1
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Park Y, Kang HG, Kang SJ, Ku HO, Zarbl H, Fang MZ, Park JH. Combined use of multiparametric high-content-screening and in vitro circadian reporter assays in neurotoxicity evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1485-1498. [PMID: 38483585 PMCID: PMC10965668 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that chronic circadian rhythm disruption is associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases induced by exposure to neurotoxic chemicals. Herein, we examined the relationship between cellular circadian rhythm disruption and cytotoxicity in neural cells. Moreover, we evaluated the potential application of an in vitro cellular circadian rhythm assay in determining circadian rhythm disruption as a sensitive and early marker of neurotoxicant-induced adverse effects. To explore these objectives, we established an in vitro cellular circadian rhythm assay using human glioblastoma (U87 MG) cells stably transfected with a circadian reporter vector (PER2-dLuc) and determined the lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs) of several common neurotoxicants. Additionally, we determined the LOAEL of each compound on multiple cytotoxicity endpoints (nuclear size [NC], mitochondrial membrane potential [MMP], calcium ions, or lipid peroxidation) using a multiparametric high-content screening (HCS) assay using transfected U87 MG cells treated with the same neurotoxicants for 24 and 72 h. Based on our findings, the LOAEL for cellular circadian rhythm disruption for most chemicals was slightly higher than that for most cytotoxicity indicators detected using HCS, and the LOAEL for MMP in the first 24 h was the closest to that for cellular circadian rhythm disruption. Dietary antioxidants (methylselenocysteine and N-acetyl-l-cysteine) prevented or restored neurotoxicant-induced cellular circadian rhythm disruption. Our results suggest that cellular circadian rhythm disruption is as sensitive as cytotoxicity indicators and occurs early as much as cytotoxic events during disease development. Moreover, the in vitro cellular circadian rhythm assay warrants further evaluation as an early screening tool for neurotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngil Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-Si, 39660, Korea
| | - Hwan-Goo Kang
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-Si, 39660, Korea
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Semyung University, 65, Semyung Ro, Jecheon, Chungcheongbuk‑do, Korea
| | - Seok-Jin Kang
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-Si, 39660, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ok Ku
- Veterinary Drugs and Biologics Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-Si, 39660, Korea
| | - Helmut Zarbl
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, NIEHS Center for Environmental Exposure and Disease, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ08854, USA
| | - Ming-Zhu Fang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, NIEHS Center for Environmental Exposure and Disease, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ08854, USA
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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2
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Ono D, Weaver DR, Hastings MH, Honma KI, Honma S, Silver R. The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus at 50: Looking Back, Then Looking Forward. J Biol Rhythms 2024; 39:135-165. [PMID: 38366616 PMCID: PMC7615910 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231225706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
It has been 50 years since the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was first identified as the central circadian clock and 25 years since the last overview of developments in the field was published in the Journal of Biological Rhythms. Here, we explore new mechanisms and concepts that have emerged in the subsequent 25 years. Since 1997, methodological developments, such as luminescent and fluorescent reporter techniques, have revealed intricate relationships between cellular and network-level mechanisms. In particular, specific neuropeptides such as arginine vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and gastrin-releasing peptide have been identified as key players in the synchronization of cellular circadian rhythms within the SCN. The discovery of multiple oscillators governing behavioral and physiological rhythms has significantly advanced our understanding of the circadian clock. The interaction between neurons and glial cells has been found to play a crucial role in regulating these circadian rhythms within the SCN. Furthermore, the properties of the SCN network vary across ontogenetic stages. The application of cell type-specific genetic manipulations has revealed components of the functional input-output system of the SCN and their correlation with physiological functions. This review concludes with the high-risk effort of identifying open questions and challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ono
- Stress Recognition and Response, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - David R Weaver
- Department of Neurobiology and NeuroNexus Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael H Hastings
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ken-Ichi Honma
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disorders, Sapporo Hanazono Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sato Honma
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disorders, Sapporo Hanazono Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rae Silver
- Stress Recognition and Response, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience & Behavior, Barnard College and Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
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3
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Miller S, Aikawa Y, Sugiyama A, Nagai Y, Hara A, Oshima T, Amaike K, Kay SA, Itami K, Hirota T. An Isoform-Selective Modulator of Cryptochrome 1 Regulates Circadian Rhythms in Mammals. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1192-1198.e5. [PMID: 32502390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) and CRY2 are core regulators of the circadian clock, and the development of isoform-selective modulators is important for the elucidation of their redundant and distinct functions. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of a small-molecule modulator of the mammalian circadian clock that selectively controls CRY1. Cell-based circadian chemical screening identified a thienopyrimidine derivative KL201 that lengthened the period of circadian rhythms in cells and tissues. Functional assays revealed stabilization of CRY1 but not CRY2 by KL201. A structure-activity relationship study of KL201 derivatives in combination with X-ray crystallography of the CRY1-KL201 complex uncovered critical sites and interactions required for CRY1 regulation. KL201 bound to CRY1 in overlap with FBXL3, a subunit of ubiquitin ligase complex, and the effect of KL201 was blunted by knockdown of FBXL3. KL201 will facilitate isoform-selective regulation of CRY1 to accelerate chronobiology research and therapeutics against clock-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Miller
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Aikawa
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akiko Sugiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nagai
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Aya Hara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Oshima
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuma Amaike
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Steve A Kay
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirota
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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4
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Amaike K, Oshima T, Skoulding NS, Toyama Y, Hirota T, Itami K. Small Molecules Modulating Mammalian Biological Clocks: Exciting New Opportunities for Synthetic Chemistry. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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5
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Yoshida I, Kumagai M, Ide M, Horigome S, Takahashi Y, Mishima T, Fujita K, Igarashi T. Polymethoxyflavones in black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) regulate the expression of circadian clock genes. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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6
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Philpott JM, Narasimamurthy R, Ricci CG, Freeberg AM, Hunt SR, Yee LE, Pelofsky RS, Tripathi S, Virshup DM, Partch CL. Casein kinase 1 dynamics underlie substrate selectivity and the PER2 circadian phosphoswitch. eLife 2020; 9:e52343. [PMID: 32043967 PMCID: PMC7012598 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational control of PERIOD stability by Casein Kinase 1δ and ε (CK1) plays a key regulatory role in metazoan circadian rhythms. Despite the deep evolutionary conservation of CK1 in eukaryotes, little is known about its regulation and the factors that influence substrate selectivity on functionally antagonistic sites in PERIOD that directly control circadian period. Here we describe a molecular switch involving a highly conserved anion binding site in CK1. This switch controls conformation of the kinase activation loop and determines which sites on mammalian PER2 are preferentially phosphorylated, thereby directly regulating PER2 stability. Integrated experimental and computational studies shed light on the allosteric linkage between two anion binding sites that dynamically regulate kinase activity. We show that period-altering kinase mutations from humans to Drosophila differentially modulate this activation loop switch to elicit predictable changes in PER2 stability, providing a foundation to understand and further manipulate CK1 regulation of circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Philpott
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzUnited States
| | | | - Clarisse G Ricci
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Alfred M Freeberg
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzUnited States
| | - Sabrina R Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzUnited States
| | - Lauren E Yee
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzUnited States
| | - Rebecca S Pelofsky
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzUnited States
| | - Sarvind Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzUnited States
| | - David M Virshup
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical SchoolSingaporeSingapore
- Department of PediatricsDuke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Carrie L Partch
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzUnited States
- Center for Circadian BiologyUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
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7
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8
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Okamoto-Uchida Y, Nishimura A, Izawa J, Hattori A, Suzuki N, Hirayama J. The Use of Chemical Compounds to Identify the Regulatory Mechanisms of Vertebrate Circadian Clocks. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 21:425-432. [PMID: 31556855 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190926143120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks are intrinsic, time-tracking processes that confer a survival advantage on an organism. Under natural conditions, they follow approximately a 24-h day, modulated by environmental time cues, such as light, to maximize an organism's physiological efficiency. The exact timing of this rhythm is established by cell-autonomous oscillators called cellular clocks, which are controlled by transcription-translation negative feedback loops. Studies of cell-based systems and wholeanimal models have utilized a pharmacological approach in which chemical compounds are used to identify molecular mechanisms capable of establishing and maintaining cellular clocks, such as posttranslational modifications of cellular clock regulators, chromatin remodeling of cellular clock target genes' promoters, and stability control of cellular clock components. In addition, studies with chemical compounds have contributed to the characterization of light-signaling pathways and their impact on the cellular clock. Here, the use of chemical compounds to study the molecular, cellular, and behavioral aspects of the vertebrate circadian clock system is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Okamoto-Uchida
- Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akari Nishimura
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Junko Izawa
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Jun Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, Japan
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9
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Nohara K, Nemkov T, D'Alessandro A, Yoo SH, Chen Z. Coordinate Regulation of Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism by the Clock Modifier Nobiletin in Metabolically Challenged Old Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174281. [PMID: 31480535 PMCID: PMC6747250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol and bile acid (BA) homeostasis plays a central role in systemic metabolism. Accumulating evidence suggests a key regulatory function of the circadian clock, our biological timer, in lipid metabolism, particularly cholesterol and bile acid flux. Previously, we showed that Nobiletin (NOB), a natural compound targeting the ROR (Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor) nuclear receptors in the circadian oscillator, strongly protects lipid homeostasis, including normal serum cholesterol levels in high-fat (HF) fed mice at both young and old ages. In this study, we further examined the role of NOB in cholesterol metabolism in HF-fed aged mice, and found that NOB lowered the serum LDL/VLDL cholesterol levels and consequently the LDL/HDL ratio. BA levels in the serum were markedly reduced in the HF.NOB group, and examination of additional hepatic markers further indicate a protective role of NOB in the liver. At the molecular level, whereas HF feeding downregulated hepatic expression of several ROR target genes involved in bile acid synthesis, NOB treatment (HF.NOB) was able to rescue it. In accordance, fecal BA excretion was enhanced by NOB, and microbial 16S sequencing revealed alteration of several taxa known to be involved in secondary BA production in the gut. Together, these results demonstrate concerted effects of the clock-modulating compound NOB in cholesterol and BA metabolism, suggesting pharmacological manipulation of the clock as a novel therapeutic strategy against metabolic disorders and age-related decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Nohara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Travis Nemkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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10
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Nobiletin fortifies mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle to promote healthy aging against metabolic challenge. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3923. [PMID: 31462679 PMCID: PMC6713763 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11926-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian disruption aggravates age-related decline and mortality. However, it remains unclear whether circadian enhancement can retard aging in mammals. We previously reported that the small molecule Nobiletin (NOB) activates ROR (retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptor) nuclear receptors to potentiate circadian oscillation and protect against metabolic dysfunctions. Here we show that NOB significantly improves metabolic fitness in naturally aged mice fed with a regular diet (RD). Furthermore, NOB enhances healthy aging in mice fed with a high-fat diet (HF). In HF skeletal muscle, the NOB-ROR axis broadly activates genes for mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (MRCs) and fortifies MRC activity and architecture, including Complex II activation and supercomplex formation. These mechanisms coordinately lead to a dichotomous mitochondrial optimization, namely increased ATP production and reduced ROS levels. Together, our study illustrates a focal mechanism by a clock-targeting pharmacological agent to optimize skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and promote healthy aging in metabolically stressed mammals. The small molecule Nobiletin enhances circadian rhythms and protects against obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction in mice. Here the authors test its effect on health and lifespan, reporting that circadian enhancement promotes fitness and healthy aging in metabolically challenged mice.
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11
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Alessandro MS, Golombek DA, Chiesa JJ. Protein Kinases in the Photic Signaling of the Mammalian Circadian Clock. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:241-250. [PMID: 31249485 PMCID: PMC6585524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks drive biological rhythms in physiology and behavior, providing a selective advantage by enabling organisms to synchronize to the 24 h environmental day. This process depends on light-dark transitions as the main signal that shifts the phase of the clock. In mammals, the light input reaches the master circadian clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus through glutamatergic afferents from the retina, resulting in phase-shifts of the overt rhythms which depend on the time of the day at which light is applied, leading to changes in the activity of circadian core clock genes (i.e., Per1). This circadian gating of the synchronizing effect of light is dependent on the specific activation of signal transduction pathways involving several kinases acting on protein effectors. Protein phosphorylation is also an important regulatory mechanism essential for the generation and maintenance of circadian rhythms and plays a crucial role in the degradation and the appropriate turnover of PER proteins. In this work, we review the role of the main kinases implicated in the function of the master clock, with emphasis in those involved in circadian photic entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego A. Golombek
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Diego A. Golombek: Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Tel: +5411-365-7100 (ext 5626), Fax: +5411-4365-7132;
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12
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Kim M, de la Peña JB, Cheong JH, Kim HJ. Neurobiological Functions of the Period Circadian Clock 2 Gene, Per2. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:358-367. [PMID: 29223143 PMCID: PMC6029676 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organisms have adapted to a circadian rhythm that follows a roughly 24-hour cycle, which is modulated by both internal (clock-related genes) and external (environment) factors. In such organisms, the central nervous system (CNS) is influenced by the circadian rhythm of individual cells. Furthermore, the period circadian clock 2 (Per2) gene is an important component of the circadian clock, which modulates the circadian rhythm. Per2 is mainly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus as well as other brain areas, including the midbrain and forebrain. This indicates that Per2 may affect various neurobiological activities such as sleeping, depression, and addiction. In this review, we focus on the neurobiological functions of Per2, which could help to better understand its roles in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikyung Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - June Bryan de la Peña
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
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de Montaigu A, Oeljeklaus J, Krahn JH, Suliman MN, Halder V, de Ansorena E, Nickel S, Schlicht M, Plíhal O, Kubiasová K, Radová L, Kracher B, Tóth R, Kaschani F, Coupland G, Kombrink E, Kaiser M. The Root Growth-Regulating Brevicompanine Natural Products Modulate the Plant Circadian Clock. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1466-1471. [PMID: 28379676 PMCID: PMC5477000 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Plant
growth regulating properties of brevicompanines (Brvs), natural
products of the fungus Penicillium brevicompactum, have been known for several years, but further investigations into
the molecular mechanism of their bioactivity have not been performed.
Following chemical synthesis of brevicompanine derivatives, we studied
their activity in the model plant Arabidopsis by
a combination of plant growth assays, transcriptional profiling, and
numerous additional bioassays. These studies demonstrated that brevicompanines
cause transcriptional misregulation of core components of the circadian
clock, whereas other biological read-outs were not affected. Brevicompanines
thus represent promising chemical tools for investigating the regulation
of the plant circadian clock. In addition, our study also illustrates
the potential of an unbiased -omics-based characterization of bioactive
compounds for identifying the often cryptic modes of action of small
molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury de Montaigu
- Department
of Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Julian Oeljeklaus
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Jan H. Krahn
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Mohamed N.S. Suliman
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linnè-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Vivek Halder
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linnè-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Elisa de Ansorena
- Department
of Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Sabrina Nickel
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Schlicht
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linnè-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Ondřej Plíhal
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological
and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů
241/27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Kubiasová
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological
and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů
241/27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Radová
- Center
of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Kracher
- Bioinformatics,
Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linnè-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Réka Tóth
- Department
of Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Department
of Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Erich Kombrink
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linnè-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, ZMB, Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstr. 2, 45117 Essen, Germany
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14
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Oishi K, Yamamoto S, Oike H, Ohkura N, Taniguchi M. Cinnamic acid shortens the period of the circadian clock in mice. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 9:232-237. [PMID: 28956010 PMCID: PMC5614588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamic acid (CA) derivatives have recently received focus due to their anticancer, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. The present study aimed to determine the effects of cinnamic acid on the circadian clock, which is a cell-autonomous endogenous system that generates circadian rhythms that govern the behavior and physiology of most organisms. Cinnamic acid significantly shortened the circadian period of PER2::LUC expression in neuronal cells that differentiated from neuronal progenitor cells derived from PER2::LUC mouse embryos. Cinnamic acid did not induce the transient mRNA expression of clock genes such as Per1 and Per2 in neuronal cells, but significantly shortened the half-life of PER2::LUC protein in neuronal cells incubated with actinomycin D, suggested that CA post-transcriptionally affects the molecular clock by decreasing Per2 mRNA stability. A continuous infusion of CA into mice via an Alzet osmotic pump under constant darkness significantly shortened the free-running period of wheel-running rhythms. These findings suggest that CA shortens the circadian period of the molecular clock in mammals. Cinnamic acid shortened the period of neuronal circadian expression of PER2::LUC. Cinnamic acid decreased Per2 mRNA stability in neuronal cells. Cinnamic acid shortened the free-running period of wheel-running rhythms in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutaka Oishi
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Correspondence to: Katsutaka OISHI, Ph.D. Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Saori Yamamoto
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Oike
- Biological Clock Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Division of Food Function Research, Food Research Institute (NFRI), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoki Ohkura
- Molecular Physiology and Pathology, School of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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15
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He B, Chen Z. Molecular Targets for Small-Molecule Modulators of Circadian Clocks. Curr Drug Metab 2016; 17:503-12. [PMID: 26750111 DOI: 10.2174/1389200217666160111124439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian clocks are endogenous timing systems that regulate various aspects of mammalian metabolism, physiology and behavior. Traditional chronotherapy refers to the administration of drugs in a defined circadian time window to achieve optimal pharmacokinetic and therapeutic efficacies. In recent years, substantial efforts have been dedicated to developing novel small-molecule modulators of circadian clocks. METHODS Here, we review the recent progress in the identification of molecular targets of small-molecule clock modulators and their efficacies in clock-related disorders. Specifically, we examine the clock components and regulatory factors as possible molecular targets of small molecules, and we review several key clock-related disorders as promising venues for testing the preventive/therapeutic efficacies of these small molecules. Finally, we also discuss circadian regulation of drug metabolism. RESULTS Small molecules can modulate the period, phase and/or amplitude of the circadian cycle. Core clock proteins, nuclear hormone receptors, and clock-related kinases and other epigenetic regulators are promising molecular targets for small molecules. Through these targets small molecules exert protective effects against clock-related disorders including the metabolic syndrome, immune disorders, sleep disorders and cancer. Small molecules can also modulate circadian drug metabolism and response to existing therapeutics. CONCLUSION Small-molecule clock modulators target clock components or diverse cellular pathways that functionally impinge upon the clock. Target identification of new small-molecule modulators will deepen our understanding of key regulatory nodes in the circadian network. Studies of clock modulators will facilitate their therapeutic applications, alone or in combination, for clock-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 6.200, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Matsunaga N, Ikeda E, Kakimoto K, Watanabe M, Shindo N, Tsuruta A, Ikeyama H, Hamamura K, Higashi K, Yamashita T, Kondo H, Yoshida Y, Matsuda M, Ogino T, Tokushige K, Itcho K, Furuichi Y, Nakao T, Yasuda K, Doi A, Amamoto T, Aramaki H, Tsuda M, Inoue K, Ojida A, Koyanagi S, Ohdo S. Inhibition of G0/G1 Switch 2 Ameliorates Renal Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease. EBioMedicine 2016; 13:262-273. [PMID: 27745900 PMCID: PMC5264248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem, and novel therapies to treat CKD are urgently needed. Here, we show that inhibition of G0/G1 switch 2 (G0s2) ameliorates renal inflammation in a mouse model of CKD. Renal expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2) was increased in response to p65 activation in the kidneys of wild-type 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) mice. Moreover, 5/6Nx Clk/Clk mice, which carry homozygous mutations in the gene encoding circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK), did not exhibit aggravation of apoptosis or induction of F4/80-positive cells. The renal expression of G0s2 in wild-type 5/6Nx mice was important for the transactivation of Ccl2 by p65. These pathologies were ameliorated by G0s2 knockdown. Furthermore, a novel small-molecule inhibitor of G0s2 expression was identified by high-throughput chemical screening, and the inhibitor suppressed renal inflammation in 5/6Nx mice. These findings indicated that G0s2 inhibitors may have applications in the treatment of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Matsunaga
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eriko Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kakimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Miyako Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naoya Shindo
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akito Tsuruta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hisako Ikeyama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kengo Hamamura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Higashi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamashita
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kondo
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Saiseikai Nagasaki Hospital, Katafuchi, Nagasaki 850-0003, Japan
| | - Yuya Yoshida
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsuda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogino
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Tokushige
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Itcho
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoko Furuichi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takaharu Nakao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Cell-Innovator Inc., EC building, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Doi
- Cell-Innovator Inc., EC building, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Amamoto
- NMedical Co. Ouryokukai, Chuo-ku, Nihombashi-Kayabacho, Tokyo 103-0025, Japan
| | - Hironori Aramaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Inoue
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akio Ojida
- Department of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoru Koyanagi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Ohdo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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18
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Nohara K, Yoo SH, Chen Z(J. Manipulating the circadian and sleep cycles to protect against metabolic disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:35. [PMID: 25852644 PMCID: PMC4369727 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Modernization of human society parallels an epidemic of metabolic disorders including obesity. Apart from excess caloric intake, a 24/7 lifestyle poses another important challenge to our metabolic health. Recent research under both laboratory and epidemiological settings has indicated that abnormal temporal organization of sleep and wakeful activities including food intake is a significant risk factor for metabolic disease. The circadian clock system is our intrinsic biological timer that regulates internal rhythms such as the sleep/wake cycle and also responses to external stimuli including light and food. Initially thought to be mainly involved in the timing of sleep, the clock, and/or clock genes may also play a role in sleep architecture and homeostasis. Importantly, an extensive body of evidence has firmly established a master regulatory role of the clock in energy balance. Together, a close relationship between well-timed circadian/sleep cycles and metabolic health is emerging. Exploiting this functional connection, an important holistic strategy toward curbing the epidemic of metabolic disorders (e.g., obesity) involves corrective measures on the circadian clock and sleep. In addition to behavioral and environmental interventions including meal timing and light control, pharmacological agents targeting sleep and circadian clocks promise convenient and effective applications. Recent studies, for example, have reported small molecules targeting specific clock components and displaying robust beneficial effects on sleep and metabolism. Furthermore, a group of clock-amplitude-enhancing small molecules (CEMs) identified via high-throughput chemical screens are of particular interest for future in vivo studies of their metabolic and sleep efficacies. Elucidating the functional relationship between clock, sleep, and metabolism will also have far-reaching implications for various chronic human diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Nohara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng (Jake) Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- *Correspondence: Zheng (Jake) Chen, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 6.200, Houston, TX 77030, USA e-mail:
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Seerden JPG, Leusink-Ionescu G, Woudenberg-Vrenken T, Dros B, Molema G, Kamps JAAM, Kellogg RM. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 4-fluorophenyl-imidazole p38α MAPK, CK1δ and JAK2 kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3412-8. [PMID: 24930833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel 4-(4'-fluorophenyl)imidazoles as selective p38α MAPK, CK1δ and JAK2 inhibitors with improved water solubility are described. Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions afforded 4-fluorophenyl-2,5-disubstituted imidazoles. Carboxylate and phosphonate groups were introduced via 'click' reactions. The kinase selectivity was influenced by the heteroaryl group at imidazole C-5 and the position of a carboxylic acid or tetrazole at imidazole C-2. For example, pyrimidines 15 and 34 inhibited p38α MAPK with IC50=250 nM and 96 nM, respectively. Pyridine 3 gave CK1δ inhibition with IC50=89 nM and pyridin-2-one 31 gave JAK2 inhibition with IC50=62 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Titia Woudenberg-Vrenken
- Laboratory for Endothelial Biomedicine & Vascular Drug Targeting Research, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Dros
- Syncom B.V., Kadijk 3, Groningen 9747 AT, The Netherlands
| | - Grietje Molema
- Laboratory for Endothelial Biomedicine & Vascular Drug Targeting Research, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A A M Kamps
- Laboratory for Endothelial Biomedicine & Vascular Drug Targeting Research, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
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20
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Innominato PF, Roche VP, Palesh OG, Ulusakarya A, Spiegel D, Lévi FA. The circadian timing system in clinical oncology. Ann Med 2014; 46:191-207. [PMID: 24915535 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2014.916990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian timing system (CTS) controls several critical molecular pathways for cancer processes and treatment effects over the 24 hours, including drug metabolism, cell cycle, apoptosis, and DNA damage repair mechanisms. This results in the circadian time dependency of whole-body and cellular pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anticancer agents. However, CTS robustness and phase varies among cancer patients, based on circadian monitoring of rest- activity, body temperature, sleep, and/or hormonal secretion rhythms. Circadian disruption has been further found in up to 50% of patients with metastatic cancer. Such disruption was associated with poor outcomes, including fatigue, anorexia, sleep disorders, and short progression-free and overall survival. Novel, minimally invasive devices have enabled continuous CTS assessment in non-hospitalized cancer patients. They revealed up to 12-hour differences in individual circadian phase. Taken together, the data support the personalization of chronotherapy. This treatment method aims at the adjustment of cancer treatment delivery according to circadian rhythms, using programmable-in-time pumps or novel release formulations, in order to increase both efficacy and tolerability. A fixed oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin chronotherapy protocol prolonged median overall survival in men with metastatic colorectal cancer by 3.3 months as compared to conventional delivery, according to a meta-analysis (P=0.009). Further analyses revealed the need for the prevention of circadian disruption or the restoration of robust circadian function in patients on chronotherapy, in order to further optimize treatment effects. The strengthening of external synchronizers could meet such a goal, through programmed exercise, meal timing, light exposure, improved social support, sleep scheduling, and the properly timed administration of drugs that target circadian clocks. Chrono-rehabilitation warrants clinical testing for improving quality of life and survival in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale F Innominato
- INSERM, UMRS 776 'Biological Rhythms and Cancers', Campus CNRS , 7 rue Guy Môquet, 94801 Villejuif Cedex , France
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21
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Umemura Y, Yoshida J, Wada M, Tsuchiya Y, Minami Y, Watanabe H, Kondoh G, Takeda J, Inokawa H, Horie K, Yagita K. An in vitro ES cell-based clock recapitulation assay model identifies CK2α as an endogenous clock regulator. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67241. [PMID: 23840637 PMCID: PMC3696008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported emergence and disappearance of circadian molecular oscillations during differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and reprogramming of differentiated cells, respectively. Here we present a robust and stringent in vitro circadian clock formation assay that recapitulates in vivo circadian phenotypes. This assay system first confirmed that a mutant ES cell line lacking Casein Kinase I delta (CKIδ) induced ∼3 hours longer period-length of circadian rhythm than the wild type, which was compatible with recently reported results using CKIδ null mice. In addition, this assay system also revealed that a Casein Kinase 2 alpha subunit (CK2α) homozygous mutant ES cell line developed significantly longer (about 2.5 hours) periods of circadian clock oscillations after in vitro or in vivo differentiation. Moreover, revertant ES cell lines in which mutagenic vector sequences were deleted showed nearly wild type periods after differentiation, indicating that the abnormal circadian period of the mutant ES cell line originated from the mutation in the CK2α gene. Since CK2α deficient mice are embryonic lethal, this in vitro assay system represents the genetic evidence showing an essential role of CK2α in the mammalian circadian clock. This assay was successfully applied for the phenotype analysis of homozygous mutant ES cells, demonstrating that an ES cell-based in vitro assay is available for circadian genetic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Umemura
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junko Yoshida
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Wada
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tsuchiya
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoichi Minami
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitomi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Animal Experiments for Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gen Kondoh
- Laboratory of Animal Experiments for Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Takeda
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Inokawa
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyoji Horie
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Physiology II, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
- * E-mail: (KY); (KH)
| | - Kazuhiro Yagita
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (KY); (KH)
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Abstract
Circadian clocks maintain periodicity in internal cycles of behavior, physiology, and metabolism, enabling organisms to anticipate the 24-h rotation of the Earth. In mammals, circadian integration of metabolic systems optimizes energy harvesting and utilization across the light/dark cycle. Disruption of clock genes has recently been linked to sleep disorders and to the development of cardiometabolic disease. Conversely, aberrant nutrient signaling affects circadian rhythms of behavior. This chapter reviews the emerging relationship between the molecular clock and metabolic systems and examines evidence that circadian disruption exerts deleterious consequences on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biliana Marcheva
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 7-107, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Chen Z, Yoo SH, Takahashi JS. Small molecule modifiers of circadian clocks. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2985-98. [PMID: 23161063 PMCID: PMC3760145 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks orchestrate 24-h oscillations of essential physiological and behavioral processes in response to daily environmental changes. These clocks are remarkably precise under constant conditions yet highly responsive to resetting signals. With the molecular composition of the core oscillator largely established, recent research has increasingly focused on clock-modifying mechanisms/molecules. In particular, small molecule modifiers, intrinsic or extrinsic, are emerging as powerful tools for understanding basic clock biology as well as developing putative therapeutic agents for clock-associated diseases. In this review, we will focus on synthetic compounds capable of modifying the period, phase, or amplitude of circadian clocks, with particular emphasis on the mammalian clock. We will discuss the potential of exploiting these small molecule modifiers in both basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: ;
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Joseph S. Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: ;
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Hirota T, Lee JW, St. John PC, Sawa M, Iwaisako K, Noguchi T, Pongsawakul PY, Sonntag T, Welsh DK, Brenner DA, Doyle FJ, Schultz PG, Kay SA. Identification of small molecule activators of cryptochrome. Science 2012; 337:1094-7. [PMID: 22798407 PMCID: PMC3589997 DOI: 10.1126/science.1223710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of the circadian clock has been associated with numerous disorders, including metabolic disease. Although small molecules that modulate clock function might offer therapeutic approaches to such diseases, only a few compounds have been identified that selectively target core clock proteins. From an unbiased cell-based circadian phenotypic screen, we identified KL001, a small molecule that specifically interacts with cryptochrome (CRY). KL001 prevented ubiquitin-dependent degradation of CRY, resulting in lengthening of the circadian period. In combination with mathematical modeling, our studies using KL001 revealed that CRY1 and CRY2 share a similar functional role in the period regulation. Furthermore, KL001-mediated CRY stabilization inhibited glucagon-induced gluconeogenesis in primary hepatocytes. KL001 thus provides a tool to study the regulation of CRY-dependent physiology and aid development of clock-based therapeutics of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hirota
- Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Chronobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- San Diego Center for Systems Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter C. St. John
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Mariko Sawa
- Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Chronobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Keiko Iwaisako
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Takako Noguchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Chronobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pagkapol Y. Pongsawakul
- Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Chronobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tim Sonntag
- Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Chronobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David K. Welsh
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Chronobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Francis J. Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steve A. Kay
- Division of Biological Sciences and Center for Chronobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- San Diego Center for Systems Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Identification of diverse modulators of central and peripheral circadian clocks by high-throughput chemical screening. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:101-6. [PMID: 22184224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118034108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock coordinates daily oscillations of essential physiological and behavioral processes. Conversely, aberrant clocks with damped amplitude and/or abnormal period have been associated with chronic diseases and aging. To search for small molecules that perturb or enhance circadian rhythms, we conducted a high-throughput screen of approximately 200,000 synthetic compounds using Per2lucSV reporter fibroblast cells and validated 11 independent classes of molecules with Bmal1:luciferase reporter cells as well as with suprachiasmatic nucleus and peripheral tissue explants. Four compounds were found to lengthen the period in both central and peripheral clocks, including three compounds that inhibited casein kinase Iε in vitro and a unique benzodiazepine derivative acting through a non-GABA(A) receptor target. In addition, two compounds acutely induced Per2lucSV reporter bioluminescence, delayed the rhythm, and increased intracellular cAMP levels, but caused rhythm damping. Importantly, five compounds shortened the period of peripheral clocks; among them, four compounds also enhanced the amplitude of central and/or peripheral reporter rhythms. Taken together, these studies highlight diverse activities of drug-like small molecules in manipulating the central and peripheral clocks. These small molecules constitute a toolbox for probing clock regulatory mechanisms and may provide putative lead compounds for treatment of clock-associated diseases.
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Wang Y, Xiao J, Suzek TO, Zhang J, Wang J, Zhou Z, Han L, Karapetyan K, Dracheva S, Shoemaker BA, Bolton E, Gindulyte A, Bryant SH. PubChem's BioAssay Database. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:D400-12. [PMID: 22140110 PMCID: PMC3245056 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PubChem (http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) is a public repository for biological activity data of small molecules and RNAi reagents. The mission of PubChem is to deliver free and easy access to all deposited data, and to provide intuitive data analysis tools. The PubChem BioAssay database currently contains 500,000 descriptions of assay protocols, covering 5000 protein targets, 30,000 gene targets and providing over 130 million bioactivity outcomes. PubChem's bioassay data are integrated into the NCBI Entrez information retrieval system, thus making PubChem data searchable and accessible by Entrez queries. Also, as a repository, PubChem constantly optimizes and develops its deposition system answering many demands of both high- and low-volume depositors. The PubChem information platform allows users to search, review and download bioassay description and data. The PubChem platform also enables researchers to collect, compare and analyze biological test results through web-based and programmatic tools. In this work, we provide an update for the PubChem BioAssay resource, including information content growth, data model extension and new developments of data submission, retrieval, analysis and download tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Wang
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
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Abstract
In mammals, most metabolic processes are influenced by biological clocks and feeding rhythms. The mechanisms that couple metabolism to circadian oscillators are just emerging. NAD-dependent enzymes (e.g., Sirtuins and poly[ADP-ribose] polymerases), redox- and/or temperature-dependent transcription factors (e.g., CLOCK, NPAS2, and HSF1), nutrient-sensing transcriptional regulatory proteins (e.g., CREB-CBP-CRCT2, FOXO-p300, nuclear receptors, PGC-1, and SP1 family members) and protein kinases (e.g., AMPK), are plausible candidates for conveying a cell's metabolic state to the core clock circuitry. The intertwining between these acute regulators and circadian clock components is so tight that the discrimination between metabolic and circadian oscillations may be somewhat arbitrary.
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Gimble JM, Sutton GM, Bunnell BA, Ptitsyn AA, Floyd ZE. Prospective influences of circadian clocks in adipose tissue and metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011; 7:98-107. [PMID: 21178997 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2010.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms make a critical contribution to endocrine functions that involve adipose tissue. These contributions are made at the systemic, organ and stem cell levels. The transcription factors and enzymes responsible for the maintenance of circadian rhythms in adipose depots and other peripheral tissues that are metabolically active have now been identified. Furthermore, the circadian regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism is well-established. Animal and human models provide strong evidence that disturbances in circadian pathways are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and their comorbidities. Thus, circadian mechanisms represent a novel putative target for therapy in patients with metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Gimble
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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29
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Baggs JE, Hogenesch JB. Genomics and systems approaches in the mammalian circadian clock. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2011; 20:581-7. [PMID: 20926286 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock is an endogenous oscillator that regulates daily rhythms in behavior and physiology. In recent years, systems biology and genomics approaches re-shaped our view of the clock. Our understanding of outputs that regulate behavior and physiology has been enhanced through gene expression profiling and proteomic analyses. Systems approaches uncovered underlying principles of transcriptional regulation and robustness of the oscillator through perturbation analysis and synthetic methods. Finally, new clock components and modifiers were identified through cell-based screening efforts and proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Baggs
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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30
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Hirota T, Lee JW, Lewis WG, Zhang EE, Breton G, Liu X, Garcia M, Peters EC, Etchegaray JP, Traver D, Schultz PG, Kay SA. High-throughput chemical screen identifies a novel potent modulator of cellular circadian rhythms and reveals CKIα as a clock regulatory kinase. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000559. [PMID: 21179498 PMCID: PMC3001897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel compound “longdaysin” was found to dramatically slow down the speed of the circadian clock through simultaneous inhibition of protein kinases CKIδ, CKIα, and ERK2. The circadian clock underlies daily rhythms of diverse physiological processes, and alterations in clock function have been linked to numerous pathologies. To apply chemical biology methods to modulate and dissect the clock mechanism with new chemical probes, we performed a circadian screen of ∼120,000 uncharacterized compounds on human cells containing a circadian reporter. The analysis identified a small molecule that potently lengthens the circadian period in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequent analysis showed that the compound also lengthened the period in a variety of cells from different tissues including the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus, the central clock controlling behavioral rhythms. Based on the prominent period lengthening effect, we named the compound longdaysin. Longdaysin was amenable for chemical modification to perform affinity chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis to identify target proteins. Combined with siRNA-mediated gene knockdown, we identified the protein kinases CKIδ, CKIα, and ERK2 as targets of longdaysin responsible for the observed effect on circadian period. Although individual knockdown of CKIδ, CKIα, and ERK2 had small period effects, their combinatorial knockdown dramatically lengthened the period similar to longdaysin treatment. We characterized the role of CKIα in the clock mechanism and found that CKIα-mediated phosphorylation stimulated degradation of a clock protein PER1, similar to the function of CKIδ. Longdaysin treatment inhibited PER1 degradation, providing insight into the mechanism of longdaysin-dependent period lengthening. Using larval zebrafish, we further demonstrated that longdaysin drastically lengthened circadian period in vivo. Taken together, the chemical biology approach not only revealed CKIα as a clock regulatory kinase but also identified a multiple kinase network conferring robustness to the clock. Longdaysin provides novel possibilities in manipulating clock function due to its ability to simultaneously inhibit several key components of this conserved network across species. Most organisms show daily rhythms in physiology, behavior, and metabolism, which may be advantageous because they anticipate environmental changes thus optimize energy metabolism. These rhythms are controlled by the circadian clock, which produces cyclic expression of thousands of output genes. More than a dozen components of the circadian clock are called clock genes, and the proteins they encode form a transcription factor network that generates rhythmic gene expression. In this study, we set out to control the function of the circadian clock and to identify new clock proteins by means of chemical tools. We tested the effects on the clock in human cells of around 120,000 uncharacterized compounds. Here we describe identification of a novel compound “longdaysin” that markedly slows the circadian clock both in cultured mammalian cells and in living zebrafish. By using longdaysin as a chemical probe, we found new proteins that modulate clock function. Because defects of clock function have been linked to numerous diseases, longdaysin may form the basis for therapeutic strategies directed towards circadian rhythm-related disorders, shift-work fatigue, and jet lag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hirota
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Warren G. Lewis
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Eric E. Zhang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ghislain Breton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Xianzhong Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Garcia
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Peters
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jean-Pierre Etchegaray
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Traver
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Steve A. Kay
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Zhang EE, Kay SA. Clocks not winding down: unravelling circadian networks. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2010; 11:764-76. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Saus E, Soria V, Escaramís G, Vivarelli F, Crespo JM, Kagerbauer B, Menchón JM, Urretavizcaya M, Gratacòs M, Estivill X. Genetic variants and abnormal processing of pre-miR-182, a circadian clock modulator, in major depression patients with late insomnia. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:4017-25. [PMID: 20656788 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in mice have reported five different microRNAs (miRNAs; miR-219-1/132/183/96/182) to be modulators of the endogenous circadian clock and have presented experimental evidence for some of the genes involved in the molecular clock machinery as target sites. Moreover, disruption of circadian rhythms has long been implicated in the pathophysiology of major depression (MD). We investigated these miRNAs and some of their target sites at the sequence and functional levels as possible predisposing factors for susceptibility to MD and related chronobiological subphenotypes. Mutational screening was performed in a sample of 359 MD patients and 341 control individuals. We found a significant association between the T allele of the rs76481776 polymorphism in the pre-miR-182 and late insomnia in MD patients. Previous studies have reported an association between insomnia and CLOCK gene, a predicted miR-182 target site. A significant overexpression of miR-182 was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in cells transfected with the mutated form of the pre-miR-182 when compared with wild-type form. Moreover, a significant reduction in luciferase activity of plasmids with 3' UTR of ADCY6, CLOCK and DSIP genes was shown when transfecting cells with the mutated form of pre-miR-182 compared with cells that did not express miR-182. These data indicate that abnormal processing of pre-miR-182 in patients carrying the T allele of the rs76481776 polymorphism may contribute to the dysregulation of circadian rhythms in MD patients with insomnia, which could influence expression levels of the mature form of miR-182 and might increase downregulation in some of its target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Saus
- Genes and Disease Program, Center for Genomic Regulation-UPF, and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
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