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Fallah M, Udobi KC, Swiatek AE, Scott CB, Evans RC. Inhibitory basal ganglia nuclei differentially innervate pedunculopontine nucleus subpopulations and evoke opposite motor and valence behaviors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.05.606694. [PMID: 39149277 PMCID: PMC11326182 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.05.606694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The canonical basal ganglia model predicts that the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the globus pallidus externa (GPe) will have specific effects on locomotion: the SNr inhibiting locomotion and the GPe enhancing it. In this manuscript, we use in vivo optogenetics to show that a projection-defined neural subpopulation within each structure exerts non-canonical effects on locomotion. These non-canonical subpopulations are defined by their projection to the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and mediate opposing effects on reward. To understand how these structures differentially modulate the PPN, we use ex vivo whole-cell recording with optogenetics to comprehensively dissect the SNr and GPe connections to regionally- and molecularly-defined populations of PPN neurons. The SNr inhibits all PPN subtypes, but most strongly inhibits caudal glutamatergic neurons. The GPe selectively inhibits caudal glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, avoiding both cholinergic and rostral cells. This circuit characterization reveals non-canonical basal ganglia pathways for locomotion and valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Fallah
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA 20007
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA 20007
- Senior author
| | - Kenea C Udobi
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA 20007
| | - Aleksandra E Swiatek
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA 20007
| | - Chelsea B Scott
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA 20007
| | - Rebekah C Evans
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA 20007
- Lead contact
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2
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Gittis AH, Sillitoe RV. Circuit-Specific Deep Brain Stimulation Provides Insights into Movement Control. Annu Rev Neurosci 2024; 47:63-83. [PMID: 38424473 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-092823-104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a method in which electrical stimulation is delivered to specific areas of the brain, is an effective treatment for managing symptoms of a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical access to neural circuits during DBS provides an opportunity to study the functional link between neural circuits and behavior. This review discusses how the use of DBS in Parkinson's disease and dystonia has provided insights into the brain networks and physiological mechanisms that underlie motor control. In parallel, insights from basic science about how patterns of electrical stimulation impact plasticity and communication within neural circuits are transforming DBS from a therapy for treating symptoms to a therapy for treating circuits, with the goal of training the brain out of its diseased state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryn H Gittis
- Department of Biological Sciences and Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Departments of Neuroscience, Pathology & Immunology, and Pediatrics; and Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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3
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Ryczko D. The Mesencephalic Locomotor Region: Multiple Cell Types, Multiple Behavioral Roles, and Multiple Implications for Disease. Neuroscientist 2024; 30:347-366. [PMID: 36575956 PMCID: PMC11107129 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221139136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) controls locomotion in vertebrates. In humans with Parkinson disease, locomotor deficits are increasingly associated with decreased activity in the MLR. This brainstem region, commonly considered to include the cuneiform and pedunculopontine nuclei, has been explored as a target for deep brain stimulation to improve locomotor function, but the results are variable, from modest to promising. However, the MLR is a heterogeneous structure, and identification of the best cell type to target is only beginning. Here, I review the studies that uncovered the role of genetically defined MLR cell types, and I highlight the cells whose activation improves locomotor function in animal models of Parkinson disease. The promising cell types to activate comprise some glutamatergic neurons in the cuneiform and caudal pedunculopontine nuclei, as well as some cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine nucleus. Activation of MLR GABAergic neurons should be avoided, since they stop locomotion or evoke bouts flanked with numerous stops. MLR is also considered a potential target in spinal cord injury, supranuclear palsy, primary progressive freezing of gait, or stroke. Better targeting of the MLR cell types should be achieved through optimized deep brain stimulation protocols, pharmacotherapy, or the development of optogenetics for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Neurosciences Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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4
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Juárez Tello A, van der Zouwen CI, Dejas L, Duque-Yate J, Boutin J, Medina-Ortiz K, Suresh JS, Swiegers J, Sarret P, Ryczko D. Dopamine-sensitive neurons in the mesencephalic locomotor region control locomotion initiation, stop, and turns. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114187. [PMID: 38722743 PMCID: PMC11157412 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The locomotor role of dopaminergic neurons is traditionally attributed to their ascending projections to the basal ganglia, which project to the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR). In addition, descending dopaminergic projections to the MLR are present from basal vertebrates to mammals. However, the neurons targeted in the MLR and their behavioral role are unknown in mammals. Here, we identify genetically defined MLR cells that express D1 or D2 receptors and control different motor behaviors in mice. In the cuneiform nucleus, D1-expressing neurons promote locomotion, while D2-expressing neurons stop locomotion. In the pedunculopontine nucleus, D1-expressing neurons promote locomotion, while D2-expressing neurons evoke ipsilateral turns. Using RNAscope, we show that MLR dopamine-sensitive neurons comprise a combination of glutamatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic neurons, suggesting that different neurotransmitter-based cell types work together to control distinct behavioral modules. Altogether, our study uncovers behaviorally relevant cell types in the mammalian MLR based on the expression of dopaminergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Juárez Tello
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Cornelis Immanuel van der Zouwen
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Léonie Dejas
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Juan Duque-Yate
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Joël Boutin
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine Medina-Ortiz
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jacinthlyn Sylvia Suresh
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jordan Swiegers
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Neurosciences Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Neurosciences Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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5
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Cavalcanti CCL, Manhães-de-Castro R, Chaves WF, Cadena-Burbano EV, Antonio-Santos J, da Silva Aragão R. Influence of maternal high-fat diet on offspring's locomotor activity during anxiety-related behavioral tests: A systematic review. Behav Brain Res 2024; 462:114869. [PMID: 38246396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to summarize and discuss the impact of a maternal high-fat diet on the locomotor activity of offspring during anxiety-related behavioral tests. A search was performed in the LILACS, Web of Science, SCOPUS and PUMBED databases, using the following inclusion criteria: studies in which rodent dams were submitted to a high-fat diet during gestation and/or lactation and in which the locomotor activity parameters of offspring were evaluated during an anxiety-related test. Twenty-three articles met these criteria and were included. Most studies, 14 out of 23, found that a maternal high-fat diet did not alter offspring locomotor activity. Six articles found that a maternal high-fat diet increased the locomotor activity of offspring, while three found decreased locomotion. This effect may be associated with the initial response to the test and the fact that it was the first day of exposure to the apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raul Manhães-de-Castro
- Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 PE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil; Unit of Studies in Nutrition and Plasticity, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 PE, Brazil
| | - Wenicios Ferreira Chaves
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Sports Sciences and Metabolism, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13484-350 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José Antonio-Santos
- Unit of Studies in Nutrition and Plasticity, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 PE, Brazil; Physical Education and Sports Sciences Unit, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Raquel da Silva Aragão
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil; Unit of Studies in Nutrition and Plasticity, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 PE, Brazil; Physical Education and Sports Sciences Unit, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 55608-680 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil.
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6
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Scheuber MI, Guidolin C, Martins S, Sartori AM, Hofer AS, Schwab ME. Electrical stimulation of the cuneiform nucleus enhances the effects of rehabilitative training on locomotor recovery after incomplete spinal cord injury. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1352742. [PMID: 38595973 PMCID: PMC11002271 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1352742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Most human spinal cord injuries are anatomically incomplete, leaving some fibers still connecting the brain with the sublesional spinal cord. Spared descending fibers of the brainstem motor control system can be activated by deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the cuneiform nucleus (CnF), a subnucleus of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR). The MLR is an evolutionarily highly conserved structure which initiates and controls locomotion in all vertebrates. Acute electrical stimulation experiments in female adult rats with incomplete spinal cord injury conducted in our lab showed that CnF-DBS was able to re-establish a high degree of locomotion five weeks after injury, even in animals with initially very severe functional deficits and white matter lesions up to 80-95%. Here, we analyzed whether CnF-DBS can be used to support medium-intensity locomotor training and long-term recovery in rats with large but incomplete spinal cord injuries. Rats underwent rehabilitative training sessions three times per week in an enriched environment, either with or without CnF-DBS supported hindlimb stepping. After 4 weeks, animals that trained under CnF-DBS showed a higher level of locomotor performance than rats that trained comparable distances under non-stimulated conditions. The MLR does not project to the spinal cord directly; one of its main output targets is the gigantocellular reticular nucleus in the medulla oblongata. Long-term electrical stimulation of spared reticulospinal fibers after incomplete spinal cord injury via the CnF could enhance reticulospinal anatomical rearrangement and in this way lead to persistent improvement of motor function. By analyzing the spared, BDA-labeled giganto-spinal fibers we found that their gray matter arborization density after discontinuation of CnF-DBS enhanced training was lower in the lumbar L2 and L5 spinal cord in stimulated as compared to unstimulated animals, suggesting improved pruning with stimulation-enhanced training. An on-going clinical study in chronic paraplegic patients investigates the effects of CnF-DBS on locomotor capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam I. Scheuber
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- ETH Phenomics Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Guidolin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- ETH Phenomics Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Suzi Martins
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- ETH Phenomics Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea M. Sartori
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- ETH Phenomics Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Sophie Hofer
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- ETH Phenomics Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin E. Schwab
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- ETH Phenomics Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Sharma S, Badenhorst CA, Ashby DM, Di Vito SA, Tran MA, Ghavasieh Z, Grewal GK, Belway CR, McGirr A, Whelan PJ. Inhibitory medial zona incerta pathway drives exploratory behavior by inhibiting glutamatergic cuneiform neurons. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1160. [PMID: 38326327 PMCID: PMC10850156 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The cuneiform nucleus (CnF) regulates locomotor activity, which is canonically viewed as being primarily involved in initiating locomotion and regulating speed. Recent research shows greater context dependency in the locomotor functions of this nucleus. Glutamatergic neurons, which contain vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGLUT2), regulate context-dependent locomotor speed in the CnF and play a role in defensive behavior. Here, we identify projections from the medial zona incerta (mZI) to CnF vGLUT2 neurons that promote exploratory behavior. Using fiber photometry recordings in male mice, we find that mZI gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons increase activity during periods of exploration. Activation of mZI GABAergic neurons is associated with reduced spiking of CnF neurons. Additionally, activating both retrogradely labeled mZI-CnF GABAergic projection neurons and their terminals in the CnF increase exploratory behavior. Inhibiting CnF vGLUT2 neuronal activity also increases exploratory behavior. These findings provide evidence for the context-dependent dynamic regulation of CnF vGLUT2 neurons, with the mZI-CnF circuit shaping exploratory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Sharma
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Cecilia A Badenhorst
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Donovan M Ashby
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Di Vito
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michelle A Tran
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Zahra Ghavasieh
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gurleen K Grewal
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Cole R Belway
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Alexander McGirr
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Patrick J Whelan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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8
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Morgenstern NA, Esposito MS. The Basal Ganglia and Mesencephalic Locomotor Region Connectivity Matrix. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1454-1472. [PMID: 37559244 PMCID: PMC11097982 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230809112840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although classically considered a relay station for basal ganglia (BG) output, the anatomy, connectivity, and function of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) were redefined during the last two decades. In striking opposition to what was initially thought, MLR and BG are actually reciprocally and intimately interconnected. New viral-based, optogenetic, and mapping technologies revealed that cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons coexist in this structure, which, in addition to extending descending projections, send long-range ascending fibers to the BG. These MLR projections to the BG convey motor and non-motor information to specific synaptic targets throughout different nuclei. Moreover, MLR efferent fibers originate from precise neuronal subpopulations located in particular MLR subregions, defining independent anatomo-functional subcircuits involved in particular aspects of animal behavior such as fast locomotion, explorative locomotion, posture, forelimb- related movements, speed, reinforcement, among others. In this review, we revised the literature produced during the last decade linking MLR and BG. We conclude that the classic framework considering the MLR as a homogeneous output structure passively receiving input from the BG needs to be revisited. We propose instead that the multiple subcircuits embedded in this region should be taken as independent entities that convey relevant and specific ascending information to the BG and, thus, actively participate in the execution and tuning of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás A. Morgenstern
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Instituto De Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria S. Esposito
- Department of Medical Physics, Centro Atomico Bariloche, CNEA, CONICET, Av. Bustillo 9500, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
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9
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Frost-Nylén J, Thompson WS, Robertson B, Grillner S. The Basal Ganglia Downstream Control of Action - An Evolutionarily Conserved Strategy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1419-1430. [PMID: 37563813 PMCID: PMC11097981 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230810141746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The motor areas of the cortex and the basal ganglia both contribute to determining which motor actions will be recruited at any moment in time, and their functions are intertwined. Here, we review the basal ganglia mechanisms underlying the selection of behavior of the downstream control of motor centers in the midbrain and brainstem and show that the basic organization of the forebrain motor system is evolutionarily conserved throughout vertebrate phylogeny. The output level of the basal ganglia (e.g. substantia nigra pars reticulata) has GABAergic neurons that are spontaneously active at rest and inhibit a number of specific motor centers, each of which can be relieved from inhibition if the inhibitory output neurons themselves become inhibited. The motor areas of the cortex act partially via the dorsolateral striatum (putamen), which has specific modules for the forelimb, hindlimb, trunk, etc. Each module operates in turn through the two types of striatal projection neurons that control the output modules of the basal ganglia and thereby the downstream motor centers. The mechanisms for lateral inhibition in the striatum are reviewed as well as other striatal mechanisms contributing to action selection. The motor cortex also exerts a direct excitatory action on specific motor centers. An overview is given of the basal ganglia control exerted on the different midbrain/brainstem motor centers, and the efference copy information fed back via the thalamus to the striatum and cortex, which is of importance for the planning of future movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brita Robertson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Liang E, Chen Y, Yan Y, Wang S, Yuan J, Yu T. Role of the substantia nigra pars reticulata in sleep-wakefulness: A review of research progress. Sleep Med 2024; 113:284-292. [PMID: 38071927 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is a complex physiological process that includes two main stages: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. During mammalian sleep, especially REM sleep, skeletal muscles are suppressed to varying degrees, and corresponding movements are inhibited. The synchronous occurrence of sleep and motor inhibition suggests they may share the same neural circuits. Recently, the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) has attracted attention for its potential dual role in regulating sleep-wake cycles and movement. In this review, the SNr's role is surveyed by examining existing research reports regarding its involvement in sleep-wake regulation and motor control. By focusing on the SNr, the goal is to shed light on its dual role intricacies and stimulate further inquiry into potential interactions between sleep and movement regulation, thus aiming to explore sleep-wake regulatory mechanisms and offer novel directions for subsequent scientific investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enpeng Liang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Ya Chen
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Siwei Wang
- Department of Dental Implantology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 563000, Zunyi, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; Department of Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Tian Yu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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11
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Hovhannisyan AH, Lindquist KA, Belugin S, Mecklenburg J, Ibrahim T, Tram M, Corey TM, Salmon AB, Perez D, Ruparel S, Akopian AN. Sensory innervation of masseter, temporal and lateral pterygoid muscles in common marmosets. Sci Rep 2023; 13:23062. [PMID: 38155190 PMCID: PMC10754842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Myogenous temporomandibular disorders is associated with an increased responsiveness of nerves innervating the masseter (MM), temporal (TM), and lateral pterygoid muscles (LPM). This study aimed to examine sensory nerve types innervating MM, TM and LPM of adult non-human primate-common marmosets. Sensory nerves were localized in specific regions of these muscles. Pgp9.5, marker for all nerves, and NFH, a marker for A-fibers, showed that masticatory muscles were primarily innervated with A-fibers. The proportion of C- to A-fibers was highest in LPM, and lowest in MM. All C-fibers (pgp9.5+/NFH-) observed in masticatory muscles were peptidergic (CGRP+) and lacked mrgprD and CHRNA3, a silent nociceptive marker. TrpV1 was register in 17% of LPM nerves. All fibers in masticatory muscles were labeled with GFAP+, a myelin sheath marker. There were substantially more peptidergic A-fibers (CGRP+/NFH+) in TM and LPM compared to MM. MM, TM and LPM NFH+ fibers contained different percentages of trkC+ and parvalbumin+, but not trkB+ fibers. Tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies, which did not label TG, highlighted sympathetic fibers around blood vessels of the masticatory muscles. Overall, masticatory muscle types of marmosets have similarities and differences in innervation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahit H Hovhannisyan
- Departments of Endodontics, The School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Karen A Lindquist
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences (IBMS) Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Sergei Belugin
- Departments of Endodontics, The School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Jennifer Mecklenburg
- Departments of Endodontics, The School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Tarek Ibrahim
- Departments of Endodontics, The School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Meilinn Tram
- Departments of Endodontics, The School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences (IBMS) Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Tatiana M Corey
- Departments of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Adam B Salmon
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Daniel Perez
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Shivani Ruparel
- Departments of Endodontics, The School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences (IBMS) Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Armen N Akopian
- Departments of Endodontics, The School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA.
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences (IBMS) Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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12
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Ryczko D, Dubuc R. Dopamine control of downstream motor centers. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102785. [PMID: 37774481 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of dopamine in the control of movement is traditionally associated with ascending projections to the basal ganglia. However, more recently descending dopaminergic pathways projecting to downstream brainstem motor circuits were discovered. In lampreys, salamanders, and rodents, these include projections to the downstream Mesencephalic Locomotor Region (MLR), a brainstem region controlling locomotion. Such descending dopaminergic projections could prime brainstem networks controlling movement. Other descending dopaminergic projections have been shown to reach reticulospinal cells involved in the control of locomotion. In addition, dopamine directly modulates the activity of interneurons and motoneurons. Beyond locomotion, dopaminergic inputs modulate visuomotor transformations within the optic tectum (mammalian superior colliculus). Loss of descending dopaminergic inputs will likely contribute to pathological conditions such as in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; Neurosciences Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
| | - Réjean Dubuc
- Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Groupe de recherche sur la Signalisation Neurale et la Circuiterie, Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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13
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Braine A, Georges F. Emotion in action: When emotions meet motor circuits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 155:105475. [PMID: 37996047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a remarkably complex organ responsible for a wide range of functions, including the modulation of emotional states and movement. Neuronal circuits are believed to play a crucial role in integrating sensory, cognitive, and emotional information to ultimately guide motor behavior. Over the years, numerous studies employing diverse techniques such as electrophysiology, imaging, and optogenetics have revealed a complex network of neural circuits involved in the regulation of emotional or motor processes. Emotions can exert a substantial influence on motor performance, encompassing both everyday activities and pathological conditions. The aim of this review is to explore how emotional states can shape movements by connecting the neural circuits for emotional processing to motor neural circuits. We first provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of different emotional states on motor control in humans and rodents. In line with behavioral studies, we set out to identify emotion-related structures capable of modulating motor output, behaviorally and anatomically. Neuronal circuits involved in emotional processing are extensively connected to the motor system. These circuits can drive emotional behavior, essential for survival, but can also continuously shape ongoing movement. In summary, the investigation of the intricate relationship between emotion and movement offers valuable insights into human behavior, including opportunities to enhance performance, and holds promise for improving mental and physical health. This review integrates findings from multiple scientific approaches, including anatomical tracing, circuit-based dissection, and behavioral studies, conducted in both animal and human subjects. By incorporating these different methodologies, we aim to present a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the emotional modulation of movement in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaelle Braine
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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14
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Xu W, Wang J, Li XN, Liang J, Song L, Wu Y, Liu Z, Sun B, Li WG. Neuronal and synaptic adaptations underlying the benefits of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:55. [PMID: 38037124 PMCID: PMC10688037 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00390-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established and effective treatment for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), yet its underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. Optogenetics, primarily conducted in animal models, provides a unique approach that allows cell type- and projection-specific modulation that mirrors the frequency-dependent stimulus effects of DBS. Opto-DBS research in animal models plays a pivotal role in unraveling the neuronal and synaptic adaptations that contribute to the efficacy of DBS in PD treatment. DBS-induced neuronal responses rely on a complex interplay between the distributions of presynaptic inputs, frequency-dependent synaptic depression, and the intrinsic excitability of postsynaptic neurons. This orchestration leads to conversion of firing patterns, enabling both antidromic and orthodromic modulation of neural circuits. Understanding these mechanisms is vital for decoding position- and programming-dependent effects of DBS. Furthermore, patterned stimulation is emerging as a promising strategy yielding long-lasting therapeutic benefits. Research on the neuronal and synaptic adaptations to DBS may pave the way for the development of more enduring and precise modulation patterns. Advanced technologies, such as adaptive DBS or directional electrodes, can also be integrated for circuit-specific neuromodulation. These insights hold the potential to greatly improve the effectiveness of DBS and advance PD treatment to new levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xin-Ni Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingxue Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Bomin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Wei-Guang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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15
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Shinotsuka T, Tanaka YR, Terada SI, Hatano N, Matsuzaki M. Layer 5 Intratelencephalic Neurons in the Motor Cortex Stably Encode Skilled Movement. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7130-7148. [PMID: 37699714 PMCID: PMC10601372 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0428-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary motor cortex (M1) and the dorsal striatum play a critical role in motor learning and the retention of learned behaviors. Motor representations of corticostriatal ensembles emerge during motor learning. In the coordinated reorganization of M1 and the dorsal striatum for motor learning, layer 5a (L5a) which connects M1 to the ipsilateral and contralateral dorsal striatum, should be a key layer. Although M1 L5a neurons represent movement-related activity in the late stage of learning, it is unclear whether the activity is retained as a memory engram. Here, using Tlx3-Cre male transgenic mice, we conducted two-photon calcium imaging of striatum-projecting L5a intratelencephalic (IT) neurons in forelimb M1 during late sessions of a self-initiated lever-pull task and in sessions after 6 d of nontraining following the late sessions. We found that trained male animals exhibited stable motor performance before and after the nontraining days. At the same time, we found that M1 L5a IT neurons strongly represented the well-learned forelimb movement but not uninstructed orofacial movements. A subset of M1 L5a IT neurons consistently coded the well-learned forelimb movement before and after the nontraining days. Inactivation of M1 IT neurons after learning impaired task performance when the lever was made heavier or when the target range of the pull distance was narrowed. These results suggest that a subset of M1 L5a IT neurons continuously represent skilled movement after learning and serve to fine-tune the kinematics of well-learned movement.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Motor memory persists even when it is not used for a while. IT neurons in L5a of the M1 gradually come to represent skilled forelimb movements during motor learning. However, it remains to be determined whether these changes persist over a long period and how these neurons contribute to skilled movements. Here, we show that a subset of M1 L5a IT neurons retain information for skilled forelimb movements even after nontraining days. Furthermore, suppressing the activity of these neurons during skilled forelimb movements impaired behavioral stability and adaptability. Our results suggest the importance of M1 L5a IT neurons for tuning skilled forelimb movements over a long period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Shinotsuka
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro R Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Terada
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Natsuki Hatano
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Matsuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence, University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Brain Functional Dynamics Collaboration Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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16
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Hu Y, Ma TC, Alberico SL, Ding Y, Jin L, Kang UJ. Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Projections to the Pedunculopontine Nucleus Modulate Dyskinesia. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1850-1860. [PMID: 37461292 PMCID: PMC10932617 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term use of levodopa for Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment is often hindered by development of motor complications, including levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and globus pallidus internal segment (GPi) are the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. Dysregulation of SNr and GPi activity contributes to PD pathophysiology and LID. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether direct modulation of SNr GABAergic neurons and SNr projections to the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) regulates PD symptoms and LID in a mouse model. METHODS We expressed Cre-recombinase activated channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or halorhodopsin adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV2) vectors selectively in SNr GABAergic neurons of Vgat-IRES-Cre mice in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of PD to investigate whether direct optogenetic modulation of SNr neurons or their projections to the PPN regulates PD symptoms and LID expression. The forepaw stepping task, mouse LID rating scale, and open-field locomotion were used to assess akinesia and LID to test the effect of SNr modulation. RESULTS Akinesia was improved by suppressing SNr neuron activity with halorhodopsin. LID was significantly reduced by increasing SNr neuronal activity with ChR2, which did not interfere with the antiakinetic effect of levodopa. Optical stimulation of ChR2 in SNr projections to the PPN recapitulated direct SNr stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of SNr GABAergic neurons alters akinesia and LID expression in a manner consistent with the rate model of basal ganglia circuitry. Moreover, the projections from SNr to PPN likely mediate the antidyskinetic effect of increasing SNr neuronal activity, identifying a potential novel role for the PPN in LID. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Thong C. Ma
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Yunmin Ding
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lingjing Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
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17
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Liu Y, Hasegawa E, Nose A, Zwart MF, Kohsaka H. Synchronous multi-segmental activity between metachronal waves controls locomotion speed in Drosophila larvae. eLife 2023; 12:e83328. [PMID: 37551094 PMCID: PMC10409504 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to adjust the speed of locomotion is essential for survival. In limbed animals, the frequency of locomotion is modulated primarily by changing the duration of the stance phase. The underlying neural mechanisms of this selective modulation remain an open question. Here, we report a neural circuit controlling a similarly selective adjustment of locomotion frequency in Drosophila larvae. Drosophila larvae crawl using peristaltic waves of muscle contractions. We find that larvae adjust the frequency of locomotion mostly by varying the time between consecutive contraction waves, reminiscent of limbed locomotion. A specific set of muscles, the lateral transverse (LT) muscles, co-contract in all segments during this phase, the duration of which sets the duration of the interwave phase. We identify two types of GABAergic interneurons in the LT neural network, premotor neuron A26f and its presynaptic partner A31c, which exhibit segmentally synchronized activity and control locomotor frequency by setting the amplitude and duration of LT muscle contractions. Altogether, our results reveal an inhibitory central circuit that sets the frequency of locomotion by controlling the duration of the period in between peristaltic waves. Further analysis of the descending inputs onto this circuit will help understand the higher control of this selective modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtao Liu
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of TokyoKashiwaJapan
| | - Eri Hasegawa
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of TokyoKashiwaJapan
| | - Akinao Nose
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of TokyoKashiwaJapan
| | - Maarten F Zwart
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre of Biophotonics, University of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Hiroshi Kohsaka
- Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of TokyoKashiwaJapan
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-CommunicationsTokyoJapan
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18
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Dubuc R, Cabelguen JM, Ryczko D. Locomotor pattern generation and descending control: a historical perspective. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:401-416. [PMID: 37465884 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00204.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to generate and control locomotor movements depends on complex interactions between many areas of the nervous system, the musculoskeletal system, and the environment. How the nervous system manages to accomplish this task has been the subject of investigation for more than a century. In vertebrates, locomotion is generated by neural networks located in the spinal cord referred to as central pattern generators. Descending inputs from the brain stem initiate, maintain, and stop locomotion as well as control speed and direction. Sensory inputs adapt locomotor programs to the environmental conditions. This review presents a comparative and historical overview of some of the neural mechanisms underlying the control of locomotion in vertebrates. We have put an emphasis on spinal mechanisms and descending control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réjean Dubuc
- Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Marie Cabelguen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1215-Neurocentre Magendie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Neurosciences Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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19
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Zahler SH, Taylor DE, Wright BS, Wong JY, Shvareva VA, Park YA, Feinberg EH. Hindbrain modules differentially transform activity of single collicular neurons to coordinate movements. Cell 2023; 186:3062-3078.e20. [PMID: 37343561 PMCID: PMC10424787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Seemingly simple behaviors such as swatting a mosquito or glancing at a signpost involve the precise coordination of multiple body parts. Neural control of coordinated movements is widely thought to entail transforming a desired overall displacement into displacements for each body part. Here we reveal a different logic implemented in the mouse gaze system. Stimulating superior colliculus (SC) elicits head movements with stereotyped displacements but eye movements with stereotyped endpoints. This is achieved by individual SC neurons whose branched axons innervate modules in medulla and pons that drive head movements with stereotyped displacements and eye movements with stereotyped endpoints, respectively. Thus, single neurons specify a mixture of endpoints and displacements for different body parts, not overall displacement, with displacements for different body parts computed at distinct anatomical stages. Our study establishes an approach for unraveling motor hierarchies and identifies a logic for coordinating movements and the resulting pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian H Zahler
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David E Taylor
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Brennan S Wright
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joey Y Wong
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Varvara A Shvareva
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yusol A Park
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Evan H Feinberg
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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20
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Zhao P, Jiang T, Wang H, Jia X, Li A, Gong H, Li X. Upper brainstem cholinergic neurons project to ascending and descending circuits. BMC Biol 2023; 21:135. [PMID: 37280580 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on their anatomical location, rostral projections of nuclei are classified as ascending circuits, while caudal projections are classified as descending circuits. Upper brainstem neurons participate in complex information processing and specific sub-populations preferentially project to participating ascending or descending circuits. Cholinergic neurons in the upper brainstem have extensive collateralizations in both ascending and descending circuits; however, their single-cell projection patterns remain unclear because of the lack of comprehensive characterization of individual neurons. RESULTS By combining fluorescent micro-optical sectional tomography with sparse labeling, we acquired a high-resolution whole-brain dataset of pontine-tegmental cholinergic neurons (PTCNs) and reconstructed their detailed morphology using semi-automatic reconstruction methods. As the main source of acetylcholine in some subcortical areas, individual PTCNs had abundant axons with lengths up to 60 cm and 5000 terminals and innervated multiple brain regions from the spinal cord to the cortex in both hemispheres. Based on various collaterals in the ascending and descending circuits, individual PTCNs were grouped into four subtypes. The morphology of cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus was more divergent, whereas the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus neurons contained richer axonal branches and dendrites. In the ascending circuits, individual PTCNs innervated the thalamus in three different patterns and projected to the cortex via two separate pathways. Moreover, PTCNs targeting the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra had abundant collaterals in the pontine reticular nuclei, and these two circuits contributed oppositely to locomotion. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that individual PTCNs have abundant axons, and most project to various collaterals in the ascending and descending circuits simultaneously. They target regions with multiple patterns, such as the thalamus and cortex. These results provide a detailed organizational characterization of cholinergic neurons to understand the connexional logic of the upper brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Zhao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Institute of neurological diseases, North Sichuan Medical University, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Research Unit of Multimodal Cross Scale Neural Signal Detection and Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Huading Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xueyan Jia
- Research Unit of Multimodal Cross Scale Neural Signal Detection and Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Anan Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Research Unit of Multimodal Cross Scale Neural Signal Detection and Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Research Unit of Multimodal Cross Scale Neural Signal Detection and Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiangning Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Research Unit of Multimodal Cross Scale Neural Signal Detection and Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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21
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Hérent C, Diem S, Usseglio G, Fortin G, Bouvier J. Upregulation of breathing rate during running exercise by central locomotor circuits in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2939. [PMID: 37217517 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
While respiratory adaptation to exercise is compulsory to cope with the increased metabolic demand, the neural signals at stake remain poorly identified. Using neural circuit tracing and activity interference strategies in mice, we uncover here two systems by which the central locomotor network can enable respiratory augmentation in relation to running activity. One originates in the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), a conserved locomotor controller. Through direct projections onto the neurons of the preBötzinger complex that generate the inspiratory rhythm, the MLR can trigger a moderate increase of respiratory frequency, prior to, or even in the absence of, locomotion. The other is the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord containing the hindlimb motor circuits. When activated, and through projections onto the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), it also potently upregulates breathing rate. On top of identifying critical underpinnings for respiratory hyperpnea, these data also expand the functional implication of cell types and pathways that are typically regarded as "locomotor" or "respiratory" related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Hérent
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Séverine Diem
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Giovanni Usseglio
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France
| | - Gilles Fortin
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Julien Bouvier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France.
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22
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Hovhannisyan AH, Lindquist K, Belugin S, Mecklenburg J, Ibrahim T, Tram M, Corey T, Salmon A, Ruparel S, Ruparel S, Akopian A. Sensory innervation of masseter, temporal and lateral pterygoid muscles in common marmosets. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.10.528062. [PMID: 36798270 PMCID: PMC9934658 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.10.528062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Myogenous temporomandibular disorders (TMDM) is associated with an increased responsiveness of nerves innervating the masseter (MM), temporal (TM), medial pterygoid (MPM) and lateral pterygoid muscles (LPM). This study aimed to examine sensory nerve types innervating MM, TM and LPM of adult non-human primate - common marmosets. Sensory nerves are localized in specific regions of these muscles. Pgp9.5, marker for all nerves, and NFH, a marker for A-fibers, showed that masticatory muscles were predominantly innervated with A-fibers. The proportion of C- to A-fibers was highest in LPM, and minimal (6-8%) in MM. All C-fibers (pgp9.5+/NFH-) observed in masticatory muscles were peptidergic (CGRP+) and lacked mrgprD, trpV1 and CHRNA3, a silent nociceptive marker. All fibers in masticatory muscles were labeled with GFAP+, a myelin sheath marker. There were substantially more peptidergic A-fibers (CGRP+/NFH+) in TM and LPM compared to MM. Almost all A-fibers in MM expressed trkC, with some of them having trkB and parvalbumin. In contrast, a lesser number of TM and LPM nerves expressed trkC, and lacked trkB. Tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies, which did not label TG, highlighted sympathetic fibers around blood vessels of the masticatory muscles. Overall, masticatory muscle types of marmosets have distinct and different innervation patterns.
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23
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Ishii K, Kohno T, Hattori M. Postnatal injection of Reelin protein into the cerebellum ameliorates the motor functions in reeler mouse. Neurosci Res 2023:S0168-0102(23)00070-6. [PMID: 37011786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Reelin is a large secreted protein important for brain development and functions. In both humans and mice, the lack of Reelin gene causes cerebellar hypoplasia and ataxia. Treatment against Reelin deficiency is currently unavailable. Here, we show that the injection of recombinant Reelin protein into the cerebellum of Reelin-deficient reeler mice at postnatal day 3 ameliorates the forelimb coordination and mice are noted to stand up along cage wall more frequently. A mutant Reelin protein resistant to proteases has no better effect than the wild-type Reelin. Such ameliorations were not observed when a mutant Reelin protein that does not bind to Reelin receptors was injected and the injection of Reelin protein did not ameliorate the behavior of Dab1-mutant yotari mice, indicating that its effect is dependent on the canonical Reelin receptor-Dab1 pathway. Additionally, a Purkinje cell layer in reeler mice was locally induced by Reelin protein injection. Our results indicate that the reeler mouse cerebellum retains the ability to react to Reelin protein in the postnatal stage and that Reelin protein has the potential to benefit Reelin-deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ishii
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takao Kohno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Hattori
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
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24
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Roussel M, Lafrance-Zoubga D, Josset N, Lemieux M, Bretzner F. Functional contribution of mesencephalic locomotor region nuclei to locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100946. [PMID: 36812893 PMCID: PMC9975330 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a disruption of information between the brain and the spinal circuit. Electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) can promote locomotor recovery in acute and chronic SCI rodent models. Although clinical trials are currently under way, there is still debate about the organization of this supraspinal center and which anatomic correlate of the MLR should be targeted to promote recovery. Combining kinematics, electromyographic recordings, anatomic analysis, and mouse genetics, our study reveals that glutamatergic neurons of the cuneiform nucleus contribute to locomotor recovery by enhancing motor efficacy in hindlimb muscles, and by increasing locomotor rhythm and speed on a treadmill, over ground, and during swimming in chronic SCI mice. In contrast, glutamatergic neurons of the pedunculopontine nucleus slow down locomotion. Therefore, our study identifies the cuneiform nucleus and its glutamatergic neurons as a therapeutical target to improve locomotor recovery in patients living with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Roussel
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL-Neurosciences, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - David Lafrance-Zoubga
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL-Neurosciences, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nicolas Josset
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL-Neurosciences, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Maxime Lemieux
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL-Neurosciences, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Frederic Bretzner
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, CHUL-Neurosciences, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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25
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Brainstem circuits encoding start, speed, and duration of swimming in adult zebrafish. Neuron 2023; 111:372-386.e4. [PMID: 36413988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The flexibility of locomotor movements requires an accurate control of their start, duration, and speed. How brainstem circuits encode and convey these locomotor parameters remains unclear. Here, we have combined in vivo calcium imaging, electrophysiology, anatomy, and behavior in adult zebrafish to address these questions. We reveal that the detailed parameters of locomotor movements are encoded by two molecularly, topographically, and functionally segregated glutamatergic neuron subpopulations within the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The start, duration, and changes of locomotion speed are encoded by vGlut2+ neurons, whereas vGlut1+ neurons encode sudden changes to high speed/high amplitude movements. Ablation of vGlut2+ neurons compromised slow-explorative swimming, whereas vGlut1+ neuron ablation impaired fast swimming. Our results provide mechanistic insights into how separate brainstem subpopulations implement flexible locomotor commands. These two brainstem command subpopulations are suitably organized to integrate environmental cues and hence generate flexible swimming movements to match the animal's behavioral needs.
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26
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Yang W, Kanodia H, Arber S. Structural and functional map for forelimb movement phases between cortex and medulla. Cell 2023; 186:162-177.e18. [PMID: 36608651 PMCID: PMC9842395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cortex influences movement by widespread top-down projections to many nervous system regions. Skilled forelimb movements require brainstem circuitry in the medulla; however, the logic of cortical interactions with these neurons remains unexplored. Here, we reveal a fine-grained anatomical and functional map between anterior cortex (AC) and medulla in mice. Distinct cortical regions generate three-dimensional synaptic columns tiling the lateral medulla, topographically matching the dorso-ventral positions of postsynaptic neurons tuned to distinct forelimb action phases. Although medial AC (MAC) terminates ventrally and connects to forelimb-reaching-tuned neurons and its silencing impairs reaching, lateral AC (LAC) influences dorsally positioned neurons tuned to food handling, and its silencing impairs handling. Cortico-medullary neurons also extend collaterals to other subcortical structures through a segregated channel interaction logic. Our findings reveal a precise alignment between cortical location, its function, and specific forelimb-action-tuned medulla neurons, thereby clarifying interaction principles between these two key structures and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuzhou Yang
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Harsh Kanodia
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Arber
- Biozentrum, Department of Cell Biology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland,Corresponding author
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27
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Lin C, Ridder MC, Sah P. The PPN and motor control: Preclinical studies to deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1095441. [PMID: 36925563 PMCID: PMC10011138 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1095441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is the major part of the mesencephalic locomotor region, involved in the control of gait and locomotion. The PPN contains glutamatergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic neurons that all make local connections, but also have long-range ascending and descending connections. While initially thought of as a region only involved in gait and locomotion, recent evidence is showing that this structure also participates in decision-making to initiate movement. Clinically, the PPN has been used as a target for deep brain stimulation to manage freezing of gait in late Parkinson's disease. In this review, we will discuss current thinking on the role of the PPN in locomotor control. We will focus on the cytoarchitecture and functional connectivity of the PPN in relationship to motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Lin
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Joint Centre for Neuroscience and Neural Engineering, and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Margreet C Ridder
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Pankaj Sah
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Joint Centre for Neuroscience and Neural Engineering, and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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28
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Kroeger D, Thundercliffe J, Phung A, De Luca R, Geraci C, Bragg S, McCafferty KJ, Bandaru SS, Arrigoni E, Scammell TE. Glutamatergic pedunculopontine tegmental neurons control wakefulness and locomotion via distinct axonal projections. Sleep 2022; 45:zsac242. [PMID: 36170177 PMCID: PMC9742893 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nucleus is implicated in many brain functions, ranging from sleep/wake control and locomotion, to reward mechanisms and learning. The PPT contains cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons with extensive ascending and descending axonal projections. Glutamatergic PPT (PPTvGlut2) neurons are thought to promote wakefulness, but the mechanisms through which this occurs are unknown. In addition, some researchers propose that PPTvGlut2 neurons promote locomotion, yet even though the PPT is a target for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease, the role of the PPT in locomotion is debated. We hypothesized that PPTvGluT2 neurons drive arousal and specific waking behaviors via certain projections and modulate locomotion via others. METHODS We mapped the axonal projections of PPTvGlut2 neurons using conditional anterograde tracing and then photostimulated PPTvGlut2 soma or their axon terminal fields across sleep/wake states and analyzed sleep/wake behavior, muscle activity, and locomotion in transgenic mice. RESULTS We found that stimulation of PPTvGlut2 soma and their axon terminals rapidly triggered arousals from non-rapid eye movement sleep, especially with activation of terminals in the basal forebrain (BF) and lateral hypothalamus (LH). With photoactivation of PPTvGlut2 terminals in the BF and LH, this wakefulness was accompanied by locomotion and other active behaviors, but stimulation of PPTvGlut2 soma and terminals in the substantia nigra triggered only quiet wakefulness without locomotion. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the importance of the PPTvGluT2 neurons in driving various aspects of arousal and show that heterogeneous brain nuclei, such as the PPT, can promote a variety of behaviors via distinct axonal projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kroeger
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jack Thundercliffe
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex Phung
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberto De Luca
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolyn Geraci
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Bragg
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kayleen J McCafferty
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Sathyajit S Bandaru
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas E Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Anderson MA, Squair JW, Gautier M, Hutson TH, Kathe C, Barraud Q, Bloch J, Courtine G. Natural and targeted circuit reorganization after spinal cord injury. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1584-1596. [PMID: 36396975 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A spinal cord injury disrupts communication between the brain and the circuits in the spinal cord that regulate neurological functions. The consequences are permanent paralysis, loss of sensation and debilitating dysautonomia. However, the majority of circuits located above and below the injury remain anatomically intact, and these circuits can reorganize naturally to improve function. In addition, various neuromodulation therapies have tapped into these processes to further augment recovery. Emerging research is illuminating the requirements to reconstitute damaged circuits. Here, we summarize these natural and targeted reorganizations of circuits after a spinal cord injury. We also advocate for new concepts of reorganizing circuits informed by multi-omic single-cell atlases of recovery from injury. These atlases will uncover the molecular logic that governs the selection of 'recovery-organizing' neuronal subpopulations, and are poised to herald a new era in spinal cord medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Anderson
- NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jordan W Squair
- NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Gautier
- NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas H Hutson
- NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Kathe
- NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Barraud
- NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyne Bloch
- NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Courtine
- NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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30
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Neuronal Firing and Glutamatergic Synapses in the Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata of LRRK2-G2019S Mice. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111635. [DOI: 10.3390/biom12111635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are frequent causes of familial Parkinson’s Disease (PD), an increasingly prevalent neurodegenerative disease that affects basal ganglia circuitry. The cellular effects of the G2019S mutation in the LRRK2 gene, the most common pathological mutation, have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study we used middle-aged mice carrying the LRRK2-G2019S mutation (G2019S mice) to identify potential alterations in the neurophysiological properties and characteristics of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in basal ganglia output neurons, i.e., substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) GABAergic neurons. We found that the intrinsic membrane properties and action potential properties were unaltered in G2019S mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. The spontaneous firing frequency was similar, but we observed an increased regularity in the firing of SNr neurons recorded from G2019S mice. We examined the short-term plasticity of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, and we found an increased paired-pulse depression in G2019S mice compared to WT mice, indicating an increased probability of glutamate release in SNr neurons from G2019S mice. We measured synaptic transmission mediated by NMDA receptors and we found that the kinetics of synaptic responses mediated by these receptors were unaltered, as well as the contribution of the GluN2B subunit to these responses, in SNr neurons of G2019S mice compared to WT mice. These results demonstrate an overall maintenance of basic neurophysiological and synaptic characteristics, and subtle changes in the firing pattern and in glutamatergic synaptic transmission in basal ganglia output neurons that precede neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the LRRK2-G2019S mouse model of late-onset PD.
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31
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Progresses of animal robots: A historical review and perspectiveness. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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32
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Partanen J, Achim K. Neurons gating behavior—developmental, molecular and functional features of neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars reticulata. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:976209. [PMID: 36148148 PMCID: PMC9485944 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.976209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Substantia Nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) is the major information output site of the basal ganglia network and instrumental for the activation and adjustment of movement, regulation of the behavioral state and response to reward. Due to both overlapping and unique input and output connections, the SNpr might also have signal integration capacity and contribute to action selection. How the SNpr regulates these multiple functions remains incompletely understood. The SNpr is located in the ventral midbrain and is composed primarily of inhibitory GABAergic projection neurons that are heterogeneous in their properties. In addition, the SNpr contains smaller populations of other neurons, including glutamatergic neurons. Here, we discuss regionalization of the SNpr, in particular the division of the SNpr neurons to anterior (aSNpr) and posterior (pSNpr) subtypes, which display differences in many of their features. We hypothesize that unique developmental and molecular characteristics of the SNpr neuron subtypes correlate with both region-specific connections and notable functional specializations of the SNpr. Variation in both the genetic control of the SNpr neuron development as well as signals regulating cell migration and axon guidance may contribute to the functional diversity of the SNpr neurons. Therefore, insights into the various aspects of differentiation of the SNpr neurons can increase our understanding of fundamental brain functions and their defects in neurological and psychiatric disorders, including movement and mood disorders, as well as epilepsy.
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33
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Emiliani V, Entcheva E, Hedrich R, Hegemann P, Konrad KR, Lüscher C, Mahn M, Pan ZH, Sims RR, Vierock J, Yizhar O. Optogenetics for light control of biological systems. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:55. [PMID: 37933248 PMCID: PMC10627578 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and light. Optogenetics employs natural and engineered photoreceptors, mostly of microbial origin, to be genetically introduced into the cells of interest. As a result, cells that are naturally light-insensitive can be made photosensitive and addressable by illumination and precisely controllable in time and space. The selectivity of expression and subcellular targeting in the host is enabled by applying control elements such as promoters, enhancers and specific targeting sequences to the employed photoreceptor-encoding DNA. This powerful approach allows precise characterization and manipulation of cellular functions and has motivated the development of advanced optical methods for patterned photostimulation. Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience during the past 15 years and is primed to have a similar impact in other fields, including cardiology, cell biology and plant sciences. In this Primer, we describe the principles of optogenetics, review the most commonly used optogenetic tools, illumination approaches and scientific applications and discuss the possibilities and limitations associated with optogenetic manipulations across a wide variety of optical techniques, cells, circuits and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Emiliani
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Emilia Entcheva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai R. Konrad
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lüscher
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Clinic of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Mahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhuo-Hua Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ruth R. Sims
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Vierock
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité – Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ofer Yizhar
- Departments of Brain Sciences and Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Wang Z, Romanski A, Mehra V, Wang Y, Brannigan M, Campbell BC, Petsko GA, Tsoulfas P, Blackmore MG. Brain-wide analysis of the supraspinal connectome reveals anatomical correlates to functional recovery after spinal injury. eLife 2022; 11:76254. [PMID: 35838234 PMCID: PMC9345604 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The supraspinal connectome is essential for normal behavior and homeostasis and consists of numerous sensory, motor, and autonomic projections from brain to spinal cord. Study of supraspinal control and its restoration after damage has focused mostly on a handful of major populations that carry motor commands, with only limited consideration of dozens more that provide autonomic or crucial motor modulation. Here, we assemble an experimental workflow to rapidly profile the entire supraspinal mesoconnectome in adult mice and disseminate the output in a web-based resource. Optimized viral labeling, 3D imaging, and registration to a mouse digital neuroanatomical atlas assigned tens of thousands of supraspinal neurons to 69 identified regions. We demonstrate the ability of this approach to clarify essential points of topographic mapping between spinal levels, measure population-specific sensitivity to spinal injury, and test the relationships between region-specific neuronal sparing and variability in functional recovery. This work will spur progress by broadening understanding of essential but understudied supraspinal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Adam Romanski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Vatsal Mehra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - Matthew Brannigan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Benjamin C Campbell
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Cornell University, New York, United States
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Cornell University, New York, United States
| | - Pantelis Tsoulfas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - Murray G Blackmore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States
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35
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Joza S, Camicioli R, Martin WRW, Wieler M, Gee M, Ba F. Pedunculopontine Nucleus Dysconnectivity Correlates With Gait Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease: An Exploratory Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:874692. [PMID: 35875799 PMCID: PMC9304714 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.874692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gait impairment is a debilitating and progressive feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Increasing evidence suggests that gait control is partly mediated by cholinergic signaling from the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). Objective We investigated whether PPN structural connectivity correlated with quantitative gait measures in PD. Methods Twenty PD patients and 15 controls underwent diffusion tensor imaging to quantify structural connectivity of the PPN. Whole brain analysis using tract-based spatial statistics and probabilistic tractography were performed using the PPN as a seed region of interest for cortical and subcortical target structures. Gait metrics were recorded in subjects’ medication ON and OFF states, and were used to determine if specific features of gait dysfunction in PD were related to PPN structural connectivity. Results Tract-based spatial statistics revealed reduced structural connectivity involving the corpus callosum and right superior corona radiata, but did not correlate with gait measures. Abnormalities in PPN structural connectivity in PD were lateralized to the right hemisphere, with pathways involving the right caudate nucleus, amygdala, pre-supplementary motor area, and primary somatosensory cortex. Altered connectivity of the right PPN-caudate nucleus was associated with worsened cadence, stride time, and velocity while in the ON state; altered connectivity of the right PPN-amygdala was associated with reduced stride length in the OFF state. Conclusion Our exploratory analysis detects a potential correlation between gait dysfunction in PD and a characteristic pattern of connectivity deficits in the PPN network involving the right caudate nucleus and amygdala, which may be investigated in future larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Joza
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard Camicioli
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Marguerite Wieler
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Myrlene Gee
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Fang Ba
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Fang Ba,
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36
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Noga BR, Whelan PJ. The Mesencephalic Locomotor Region: Beyond Locomotor Control. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:884785. [PMID: 35615623 PMCID: PMC9124768 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.884785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) was discovered several decades ago in the cat. It was functionally defined based on the ability of low threshold electrical stimuli within a region comprising the cuneiform and pedunculopontine nucleus to evoke locomotion. Since then, similar regions have been found in diverse vertebrate species, including the lamprey, skate, rodent, pig, monkey, and human. The MLR, while often viewed under the lens of locomotion, is involved in diverse processes involving the autonomic nervous system, respiratory system, and the state-dependent activation of motor systems. This review will discuss the pedunculopontine nucleus and cuneiform nucleus that comprises the MLR and examine their respective connectomes from both an anatomical and functional angle. From a functional perspective, the MLR primes the cardiovascular and respiratory systems before the locomotor activity occurs. Inputs from a variety of higher structures, and direct outputs to the monoaminergic nuclei, allow the MLR to be able to respond appropriately to state-dependent locomotion. These state-dependent effects are roughly divided into escape and exploratory behavior, and the MLR also can reinforce the selection of these locomotor behaviors through projections to adjacent structures such as the periaqueductal gray or to limbic and cortical regions. Findings from the rat, mouse, pig, and cat will be discussed to highlight similarities and differences among diverse species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Noga
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian R. Noga Patrick J. Whelan
| | - Patrick J. Whelan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Brian R. Noga Patrick J. Whelan
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37
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Networking brainstem and basal ganglia circuits for movement. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:342-360. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00581-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Inagaki HK, Chen S, Ridder MC, Sah P, Li N, Yang Z, Hasanbegovic H, Gao Z, Gerfen CR, Svoboda K. A midbrain-thalamus-cortex circuit reorganizes cortical dynamics to initiate movement. Cell 2022; 185:1065-1081.e23. [PMID: 35245431 PMCID: PMC8990337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Motor behaviors are often planned long before execution but only released after specific sensory events. Planning and execution are each associated with distinct patterns of motor cortex activity. Key questions are how these dynamic activity patterns are generated and how they relate to behavior. Here, we investigate the multi-regional neural circuits that link an auditory "Go cue" and the transition from planning to execution of directional licking. Ascending glutamatergic neurons in the midbrain reticular and pedunculopontine nuclei show short latency and phasic changes in spike rate that are selective for the Go cue. This signal is transmitted via the thalamus to the motor cortex, where it triggers a rapid reorganization of motor cortex state from planning-related activity to a motor command, which in turn drives appropriate movement. Our studies show how midbrain can control cortical dynamics via the thalamus for rapid and precise motor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko K Inagaki
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Susu Chen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Margreet C Ridder
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pankaj Sah
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Joint Center for Neuroscience and Neural Engineering, and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
| | - Nuo Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zidan Yang
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hana Hasanbegovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | | | - Karel Svoboda
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA; Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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39
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Knoedler JR, Inoue S, Bayless DW, Yang T, Tantry A, Davis CH, Leung NY, Parthasarathy S, Wang G, Alvarado M, Rizvi AH, Fenno LE, Ramakrishnan C, Deisseroth K, Shah NM. A functional cellular framework for sex and estrous cycle-dependent gene expression and behavior. Cell 2022; 185:654-671.e22. [PMID: 35065713 PMCID: PMC8956134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormones exert a profound influence on gendered behaviors. How individual sex hormone-responsive neuronal populations regulate diverse sex-typical behaviors is unclear. We performed orthogonal, genetically targeted sequencing of four estrogen receptor 1-expressing (Esr1+) populations and identified 1,415 genes expressed differentially between sexes or estrous states. Unique subsets of these genes were distributed across all 137 transcriptomically defined Esr1+ cell types, including estrous stage-specific ones, that comprise the four populations. We used differentially expressed genes labeling single Esr1+ cell types as entry points to functionally characterize two such cell types, BNSTprTac1/Esr1 and VMHvlCckar/Esr1. We observed that these two cell types, but not the other Esr1+ cell types in these populations, are essential for sex recognition in males and mating in females, respectively. Furthermore, VMHvlCckar/Esr1 cell type projections are distinct from those of other VMHvlEsr1 cell types. Together, projection and functional specialization of dimorphic cell types enables sex hormone-responsive populations to regulate diverse social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Knoedler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sayaka Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel W Bayless
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Taehong Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adarsh Tantry
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chung-Ha Davis
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicole Y Leung
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Grace Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maricruz Alvarado
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abbas H Rizvi
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lief E Fenno
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nirao M Shah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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40
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Peng Y, Schöneberg N, Esposito MS, Geiger JRP, Sharott A, Tovote P. Current approaches to characterize micro- and macroscale circuit mechanisms of Parkinson's disease in rodent models. Exp Neurol 2022; 351:114008. [PMID: 35149118 PMCID: PMC7612860 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Accelerating technological progress in experimental neuroscience is increasing the scale as well as specificity of both observational and perturbational approaches to study circuit physiology. While these techniques have also been used to study disease mechanisms, a wider adoption of these approaches in the field of experimental neurology would greatly facilitate our understanding of neurological dysfunctions and their potential treatments at cellular and circuit level. In this review, we will introduce classic and novel methods ranging from single-cell electrophysiological recordings to state-of-the-art calcium imaging and cell-type specific optogenetic or chemogenetic stimulation. We will focus on their application in rodent models of Parkinson’s disease while also presenting their use in the context of motor control and basal ganglia function. By highlighting the scope and limitations of each method, we will discuss how they can be used to study pathophysiological mechanisms at local and global circuit levels and how novel frameworks can help to bridge these scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Peng
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom.
| | - Nina Schöneberg
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Soledad Esposito
- Medical Physics Department, Centro Atomico Bariloche, Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica (CNEA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Av. E. Bustillo 9500, R8402AGP San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Jörg R P Geiger
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Sharott
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Tovote
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany; Center for Mental Health, University of Wuerzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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41
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Masini D, Kiehn O. Targeted activation of midbrain neurons restores locomotor function in mouse models of parkinsonism. Nat Commun 2022; 13:504. [PMID: 35082287 PMCID: PMC8791953 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a locomotor command area containing glutamatergic neurons that control locomotor initiation and maintenance. These motor actions are deficient in Parkinson’s disease (PD), where dopaminergic neurodegeneration alters basal ganglia activity. Being downstream of the basal ganglia, the PPN may be a suitable target for ameliorating parkinsonian motor symptoms. Here, we use in vivo cell-type specific PPN activation to restore motor function in two mouse models of parkinsonism made by acute pharmacological blockage of dopamine transmission. With a combination of chemo- and opto-genetics, we show that excitation of caudal glutamatergic PPN neurons can normalize the otherwise severe locomotor deficit in PD, whereas targeting the local GABAergic population only leads to recovery of slow locomotion. The motor rescue driven by glutamatergic PPN activation is independent of activity in nearby locomotor promoting glutamatergic Cuneiform neurons. Our observations point to caudal glutamatergic PPN neurons as a potential target for neuromodulatory restoration of locomotor function in PD. Here, the authors use cell-type specific stimulation of brainstem neurons within the caudal pedunculopontine nucleus to show that activation of excitatory neurons can normalize severe locomotor deficit in mouse models of parkinsonism. The study defines a potential target for neuromodulatory restoration of locomotor function in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Masini
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Kiehn
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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42
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Isa K, Tokuoka K, Ikeda S, Karimi S, Kobayashi K, Sooksawate T, Isa T. Amygdala Underlies the Environment Dependency of Defense Responses Induced via Superior Colliculus. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:768647. [PMID: 35069122 PMCID: PMC8776830 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.768647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we showed that the defense responses induced by the selective optogenetic activation of the uncrossed output pathway from the deeper layer of the superior colliculus were environment dependent in the mouse. In a small closed box, the stimulus frequently induced flight (fast forward run away) responses, while in a large open field, the stimulus tended to induce backward retreat responses. We tested a hypothesis that the amygdala is involved in such environment dependency of the innate defense responses. For this purpose, we made a bilateral lesion of the amygdala induced by the ibotenic acid injections in male mice. As a result, in the mice with lesions of substantial portions of the basolateral and basomedial complex, the flight responses in the closed box disappeared and retreat responses were mainly induced. The retreat responses on the open platform were unchanged. Classically, the amygdala has been considered to be involved in the memory-dependent contextual modulation of the fear responses. In contrast, the present results suggest a novel view on the role of the amygdala in which the amygdala plays a key role in sensing the current environmental setting for making a quick decision of action upon emergency, which is critical for survival in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kota Tokuoka
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sakura Ikeda
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sara Karimi
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Thongchai Sooksawate
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Tadashi Isa
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Thongchai Sooksawate
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43
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Abstract
Locomotion is a universal motor behavior that is expressed as the output of many integrated brain functions. Locomotion is organized at several levels of the nervous system, with brainstem circuits acting as the gate between brain areas regulating innate, emotional, or motivational locomotion and executive spinal circuits. Here we review recent advances on brainstem circuits involved in controlling locomotion. We describe how delineated command circuits govern the start, speed, stop, and steering of locomotion. We also discuss how these pathways interface between executive circuits in the spinal cord and diverse brain areas important for context-specific selection of locomotion. A recurrent theme is the need to establish a functional connectome to and from brainstem command circuits. Finally, we point to unresolved issues concerning the integrated function of locomotor control. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 45 is July 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Leiras
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jared M. Cregg
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Kiehn
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Bohnen NI, Costa RM, Dauer WT, Factor SA, Giladi N, Hallett M, Lewis SJ, Nieuwboer A, Nutt JG, Takakusaki K, Kang UJ, Przedborski S, Papa SM. Discussion of Research Priorities for Gait Disorders in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 37:253-263. [PMID: 34939221 PMCID: PMC10122497 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gait and balance abnormalities develop commonly in Parkinson's disease and are among the motor symptoms most disabling and refractory to dopaminergic or other treatments, including deep brain stimulation. Efforts to develop effective therapies are challenged by limited understanding of these complex disorders. There is a major need for novel and appropriately targeted research to expedite progress in this area. The Scientific Issues Committee of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society has charged a panel of experts in the field to consider the current knowledge gaps and determine the research routes with highest potential to generate groundbreaking data. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas I. Bohnen
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology University of Michigan and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Rui M. Costa
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute Columbia University New York New York USA
| | - William T. Dauer
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience The Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Dallas Texas USA
| | - Stewart A. Factor
- Jean and Paul Amos Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Program Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Nir Giladi
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel‐Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Simon J.G. Lewis
- ForeFront Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Alice Nieuwboer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - John G. Nutt
- Movement Disorder Section, Department of Neurology Oregon Health & Science University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Kaoru Takakusaki
- Department of Physiology, Section of Neuroscience Asahikawa Medical University Asahikawa Japan
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Physiology Neuroscience Institute, The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, The Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine New York New York USA
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Neurology, and Neuroscience Columbia University New York New York USA
| | - Stella M. Papa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA
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45
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Pernía-Andrade AJ, Wenger N, Esposito MS, Tovote P. Circuits for State-Dependent Modulation of Locomotion. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:745689. [PMID: 34858153 PMCID: PMC8631332 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.745689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-wide neural circuits enable bi- and quadrupeds to express adaptive locomotor behaviors in a context- and state-dependent manner, e.g., in response to threats or rewards. These behaviors include dynamic transitions between initiation, maintenance and termination of locomotion. Advances within the last decade have revealed an intricate coordination of these individual locomotion phases by complex interaction of multiple brain circuits. This review provides an overview of the neural basis of state-dependent modulation of locomotion initiation, maintenance and termination, with a focus on insights from circuit-centered studies in rodents. The reviewed evidence indicates that a brain-wide network involving excitatory circuit elements connecting cortex, midbrain and medullary areas appears to be the common substrate for the initiation of locomotion across different higher-order states. Specific network elements within motor cortex and the mesencephalic locomotor region drive the initial postural adjustment and the initiation of locomotion. Microcircuits of the basal ganglia, by implementing action-selection computations, trigger goal-directed locomotion. The initiation of locomotion is regulated by neuromodulatory circuits residing in the basal forebrain, the hypothalamus, and medullary regions such as locus coeruleus. The maintenance of locomotion requires the interaction of an even larger neuronal network involving motor, sensory and associative cortical elements, as well as defined circuits within the superior colliculus, the cerebellum, the periaqueductal gray, the mesencephalic locomotor region and the medullary reticular formation. Finally, locomotor arrest as an important component of defensive emotional states, such as acute anxiety, is mediated via a network of survival circuits involving hypothalamus, amygdala, periaqueductal gray and medullary premotor centers. By moving beyond the organizational principle of functional brain regions, this review promotes a circuit-centered perspective of locomotor regulation by higher-order states, and emphasizes the importance of individual network elements such as cell types and projection pathways. The realization that dysfunction within smaller, identifiable circuit elements can affect the larger network function supports more mechanistic and targeted therapeutic intervention in the treatment of motor network disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolaus Wenger
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria S Esposito
- Medical Physics Department, Centro Atomico Bariloche, Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Philip Tovote
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Noga BR, Guest JD. Combined neuromodulatory approaches in the central nervous system for treatment of spinal cord injury. Curr Opin Neurol 2021; 34:804-811. [PMID: 34593718 PMCID: PMC8595808 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To report progress in neuromodulation following spinal cord injury (SCI) using combined brain and spinal neuromodulation.Neuromodulation refers to alterations in neuronal activity for therapeutic purposes. Beneficial effects are established in disease states such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), chronic pain, epilepsy, and SCI. The repertoire of neuromodulation and bioelectric medicine is rapidly expanding. After SCI, cohort studies have reported the benefits of epidural stimulation (ES) combined with training. Recently, we have explored combining ES with deep brain stimulation (DBS) to increase activation of descending motor systems to address limitations of ES in severe SCI. In this review, we describe the types of applied neuromodulation that could be combined in SCI to amplify efficacy to enable movement. These include ES, mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) - DBS, noninvasive transcutaneous stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, paired-pulse paradigms, and neuromodulatory drugs. We examine immediate and longer-term effects and what is known about: (1) induced neuroplastic changes, (2) potential safety concerns; (3) relevant outcome measures; (4) optimization of stimulation; (5) therapeutic limitations and prospects to overcome these. RECENT FINDINGS DBS of the mesencephalic locomotor region is emerging as a potential clinical target to amplify supraspinal command circuits for locomotion. SUMMARY Combinations of neuromodulatory methods may have additive value for restoration of function after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Noga
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Judd EN, Lewis SM, Person AL. Diverse inhibitory projections from the cerebellar interposed nucleus. eLife 2021; 10:e66231. [PMID: 34542410 PMCID: PMC8483738 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum consists of parallel circuit modules that contribute to diverse behaviors, spanning motor to cognitive. Recent work employing cell-type-specific tracing has identified circumscribed output channels of the cerebellar nuclei (CbN) that could confer tight functional specificity. These studies have largely focused on excitatory projections of the CbN, however, leaving open the question of whether inhibitory neurons also constitute multiple output modules. We mapped output and input patterns to intersectionally restricted cell types of the interposed and adjacent interstitial nuclei in mice. In contrast to the widespread assumption of primarily excitatory outputs and restricted inferior olive-targeting inhibitory output, we found that inhibitory neurons from this region ramified widely within the brainstem, targeting both motor- and sensory-related nuclei, distinct from excitatory output targets. Despite differences in output targeting, monosynaptic rabies tracing revealed largely shared afferents to both cell classes. We discuss the potential novel functional roles for inhibitory outputs in the context of cerebellar theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Judd
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Samantha M Lewis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Abigail L Person
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
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