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Zhang H, Song X, Ge S, Song W, Wang F, Yin Q, Zhang M, Zhuang P, Zhang Y. Zixue Powder attenuates septic thrombosis via reducing neutrophil extracellular trap through blocking platelet STING activation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118337. [PMID: 38740110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Microthrombosis is commonly seen in sepsis and COVID-19. Zixue Powder (ZXP) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula with the potential to treat microvascular and infectious diseases. However, the role and mechanism of ZXP in sepsis-associated thrombosis remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY Investigating the therapeutic effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of ZXP in septic thrombosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS ZXP's compositions were examined with UPLC-QTOF-MS. The efficacy of ZXP on sepsis-induced thrombosis was assessed through various methods: liver tissue pathology was examined using hematoxylin-eosin staining, platelet count was determined by a blood cell analyzer, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of serum tissue factor (TF), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), D-Dimer, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were localized and expressed in liver tissues by immunofluorescence, and the number of NETs in peripheral blood was evaluated by ELISA, which measured the quantity of cf-DNA and MPO-DNA in serum. Platelet P-selectin expression and platelet-neutrophil aggregation were measured by flow cytometry, and plasma P-selectin expression was measured by ELISA. Furthermore, the mechanism of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway in ZXP's anti-sepsis thrombosis effect was investigated using the STING agonist, Western blot experiments, and immunoprecipitation experiments. RESULTS UPLC-QTOF-MS identified 40 chemical compositions of ZXP. Administration of ZXP resulted in significant improvements in liver thrombosis, platelet counts, and levels of TXB2, TF, PAI-1, and D-Dimer in septic rats. Moreover, ZXP inhibited NETs formation in both liver tissue and peripheral blood. Additionally, ZXP decreased the levels of P-selectin in both platelets and plasma, as well as the formation of platelet-neutrophil aggregates, thereby suppressing P-selectin-mediated NETs release. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining experiments revealed that ZXP attenuated P-selectin secretion by inhibiting STING-mediated assembly of platelet soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) complex, ultimately preventing inhibition of NETs formation. CONCLUSION Our study showed that ZXP effectively mitigates platelet granule secretion primarily through modulation of the STING pathway, consequently impeding NET-associated thrombosis in sepsis. These findings offer valuable insights for future research on the development and application of ZXP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xuejiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shining Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Wen Song
- Tianjin Hongrentang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Tianjin Hongrentang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Qingsheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Mixia Zhang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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Junaid M, Liu S, Yue Q, Wang J. Exacerbated interfacial impacts of nanoplastics and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate by natural organic matter in adult zebrafish: Evidence through histopathology, gut microbiota, and transcriptomic analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135038. [PMID: 38941840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs) interact with cooccurring chemicals and natural organic matter (NOM) in the environment, forming complexes that can change their bioavailability and interfacial toxicity in aquatic organisms. This study aims to elucidate the single and combined impacts of 21-day chronic exposure to low levels of polystyrene NPs (size 80 nm) at 1 mg/L and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (Cl-PFAES or F53B) at 200 μg/L in the presence and absence of NOM (humic acid-HA and bovine serum albumin-BSA at 10 mg/L) in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Our findings through multiple bioassays, revealed that the mixture group (M), comprising of NPs, F53B, HA, and BSA, caused a higher level of toxicity compared to the single NPs (AN), single F53B (AF), and combined NPs+F53B (ANF) groups. The mixture exposure caused the highest level of vacuolization and nuclear condensation in hepatocytes, and most of the intestinal villi were fused and highly reduced in villi length and crypt depth. Further, the T-AOC levels were significantly lower (p < 0.05), while the MDA levels in the liver and intestine were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the M group with downregulation of nfkbiaa, while upregulation of prkcda, csf1ra, and il1b apoptosis genes in the liver. Pairwise comparison of gut microbiota showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) abundances of various genera in the M group, including Gordonia, Methylobacterium, Tundrisphaera, GKS98, Pedomicrobium, Clostridium, Candidatus and Anaerobacillus, as well as higher abundance of genera including pathogenic strains, while control group showed higher abundance of probiotic genus ZOR0006 than exposed group (p < 0.01). The transcriptomic analysis revealed highest number of DEGs in the M group (2815), followed by the AN group (506) and ANF group (206) with the activation of relaxin signaling pathway-RSP (slc9a1, slc9a2) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway (plin1), and suppression of the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway (tlr4a, tlr2, tlr1), cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (CCRI) pathway (tnfb, il21r1, il21, ifng1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) pathway (pfkfb3). Overall, toxicity in the M group was higher, indicating that the HA and BSA elevated the interfacial impacts of NPs and F53B in adult zebrafish after chronic environmentally relevant exposure, implying the revisitation of the critical interaction of NOM with co-occurring chemicals and associated impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - Shulin Liu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Qiang Yue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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Frederico Gava F, Jaconi De Carli R, Stork S, Gainski Danielski L, Bonfante S, Joaquim L, Lino Lobo Metzker K, Mathias K, Santos D, Darós G, Goulart M, Mariano de Bitencourt R, Somariva Prophiro J, Ludvig Gonçalves C, Generoso J, Barichello T, Petronilho F. Cannabidiol effect on long-term brain alterations in septic rats: Involvement of PPARγ activation. Brain Res 2024; 1828:148771. [PMID: 38242525 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition induced by a deregulated host response to infection. Post-sepsis injury includes long-term cognitive impairment, whose neurobiological mechanisms and effective treatment remain unknown. The present study was designed to determine the potential effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in a sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) model and explore if peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is the putative mechanism underpinning the beneficial effects. SAE was induced in Wistar rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham (control). CLP rats received vehicle, CBD (10 mg/kg), PPARγ inhibitor (GW9662 - 1 mg/kg), or GW9662 (1 mg/kg) + CBD (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for ten days. During this period, the survival rate was recorded, and at the end of 10 days, a memory test was performed, and the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were removed to verify brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10), myeloperoxidase activity, nitrite nitrate concentration, and lipid and protein carbonylation and catalase activity. Septic rats presented cognitive decline and an increase in mortality following CLP. Only CBD alone improved the cognitive impairment, which was accompanied by restoration of BDNF, reduced neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, mainly in the hippocampus. This study shows that CLP induces an increase in brain damage and CBD has neuroprotective effects on memory impairment and neurotrophins, as well as against neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and is mediated by PPARγ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Frederico Gava
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Raquel Jaconi De Carli
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Solange Stork
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lucineia Gainski Danielski
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Sandra Bonfante
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Kiuanne Lino Lobo Metzker
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Khiany Mathias
- Research Group in Immunoparasitology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - David Santos
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Darós
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Marina Goulart
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mariano de Bitencourt
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Josiane Somariva Prophiro
- Research Group in Immunoparasitology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, (UNISUL), Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Cinara Ludvig Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Generoso
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Sun B, Luo J, Li Z, Chen D, Wang Q, Si W. Muscone alleviates neuronal injury via increasing stress granules formation and reducing apoptosis in acute ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2024; 373:114678. [PMID: 38185313 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
As the main bioactive component of musk, muscone has been reported to have marked protective effects in treating acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, the specific anti-stroke mechanism of muscone still needs further research. In the current investigation, the PC12 cells OGD/R and the rat transient MCAO/R models were utilized as the AIS models. Serum hepatic and renal functional indexes (ALT, AST, BUN, and Cr) and cell viability were determined to select the appropriate muscone concentrations for in vitro and in vivo experiments. TTC, Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and Live/Dead staining were utilized to evaluate the protective effects of muscone in injured tissues and cells. Western blotting analysis, TUNEL staining, propidium iodide, and annexin V staining were applied to detect the anti-apoptotic effect of muscone. Double-label immunofluorescence staining of T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA1) and Ras-GAP SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) was performed to observe whether muscone regulated the SG formation level. Molecular docking, TIA1 silencing and TIA1 overexpression experiments were employed to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of SG formation by muscone. The 2, 3, 5-Triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and live/dead staining showed the AIS injury level of MCAO/R rat and the OGD/R PC12 cells were attenuated by muscone administration. The muscone significantly minimized the apoptosis rate in MCAO/R rats and OGD/R PC12 cells following flow cytometry analysis, western blotting analysis, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. The double-label immunofluorescence staining data revealed that muscone promoted the SG formation level in OGD/R PC12 cells and the cortex MCAO/R rats. The results of molecular docking, TIA1 silencing and TIA1 overexpression experiments revealed that muscone could bind to TIA1 protein and regulate its expression level, thereby promoting the formation of stress granules and exerting a protective effect against AIS injury. This study indicated that the significant protective effect of muscone in reducing apoptosis levels might be via promoting SG formation under AIS conditions. This study further explores the therapeutic effect and anti-apoptosis mechanism of muscone in AIS, which may provide a potential candidate drug for the clinical treatment of AIS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, PR China
| | - Jing Luo
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518104, PR China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Anatomy, The Research Center of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China
| | - Qizhang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518104, PR China
| | - Wenwen Si
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, PR China.
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Chen C, Feng D, Lu F, Qin J, Dun L, Liao Z, Tao J, Zhou Z. Neuroprotective effects of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells treated by Musk Ketone on ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107628. [PMID: 38342273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ischemic stroke (IS) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. This study aimed to investigate the role of exosomes (Exo) derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) treated with Musk Ketone (Mus treated-Exo) in the development of IS injury. METHODS BMSCs were pretreated with 10 μM Mus for 36 h, and Exo derived from these Mus-treated BMSCs (Mus-treated Exo) were extracted. Rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were administered either 2 mg/kg of control Exo (Ctrl-Exo), 2 mg/kg of Mus treated-Exo, or 10 μM Mus. Neurological deficit and cerebral infarction in the MCAO rats were assessed utilizing neurological scores and TTC staining. Neuronal apoptosis, activation of microglia/macrophages, and inflammation were evaluated through TUNEL staining, immunofluorescence staining, and western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS Our findings revealed that Mus-treated Exo possessed a more pronounced neuroprotective effect on MCAO rats when compared to Ctrl-Exo and Mus treatment alone. Specifically, Mus treated-Exo effectively ameliorated neurological function, reduced the volume of cerebral infarction, and diminished hemispheric swelling in MCAO rats. Moreover, it inhibited neuronal apoptosis and activation of microglia/macrophages, promoted the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 while decreasing the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax, Cleaved-caspase 3, and pro-inflammatory factors IL-6 and COX-2. CONCLUSIONS The findings imply that Mus treated-Exo could confer neuroprotection in rats affected by IS, potentially by attenuating apoptosis and neuroinflammation. The underlying mechanisms, however, warrant further investigation. Mus treated-Exo shows potential as a new therapeutic strategy for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuilan Chen
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China; Department of Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Dongshan Feng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China; Department of Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Jin Qin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Linglu Dun
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Zhongling Liao
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Jingrui Tao
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China
| | - Zheyi Zhou
- Department of Neurology Laboratory, Liuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, PR China.
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Zhang W, Xu H, Li C, Han B, Zhang Y. Exploring Chinese herbal medicine for ischemic stroke: insights into microglia and signaling pathways. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1333006. [PMID: 38318134 PMCID: PMC10838993 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1333006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a prevalent clinical condition affecting the central nervous system, characterized by a high mortality and disability rate. Its incidence is progressively rising, particularly among younger individuals, posing a significant threat to human well-being. The activation and polarization of microglia, leading to pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, are widely recognized as pivotal factors in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHMs) boasts a rich historical background, notable efficacy, and minimal adverse effects. It exerts its effects by modulating microglia activation and polarization, suppressing inflammatory responses, and ameliorating nerve injury through the mediation of microglia and various associated pathways (such as NF-κB signaling pathway, Toll-like signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, among others). Consequently, this article focuses on microglia as a therapeutic target, reviewing relevant pathway of literature on TCHMs to mitigate neuroinflammation and mediate IS injury, while also exploring research on drug delivery of TCHMs. The ultimate goal is to provide new insights that can contribute to the clinical management of IS using TCHMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bingbing Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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