and thus projects the development of both BAV during embryogenesis and BAV-associated aortopathy and its complications in the adult life, with the final goal to identifying aneurysm formation/rupture susceptibility to improve diagnosis and management of patients with BAV-related aortopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Aquila
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy; IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy; IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Santo Dellegrottaglie
- Division of Cardiology, Ospedale Accreditato Villa dei Fiori, Acerra, Naples 80011, Italy; The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniele Torella
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.
| | - Michele Torella
- Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Venous endothelial cells are molecularly and functionally distinct from their arterial counterparts. Although veins are often considered the default endothelial state, genetic manipulations can modulate both acquisition and loss of venous fate, suggesting that venous identity is the result of active transcriptional regulation. However, little is known about this process. Here we show that BMP signalling controls venous identity via the ALK3/BMPR1A receptor and SMAD1/SMAD5. Perturbations to TGF-β and BMP signalling in mice and zebrafish result in aberrant vein formation and loss of expression of the venous-specific gene Ephb4, with no effect on arterial identity. Analysis of a venous endothelium-specific enhancer for Ephb4 shows enriched binding of SMAD1/5 and a requirement for SMAD binding motifs. Further, our results demonstrate that BMP/SMAD-mediated Ephb4 expression requires the venous-enriched BMP type I receptor ALK3/BMPR1A. Together, our analysis demonstrates a requirement for BMP signalling in the establishment of Ephb4 expression and the venous vasculature. The establishment of functional vasculatures requires the specification of newly formed vessels into veins and arteries. Here, Neal et al. use a combination of genetic approaches in mice and zebrafish to show that BMP signalling, via ALK3 and SMAD1/5, is required for venous specification during blood vessel development.
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44
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Maleki S, Cottrill KA, Poujade FA, Bhattachariya A, Bergman O, Gådin JR, Simon N, Lundströmer K, Franco-Cereceda A, Björck HM, Chan SY, Eriksson P. The mir-200 family regulates key pathogenic events in ascending aortas of individuals with bicuspid aortic valves. J Intern Med 2019; 285:102-114. [PMID: 30280445 PMCID: PMC6488227 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An individual with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) runs a substantially higher risk of developing aneurysm in the ascending aorta compared to the normal population with tricuspid aortic valves (TAV). Aneurysm formation in patients with BAV and TAV is known to be distinct at the molecular level but the underlying mechanisms are undefined. Here, we investigated the still incompletely described role of microRNAs (miRNAs), important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, in such aortic disease of patients with BAV as compared with TAV. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a system biology approach, based on data obtained from proteomic analysis of non-dilated aortas from BAV and TAV patients, we constructed a gene-interaction network of regulatory microRNAs associated with the observed differential protein signature. The miR-200 family was the highest ranked miRNA, hence potentially having the strongest effect on the signalling network associated with BAV. Further, qRT-PCR and ChIP analyses showed lower expression of miR-200c, higher expression of miR-200 target genes, ZEB1/ZEB2 transcription factors, and higher chromatin occupancy of the miR-200c promoter by ZEB1/ZEB2 in BAV patients, indicating a miR-200c/ZEBs negative feedback loop and induction of endothelial/epithelial mesenchymal transition (EndMT/EMT). CONCLUSION We propose that a miR-200-dependent process of EndMT/EMT is a plausible biological mechanism rendering the BAV ascending aorta more prone to aneurysm development. Although initially supported by a miR-200c/ZEB feedback loop, this process is most probably advanced by cooperation of other miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maleki
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - K A Cottrill
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - F-A Poujade
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - A Bhattachariya
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - O Bergman
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - J R Gådin
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - N Simon
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - K Lundströmer
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - A Franco-Cereceda
- Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H M Björck
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - S Y Chan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - P Eriksson
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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Mutations in EPAS1 in congenital heart disease in Tibetans. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181389. [PMID: 30487161 PMCID: PMC6435565 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
EPAS1 encodes HIF2 and is closely related to high altitude chronic hypoxia. Mutations in the EPAS1 coding sequence are associated with several kinds of human diseases, including syndromic congenital heart disease (CHD). However, whether there are rare EPAS1 coding variants related to Tibetan non-syndromic CHD have not been fully investigated. A group of 286 Tibetan patients with non-syndromic CHD and 250 unrelated Tibetan healthy controls were recruited from Qinghai, China. Sanger sequencing was performed to identify variations in the EPAS1 coding sequence. The novelty of identified variants was confirmed by the examination of 1000G and ExAC databases. Control samples were screened to establish that the rare candidate variants were specific to the Tibetan patients with non-syndromic CHD. Bioinformatics software was used to assess the conservation of the mutations and to predict their effects. The effect of EPAS1 mutations on the transcription of its target gene, VEGF, was assessed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The mammalian two-hybrid assay was used to study the protein interactions between HIF2 and PHD2 or pVHL. We identified two novel EPAS1 mutations (NM_001430: c.607A>C, p.N203H; c.2170G>T, p.G724W) in two patients. The N203H mutation significantly affected the transcription activity of the VEGF promoter, especially in conditions of hypoxia. The N203H mutation also showed enhanced protein–protein interactions between HIF2 and PHD2, and HIF2 and pVHL, especially in conditions of hypoxia. However, the G724W mutation did not demonstrate the same effects. Our results indicate that EPAS1 mutations might have a potential causative effect on the development of Tibetan non-syndromic CHD.
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Geng X, Cha B, Mahamud MR, Srinivasan RS. Intraluminal valves: development, function and disease. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:1273-1287. [PMID: 29125824 PMCID: PMC5719258 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which function in parallel to provide nutrients and remove waste from the body. Vascular function depends on valves, which regulate unidirectional fluid flow against gravitational and pressure gradients. Severe valve disorders can cause mortality and some are associated with severe morbidity. Although cardiac valve defects can be treated by valve replacement surgery, no treatment is currently available for valve disorders of the veins and lymphatics. Thus, a better understanding of valves, their development and the progression of valve disease is warranted. In the past decade, molecules that are important for vascular function in humans have been identified, with mouse studies also providing new insights into valve formation and function. Intriguing similarities have recently emerged between the different types of valves concerning their molecular identity, architecture and development. Shear stress generated by fluid flow has also been shown to regulate endothelial cell identity in valves. Here, we review our current understanding of valve development with an emphasis on its mechanobiology and significance to human health, and highlight unanswered questions and translational opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Md Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Zhang Y, English SG, Storey KB. Regulation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and downstream myogenic proteins during dehydration in the African clawed frog. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:751-761. [PMID: 29923155 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus laevis, otherwise known as the African clawed frog, undergoes natural dehydration of up to 30% of its total body water during the dry season in sub-Saharan Africa. To survive under these conditions, a variety of physiological and biochemical changes take place in X. laevis. We were interested in understanding the role that the calcineurin-NFAT pathway plays during dehydration stress response in the skeletal muscles of X. laevis. Immunoblotting was performed to characterize the protein levels of NFATc1-4, calcium signalling proteins, in addition to myogenic proteins (MyoD, MyoG, myomaker). In addition, DNA-protein interaction ELISAs were used to assess the binding of NFATs to their consensus binding sequence, and to identify the effect of urea on NFAT-binding. Our results showed that NFATc1 and c4 protein levels decreased during dehydration, and there were no changes in NFATc2, c3, and calcium signalling proteins. However, MyoG and myomaker both showed increases in protein levels during dehydration, thus indicating that the late myogenic program involving myoblast differentiation, but not satellite cell activation and myoblast proliferation, could be involved in preserving the skeletal muscle of X. laevis during dehydration. In addition, we observed that urea seems to reduce NFATc3-binding to DNA during control, but not during dehydration, possibly indicating that NFATc3 is protected from the denaturing effects of urea as it accumulates during dehydration. These findings expand upon our knowledge of adaptive responses to dehydration, and they identify specific protein targets that could be used to protect the skeletal muscle from damage during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichi Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Simon G English
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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48
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Romano N, Ceci M. The face of epicardial and endocardial derived cells in zebrafish. Exp Cell Res 2018; 369:166-175. [PMID: 29807022 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish hearts can regenerate through activation of growth factors and trans-differentiation of fibroblasts, epicardial, myocardial and endocardial cells, all positive for GATA4 during the process. A possible model of regeneration of the whole heart and the regenerating cells in ex-vivo culture is presented here by a stimulation of cocktail of growth factors. In ex-vivo growth-factors-supplemented culture the heart regeneration was quite complete without signs of fibrosis. Epicardial- and endocardial-derived cells have been analyzed by electron microscopy evidencing two main types: 1) larger/prismatic and 2) small/rounded. Type (1) showed on the surface protein-sculptures, while type(2) was smooth with sparse globular proteins. To confirm their nature we have contemporarily analyzed their proliferative capability and markers-positivity. The cells treated by growth factors have at least two-fold more proliferation with GATA4-positivity. The type (1) cell evidenced WT1+(marker of embryonic epicardium); the type (2) showed NFTA2+(marker of embryonic endocardium); whereas cTNT-cardiotroponin was negative. Under growth factors stimulation, GATA4+/WT1+ and GATA4+/NFTA2+ could be suitable candidates to be the cells with capability to move in/out of the tissue, probably by using their integrins, and it opens the possibility to have long term selected culture to future characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Romano
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Marcello Ceci
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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49
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Huang M, Jiao J, Wang J, Xia Z, Zhang Y. Characterization of acrylamide-induced oxidative stress and cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish embryos. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 347:451-460. [PMID: 29353190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is a high production volume chemical in industrial applications and widely found in baked or fried carbohydrate-rich foods. In this study, we unravelled that AA induced developmental toxicity associated with oxidative stress status and disordered lipid distribution in heart region of developing zebrafish. Treatment with AA caused a deficient cardiovascular system with significant heart malformation and dysfunction. We also found that AA could reduce the number of cardiomyocytes through the reduced capacity of cardiomyocyte proliferation rather than cell apoptosis. The cardiac looping and ballooning appeared abnormal though cardiac chamber-specific identity in the differentiated myocardium was maintained well after AA treatment through MF20/S46 immunofluorescence assay. Furthermore, treatment with AA disturbed the differentiation of atrioventricular canal, which was demonstrated by the disordered expressions of the atrioventricular boundary markers bmp4, tbx2b and notch1b and further confirmed by the ectopic expressions of the cardiac valve precursor markers has2, klf2a and nfatc1 through whole-mount in situ hybridization. Thus, our studies provide the evidence of cardiac developmental toxicity of AA in the cardiovascular system, and also raised health concern about the harm of trans-placental exposure to high level of AA for foetuses and the risk of high exposure to AA for the pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhidan Xia
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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50
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Goddard LM, Duchemin AL, Ramalingan H, Wu B, Chen M, Bamezai S, Yang J, Li L, Morley MP, Wang T, Scherrer-Crosbie M, Frank DB, Engleka KA, Jameson SC, Morrisey EE, Carroll TJ, Zhou B, Vermot J, Kahn ML. Hemodynamic Forces Sculpt Developing Heart Valves through a KLF2-WNT9B Paracrine Signaling Axis. Dev Cell 2017; 43:274-289.e5. [PMID: 29056552 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemodynamic forces play an essential epigenetic role in heart valve development, but how they do so is not known. Here, we show that the shear-responsive transcription factor KLF2 is required in endocardial cells to regulate the mesenchymal cell responses that remodel cardiac cushions to mature valves. Endocardial Klf2 deficiency results in defective valve formation associated with loss of Wnt9b expression and reduced canonical WNT signaling in neighboring mesenchymal cells, a phenotype reproduced by endocardial-specific loss of Wnt9b. Studies in zebrafish embryos reveal that wnt9b expression is similarly restricted to the endocardial cells overlying the developing heart valves and is dependent upon both hemodynamic shear forces and klf2a expression. These studies identify KLF2-WNT9B signaling as a conserved molecular mechanism by which fluid forces sensed by endothelial cells direct the complex cellular process of heart valve development and suggest that congenital valve defects may arise due to subtle defects in this mechanotransduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Goddard
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Duchemin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch 67404, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch 67404, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Harini Ramalingan
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bingruo Wu
- Department of Genetics, Pediatric, and Medicine (Cardiology) and Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sharika Bamezai
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jisheng Yang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marielle Scherrer-Crosbie
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David B Frank
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kurt A Engleka
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas J Carroll
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology) and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Pediatric, and Medicine (Cardiology) and Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch 67404, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch 67404, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch 67404, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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