1
|
Jiang J, Du L, Ding Y. Aryl-Aryl Bond Formation by Ullmann Reaction: From Mechanistic Aspects to Catalyst. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x15666181031111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aryl-aryl bond formation is one of the most important tools in modern organic synthesis.
Therefore, there is a high level of interest to develop green, effective reaction system to obtain biaryls.
This review summarized the recent advances in the metal-catalyzed Ullmann reaction in which
the aryl-aryl bond was formed directly. Furthermore, different types of catalytic mechanisms, especially
the surface reaction, have been summarized to help the design of the catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liyong Du
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuqiang Ding
- International Joint Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stockinger S, Troendlin J, Rominger F, Trapp O. On-Column Reaction Set-Up for High-Throughput Screenings and Mechanistic Investigations. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
3
|
Stockinger S, Trapp O. Comparison of a Molecular and an Immobilized Gadolinium(III)-tris[(1R,4S)-3-heptafluorobutanoyl-camphor] as Catalyst in the Asymmetric Danishefsky-Hetero-Diels-Alder-Reaction. Chirality 2014; 26:243-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Skrollan Stockinger
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Heidelberg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stockinger S, Trapp O. Integrating reaction and analysis: investigation of higher-order reactions by cryogenic trapping. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1837-42. [PMID: 24062850 PMCID: PMC3778332 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A new approach for the investigation of a higher-order reaction by on-column reaction gas chromatography is presented. The reaction and the analytical separation are combined in a single experiment to investigate the Diels-Alder reaction of benzenediazonium-2-carboxylate as a benzyne precursor with various anthracene derivatives, i.e. anthracene, 9-bromoanthracene, 9-anthracenecarboxaldehyde and 9-anthracenemethanol. To overcome limitations of short reaction contact times at elevated temperatures a novel experimental setup was developed involving a cooling trap to achieve focusing and mixing of the reactants at a defined spot in a fused-silica capillary. This trap functions as a reactor within the separation column in the oven of a gas chromatograph. The reactants are sequentially injected to avoid undefined mixing in the injection port. An experimental protocol was developed with optimized injection intervals and cooling times to achieve sufficient conversions at short reaction times. Reaction products were rapidly identified by mass spectrometric detection. This new approach represents a practical procedure to investigate higher-order reactions at an analytical level and it simultaneously provides valuable information for the optimization of the reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skrollan Stockinger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kamuf M, Trapp O. Stereodynamics of small 1,2-dialkyldiaziridines. Chirality 2013; 25:224-9. [PMID: 23401088 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Diaziridines are very interesting representatives of organic compounds containing stereogenic nitrogen atoms. In particular, 1,2-dialkyldiaziridines show extraordinarily high stereointegrity. The lone electron pairs of the nitrogen atoms are in trans configuration, avoiding a four-electron repulsive interaction. Furthermore, the trans configuration of the substituents at the nitrogen atoms is energetically favored because of reduced steric interactions. Therefore only two stereoisomers (enantiomers) are observed. At elevated temperatures the enantiomers are interconverting because of the limited stereointegrity of the chirotopic nitrogen atoms. The enantiomerization rate constants and the activation parameters of interconversion are of great interest. Here, we investigated the stereodynamics of a set of small 1,2-dialkyldiaziridines bearing short substituents (Me, Et, iPr, tBu), using enantioselective dynamic gas chromatography (DGC). Separation of enantiomers of all compounds, including the highly volatile 1,2-dimethyldiaziridine, was achieved using heptakis(2,3-di-O-ethyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin in 50% PS086 (w/w) as chiral stationary phase in fused silica capillaries with a length of up to 50 m. Measurements at variable temperatures were performed and reaction rate constants were determined using the unified equation of chromatography implemented in the software DCXplorer. The activation barriers at room temperature for 1-(tert-butyl)-2-ethyldiaziridine, ΔG(╪)(298K) = 123.8 kJ mol(-1) (ΔH(╪) = 115.5±2.9 kJ mol(-1), ΔS(╪) = -28±1 J mol(-1) K(-1)), and 1-ethyl-2-isopropyldiaziridine, ΔG(╪)(298K) = 124.2 kJ mol(-1) (ΔH(╪) = 113.1±2.4 kJ mol(-1), ΔS(╪) = -37±2 J mol(-1) K(-1)), were determined, representing some of the highest values observed for nitrogen inversion in diaziridines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kamuf
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Interconversion of Stereochemically Labile Enantiomers (Enantiomerization). Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 341:231-69. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
7
|
|
8
|
Cancogni D, Mandoli A, Jumde RP, Pini D. Silicone-Supported Cinchona Alkaloid Derivatives as Insoluble Organocatalysts in the Enantioselective Dimerization of Ketenes. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
9
|
Dakdouki SC, Villemin D, Bar N. On-Column Solvent-Free Oxidative Cleavage Reactions of Vicinal Diols by Silica Gel and Paraperiodic Acid: Application to In-Situ Sequential Oxidation and Knoevenagel Reactions. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
10
|
Potyrailo R, Rajan K, Stoewe K, Takeuchi I, Chisholm B, Lam H. Combinatorial and high-throughput screening of materials libraries: review of state of the art. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2011; 13:579-633. [PMID: 21644562 DOI: 10.1021/co200007w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rational materials design based on prior knowledge is attractive because it promises to avoid time-consuming synthesis and testing of numerous materials candidates. However with the increase of complexity of materials, the scientific ability for the rational materials design becomes progressively limited. As a result of this complexity, combinatorial and high-throughput (CHT) experimentation in materials science has been recognized as a new scientific approach to generate new knowledge. This review demonstrates the broad applicability of CHT experimentation technologies in discovery and optimization of new materials. We discuss general principles of CHT materials screening, followed by the detailed discussion of high-throughput materials characterization approaches, advances in data analysis/mining, and new materials developments facilitated by CHT experimentation. We critically analyze results of materials development in the areas most impacted by the CHT approaches, such as catalysis, electronic and functional materials, polymer-based industrial coatings, sensing materials, and biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radislav Potyrailo
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
| | - Krishna Rajan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Combinatorial Discovery, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Klaus Stoewe
- Universität des Saarlandes, Technische Chemie, Campus C4.2, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Bret Chisholm
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering and Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Hubert Lam
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Troendlin J, Rehbein J, Hiersemann M, Trapp O. Integration of Catalysis and Analysis is the Key: Rapid and Precise Investigation of the Catalytic Asymmetric Gosteli–Claisen Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16444-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ja207091x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Troendlin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Martin Hiersemann
- Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dakdouki SC, Villemin D, Bar N. An Original On-Column Oxidative Cleavage of Vicinal Diols Using Alumina/Potassium Periodate: Application to Sequential Oxidation/Horner-Emmons Reactions. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
13
|
Anbarasan P, Schareina T, Beller M. Recent developments and perspectives in palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides: synthesis of benzonitriles. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:5049-67. [PMID: 21528150 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15004a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed cyanation of Ar-X (X = I, Br, Cl, OTf, and H) allows for an efficient access towards benzonitriles. After its discovery in 1973 and following significant improvements in recent decades, this methodology has become nowadays the most popular for preparation of substituted aromatic nitriles. In this critical review, we summarize the important developments in this area from 2000 until 2010 (151 references).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pazhamalai Anbarasan
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29A, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kamuf M, Trapp O. Stereodynamics of tetramezine. Chirality 2010; 23:113-7. [PMID: 20845424 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The antidepressant drug tetramezine [1,2-bis-(3,3-dimethyldiaziridin-1-yl)ethane] consists of two bridged diaziridine moieties with four stereogenic nitrogen centers, which are stereolabile and, therefore, are prone to interconversion. The adjacent substituents at the nitrogen atoms of the diaziridines moieties exist only in an antiperiplanar conformation, which results in a coupled interconversion. Therefore, three stereoisomers exist (meso form and two enantiomeric forms), which epimerize when the diaziridine moieties are regarded as stereogenic units due to the coupled interconversion. Here, we have investigated the epimerization between the meso and enantiomeric forms by dynamic gas chromatography. Temperature-dependent measurements were performed, and reaction rate constants were determined using the unified equation of chromatography implemented in the software DCXplorer. The activation barriers of the epimerization were found to be ΔG(≠) = 100.7 kJ mol(-1) at 25°C and ΔG(≠) = 104.5 kJ mol(-1) at 37°C, respectively. The activation enthalpy and entropy were determined to be ΔH(≠) = 70.3 ± 0.4 kJ mol(-1) and ΔS(≠) = -102 ± 2 J mol(-1) K(-1) .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kamuf
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Trapp O. Investigation of the stereodynamics of molecules and catalyzed reactions by CE. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:786-813. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|