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Neoh GKS, Tan X, Chen S, Roura E, Dong X, Gilbert RG. Glycogen metabolism and structure: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 346:122631. [PMID: 39245499 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Glycogen is a glucose polymer that plays a crucial role in glucose homeostasis by functioning as a short-term energy storage reservoir in animals and bacteria. Abnormalities in its metabolism and structure can cause several problems, including diabetes, glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) and muscular disorders. Defects in the enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis or breakdown, resulting in either excessive accumulation or insufficient availability of glycogen in cells seem to account for the most common pathogenesis. This review discusses glycogen metabolism and structure, including molecular architecture, branching dynamics, and the role of associated components within the granules. The review also discusses GSD type XV and Lafora disease, illustrating the broader implications of aberrant glycogen metabolism and structure. These conditions also impart information on important regulatory mechanisms of glycogen, which hint at potential therapeutic targets. Knowledge gaps and potential future research directions are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galex K S Neoh
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Xinle Tan
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Si Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Eugeni Roura
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Xin Dong
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Visuttijai K, Hedberg-Oldfors C, Costello DJ, Bermingham N, Oldfors A. Proteomic profiling of polyglucosan bodies associated with glycogenin-1 deficiency in skeletal muscle. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2024; 50:e12995. [PMID: 38923610 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Polyglucosan storage disorders represent an emerging field within neurodegenerative and neuromuscular conditions, including Lafora disease (EPM2A, EPM2B), adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD, GBE1), polyglucosan body myopathies associated with RBCK1 deficiency (PGBM1, RBCK1) or glycogenin-1 deficiency (PGBM2, GYG1). While the storage material primarily comprises glycans, this study aimed to gain deeper insights into the protein components by proteomic profiling of the storage material in glycogenin-1 deficiency. METHODS We employed molecular genetic analyses, quantitative mass spectrometry of laser micro-dissected polyglucosan bodies and muscle homogenate, immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses in muscle tissue from a 45-year-old patient with proximal muscle weakness from late teenage years due to polyglucosan storage myopathy. RESULTS The muscle tissue exhibited a complete absence of glycogenin-1 due to a novel homozygous deep intronic variant in GYG1 (c.7+992T>G), introducing a pseudo-exon causing frameshift and a premature stop codon. Accumulated proteins in the polyglucosan bodies constituted components of glycogen metabolism, protein quality control pathways and desmin. Muscle fibres containing polyglucosan bodies frequently exhibited depletion of normal glycogen. CONCLUSIONS The absence of glycogenin-1, a protein important for glycogen synthesis initiation, causes storage of polyglucosan that displays accumulation of several proteins, including those essential for glycogen synthesis, sequestosome 1/p62 and desmin, mirroring findings in RBCK1 deficiency. These results suggest shared pathogenic pathways across different diseases exhibiting polyglucosan storage. Such insights have implications for therapy in these rare yet devastating and presently untreatable disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittichate Visuttijai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carola Hedberg-Oldfors
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Costello
- Department of Neurology, Cork University Hospital and College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niamh Bermingham
- Department of Neuropathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anders Oldfors
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Koch RL, Kiely BT, Choi SJ, Jeck WR, Flores LS, Sood V, Alam S, Porta G, LaVecchio K, Soler-Alfonso C, Kishnani PS. Natural history study of hepatic glycogen storage disease type IV and comparison to Gbe1ys/ys model. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e177722. [PMID: 38912588 PMCID: PMC11383185 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.177722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BackgroundGlycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV) is an ultrarare autosomal recessive disorder that causes deficiency of functional glycogen branching enzyme and formation of abnormally structured glycogen termed polyglucosan. GSD IV has traditionally been categorized based on primary hepatic or neuromuscular involvement, with hepatic GSD IV subclassified as discrete subtypes: classic (progressive) and nonprogressive.MethodsTo better understand the progression of liver disease in GSD IV, we present clinical and histopathology data from 23 patients from around the world and characterized the liver involvement in the Gbe1ys/ys knockin mouse model.ResultsWe propose an alternative to the established subtype-based terminology for characterizing liver disease in GSD IV and recognize 3 tiers of disease severity: (i) "severe progressive" liver disease, (ii) "intermediate progressive" liver disease, and (iii) "attenuated" liver disease. Analysis of liver pathology revealed that risk for liver failure cannot be predicted from liver biopsy findings alone in individuals affected by GSD IV. Moreover, analysis of postmortem liver pathology from an individual who died over 40 years after being diagnosed with nonprogressive hepatic GSD IV in childhood verified that liver fibrosis did not regress. Last, characterization of the liver involvement in a mouse model known to recapitulate the adult-onset neurodegenerative form of GSD IV (Gbe1ys/ys mouse model) demonstrated hepatic disease.ConclusionOur findings challenge the established subtype-based view of GSD IV and suggest that liver disease severity among patients with GSD IV represents a disease continuum.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02683512FundingNone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Koch
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | | | - Su Jin Choi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - William R Jeck
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Vikrant Sood
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Alam
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gilda Porta
- Hepatology and Liver Transplant Unit, Menino Jesus Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katy LaVecchio
- Department of Pathology, The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Claudia Soler-Alfonso
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Wu J, Kakhlon O, Weil M, Lossos A, Minassian BA. Amylopectinosis of the fatal epilepsy Lafora disease resists autophagic glycogen catabolism. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:1047-1050. [PMID: 38565807 PMCID: PMC11099118 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In this Correspondence, B. Minassian and colleagues report that GHF201, an autophagy activator shown to diminish abnormal glycogen aggregates in a mouse model of Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease, fails to reduce such accumulations in a mouse model of Lafora disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Or Kakhlon
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Miguel Weil
- Laboratory for Personalized Medicine and Neurodegenerative Diseases, The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty for Life Sciences, Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alexander Lossos
- Departments of Oncology and Neurology, Leslie and Michael Gaffin Center for Neuro-Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Markussen KH, Corti M, Byrne BJ, Kooi CWV, Sun RC, Gentry MS. The multifaceted roles of the brain glycogen. J Neurochem 2024; 168:728-743. [PMID: 37554056 PMCID: PMC10901277 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen is a biologically essential macromolecule that is directly involved in multiple human diseases. While its primary role in carbohydrate storage and energy metabolism in the liver and muscle is well characterized, recent research has highlighted critical metabolic and non-metabolic roles for glycogen in the brain. In this review, the emerging roles of glycogen homeostasis in the healthy and diseased brain are discussed with a focus on advancing our understanding of the role of glycogen in the brain. Innovative technologies that have led to novel insights into glycogen functions are detailed. Key insights into how cellular localization impacts neuronal and glial function are discussed. Perturbed glycogen functions are observed in multiple disorders of the brain, including where it serves as a disease driver in the emerging category of neurological glycogen storage diseases (n-GSDs). n-GSDs include Lafora disease (LD), adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD), Cori disease, Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (G1D), GSD0b, and late-onset Pompe disease (PD). They are neurogenetic disorders characterized by aberrant glycogen which results in devastating neurological and systemic symptoms. In the most severe cases, rapid neurodegeneration coupled with dementia results in death soon after diagnosis. Finally, we discuss current treatment strategies that are currently being developed and have the potential to be of great benefit to patients with n-GSD. Taken together, novel technologies and biological insights have resulted in a renaissance in brain glycogen that dramatically advanced our understanding of both biology and disease. Future studies are needed to expand our understanding and the multifaceted roles of glycogen and effectively apply these insights to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia H. Markussen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - Manuela Corti
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| | - Barry J. Byrne
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| | - Craig W. Vander Kooi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, USA
- Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida
- Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative
| | - Ramon C. Sun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, USA
- Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida
- Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative
| | - Matthew S. Gentry
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, USA
- Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida
- Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative
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6
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Mitra S, Chen B, Shelton JM, Nitschke S, Wu J, Covington L, Dear M, Lynn T, Verma M, Nitschke F, Fuseya Y, Iwai K, Evers BM, Minassian BA. Myofiber-type-dependent 'boulder' or 'multitudinous pebble' formations across distinct amylopectinoses. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:46. [PMID: 38411740 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
At least five enzymes including three E3 ubiquitin ligases are dedicated to glycogen's spherical structure. Absence of any reverts glycogen to a structure resembling amylopectin of the plant kingdom. This amylopectinosis (polyglucosan body formation) causes fatal neurological diseases including adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) due to glycogen branching enzyme deficiency, Lafora disease (LD) due to deficiencies of the laforin glycogen phosphatase or the malin E3 ubiquitin ligase and type 1 polyglucosan body myopathy (PGBM1) due to RBCK1 E3 ubiquitin ligase deficiency. Little is known about these enzymes' functions in glycogen structuring. Toward understanding these functions, we undertake a comparative murine study of the amylopectinoses of APBD, LD and PGBM1. We discover that in skeletal muscle, polyglucosan bodies form as two main types, small and multitudinous ('pebbles') or giant and single ('boulders'), and that this is primarily determined by the myofiber types in which they form, 'pebbles' in glycolytic and 'boulders' in oxidative fibers. This pattern recapitulates what is known in the brain in LD, innumerable dust-like in astrocytes and single giant sized in neurons. We also show that oxidative myofibers are relatively protected against amylopectinosis, in part through highly increased glycogen branching enzyme expression. We present evidence of polyglucosan body size-dependent cell necrosis. We show that sex influences amylopectinosis in genotype, brain region and myofiber-type-specific fashion. RBCK1 is a component of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), the only known cellular machinery for head-to-tail linear ubiquitination critical to numerous cellular pathways. We show that the amylopectinosis of RBCK1 deficiency is not due to loss of linear ubiquitination, and that another function of RBCK1 or LUBAC must exist and operate in the shaping of glycogen. This work opens multiple new avenues toward understanding the structural determinants of the mammalian carbohydrate reservoir critical to neurologic and neuromuscular function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Mitra
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA.
| | - Baozhi Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - John M Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9148, USA
| | - Silvia Nitschke
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Lindsay Covington
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9148, USA
| | - Mathew Dear
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Tori Lynn
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Mayank Verma
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Felix Nitschke
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Fuseya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iwai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Bret M Evers
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9073, USA
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA.
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7
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Gayed MM, Sgobbi P, Pinto WBVDR, Kishnani PS, Koch RL. Case report: Expanding the understanding of the adult polyglucosan body disease continuum: novel presentations, diagnostic pitfalls, and clinical pearls. Front Genet 2023; 14:1282790. [PMID: 38164512 PMCID: PMC10758020 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1282790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) has long been regarded as the adult-onset form of glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV) and is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in GBE1. Advances in the understanding of the natural history of APBD published in recent years have led to the use of discrete descriptors ("typical" versus "atypical") based on adherence to traditional symptomatology and homozygosity for the p.Y329S variant. Although these general descriptors are helpful in summarizing common findings and symptoms in APBD, they are inherently limited and may affect disease recognition in diverse populations. Methods: This case series includes three American patients (cases 1-3) and four Brazilian patients (cases 4-7) diagnosed with APBD. Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures were employed to evaluate pain, fatigue, and quality of life in cases 1-3. Results: We describe the clinical course and diagnostic odyssey of seven cases of APBD that challenge the utility and efficacy of discrete descriptors. Cases 1-3 are compound heterozygotes that harbor the previously identified deep intronic variant in GBE1 and presented with "typical" APBD phenotypically, despite lacking two copies of the pathogenic p.Y329S variant. Patient-reported outcome measures in these three cases revealed the moderate levels of pain and fatigue as well as an impacted quality of life. Cases 4-7 have unique genotypic profiles and emphasize the growing recognition of presentations of APBD in diverse populations with broad neurological manifestations. Conclusion: Collectively, these cases underscore the understanding of APBD as a spectrum disorder existing on the GSD IV phenotypic continuum. We draw attention to the pitfalls of commonly used genetic testing methods when diagnosing APBD and highlight the utility of patient-reported outcome questionnaires in managing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Gayed
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Paulo Sgobbi
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Priya S. Kishnani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Koch
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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Ferrari Aggradi CR, Rimoldi M, Romagnoli G, Velardo D, Meneri M, Iacobucci D, Ripolone M, Napoli L, Ciscato P, Moggio M, Comi GP, Ronchi D, Corti S, Abati E. Lafora Disease: A Case Report and Evolving Treatment Advancements. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1679. [PMID: 38137127 PMCID: PMC10742041 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a disruption in glycogen metabolism. It manifests as progressive myoclonus epilepsy and cognitive decline during adolescence. Pathognomonic is the presence of abnormal glycogen aggregates that, over time, produce large inclusions (Lafora bodies) in various tissues. This study aims to describe the clinical and histopathological aspects of a novel Lafora disease patient, and to provide an update on the therapeutical advancements for this disorder. A 20-year-old Libyan boy presented with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, sporadic muscular jerks, eyelid spasms, and mental impairment. Electroencephalography showed multiple discharges across both brain hemispheres. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was unremarkable. Muscle biopsy showed increased lipid content and a very mild increase of intermyofibrillar glycogen, without the polyglucosan accumulation typically observed in Lafora bodies. Despite undergoing three lines of antiepileptic treatment, the patient's condition showed minimal to no improvement. We identified the homozygous variant c.137G>A, p.(Cys46Tyr), in the EPM2B/NHLRC1 gene, confirming the diagnosis of Lafora disease. To our knowledge, the presence of lipid aggregates without Lafora bodies is atypical. Lafora disease should be considered during the differential diagnosis of progressive, myoclonic, and refractory epilepsies in both children and young adults, especially when accompanied by cognitive decline. Although there are no effective therapies yet, the development of promising new strategies prompts the need for an early and accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Rita Ferrari Aggradi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.R.F.A.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (G.P.C.); (D.R.)
| | - Martina Rimoldi
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (D.V.); (M.R.); (P.C.); (M.M.)
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Romagnoli
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.R.F.A.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (G.P.C.); (D.R.)
| | - Daniele Velardo
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (D.V.); (M.R.); (P.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Megi Meneri
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.R.F.A.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (G.P.C.); (D.R.)
- Stroke Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Iacobucci
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Ripolone
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (D.V.); (M.R.); (P.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Laura Napoli
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (D.V.); (M.R.); (P.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Patrizia Ciscato
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (D.V.); (M.R.); (P.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Maurizio Moggio
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (D.V.); (M.R.); (P.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.R.F.A.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (G.P.C.); (D.R.)
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Ronchi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.R.F.A.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (G.P.C.); (D.R.)
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.R.F.A.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (G.P.C.); (D.R.)
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.R.); (D.V.); (M.R.); (P.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Elena Abati
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.R.F.A.); (G.R.); (M.M.); (G.P.C.); (D.R.)
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Abraham JR, Allen FM, Barnard J, Schlatzer D, Natowicz MR. Proteomic investigations of adult polyglucosan body disease: insights into the pathobiology of a neurodegenerative disorder. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1261125. [PMID: 38033781 PMCID: PMC10683643 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1261125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate glycogen branching enzyme 1 (GBE1) activity results in different forms of glycogen storage disease type IV, including adult polyglucosan body disorder (APBD). APBD is clinically characterized by adult-onset development of progressive spasticity, neuropathy, and neurogenic bladder and is histologically characterized by the accumulation of structurally abnormal glycogen (polyglucosan bodies) in multiple cell types. How insufficient GBE1 activity causes the disease phenotype of APBD is poorly understood. We hypothesized that proteomic analysis of tissue from GBE1-deficient individuals would provide insights into GBE1-mediated pathobiology. In this discovery study, we utilized label-free LC-MS/MS to quantify the proteomes of lymphoblasts from 3 persons with APBD and 15 age- and gender-matched controls, with validation of the findings by targeted MS. There were 531 differentially expressed proteins out of 3,427 detected between APBD subjects vs. controls, including pronounced deficiency of GBE1. Bioinformatic analyses indicated multiple canonical pathways and protein-protein interaction networks to be statistically markedly enriched in APBD subjects, including: RNA processing/transport/translation, cell cycle control/replication, mTOR signaling, protein ubiquitination, unfolded protein and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses, glycolysis and cell death/apoptosis. Dysregulation of these processes, therefore, are primary or secondary factors in APBD pathobiology in this model system. Our findings further suggest that proteomic analysis of GBE1 mutant lymphoblasts can be leveraged as part of the screening for pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of APBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Abraham
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Frederick M. Allen
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - John Barnard
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Daniela Schlatzer
- Center for Proteomics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Marvin R. Natowicz
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Genomic Medicine, Neurological and Pediatrics Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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10
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Donohue KJ, Fitzsimmons B, Bruntz RC, Markussen KH, Young LEA, Clarke HA, Coburn PT, Griffith LE, Sanders W, Klier J, Burke SN, Maurer AP, Minassian BA, Sun RC, Kordasiewisz HB, Gentry MS. Gys1 Antisense Therapy Prevents Disease-Driving Aggregates and Epileptiform Discharges in a Lafora Disease Mouse Model. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1808-1819. [PMID: 37700152 PMCID: PMC10684475 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Lafora disease have a mutation in EPM2A or EPM2B, resulting in dysregulation of glycogen metabolism throughout the body and aberrant glycogen molecules that aggregate into Lafora bodies. Lafora bodies are particularly damaging in the brain, where the aggregation drives seizures with increasing severity and frequency, coupled with neurodegeneration. Previous work employed mouse genetic models to reduce glycogen synthesis by approximately 50%, and this strategy significantly reduced Lafora body formation and disease phenotypes. Therefore, an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) was developed to reduce glycogen synthesis in the brain by targeting glycogen synthase 1 (Gys1). To test the distribution and efficacy of this drug, the Gys1-ASO was administered to Epm2b-/- mice via intracerebroventricular administration at 4, 7, and 10 months. The mice were then sacrificed at 13 months and their brains analyzed for Gys1 expression, glycogen aggregation, and neuronal excitability. The mice treated with Gys1-ASO exhibited decreased Gys1 protein levels, decreased glycogen aggregation, and reduced epileptiform discharges compared to untreated Epm2b-/- mice. This work provides proof of concept that a Gys1-ASO halts disease progression of EPM2B mutations of Lafora disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Donohue
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Bethany Fitzsimmons
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Ronald C Bruntz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Kia H Markussen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Lyndsay E A Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Harrison A Clarke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Peyton T Coburn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Laiken E Griffith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - William Sanders
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Jack Klier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Sara N Burke
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Andrew P Maurer
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ramon C Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Holly B Kordasiewisz
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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11
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Chen S, Bouchibti Y, Xie Y, Chen Y, Chang V, Lebrilla CB. Analysis of Cell Glycogen with Quantitation and Determination of Branching Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12884-12892. [PMID: 37584460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen is a highly branched biomacromolecule that functions as a glucose buffer. It is involved in multiple diseases such as glycogen storage disorders, diabetes, and even liver cancer, where the imbalance between biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes results in structural alterations and abnormal accumulation of glycogen that can be toxic to cells. Accurate and sensitive glycogen quantification and structural determination are prerequisites for understanding the phenotypes and biological functions of glycogen under these conditions. In this research, we furthered cell glycogen characterization by presenting a highly sensitive method to measure the glycogen content and degree of branching. The method employed a novel fructose density gradient as an alternative to the traditional sucrose gradient to fractionate glycogen from cell mixtures using ultracentrifugation. Fructose was used to avoid the large glucose background, allowing the method to be highly quantitative. The glycogen content was determined by quantifying 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP)-derivatized glucose residues obtained from acid-hydrolyzed glycogen using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QqQ-MS). The degree of branching was determined through linkage analysis where the glycogen underwent permethylation, hydrolysis, PMP derivatization, and UHPLC/QqQ-MS analysis. The new approach was used to study the effect of insulin on the glycogen phenotypes of human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells. We observed that cells produced greater amounts of glycogen with less branching under increasing insulin levels before reaching the cell's insulin-resistant state, where the trend reversed and the cells produced less but higher-branched glycogen. The advantage of this method lies in its high sensitivity in characterizing both the glycogen level and the structure of biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yasmine Bouchibti
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yixuan Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Vincent Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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12
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de Heer EC, Zois CE, Bridges E, van der Vegt B, Sheldon H, Veldman WA, Zwager MC, van der Sluis T, Haider S, Morita T, Baba O, Schröder CP, de Jong S, Harris AL, Jalving M. Glycogen synthase 1 targeting reveals a metabolic vulnerability in triple-negative breast cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:143. [PMID: 37280675 PMCID: PMC10242793 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02715-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia-induced glycogen turnover is implicated in cancer proliferation and therapy resistance. Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), characterized by a hypoxic tumor microenvironment, respond poorly to therapy. We studied the expression of glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1), the key regulator of glycogenesis, and other glycogen-related enzymes in primary tumors of patients with breast cancer and evaluated the impact of GYS1 downregulation in preclinical models. METHODS mRNA expression of GYS1 and other glycogen-related enzymes in primary breast tumors and the correlation with patient survival were studied in the METABRIC dataset (n = 1904). Immunohistochemical staining of GYS1 and glycogen was performed on a tissue microarray of primary breast cancers (n = 337). In four breast cancer cell lines and a mouse xenograft model of triple-negative breast cancer, GYS1 was downregulated using small-interfering or stably expressed short-hairpin RNAs to study the effect of downregulation on breast cancer cell proliferation, glycogen content and sensitivity to various metabolically targeted drugs. RESULTS High GYS1 mRNA expression was associated with poor patient overall survival (HR 1.20, P = 0.009), especially in the TNBC subgroup (HR 1.52, P = 0.014). Immunohistochemical GYS1 expression in primary breast tumors was highest in TNBCs (median H-score 80, IQR 53-121) and other Ki67-high tumors (median H-score 85, IQR 57-124) (P < 0.0001). Knockdown of GYS1 impaired proliferation of breast cancer cells, depleted glycogen stores and delayed growth of MDA-MB-231 xenografts. Knockdown of GYS1 made breast cancer cells more vulnerable to inhibition of mitochondrial proteostasis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight GYS1 as potential therapeutic target in breast cancer, especially in TNBC and other highly proliferative subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C de Heer
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C E Zois
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Hypoxia and Angiogenesis Group, Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, School of Health, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
- Department of Oncology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - E Bridges
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Hypoxia and Angiogenesis Group, Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - B van der Vegt
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - H Sheldon
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Hypoxia and Angiogenesis Group, Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - W A Veldman
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M C Zwager
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - T van der Sluis
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Haider
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - T Morita
- Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - O Baba
- Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - C P Schröder
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A L Harris
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Hypoxia and Angiogenesis Group, Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - M Jalving
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Rousset Y, Ebenhöh O, Raguin A. Stochastic modelling of a three-dimensional glycogen granule synthesis and impact of the branching enzyme. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010694. [PMID: 37205718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, glycogen storage diseases result from metabolic inborn errors, and can lead to severe phenotypes and lethal conditions. Besides these rare diseases, glycogen is also associated to widely spread societal burdens such as diabetes. Glycogen is a branched glucose polymer synthesised and degraded by a complex set of enzymes. Over the past 50 years, the structure of glycogen has been intensively investigated. Yet, the interplay between the detailed three-dimensional glycogen structure and the related enzyme activity is only partially characterised and still to be fully understood. In this article, we develop a stochastic coarse-grained and spatially resolved model of branched polymer biosynthesis following a Gillespie algorithm. Our study largely focusses on the role of the branching enzyme, and first investigates the properties of the model with generic parameter values, before comparing it to in vivo experimental data in mice. It arises that the ratio of glycogen synthase over branching enzyme reaction rates drastically impacts the structure of the granule. We deeply investigate the mechanism of branching and parametrise it using distinct lengths. Not only do we consider various possible sets of values for these lengths, but also distinct rules to apply them. We show how combining various values for these lengths finely tunes glycogen macromolecular structure. Comparing the model with experimental data confirms that we can accurately reproduce glycogen chain length distributions in wild type mice. Additional granule properties obtained for this fit are also in good agreement with typically reported values in the experimental literature. Nonetheless, we find that the mechanism of branching must be more flexible than usually reported. Overall, our model provides a theoretical basis to quantify the effect that single enzymatic parameters, in particular of the branching enzyme, have on the chain length distribution. Our generic model and methods can be applied to any glycogen data set, and could in particular contribute to characterise the mechanisms responsible for glycogen storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Rousset
- Institute for Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Computational Cell Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Ebenhöh
- Institute for Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adélaïde Raguin
- Institute for Computational Cell Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Mitra S, Chen B, Wang P, Chown EE, Dear M, Guisso DR, Mariam U, Wu J, Gumusgoz E, Minassian BA. Laforin targets malin to glycogen in Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049802. [PMID: 36511140 PMCID: PMC9844227 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is the largest cytosolic macromolecule and is kept in solution through a regular system of short branches allowing hydration. This structure was thought to solely require balanced glycogen synthase and branching enzyme activities. Deposition of overlong branched glycogen in the fatal epilepsy Lafora disease (LD) indicated involvement of the LD gene products laforin and the E3 ubiquitin ligase malin in regulating glycogen structure. Laforin binds glycogen, and LD-causing mutations disrupt this binding, laforin-malin interactions and malin's ligase activity, all indicating a critical role for malin. Neither malin's endogenous function nor location had previously been studied due to lack of suitable antibodies. Here, we generated a mouse in which the native malin gene is tagged with the FLAG sequence. We show that the tagged gene expresses physiologically, malin localizes to glycogen, laforin and malin indeed interact, at glycogen, and malin's presence at glycogen depends on laforin. These results, and mice, open the way to understanding unknown mechanisms of glycogen synthesis critical to LD and potentially other much more common diseases due to incompletely understood defects in glycogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Mitra
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Baozhi Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Peixiang Wang
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Erin E. Chown
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Mathew Dear
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dikran R. Guisso
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ummay Mariam
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Emrah Gumusgoz
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Berge A. Minassian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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15
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Kelsall IR. Non-lysine ubiquitylation: Doing things differently. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1008175. [PMID: 36200073 PMCID: PMC9527308 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1008175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin plays a central role in nearly all aspects of eukaryotic biology. Historically, studies have focused on the conjugation of ubiquitin to lysine residues in substrates, but it is now clear that ubiquitylation can also occur on cysteine, serine, and threonine residues, as well as on the N-terminal amino group of proteins. Paradigm-shifting reports of non-proteinaceous substrates have further extended the reach of ubiquitylation beyond the proteome to include intracellular lipids and sugars. Additionally, results from bacteria have revealed novel ways to ubiquitylate (and deubiquitylate) substrates without the need for any of the enzymatic components of the canonical ubiquitylation cascade. Focusing mainly upon recent findings, this review aims to outline the current understanding of non-lysine ubiquitylation and speculate upon the molecular mechanisms and physiological importance of this non-canonical modification.
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16
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Wang Z, Min X, Hu Z, Sullivan MA, Tang Y, Wang L, Gilbert RG, Shi C, Deng B. The fragility of liver glycogen from humans with type 2 diabetes: A pilot study. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:83-90. [PMID: 36075306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Liver glycogen is a highly branched glucose polymer found as β particles (~20 nm in diameter), which can bind together into larger composite α particles. Hepatic α particles have been shown to be structurally fragile (breaking up into smaller particles in certain solvents) in mouse models of diabetes; if occurring in vivo, the resulting small glycogen particles could exacerbate the poor blood-sugar homeostasis characteristic of the disease. Here we tested if this α-particle fragility also occurred in liver glycogen obtained from humans with diabetes. It was found that liver glycogen from diabetic humans was indeed more fragile than from non-diabetic humans, which was also seen in the mouse experiments we ran in parallel. Proteomic analysis revealed three candidate proteins from differentially expressed glycogen proteins (Diabetes/ Non-diabetes) in both human and mouse groups. Identifying these proteins may give clues to the binding mechanism that holds together α particles together, which, being different in diabetic glycogen, is relevant to diabetes prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Xiaobo Min
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhenxia Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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17
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Nitschke S, Sullivan MA, Mitra S, Marchioni C, Lee JP Y, Smith BH, Ahonen S, Wu J, Chown E, Wang P, Petković S, Zhao X, DiGiovanni LF, Perri AM, Israelian L, Grossman TR, Kordasiewicz H, Vilaplana F, Iwai K, Nitschke F, Minassian BA. Glycogen synthase downregulation rescues the amylopectinosis of murine RBCK1 deficiency. Brain 2022; 145:2361-2377. [PMID: 35084461 PMCID: PMC9612801 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Longer glucan chains tend to precipitate. Glycogen, by far the largest mammalian glucan and the largest molecule in the cytosol with up to 55 000 glucoses, does not, due to a highly regularly branched spherical structure that allows it to be perfused with cytosol. Aberrant construction of glycogen leads it to precipitate, accumulate into polyglucosan bodies that resemble plant starch amylopectin and cause disease. This pathology, amylopectinosis, is caused by mutations in a series of single genes whose functions are under active study toward understanding the mechanisms of proper glycogen construction. Concurrently, we are characterizing the physicochemical particularities of glycogen and polyglucosans associated with each gene. These genes include GBE1, EPM2A and EPM2B, which respectively encode the glycogen branching enzyme, the glycogen phosphatase laforin and the laforin-interacting E3 ubiquitin ligase malin, for which an unequivocal function is not yet known. Mutations in GBE1 cause a motor neuron disease (adult polyglucosan body disease), and mutations in EPM2A or EPM2B a fatal progressive myoclonus epilepsy (Lafora disease). RBCK1 deficiency causes an amylopectinosis with fatal skeletal and cardiac myopathy (polyglucosan body myopathy 1, OMIM# 615895). RBCK1 is a component of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex, with unique functions including generating linear ubiquitin chains and ubiquitinating hydroxyl (versus canonical amine) residues, including of glycogen. In a mouse model we now show (i) that the amylopectinosis of RBCK1 deficiency, like in adult polyglucosan body disease and Lafora disease, affects the brain; (ii) that RBCK1 deficiency glycogen, like in adult polyglucosan body disease and Lafora disease, has overlong branches; (iii) that unlike adult polyglucosan body disease but like Lafora disease, RBCK1 deficiency glycogen is hyperphosphorylated; and finally (iv) that unlike laforin-deficient Lafora disease but like malin-deficient Lafora disease, RBCK1 deficiency's glycogen hyperphosphorylation is limited to precipitated polyglucosans. In summary, the fundamental glycogen pathology of RBCK1 deficiency recapitulates that of malin-deficient Lafora disease. Additionally, we uncover sex and genetic background effects in RBCK1 deficiency on organ- and brain-region specific amylopectinoses, and in the brain on consequent neuroinflammation and behavioural deficits. Finally, we exploit the portion of the basic glycogen pathology that is common to adult polyglucosan body disease, both forms of Lafora disease and RBCK1 deficiency, namely overlong branches, to show that a unified approach based on downregulating glycogen synthase, the enzyme that elongates glycogen branches, can rescue all four diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Nitschke
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mitchell A Sullivan
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Glycation and Diabetes Complications, Mater Research Institute–The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Sharmistha Mitra
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Charlotte R Marchioni
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jennifer P Y Lee
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Brandon H Smith
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Saija Ahonen
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jun Wu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Erin E Chown
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Peixiang Wang
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sara Petković
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Xiaochu Zhao
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Laura F DiGiovanni
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Ami M Perri
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Lori Israelian
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Tamar R Grossman
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Holly Kordasiewicz
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Kazuhiro Iwai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Felix Nitschke
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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18
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Young Seo G, Neal ES, Han F, Vidovic D, Nooru-Mohamed F, Dienel GA, Sullivan MA, Borges K. Brain glycogen content is increased in the acute and interictal chronic stages of the mouse pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Epilepsia Open 2022; 7:361-367. [PMID: 35377551 PMCID: PMC9159246 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the main brain fuel in fed conditions, while astrocytic glycogen is used as supplemental fuel when the brain is stimulated. Brain glycogen levels are decreased shortly after induced seizures in rodents, but little is known about how glycogen levels are affected interictally in chronic models of epilepsy. Reduced glutamine synthetase activity has been suggested to lead to increased brain glycogen levels in humans with chronic epilepsy. Here, we used the mouse pilocarpine model of epilepsy to investigate whether brain glycogen levels are altered, both acutely and in the chronic stage of the model. One day after pilocarpine‐induced convulsive status epilepticus (CSE), glycogen levels were higher in the hippocampal formation, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. Opposite to expected, this was accompanied by elevated glutamine synthetase activity in the hippocampus but not the cortex. Increased interictal glycogen amounts were seen in the hippocampal formation and cerebral cortex in the chronic stage of the model (21 days post‐CSE), suggesting long‐lasting alterations in glycogen metabolism. Glycogen solubility in the cerebral cortex was unaltered in this epilepsy mouse model. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (Gsk3b) mRNA levels were reduced in the hippocampal formations of mice in the chronic stage, which may underlie the elevated brain glycogen content in this model. This is the first report of elevated interictal glycogen levels in a chronic epilepsy model. Increased glycogen amounts in the brain may influence seizure susceptibility in this model, and this warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Young Seo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Elliott S Neal
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Felicity Han
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Diana Vidovic
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Fathima Nooru-Mohamed
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Gerald A Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA, 72205.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87131
| | - Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Karin Borges
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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19
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Gumusgoz E, Kasiri S, Guisso DR, Wu J, Dear M, Verhalen B, Minassian BA. AAV-Mediated Artificial miRNA Reduces Pathogenic Polyglucosan Bodies and Neuroinflammation in Adult Polyglucosan Body and Lafora Disease Mouse Models. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:982-993. [PMID: 35347645 PMCID: PMC9294094 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) and Lafora disease (LD) are autosomal recessive glycogen storage neurological disorders. APBD is caused by mutations in the glycogen branching enzyme (GBE1) gene and is characterized by progressive upper and lower motor neuron dysfunction and premature death. LD is a fatal progressive myoclonus epilepsy caused by loss of function mutations in the EPM2A or EPM2B gene. These clinically distinct neurogenetic diseases share a common pathology. This consists of time-dependent formation, precipitation, and accumulation of an abnormal form of glycogen (polyglucosan) into gradually enlarging inclusions, polyglucosan bodies (PBs) in ever-increasing numbers of neurons and astrocytes. The growth and spread of PBs are followed by astrogliosis, microgliosis, and neurodegeneration. The key defect in polyglucosans is that their glucan branches are longer than those of normal glycogen, which prevents them from remaining in solution. Since the lengths of glycogen branches are determined by the enzyme glycogen synthase, we hypothesized that downregulating this enzyme could prevent or hinder the generation of the pathogenic PBs. Here, we pursued an adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) mediated RNA-interference (RNAi) strategy. This approach resulted in approximately 15% reduction of glycogen synthase mRNA and an approximately 40% reduction of PBs across the brain in the APBD and both LD mouse models. This was accompanied by improvements in early neuroinflammatory markers of disease. This work represents proof of principle toward developing a single lifetime dose therapy for two fatal neurological diseases: APBD and LD. The approach is likely applicable to other severe and common diseases of glycogen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Gumusgoz
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Sahba Kasiri
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Dikran R Guisso
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Matthew Dear
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Brandy Verhalen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Present affiliation: Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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20
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Wang Z, Hu Z, Deng B, Gilbert RG, Sullivan MA. The effect of high-amylose resistant starch on the glycogen structure of diabetic mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:124-131. [PMID: 34968551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen is a complex branched glucose polymer found in many tissues and acts as a blood-glucose buffer. In the liver, smaller β glycogen particles can bind into larger composite α particles. In mouse models of diabetes, these liver glycogen particles are molecularly fragile, breaking up into smaller particles in the presence of solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). If this occurs in vivo, such a rapid enzymatic degradation of these smaller particles into glucose could exacerbate the poor blood-glucose control that is characteristic of the disease. High-amylose resistant starch (RS) can escape digestion in the small intestine and ferment in the large intestine, which elicits positive effects on glycemic response and type 2 diabetes. Here we postulate that RS would help attenuate diabetes-related liver glycogen fragility. Normal maize starch and two types of high-amylose starch were fed to diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Molecular size distributions and chain-length distributions of liver glycogen from both groups were characterized to test glycogen fragility before and after DMSO treatment. Consistent with the hypothesis that high blood glucose is associated with glycogen fragility, a high-amylose RS diet prevented the fragility of liver-glycogen α particles. The diets had no significant effect on the glycogen chain-length distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Zhenxia Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia.
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21
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Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Glycogen In Situ. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2437:215-228. [PMID: 34902151 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2030-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological detection and quantitation of glycogen in situ are important for the assessment of glycogen storage diseases and different types of cancer. The current standard method for defining the regionality of glycogen rely almost exclusively on Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, a workflow that lacks specificity and sensitivity. Herein, we describe a new and much improved workflow to detect microenvironmental glycogen in situ using enzyme-assisted matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). This method provides superior sensitivity and can elucidate the molecular features of glycogen structure, with 50 μm spatial resolution for a next-generation histopathological assessment of glycogen.
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22
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Krakhmal NV, Vasilchenko DV, Vtorushin SV. [Lafora disease with a fatal outcome]. Arkh Patol 2022; 84:61-66. [PMID: 36469720 DOI: 10.17116/patol20228406161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lafora disease is a rare hereditary genetic pathology of the nervous system (a group of progressive myoclonic epilepsies). The distinctive morphological feature of this disease is the presence of specific abnormal structures - polyglucosane bodies («Lafora bodies») in the brain tissue, myocardium, liver, and epithelium of the sweat gland ducts. The article discusses the clinical data of the course of Lafora's disease in an 18-year-old patient with a fatal outcome and the results of a post-mortem examination. The diagnosis of Lafora disease was confirmed by genetic analysis data - the presence of a homozygous mutation in the 2nd exon of the EPM2A gene - laforin (chr6:146007412G>A, rs137852915). When analyzing literature, we did not find a description of Lafora's disease cases with a fatal outcome with the presentation of macroscopic examination data at autopsy, as well as the results of a pathohistological examination of altered organ tissues with the morphological manifestations specific for this pathology (Lafora bodies in the the brain, heart, sweat gland epithelium).
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Krakhmal
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - D V Vasilchenko
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
| | - S V Vtorushin
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
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23
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Kakhlon O, Vaknin H, Mishra K, D’Souza J, Marisat M, Sprecher U, Wald‐Altman S, Dukhovny A, Raviv Y, Da’adoosh B, Engel H, Benhamron S, Nitzan K, Sweetat S, Permyakova A, Mordechai A, Akman HO, Rosenmann H, Lossos A, Tam J, Minassian BA, Weil M. Alleviation of a polyglucosan storage disorder by enhancement of autophagic glycogen catabolism. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14554. [PMID: 34486811 PMCID: PMC8495453 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This work employs adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) models to explore the efficacy and mechanism of action of the polyglucosan-reducing compound 144DG11. APBD is a glycogen storage disorder (GSD) caused by glycogen branching enzyme (GBE) deficiency causing accumulation of poorly branched glycogen inclusions called polyglucosans. 144DG11 improved survival and motor parameters in a GBE knockin (Gbeys/ys ) APBD mouse model. 144DG11 reduced polyglucosan and glycogen in brain, liver, heart, and peripheral nerve. Indirect calorimetry experiments revealed that 144DG11 increases carbohydrate burn at the expense of fat burn, suggesting metabolic mobilization of pathogenic polyglucosan. At the cellular level, 144DG11 increased glycolytic, mitochondrial, and total ATP production. The molecular target of 144DG11 is the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP1, whose interaction with the compound, similar to LAMP1 knockdown, enhanced autolysosomal degradation of glycogen and lysosomal acidification. 144DG11 also enhanced mitochondrial activity and modulated lysosomal features as revealed by bioenergetic, image-based phenotyping and proteomics analyses. As an effective lysosomal targeting therapy in a GSD model, 144DG11 could be developed into a safe and efficacious glycogen and lysosomal storage disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Kakhlon
- Department of NeurologyHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Hilla Vaknin
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Personalized MedicineThe Cell Screening Facility for Personalized MedicineThe Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer ResearchThe George S. Wise Faculty for Life SciencesSagol School of NeurosciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Kumudesh Mishra
- Department of NeurologyHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Jeevitha D’Souza
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Personalized MedicineThe Cell Screening Facility for Personalized MedicineThe Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer ResearchThe George S. Wise Faculty for Life SciencesSagol School of NeurosciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Monzer Marisat
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Personalized MedicineThe Cell Screening Facility for Personalized MedicineThe Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer ResearchThe George S. Wise Faculty for Life SciencesSagol School of NeurosciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Uri Sprecher
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Personalized MedicineThe Cell Screening Facility for Personalized MedicineThe Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer ResearchThe George S. Wise Faculty for Life SciencesSagol School of NeurosciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Shane Wald‐Altman
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Personalized MedicineThe Cell Screening Facility for Personalized MedicineThe Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer ResearchThe George S. Wise Faculty for Life SciencesSagol School of NeurosciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Anna Dukhovny
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Personalized MedicineThe Cell Screening Facility for Personalized MedicineThe Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer ResearchThe George S. Wise Faculty for Life SciencesSagol School of NeurosciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Yuval Raviv
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Personalized MedicineThe Cell Screening Facility for Personalized MedicineThe Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer ResearchThe George S. Wise Faculty for Life SciencesSagol School of NeurosciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Benny Da’adoosh
- Blavatnik Center for Drug DiscoveryTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Hamutal Engel
- Blavatnik Center for Drug DiscoveryTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Sandrine Benhamron
- Department of NeurologyHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
- Hadassah BrainLabs – National Knowledge Center for Research on Brain DiseasesHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Keren Nitzan
- Department of NeurologyHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
- Hadassah BrainLabs – National Knowledge Center for Research on Brain DiseasesHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Sahar Sweetat
- Department of NeurologyHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
- Hadassah BrainLabs – National Knowledge Center for Research on Brain DiseasesHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Anna Permyakova
- Obesity and Metabolism LaboratoryInstitute for Drug ResearchSchool of PharmacyFaculty of MedicineThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Anat Mordechai
- Department of NeurologyHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Hasan Orhan Akman
- Department of NeurologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Hanna Rosenmann
- Department of NeurologyHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
- Hadassah BrainLabs – National Knowledge Center for Research on Brain DiseasesHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Alexander Lossos
- Department of NeurologyHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism LaboratoryInstitute for Drug ResearchSchool of PharmacyFaculty of MedicineThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Berge A. Minassian
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTXUSA
| | - Miguel Weil
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Personalized MedicineThe Cell Screening Facility for Personalized MedicineThe Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer ResearchThe George S. Wise Faculty for Life SciencesSagol School of NeurosciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
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24
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Steane SE, Fielding AM, Kent NL, Andersen I, Browne DJ, Tejo EN, Gårdebjer EM, Kalisch-Smith JI, Sullivan MA, Moritz KM, Akison LK. Maternal choline supplementation in a rat model of periconceptional alcohol exposure: Impacts on the fetus and placenta. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2130-2146. [PMID: 34342027 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal choline supplementation in rats can ameliorate specific neurological and behavioral abnormalities caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy. We tested whether choline supplementation ameliorates fetal growth restriction and molecular changes in the placenta associated with periconceptional ethanol exposure (PCE) in the rat. METHODS Sprague Dawley dams were given either 12.5% ethanol (PCE) or 0% ethanol (Con) in a liquid diet from 4 days prior to 4 days after conception. At day 5 of pregnancy, dams were either placed on a standard chow (1.6 g choline/kg chow) or an intermediate chow (2.6 g choline/kg chow). On day 10 of pregnancy, a subset of the intermediate dams were placed on a chow further supplemented with choline (7.2 g choline/kg chow), resulting in 6 groups. Fetuses and placentas were collected on day 20 of pregnancy for analysis. RESULTS Choline supplementation resulted in increased fetal weight at late gestation, ameliorating the deficits due to PCE. This was most pronounced in litters on a standard chow during pregnancy. Choline also increased fetal liver weight and decreased fetal brain:liver ratio, independent of alcohol exposure. Placental weight was reduced as choline levels in the chow increased, particularly in female placentas. This resulted in a greater ratio of fetal:placental weight, suggesting increased placental efficiency. Global DNA methylation in the placenta was altered in a sex-specific manner by both PCE and choline. However, the increased glycogen deposition in female placentas, previously reported in this PCE model, was not prevented by choline supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that choline has the potential to ameliorate fetal growth restriction associated with PCE and improve placental efficiency following prenatal alcohol exposure. Our study highlights the importance of maternal nutrition in moderating the severity of adverse fetal and placental outcomes that may arise from prenatal alcohol exposure around the time of conception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Steane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Arree M Fielding
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Nykola L Kent
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Isabella Andersen
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel J Browne
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ellen N Tejo
- Mater Research, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Emelie M Gårdebjer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Karen M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Lisa K Akison
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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25
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Mitra S, Gumusgoz E, Minassian BA. Lafora disease: Current biology and therapeutic approaches. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2021; 178:315-325. [PMID: 34301405 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin system impacts most cellular processes and is altered in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known about its role in neurodegenerative diseases due to disturbances of glycogen metabolism such as Lafora disease (LD). In LD, insufficiently branched and long-chained glycogen forms and precipitates into insoluble polyglucosan bodies (Lafora bodies), which drive neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and epilepsy. LD is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the glycogen phosphatase laforin or the gene coding for the laforin interacting partner ubiquitin E3 ligase malin. The role of the malin-laforin complex in regulating glycogen structure remains with full of gaps. In this review we bring together the disparate body of data on these two proteins and propose a mechanistic hypothesis of the disease in which malin-laforin's role to monitor and prevent over-elongation of glycogen branch chains, which drive glycogen molecules to precipitate and accumulate into Lafora bodies. We also review proposed connections between Lafora bodies and the ensuing neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and intractable epilepsy. Finally, we review the exciting activities in developing therapies for Lafora disease based on replacing the missing genes, slowing the enzyme - glycogen synthase - that over-elongates glycogen branches, and introducing enzymes that can digest Lafora bodies. Much more work is needed to fill the gaps in glycogen metabolism in which laforin and malin operate. However, knowledge appears already adequate to advance disease course altering therapies for this catastrophic fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mitra
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - E Gumusgoz
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - B A Minassian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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26
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Simmons ZR, Sharma S, Wayne J, Li S, Vander Kooi CW, Gentry MS. Generation and characterization of a laforin nanobody inhibitor. Clin Biochem 2021; 93:80-89. [PMID: 33831386 PMCID: PMC8217207 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mutations in the gene encoding the glycogen phosphatase laforin result in the fatal childhood dementia Lafora disease (LD). A cellular hallmark of LD is cytoplasmic, hyper-phosphorylated, glycogen-like aggregates called Lafora bodies (LBs) that form in nearly all tissues and drive disease progression. Additional tools are needed to define the cellular function of laforin, understand the pathological role of laforin in LD, and determine the role of glycogen phosphate in glycogen metabolism. In this work, we present the generation and characterization of laforin nanobodies, with one being a laforin inhibitor. DESIGN AND METHODS We identify multiple classes of specific laforin-binding nanobodies and determine their binding epitopes using hydrogen deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry. Using para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) and a malachite gold-based assay specific for glucan phosphatase activity, we assess the inhibitory effect of one nanobody on laforin's catalytic activity. RESULTS Six families of laforin nanobodies are characterized and their epitopes mapped. One nanobody is identified and characterized that serves as an inhibitor of laforin's phosphatase activity. CONCLUSIONS The six generated and characterized laforin nanobodies, with one being a laforin inhibitor, are an important set of tools that open new avenues to define unresolved glycogen metabolism questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe R Simmons
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Savita Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Jeremiah Wayne
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Craig W Vander Kooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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27
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Ahonen S, Nitschke S, Grossman TR, Kordasiewicz H, Wang P, Zhao X, Guisso DR, Kasiri S, Nitschke F, Minassian BA. Gys1 antisense therapy rescues neuropathological bases of murine Lafora disease. Brain 2021; 144:2985-2993. [PMID: 33993268 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease is a fatal progressive myoclonus epilepsy. At root, it is due to constant acquisition of branches that are too long in a subgroup of glycogen molecules, leading them to precipitate and accumulate into Lafora bodies, which drive a neuroinflammatory response and neurodegeneration. As a potential therapy, we aimed to downregulate glycogen synthase, the enzyme responsible for glycogen branch elongation, in the disease's mouse models. We synthesized an antisense oligonucleotide (Gys1-ASO) that targets the mRNA of the brain-expressed glycogen synthase 1 gene (Gys1). We administered Gys1-ASO by intracerebroventricular injection and analyzed the pathological hallmarks of Lafora disease, namely glycogen accumulation, Lafora body formation, and neuroinflammation. Gys1-ASO prevented Lafora body formation in young mice that had not yet formed them. In older mice that already exhibited Lafora bodies, Gys1-ASO inhibited further accumulation, markedly preventing large Lafora bodies characteristic of advanced disease. Inhibition of Lafora body formation was associated with prevention of astrogliosis and strong trends towards correction of dysregulated expression of disease immune and neuroinflammatory markers. Lafora disease manifests gradually in previously healthy teenagers. Our work provides proof of principle that an antisense oligonucleotide targeting the GYS1 mRNA could prevent, and halt progression of, this catastrophic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saija Ahonen
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Silvia Nitschke
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tamar R Grossman
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Holly Kordasiewicz
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Peixiang Wang
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Xiaochu Zhao
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Dikran R Guisso
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sahba Kasiri
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Felix Nitschke
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Gumusgoz E, Guisso DR, Kasiri S, Wu J, Dear M, Verhalen B, Nitschke S, Mitra S, Nitschke F, Minassian BA. Targeting Gys1 with AAV-SaCas9 Decreases Pathogenic Polyglucosan Bodies and Neuroinflammation in Adult Polyglucosan Body and Lafora Disease Mouse Models. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1414-1425. [PMID: 33830476 PMCID: PMC8423949 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many adult and most childhood neurological diseases have a genetic basis. CRISPR/Cas9 biotechnology holds great promise in neurological therapy, pending the clearance of major delivery, efficiency, and specificity hurdles. We applied CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in its simplest modality, namely inducing gene sequence disruption, to one adult and one pediatric disease. Adult polyglucosan body disease is a neurodegenerative disease resembling amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lafora disease is a severe late childhood onset progressive myoclonus epilepsy. The pathogenic insult in both is formation in the brain of glycogen with overlong branches, which precipitates and accumulates into polyglucosan bodies that drive neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We packaged Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 and a guide RNA targeting the glycogen synthase gene, Gys1, responsible for brain glycogen branch elongation in AAV9 virus, which we delivered by neonatal intracerebroventricular injection to one mouse model of adult polyglucosan body disease and two mouse models of Lafora disease. This resulted, in all three models, in editing of approximately 17% of Gys1 alleles and a similar extent of reduction of Gys1 mRNA across the brain. The latter led to approximately 50% reductions of GYS1 protein, abnormal glycogen accumulation, and polyglucosan bodies, as well as ameliorations of neuroinflammatory markers in all three models. Our work represents proof of principle for virally delivered CRISPR/Cas9 neurotherapeutics in an adult-onset (adult polyglucosan body) and a childhood-onset (Lafora) neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Gumusgoz
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Dikran R Guisso
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Sahba Kasiri
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Matthew Dear
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Brandy Verhalen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Present address: Corteva Agriscience, IA, 50131, Johnston, USA
| | - Silvia Nitschke
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Sharmistha Mitra
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Felix Nitschke
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Laforêt P, Oldfors A, Malfatti E, Vissing J. 251st ENMC international workshop: Polyglucosan storage myopathies 13-15 December 2019, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2021; 31:466-477. [PMID: 33602551 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Laforêt
- Neurology Unit, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Anders Oldfors
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Edoardo Malfatti
- Neuromuscular Reference Center, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nawaz A, Zhang P, Li E, Gilbert RG, Sullivan MA. The importance of glycogen molecular structure for blood glucose control. iScience 2021; 24:101953. [PMID: 33458612 PMCID: PMC7797522 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes incidence continues to increase rapidly. This disease is characterized by a breakdown in blood glucose homeostasis. The impairment of glycemic control is linked to the structure of glycogen, a highly branched glucose polymer. Liver glycogen, a major controller of blood sugar, comprises small β particles which can link together to form larger α particles. These degrade to glucose more slowly than β particles, enabling a controlled release of blood glucose. The α particles in diabetic mice are however easily broken down into β particles, which degrade more quickly. Because this may lead to higher blood glucose, understanding this diabetes-associated breakdown of α-particle molecular structure may help in the development of diabetes therapeutics. We review the extraction of liver glycogen, its molecular structure, and how this structure is affected by diabetes and then use this knowledge to make postulates to guide the development of strategies to help mitigate type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Nawaz
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Electronic Information Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Enpeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Mitchell A. Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes, Mater Research Institute – The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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Nitschke S, Chown EE, Zhao X, Gabrielian S, Petković S, Guisso DR, Perri AM, Wang P, Ahonen S, Nitschke F, Minassian BA. An inducible glycogen synthase-1 knockout halts but does not reverse Lafora disease progression in mice. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100150. [PMID: 33277363 PMCID: PMC7857511 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malstructured glycogen accumulates over time in Lafora disease (LD) and precipitates into Lafora bodies (LBs), leading to neurodegeneration and intractable fatal epilepsy. Constitutive reduction of glycogen synthase-1 (GYS1) activity prevents murine LD, but the effect of GYS1 reduction later in disease course is unknown. Our goal was to knock out Gys1 in laforin (Epm2a)-deficient LD mice after disease onset to determine whether LD can be halted in midcourse, or even reversed. We generated Epm2a-deficient LD mice with tamoxifen-inducible Cre-mediated Gys1 knockout. Tamoxifen was administered at 4 months and disease progression assessed at 12 months. We verified successful knockout at mRNA and protein levels using droplet digital PCR and Western blots. Glycogen determination and periodic acid-Schiff-diastase staining were used to analyze glycogen and LB accumulation. Immunohistochemistry using astrocytic (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and microglial (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1) markers was performed to investigate neuroinflammation. In the disease-relevant organ, the brain, Gys1 mRNA levels were reduced by 85% and GYS1 protein depleted. Glycogen accumulation was halted at the 4-month level, while LB formation and neuroinflammation were significantly, though incompletely, prevented. Skeletal muscle analysis confirmed that Gys1 knockout inhibits glycogen and LB accumulation. However, tamoxifen-independent Cre recombination precluded determination of disease halting or reversal in this tissue. Our study shows that Gys1 knockdown is a powerful means to prevent LD progression, but this approach did not reduce brain glycogen or LBs to levels below those at the time of intervention. These data suggest that endogenous mechanisms to clear brain LBs are absent or, possibly, compromised in laforin-deficient murine LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Nitschke
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin E Chown
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaochu Zhao
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shoghig Gabrielian
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Petković
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dikran R Guisso
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ami M Perri
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peixiang Wang
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saija Ahonen
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felix Nitschke
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Israelian L, Wang P, Gabrielian S, Zhao X, Minassian BA. Ketogenic diet reduces Lafora bodies in murine Lafora disease. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2020; 6:e533. [PMID: 33324758 PMCID: PMC7713716 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lori Israelian
- Institute of Medical Science (L.I.), University of Toronto, ON; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology (L.I., P.W., S.G., X.Z., B.A.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Division of Neurology (B.A.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Peixiang Wang
- Institute of Medical Science (L.I.), University of Toronto, ON; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology (L.I., P.W., S.G., X.Z., B.A.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Division of Neurology (B.A.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Shoghig Gabrielian
- Institute of Medical Science (L.I.), University of Toronto, ON; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology (L.I., P.W., S.G., X.Z., B.A.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Division of Neurology (B.A.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Xiaochu Zhao
- Institute of Medical Science (L.I.), University of Toronto, ON; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology (L.I., P.W., S.G., X.Z., B.A.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Division of Neurology (B.A.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Institute of Medical Science (L.I.), University of Toronto, ON; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology (L.I., P.W., S.G., X.Z., B.A.M.), The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Division of Neurology (B.A.M.), Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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Chown EE, Wang P, Zhao X, Crowder JJ, Strober JW, Sullivan MA, Xue Y, Bennett CS, Perri AM, Evers BM, Roach PJ, Depaoli‐Roach AA, Akman HO, Pederson BA, Minassian BA. GYS1 or PPP1R3C deficiency rescues murine adult polyglucosan body disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:2186-2198. [PMID: 33034425 PMCID: PMC7664254 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) is an adult-onset neurological variant of glycogen storage disease type IV. APBD is caused by recessive mutations in the glycogen branching enzyme gene, and the consequent accumulation of poorly branched glycogen aggregates called polyglucosan bodies in the nervous system. There are presently no treatments for APBD. Here, we test whether downregulation of glycogen synthesis is therapeutic in a mouse model of the disease. METHODS We characterized the effects of knocking out two pro-glycogenic proteins in an APBD mouse model. APBD mice were crossed with mice deficient in glycogen synthase (GYS1), or mice deficient in protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C (PPP1R3C), a protein involved in the activation of GYS1. Phenotypic and histological parameters were analyzed and glycogen was quantified. RESULTS APBD mice deficient in GYS1 or PPP1R3C demonstrated improvements in life span, morphology, and behavioral assays of neuromuscular function. Histological analysis revealed a reduction in polyglucosan body accumulation and of astro- and micro-gliosis in the brains of GYS1- and PPP1R3C-deficient APBD mice. Brain glycogen quantification confirmed the reduction in abnormal glycogen accumulation. Analysis of skeletal muscle, heart, and liver found that GYS1 deficiency reduced polyglucosan body accumulation in all three tissues and PPP1R3C knockout reduced skeletal muscle polyglucosan bodies. INTERPRETATION GYS1 and PPP1R3C are effective therapeutic targets in the APBD mouse model. These findings represent a critical step toward the development of a treatment for APBD and potentially other glycogen storage disease type IV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Chown
- Genetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenPeter Gilgan Centre for Research and LearningTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Peixiang Wang
- Genetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenPeter Gilgan Centre for Research and LearningTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Xiaochu Zhao
- Genetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenPeter Gilgan Centre for Research and LearningTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Justin J. Crowder
- Indiana University School of Medicine‐MuncieBall State UniversityMuncieIndianaUSA
| | - Jordan W. Strober
- Indiana University School of Medicine‐MuncieBall State UniversityMuncieIndianaUSA
| | - Mitchell A. Sullivan
- Genetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenPeter Gilgan Centre for Research and LearningTorontoOntarioCanada
- Glycation and DiabetesMater Research Institute‐University of QueenslandTranslational Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Yunlin Xue
- Genetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenPeter Gilgan Centre for Research and LearningTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Cody S. Bennett
- Indiana University School of Medicine‐MuncieBall State UniversityMuncieIndianaUSA
| | - Ami M. Perri
- Genetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenPeter Gilgan Centre for Research and LearningTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Bret M. Evers
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Texas SouthwesternDallasTexasUSA
| | - Peter J. Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Anna A. Depaoli‐Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - H. Orhan Akman
- Department of NeurologyH. Houston Merritt Neuromuscular Research CenterColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Berge A. Minassian
- Genetics and Genome Biology ProgramThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenPeter Gilgan Centre for Research and LearningTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of NeurologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of Texas SouthwesternDallasTexasUSA
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Nitschke S, Petković S, Ahonen S, Minassian BA, Nitschke F. Sensitive quantification of α-glucans in mouse tissues, cell cultures, and human cerebrospinal fluid. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14698-14709. [PMID: 32817315 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The soluble α-polyglucan glycogen is a central metabolite enabling transient glucose storage to suit cellular energy needs. Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) comprise over 15 entities caused by generalized or tissue-specific defects in enzymes of glycogen metabolism. In several, e.g. in Lafora disease caused by the absence of the glycogen phosphatase laforin or its interacting partner malin, degradation-resistant abnormally structured insoluble glycogen accumulates. Sensitive quantification methods for soluble and insoluble glycogen are critical to research, including therapeutic studies, in such diseases. This paper establishes methodological advancements relevant to glycogen metabolism investigations generally, and GSDs. Introducing a pre-extraction incubation method, we measure degradation-resistant glycogen in as little as 30 mg of skeletal muscle or a single hippocampus from Lafora disease mouse models. The digestion-resistant glycogen correlates with the disease-pathogenic insoluble glycogen and can readily be detected in very young mice where glycogen accumulation has just begun. Second, we establish a high-sensitivity glucose assay with detection of ATP depletion, enabling 1) quantification of α-glucans in cell culture using a medium-throughput assay suitable for assessment of candidate glycogen synthesis inhibitors, and 2) discovery of α-glucan material in healthy human cerebrospinal fluid, establishing a novel methodological platform for biomarker analyses in Lafora disease and other GSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Nitschke
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sara Petković
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saija Ahonen
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felix Nitschke
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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Brewer MK, Putaux JL, Rondon A, Uittenbogaard A, Sullivan MA, Gentry MS. Polyglucosan body structure in Lafora disease. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 240:116260. [PMID: 32475552 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal carbohydrate structures known as polyglucosan bodies (PGBs) are associated with neurological disorders, glycogen storage diseases (GSDs), and aging. A hallmark of the GSD Lafora disease (LD), a fatal childhood epilepsy caused by recessive mutations in the EPM2A or EPM2B genes, are cytoplasmic PGBs known as Lafora bodies (LBs). LBs result from aberrant glycogen metabolism and drive disease progression. They are abundant in brain, muscle and heart of LD patients and Epm2a-/- and Epm2b-/- mice. LBs and PGBs are histologically reminiscent of starch, semicrystalline carbohydrates synthesized for glucose storage in plants. In this study, we define LB architecture, tissue-specific differences, and dynamics. We propose a model for how small polyglucosans aggregate to form LBs. LBs are very similar to PGBs of aging and other neurological disorders, and so these studies have direct relevance to the general understanding of PGB structure and formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kathryn Brewer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, Epilepsy and Brain Metabolism Center, and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Luc Putaux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Alberto Rondon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Annette Uittenbogaard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, Epilepsy and Brain Metabolism Center, and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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Young LE, Brizzee CO, Macedo JKA, Murphy RD, Contreras CJ, DePaoli-Roach AA, Roach PJ, Gentry MS, Sun RC. Accurate and sensitive quantitation of glucose and glucose phosphates derived from storage carbohydrates by mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115651. [PMID: 31887930 PMCID: PMC7018519 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The addition of phosphate groups into glycogen modulates its branching pattern and solubility which all impact its accessibility to glycogen interacting enzymes. As glycogen architecture modulates its metabolism, it is essential to accurately evaluate and quantify its phosphate content. Simultaneous direct quantitation of glucose and its phosphate esters requires an assay with high sensitivity and a robust dynamic range. Herein, we describe a highly-sensitive method for the accurate detection of both glycogen-derived glucose and glucose-phosphate esters utilizing gas-chromatography coupled mass spectrometry. Using this method, we observed higher glycogen levels in the liver compared to skeletal muscle, but skeletal muscle contained many more phosphate esters. Importantly, this method can detect femtomole levels of glucose and glucose phosphate esters within an extremely robust dynamic range with excellent accuracy and reproducibility. The method can also be easily adapted for the quantification of plant starch, amylopectin or other biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay E.A. Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Corey O. Brizzee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jessica K. A. Macedo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Robert D. Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Christopher J. Contreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Anna A. DePaoli-Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Peter J. Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Matthew S. Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,University of Kentucky Epilepsy & Brain Metabolism Alliance, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ramon C. Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Ramon Sun: Department of Neuroscience BBSRB B179, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509 USA; ; Tel. +1 (859)562-2298 Fax. +1 (859)323-5505
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Some molecular structural features of glycogen in the kidneys of diabetic rats. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 229:115526. [PMID: 31826402 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen, a highly-branched glucose polymer, functions as a sugar reservoir in many organs and tissues. Liver glycogen comprises small β particles which can bind to form into large agglomerates (α particles) which readily degrade to β particles in diabetic livers. Muscle glycogen has only β particles, optimal for quick energy release. Healthy kidney contains negligible glycogen, but there is an abnormally high accumulation in diabetic kidneys. We here compare the molecular structure of glycogen in diabetic kidneys with that in liver and muscle, using a diabetic rat model. This involved exploring extraction techniques to minimize glycogen degradation. Using size exclusion chromatography and transmission electron microscopy, it was found that there were only β particles in diabetic kidneys. These are postulated to form during periods of abnormally high blood sugar, the driving force being the need to reduce blood sugar under such circumstances.
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Sullivan MA, Forbes JM. Glucose and glycogen in the diabetic kidney: Heroes or villains? EBioMedicine 2019; 47:590-597. [PMID: 31405756 PMCID: PMC6796499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism in the kidney is currently foremost in the minds of nephrologists, diabetologists and researchers globally, as a result of the outstanding success of SGLT2 inhibitors in reducing renal and cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes. However, these exciting data have come with the puzzling but fascinating paradigm that many of the beneficial effects on the kidney and cardiovascular system seem to be independent of the systemic glucose lowering actions of these agents. This manuscript places into context an area of research highly relevant to renal glucose metabolism, that of glycogen accumulation and metabolism in the diabetic kidney. Whether the glycogen that abnormally accumulates is pathological (the villain), is somehow protective (the hero) or is inconsequential (the bystander) is a research question that may provide insight into the link between diabetes and diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Josephine M Forbes
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; Mater Clinical School, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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DiNuzzo M, Walls AB, Öz G, Seaquist ER, Waagepetersen HS, Bak LK, Nedergaard M, Schousboe A. State-Dependent Changes in Brain Glycogen Metabolism. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:269-309. [PMID: 31667812 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of glycogen structure, concentration, polydispersity and turnover is critical to qualify the role of glycogen in the brain. These molecular and metabolic features are under the control of neuronal activity through the interdependent action of neuromodulatory tone, ionic homeostasis and availability of metabolic substrates, all variables that concur to define the state of the system. In this chapter, we briefly describe how glycogen responds to selected behavioral, nutritional, environmental, hormonal, developmental and pathological conditions. We argue that interpreting glycogen metabolism through the lens of brain state is an effective approach to establish the relevance of energetics in connecting molecular and cellular neurophysiology to behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro DiNuzzo
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anne B Walls
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gülin Öz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse K Bak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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