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Solotchi M, Patel SS. Proofreading mechanisms of the innate immune receptor RIG-I: distinguishing self and viral RNA. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1131-1148. [PMID: 38884803 PMCID: PMC11346460 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), comprising retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 (LGP2), are pattern recognition receptors belonging to the DExD/H-box RNA helicase family of proteins. RLRs detect viral RNAs in the cytoplasm and respond by initiating a robust antiviral response that up-regulates interferon and cytokine production. RIG-I and MDA5 complement each other by recognizing different RNA features, and LGP2 regulates their activation. RIG-I's multilayered RNA recognition and proofreading mechanisms ensure accurate viral RNA detection while averting harmful responses to host RNAs. RIG-I's C-terminal domain targets 5'-triphosphate double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) blunt ends, while an intrinsic gating mechanism prevents the helicase domains from non-specifically engaging with host RNAs. The ATPase and RNA translocation activity of RIG-I adds another layer of selectivity by minimizing the lifetime of RIG-I on non-specific RNAs, preventing off-target activation. The versatility of RIG-I's ATPase function also amplifies downstream signaling by enhancing the signaling domain (CARDs) exposure on 5'-triphosphate dsRNA and promoting oligomerization. In this review, we offer an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms RIG-I uses to facilitate viral RNA sensing and regulate downstream activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Solotchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, U.S.A
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A
| | - Smita S. Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, U.S.A
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Maduka AO, Manohar S, Foster MW, Silva GM. Localized K63 ubiquitin signaling is regulated by VCP/p97 during oxidative stress. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.20.598218. [PMID: 38948861 PMCID: PMC11213022 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.20.598218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Under stress conditions, cells reprogram their molecular machineries to mitigate damage and promote survival. Ubiquitin signaling is globally increased during oxidative stress, controlling protein fate and supporting stress defenses at several subcellular compartments. However, the rules driving subcellular ubiquitin localization to promote these concerted response mechanisms remain understudied. Here, we show that K63-linked ubiquitin chains, known to promote proteasome-independent pathways, accumulate primarily in non-cytosolic compartments during oxidative stress induced by sodium arsenite in mammalian cells. Our subcellular ubiquitin proteomic analyses of non-cytosolic compartments expanded 10-fold the pool of proteins known to be ubiquitinated during arsenite stress (2,046) and revealed their involvement in pathways related to immune signaling and translation control. Moreover, subcellular proteome analyses revealed proteins that are recruited to non-cytosolic compartments under stress, including a significant enrichment of helper ubiquitin-binding adaptors of the ATPase VCP that processes ubiquitinated substrates for downstream signaling. We further show that VCP recruitment to non-cytosolic compartments under arsenite stress occurs in a ubiquitin-dependent manner mediated by its adaptor NPLOC4. Additionally, we show that VCP and NPLOC4 activities are critical to sustain low levels of non-cytosolic K63-linked ubiquitin chains, supporting a cyclical model of ubiquitin conjugation and removal that is disrupted by cellular exposure to reactive oxygen species. This work deepens our understanding of the role of localized ubiquitin and VCP signaling in the basic mechanisms of stress response and highlights new pathways and molecular players that are essential to reshape the composition and function of the human subcellular proteome under dynamic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandhya Manohar
- Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew W. Foster
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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3
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Xu LL, Gan T, Li Y, Chen P, Shi SF, Liu LJ, Lv JC, Zhang H, Zhou XJ. Combined Genetic Association and Differed Expression Analysis of UBE2L3 Uncovers a Genetic Regulatory Role of (Immuno)proteasome in IgA Nephropathy. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 10:167-180. [PMID: 38835407 PMCID: PMC11149991 DOI: 10.1159/000537987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Introduction IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. The exact pathogenesis of IgAN is not well defined, but some genetic studies have led to a novel discovery that the (immuno)proteasome probably plays an important role in IgAN. Methods We firstly analyzed the association of variants in the UBE2L3 region with susceptibility to IgAN in 3,495 patients and 9,101 controls, and then analyzed the association between lead variant and clinical phenotypes in 1,803 patients with regular follow-up data. The blood mRNA levels of members of the ubiquitin-proteasome system including UBE2L3 were analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 53 patients and 28 healthy controls. The associations between UBE2L3 and the expression levels of genes involved in Gd-IgA1 production were also explored. Results The rs131654 showed the most significant association signal in UBE2L3 region (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04-1.16, p = 2.29 × 10-3), whose genotypes were also associated with the levels of Gd-IgA1 (p = 0.04). The rs131654 was observed to exert cis-eQTL effects on UBE2L3 in various tissues and cell types, particularly in immune cell types in multiple databases. The UBE2L3, LUBAC, and proteasome subunits were highly expressed in patients compared with healthy controls. High expression levels of UBE2L3 were not only associated with higher proteinuria (r = 0.34, p = 0.01) and lower eGFR (r = -0.28, p = 0.04), but also positively correlated with the gene expression of LUBAC and other proteasome subunits. Additionally, mRNA expression levels of UBE2L3 were also positively correlated with IL-6 and RELA, but negatively correlated with the expression levels of the key enzyme in the process of glycosylation including C1GALT1 and C1GALT1C1. Conclusion In conclusion, by combined genetic association and differed expression analysis of UBE2L3, our data support a role of genetically conferred dysregulation of the (immuno)proteasome in regulating galactose-deficient IgA1 in the development of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Xu
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Kidney Genetics Center, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Gan
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Kidney Genetics Center, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Kidney Genetics Center, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Kidney Genetics Center, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Fang Shi
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Kidney Genetics Center, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Liu
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Kidney Genetics Center, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Cheng Lv
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Kidney Genetics Center, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Kidney Genetics Center, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Kidney Genetics Center, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Ning M, Song L, Niu X, Wang Y, Liu W, Hu J, Cai H, Song W, Liu L, Li H, Gong D, Smith J, Huang Y. Multiscale 3D genome organization underlies duck fatty liver with no adipose inflammation or serious injury. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132452. [PMID: 38777007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease. Little is known about how gene expression and chromatin structure are regulated in NAFLD due to lack of suitable model. Ducks naturally develop fatty liver similar to serious human non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) without adipose inflammation and liver fibrosis, thus serves as a good model for investigating molecular mechanisms of adipose metabolism and anti-inflammation. Here, we constructed a NAFLD model without adipose inflammation and liver fibrosis in ducks. By performing dynamic pathological and transcriptomic analyses, we identified critical genes involving in regulation of the NF-κB and MHCII signaling, which usually lead to adipose inflammation and liver fibrosis. We further generated dynamic three-dimensional chromatin maps during liver fatty formation and recovery. This showed that ducks enlarged hepatocyte cell nuclei to reduce inter-chromosomal interaction, decompress chromatin structure, and alter strength of intra-TAD and loop interactions during fatty liver formation. These changes partially contributed to the tight control the NF-κB and the MHCII signaling. Our analysis uncovers duck chromatin reorganization might be advantageous to maintain liver regenerative capacity and reduce adipose inflammation. These findings shed light on new strategies for NAFLD control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linfei Song
- State Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weitao Song
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Long Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daoqing Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Yinhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Lee MJ, Hammouda MB, Miao W, Okafor AE, Jin YJ, Sun H, Jain V, Markovtsov V, Diao Y, Gregory SG, Zhang JY. UBE2N Is Essential for Maintenance of Skin Homeostasis and Suppression of Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00376-2. [PMID: 38796140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
UBE2N, a Lys63 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, plays critical roles in embryogenesis and immune system development and function. However, its roles in adult epithelial tissue homeostasis and pathogenesis are unclear. We generated conditional mouse models that deleted Ube2n in skin cells in a temporally and spatially controlled manner. We found that Ube2n knockout in the adult skin keratinocytes induced a range of inflammatory skin defects characteristic of psoriatic and actinic keratosis. These included inflammation, epidermal and dermal thickening, parakeratosis, and increased immune cell infiltration as well as signs of edema and blistering. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses and RT-qPCR showed that Ube2n-knockout keratinocytes expressed elevated myeloid cell chemoattractants such as Cxcl1 and Cxcl2 and decreased the homeostatic T lymphocyte chemoattractant Ccl27a. Consistently, the infiltrating immune cells were predominantly myeloid-derived cells, including neutrophils and M1-like macrophages, which expressed high levels of inflammatory cytokines such as Il1β and Il24. Pharmacological blockade of the IL-1 receptor associated kinases (IRAK1/4) alleviated inflammation, epidermal and dermal thickening, and immune infiltration of the Ube2n-mutant skin. Together, these findings highlight a key role of keratinocyte UBE2N in maintenance of epidermal homeostasis and skin immunity and identify IRAK1/4 as potential therapeutic target for inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Manel Ben Hammouda
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wanying Miao
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arinze E Okafor
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yingai J Jin
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Huiying Sun
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vaibhav Jain
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Yarui Diao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Simon G Gregory
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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6
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Yang B, Chen W, Tao T, Zhang J, Kong D, Hao J, Yu C, Liao G, Gong H. UBE2N promotes cell viability and glycolysis by promoting Axin1 ubiquitination in prostate cancer cells. Biol Direct 2024; 19:35. [PMID: 38715121 PMCID: PMC11075218 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-024-00469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N (UBE2N) is recognized in the progression of some cancers; however, little research has been conducted to describe its role in prostate cancer. The purpose of this paper is to explore the function and mechanism of UBE2N in prostate cancer cells. METHODS UBE2N expression was detected in Cancer Genome Atlas Prostate Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-PRAD) data, prostate cancer tissue microarrays, and prostate cancer cell lines, respectively. UBE2N knockdown or overexpression was used to analyze its role in cell viability and glycolysis of prostate cancer cells and tumor growth. XAV939 or Axin1 overexpression was co-treated with UBE2N overexpression to detect the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling and Axin1 in the UBE2N function. UBE2N interacting with Axin1 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS UBE2N was upregulated in prostate cancer and the UBE2N-high expression correlated with the poor prognosis of prostate cancer. UBE2N knockdown inhibited cell viability and glycolysis in prostate cancer cells and restricted tumor formation in tumor-bearing mice. Wnt/β-catenin inhibition and Axin1 overexpression reversed the promoting viability and glycolysis function of UBE2N. UBE2N promoted Axin1 ubiquitination and decreased Axin1 protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Weihua Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Tianyi Tao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dehui Kong
- Experimental Cellular Therapy Group, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94103, USA
| | - Jidong Hao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Urology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Guoqiang Liao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, China.
| | - Hua Gong
- Department of Urology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, No.1500 Zhouyuan Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201318, China.
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7
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Lee KY, Craig C, Patel SS. Unraveling blunt-end RNA binding and ATPase-driven translocation activities of the RIG-I family helicase LGP2. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:355-369. [PMID: 38015453 PMCID: PMC10783506 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I family helicases, comprising RIG-I, MDA5 and LGP2, are cytoplasmic RNA sensors that trigger an antiviral immune response by specifically recognizing foreign RNAs. While LGP2 lacks the signaling domain necessary for immune activation, it plays a vital role in regulating the RIG-I/MDA5 signaling pathway. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms underlying this regulation by examining the oligomeric state, RNA binding specificity, and translocation activity of human LGP2 and the impact of ATPase activity. We show that LGP2, like RIG-I, prefers binding blunt-ended double-stranded (ds) RNAs over internal dsRNA regions or RNA overhangs and associates with blunt-ends faster than with overhangs. Unlike RIG-I, a 5'-triphosphate (5'ppp), Cap0, or Cap1 RNA-end does not influence LGP2's RNA binding affinity. LGP2 hydrolyzes ATP in the presence of RNA but at a 5-10 fold slower rate than RIG-I. Nevertheless, LGP2 uses its ATPase activity to translocate and displace biotin-streptavidin interactions. This activity is significantly hindered by a methylated RNA patch, particularly on the 3'-strand, suggesting a 3'-strand tracking mechanism like RIG-I. The preference of LGP2 for blunt-end RNA binding, its insensitivity to Cap0/Cap1 modification, and its translocation/protein displacement ability have substantial implications for how LGP2 regulates the RNA sensing process by MDA5/RIG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ying Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School of Rutgers University, 08854, USA
| | - Candice Craig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School of Rutgers University, 08854, USA
| | - Smita S Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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8
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Lee MJ, Hammouda MB, Miao W, Okafor A, Jin Y, Sun H, Jain V, Markovtsov V, Diao Y, Gregory SG, Zhang JY. UBE2N is essential for maintenance of skin homeostasis and suppression of inflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569631. [PMID: 38105982 PMCID: PMC10723344 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
UBE2N, a Lys63-ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, plays critical roles in embryogenesis and immune system development and function. However, its roles in adult epithelial tissue homeostasis and pathogenesis are unclear. We generated conditional mouse models that deleted Ube2n in skin cells in a temporally and spatially controlled manner. We found that Ube2n-knockout (KO) in the adult skin keratinocytes induced a range of inflammatory skin defects characteristic of psoriatic and actinic keratosis. These included eczematous inflammation, epidermal and dermal thickening, parakeratosis, and increased immune cell infiltration, as well as signs of edema and blistering. Single cell transcriptomic analyses and RT-qPCR showed that Ube2n KO keratinocytes expressed elevated myeloid cell chemo-attractants such as Cxcl1 and Cxcl2 and decreased the homeostatic T lymphocyte chemo-attractant, Ccl27a. Consistently, the infiltrating immune cells of Ube2n-KO skin were predominantly myeloid-derived cells including neutrophils and M1-like macrophages that were highly inflammatory, as indicated by expression of Il1β and Il24. Pharmacological blockade of the IL-1 receptor associated kinases (IRAK1/4) alleviated eczema, epidermal and dermal thickening, and immune infiltration of the Ube2n mutant skin. Together, these findings highlight a key role of keratinocyte-UBE2N in maintenance of epidermal homeostasis and skin immunity and identify IRAK1/4 as potential therapeutic target for inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jin Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Wanying Miao
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Arinze Okafor
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yingai Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Huiying Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Vaibhav Jain
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Yarui Diao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Y Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Tan Z, Wu J, Huang L, Wang T, Zheng Z, Zhang J, Ke X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Wang H, Tao J, Gong P. LGP2 directly interacts with flavivirus NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and downregulates its pre-elongation activities. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011620. [PMID: 37656756 PMCID: PMC10501626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
LGP2 is a RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) known to bind and recognize the intermediate double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) during virus infection and to induce type-I interferon (IFN)-related antiviral innate immune responses. Here, we find that LGP2 inhibits Zika virus (ZIKV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) replication independent of IFN induction. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and confocal immunofluorescence data suggest that LGP2 likely colocalizes with the replication complex (RC) of ZIKV by interacting with viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) NS5. We further verify that the regulatory domain (RD) of LGP2 directly interacts with RdRP of NS5 by biolayer interferometry assay. Data from in vitro RdRP assays indicate that LGP2 may inhibit polymerase activities of NS5 at pre-elongation but not elongation stages, while an RNA-binding-defective LGP2 mutant can still inhibit RdRP activities and virus replication. Taken together, our work suggests that LGP2 can inhibit flavivirus replication through direct interaction with NS5 protein and downregulates its polymerase pre-elongation activities, demonstrating a distinct role of LGP2 beyond its function in innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Tan
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine, a. Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China and b. Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiqin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Huang
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine, a. Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China and b. Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine, a. Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China and b. Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xianliang Ke
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianping Tao
- The Joint Laboratory for Translational Precision Medicine, a. Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China and b. Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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10
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Zheng J, Shi W, Yang Z, Chen J, Qi A, Yang Y, Deng Y, Yang D, Song N, Song B, Luo D. RIG-I-like receptors: Molecular mechanism of activation and signaling. Adv Immunol 2023; 158:1-74. [PMID: 37453753 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
During RNA viral infection, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) recognize the intracellular pathogenic RNA species derived from viral replication and activate antiviral innate immune response by stimulating type 1 interferon expression. Three RLR members, namely, RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 are homologous and belong to a subgroup of superfamily 2 Helicase/ATPase that is preferably activated by double-stranded RNA. RLRs are significantly different in gene architecture, RNA ligand preference, activation, and molecular functions. As switchable macromolecular sensors, RLRs' activities are tightly regulated by RNA ligands, ATP, posttranslational modifications, and cellular cofactors. We provide a comprehensive review of the structure and function of the RLRs and summarize the molecular understanding of sensing and signaling events during the RLR activation process. The key roles RLR signaling play in both anti-infection and immune disease conditions highlight the therapeutic potential in targeting this important molecular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenjia Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqun Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulin Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyuan Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dahai Luo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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11
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Ji L, Wang Y, Zhou L, Lu J, Bao S, Shen Q, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang W. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases: The Operators of the Ubiquitin Code That Regulates the RLR and cGAS-STING Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314601. [PMID: 36498930 PMCID: PMC9740615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks caused by RNA and DNA viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 and monkeypox, pose serious threats to human health. The RLR and cGAS-STING pathways contain major cytoplasmic sensors and signaling transduction axes for host innate antiviral immunity. In physiological and virus-induced pathological states, the activation and inactivation of these signal axes are tightly controlled, especially post-translational modifications (PTMs). E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3s) are the direct manipulator of ubiquitin codons and determine the type and modification type of substrate proteins. Therefore, members of the E3s family are involved in balancing the host's innate antiviral immune responses, and their functions have been extensively studied over recent decades. In this study, we overviewed the mechanisms of different members of three E3s families that mediate the RLR and cGAS-STING axes and analyzed them as potential molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of virus-related diseases.
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12
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Das A, Foglizzo M, Padala P, Zhu J, Day CL. TRAF trimers form immune signalling networks via RING domain dimerization. FEBS Lett 2022; 597:1213-1224. [PMID: 36310378 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For many inflammatory cytokines, the response elicited is dependent on the recruitment of the tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family of adaptor proteins. All TRAF proteins have a trimeric C-terminal TRAF domain, while at the N-terminus most TRAFs have a RING domain that forms dimers. The symmetry mismatch of the N- and C-terminal halves of TRAF proteins means that when receptors cluster, it is presumed that RING dimers connect TRAF trimers to form a network. Here, using purified TRAF6 proteins, we provide direct evidence in support of this model, and we show that TRAF6 trimers bind Lys63-linked ubiquitin chains to promote their processive assembly. This study provides critical evidence in support of TRAF trimers as key players in signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubrita Das
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Martina Foglizzo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Prasanth Padala
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Catherine L Day
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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13
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Yin X, Liu Q, Liu F, Tian X, Yan T, Han J, Jiang S. Emerging Roles of Non-proteolytic Ubiquitination in Tumorigenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:944460. [PMID: 35874839 PMCID: PMC9298949 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.944460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a critical type of protein post-translational modification playing an essential role in many cellular processes. To date, more than eight types of ubiquitination exist, all of which are involved in distinct cellular processes based on their structural differences. Studies have indicated that activation of the ubiquitination pathway is tightly connected with inflammation-related diseases as well as cancer, especially in the non-proteolytic canonical pathway, highlighting the vital roles of ubiquitination in metabolic programming. Studies relating degradable ubiquitination through lys48 or lys11-linked pathways to cellular signaling have been well-characterized. However, emerging evidence shows that non-degradable ubiquitination (linked to lys6, lys27, lys29, lys33, lys63, and Met1) remains to be defined. In this review, we summarize the non-proteolytic ubiquitination involved in tumorigenesis and related signaling pathways, with the aim of providing a reference for future exploration of ubiquitination and the potential targets for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Yin
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qingbin Liu
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xinchen Tian
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tinghao Yan
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shulong Jiang
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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14
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Gong XY, Zhang QM, Zhao X, Li YL, Qu ZL, Li Z, Dan C, Gui JF, Zhang YB. LGP2 is essential for zebrafish survival through dual regulation of IFN antiviral response. iScience 2022; 25:104821. [PMID: 35982787 PMCID: PMC9379684 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, LGP2 is the enigmatic RLR family member, being initially believed as an inhibitor of RLR-triggered IFN response but subsequently as an activator of MDA5 signaling and an inhibitor of RIG-I signaling. The contradiction happens to fish LGP2. Here, we generate a lgp2 loss-of-function (lgp2lof/lof) zebrafish mutant, which is highly susceptible to SVCV infection, displaying an initially decreased activation of IFN response and a following increased one. Mechanistically, zebrafish LGP2 functions as the essential activator of IFN response dependent on MDA5 at the early stage of viral infection but as a negative regulator by impairing mRNA levels of tbk1 and ikki at the late stage of viral infection. The function switch of LGP2 is related to cellular IFN production during viral infection. Our data demonstrate that zebrafish LGP2 is a key homeostatic regulator of IFN response and thus essential for zebrafish survival against SVCV infection. Zebrafish LGP2 is crucial for host survival through initiating IFN response Zebrafish LGP2 exerts dual regulation of IFN response during SVCV infection The function switch of zebrafish LGP2 is related to cellular IFN production
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15
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Lei Y, Fei P, Song B, Shi W, Luo C, Luo D, Li D, Chen W, Zheng J. A loosened gating mechanism of RIG-I leads to autoimmune disorders. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:5850-5863. [PMID: 35580046 PMCID: PMC9177982 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DDX58 encodes RIG-I, a cytosolic RNA sensor that ensures immune surveillance of nonself RNAs. Individuals with RIG-IE510V and RIG-IQ517H mutations have increased susceptibility to Singleton-Merten syndrome (SMS) defects, resulting in tissue-specific (mild) and classic (severe) phenotypes. The coupling between RNA recognition and conformational changes is central to RIG-I RNA proofreading, but the molecular determinants leading to dissociated disease phenotypes remain unknown. Herein, we employed hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and single molecule magnetic tweezers (MT) to precisely examine how subtle conformational changes in the helicase insertion domain (HEL2i) promote impaired ATPase and erroneous RNA proofreading activities. We showed that the mutations cause a loosened latch-gate engagement in apo RIG-I, which in turn gradually dampens its self RNA (Cap2 moiety:m7G cap and N1-2-2′-O-methylation RNA) proofreading ability, leading to increased immunopathy. These results reveal HEL2i as a unique checkpoint directing two specialized functions, i.e. stabilizing the CARD2-HEL2i interface and gating the helicase from incoming self RNAs; thus, these findings add new insights into the role of HEL2i in the control of antiviral innate immunity and autoimmunity diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Lei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.,The Drug Research Center of Immunological Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Panyu Fei
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Song
- The Drug Research Center of Immunological Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenjia Shi
- The Drug Research Center of Immunological Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,The Chemical Biology Center, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dahai Luo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, NTU Institute of Structural Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore
| | - Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- The Drug Research Center of Immunological Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
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16
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The role of K63-linked polyubiquitin in several types of autophagy. Biol Futur 2022; 73:137-148. [DOI: 10.1007/s42977-022-00117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractLysosomal-dependent self-degradative (autophagic) mechanisms are essential for the maintenance of normal homeostasis in all eukaryotic cells. Several types of such self-degradative and recycling pathways have been identified, based on how the cellular self material can incorporate into the lysosomal lumen. Ubiquitination, a well-known and frequently occurred posttranslational modification has essential role in all cell biological processes, thus in autophagy too. The second most common type of polyubiquitin chain is the K63-linked polyubiquitin, which strongly connects to some self-degradative mechanisms in the cells. In this review, we discuss the role of this type of polyubiquitin pattern in numerous autophagic processes.
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