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Schneider C, Hilbert J, Genevaux F, Höfer S, Krauß L, Schicktanz F, Contreras CT, Jansari S, Papargyriou A, Richter T, Alfayomy AM, Falcomatà C, Schneeweis C, Orben F, Öllinger R, Wegwitz F, Boshnakovska A, Rehling P, Müller D, Ströbel P, Ellenrieder V, Conradi L, Hessmann E, Ghadimi M, Grade M, Wirth M, Steiger K, Rad R, Kuster B, Sippl W, Reichert M, Saur D, Schneider G. A Novel AMPK Inhibitor Sensitizes Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Ferroptosis Induction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307695. [PMID: 38885414 PMCID: PMC11336956 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cells must develop strategies to adapt to the dynamically changing stresses caused by intrinsic or extrinsic processes, or therapeutic agents. Metabolic adaptability is crucial to mitigate such challenges. Considering metabolism as a central node of adaptability, it is focused on an energy sensor, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). In a subtype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) elevated AMPK expression and phosphorylation is identified. Using drug repurposing that combined screening experiments and chemoproteomic affinity profiling, it is identified and characterized PF-3758309, initially developed as an inhibitor of PAK4, as an AMPK inhibitor. PF-3758309 shows activity in pre-clinical PDAC models, including primary patient-derived organoids. Genetic loss-of-function experiments showed that AMPK limits the induction of ferroptosis, and consequently, PF-3758309 treatment restores the sensitivity toward ferroptosis inducers. The work established a chemical scaffold for the development of specific AMPK-targeting compounds and deciphered the framework for the development of AMPK inhibitor-based combination therapies tailored for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
| | - Jorina Hilbert
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
| | - Franziska Genevaux
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IIKlinikum rechts der IsarTechnical University of Munich81675MunichGermany
| | - Stefanie Höfer
- Proteomics and BioanalyticsDepartment of Molecular Life SciencesSchool of Life SciencesTechnical University of Munich85354FreisingGermany
| | - Lukas Krauß
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
| | - Felix Schicktanz
- Institute of PathologyTechnical University of Munich81675MunichGermany
| | - Constanza Tapia Contreras
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
| | - Shaishavi Jansari
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Aristeidis Papargyriou
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IIKlinikum rechts der IsarTechnical University of Munich81675MunichGermany
- Institute of Stem Cell ResearchHelmholtz Zentrum MuenchenD‐85764NeuherbergGermany
- Translational Pancreatic Research Cancer CenterMedical Clinic and Polyclinic IIKlinikum rechts der IsarTechnical University of Munich81675MunichGermany
- Center for Organoid Systems (COS)Technical University of Munich85747GarchingGermany
| | - Thorsten Richter
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
| | - Abdallah M. Alfayomy
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyMartin‐Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg06120Halle (Saale)Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryAl‐Azhar UniversityAssiut71524Egypt
| | - Chiara Falcomatà
- Institute for Translational Cancer Research and Experimental Cancer TherapyTechnical University Munich81675MunichGermany
- Precision Immunology InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Christian Schneeweis
- Institute for Translational Cancer Research and Experimental Cancer TherapyTechnical University Munich81675MunichGermany
| | - Felix Orben
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IIKlinikum rechts der IsarTechnical University of Munich81675MunichGermany
| | - Ruppert Öllinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional GenomicsTUM School of MedicineTechnical University of Munich81675MunichGermany
| | - Florian Wegwitz
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Angela Boshnakovska
- Department of Cellular BiochemistryUniversity Medical Center37073GöttingenGermany
| | - Peter Rehling
- Department of Cellular BiochemistryUniversity Medical Center37073GöttingenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry37077GöttingenGermany
| | - Denise Müller
- Institute of PathologyUniversity Medical Center37075GöttingenGermany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of PathologyUniversity Medical Center37075GöttingenGermany
- Clinical Research Unit 5002KFO5002University Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
- CCC‐N (Comprehensive Cancer Center Lower Saxony)37075GöttingenGermany
| | - Volker Ellenrieder
- Clinical Research Unit 5002KFO5002University Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
- CCC‐N (Comprehensive Cancer Center Lower Saxony)37075GöttingenGermany
- Department of GastroenterologyGastrointestinal Oncology and EndocrinologyUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
| | - Lena Conradi
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
- Clinical Research Unit 5002KFO5002University Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
- CCC‐N (Comprehensive Cancer Center Lower Saxony)37075GöttingenGermany
| | - Elisabeth Hessmann
- Clinical Research Unit 5002KFO5002University Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
- CCC‐N (Comprehensive Cancer Center Lower Saxony)37075GöttingenGermany
- Department of GastroenterologyGastrointestinal Oncology and EndocrinologyUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
| | - Michael Ghadimi
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
- CCC‐N (Comprehensive Cancer Center Lower Saxony)37075GöttingenGermany
| | - Marian Grade
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
- CCC‐N (Comprehensive Cancer Center Lower Saxony)37075GöttingenGermany
| | - Matthias Wirth
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
- Department of HematologyOncology and Cancer ImmunologyCampus Benjamin FranklinCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinCorporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin12203BerlinGermany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of PathologyTechnical University of Munich81675MunichGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)partner site Municha partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar81675MünchenGermany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional GenomicsTUM School of MedicineTechnical University of Munich81675MunichGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)partner site Municha partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar81675MünchenGermany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Proteomics and BioanalyticsDepartment of Molecular Life SciencesSchool of Life SciencesTechnical University of Munich85354FreisingGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)partner site Municha partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar81675MünchenGermany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyMartin‐Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg06120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IIKlinikum rechts der IsarTechnical University of Munich81675MunichGermany
- Translational Pancreatic Research Cancer CenterMedical Clinic and Polyclinic IIKlinikum rechts der IsarTechnical University of Munich81675MunichGermany
- Center for Organoid Systems (COS)Technical University of Munich85747GarchingGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)partner site Municha partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar81675MünchenGermany
- Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA)Technical University of Munich85747GarchingGermany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Institute for Translational Cancer Research and Experimental Cancer TherapyTechnical University Munich81675MunichGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)partner site Municha partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar81675MünchenGermany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
- Institute for Translational Cancer Research and Experimental Cancer TherapyTechnical University Munich81675MunichGermany
- Clinical Research Unit 5002KFO5002University Medical Center Göttingen37075GöttingenGermany
- CCC‐N (Comprehensive Cancer Center Lower Saxony)37075GöttingenGermany
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Rider MH, Vertommen D, Johanns M. How mass spectrometry can be exploited to study AMPK. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20240009. [PMID: 39056150 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20240009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of metabolism and a recognised target for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we review how mass spectrometry (MS) can be used to study short-term control by AMPK via protein phosphorylation and long-term control due to changes in protein expression. We discuss how MS can quantify AMPK subunit levels in tissues from different species. We propose hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX)-MS to investigate molecular mechanisms of AMPK activation and thermoproteomic profiling (TPP) to assess off-target effects of pharmacological AMPK activators/inhibitors. Lastly, because large MS data sets are generated, we consider different approaches that can be used for their interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Rider
- Protein Phosphorylation (PHOS) laboratory, Université catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Vertommen
- Protein Phosphorylation (PHOS) laboratory, Université catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Manuel Johanns
- Protein Phosphorylation (PHOS) laboratory, Université catholique de Louvain and de Duve Institute, Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Munteanu C, Schwartz B. The Effect of Bioactive Aliment Compounds and Micronutrients on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040903. [PMID: 37107278 PMCID: PMC10136128 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current review, we focused on identifying aliment compounds and micronutrients, as well as addressed promising bioactive nutrients that may interfere with NAFLD advance and ultimately affect this disease progress. In this regard, we targeted: 1. Potential bioactive nutrients that may interfere with NAFLD, specifically dark chocolate, cocoa butter, and peanut butter which may be involved in decreasing cholesterol concentrations. 2. The role of sweeteners used in coffee and other frequent beverages; in this sense, stevia has proven to be adequate for improving carbohydrate metabolism, liver steatosis, and liver fibrosis. 3. Additional compounds were shown to exert a beneficial action on NAFLD, namely glutathione, soy lecithin, silymarin, Aquamin, and cannabinoids which were shown to lower the serum concentration of triglycerides. 4. The effects of micronutrients, especially vitamins, on NAFLD. Even if most studies demonstrate the beneficial role of vitamins in this pathology, there are exceptions. 5. We provide information regarding the modulation of the activity of some enzymes related to NAFLD and their effect on this disease. We conclude that NAFLD can be prevented or improved by different factors through their involvement in the signaling, genetic, and biochemical pathways that underlie NAFLD. Therefore, exposing this vast knowledge to the public is particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Munteanu
- Department of Plant Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Betty Schwartz
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The School of Nutritional Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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4
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Blocking AMPK β1 myristoylation enhances AMPK activity and protects mice from high-fat diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111862. [PMID: 36543129 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis and a therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. Co/post-translational N-myristoylation of glycine-2 (Gly2) of the AMPK β subunit has been suggested to regulate the distribution of the kinase between the cytosol and membranes through a "myristoyl switch" mechanism. However, the relevance of AMPK myristoylation for metabolic signaling in cells and in vivo is unclear. Here, we generated knockin mice with a Gly2-to-alanine point mutation of AMPKβ1 (β1-G2A). We demonstrate that non-myristoylated AMPKβ1 has reduced stability but is associated with increased kinase activity and phosphorylation of the Thr172 activation site in the AMPK α subunit. Using proximity ligation assays, we show that loss of β1 myristoylation impedes colocalization of the phosphatase PPM1A/B with AMPK in cells. Mice carrying the β1-G2A mutation have improved metabolic health with reduced adiposity, hepatic lipid accumulation, and insulin resistance under conditions of high-fat diet-induced obesity.
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5
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Teng M, Young DW, Tan Z. The Pursuit of Enzyme Activation: A Snapshot of the Gold Rush. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14289-14304. [PMID: 36265019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A range of enzymes drive human physiology, and their activities are tightly regulated through numerous signaling pathways. Depending on the context, these pathways may activate or inhibit an enzyme as a way to ensure proper execution of cellular functions. From a drug discovery and development perspective, pharmacological inhibition of enzymes has been a focus of interest, as many diseases are associated with the upregulation of enzyme function. On the other hand, however, pharmacological activation of enzymes such as kinases and phosphatases has been of increasing interest. In this review, we discuss seven case studies that highlight pharmacological activation strategy, describe the binding modes and pharmacology of the activators, and comment on how this on-demand activation strategy complements the commonly pursued inhibition strategy, thus jointly enabling bidirectional modulation of specific target of interest. Going forward, we expect activators to play important roles as chemical probes and drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Teng
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Damian W Young
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Zhi Tan
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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6
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Nguyen-Tu MS, Harris J, Martinez-Sanchez A, Chabosseau P, Hu M, Georgiadou E, Pollard A, Otero P, Lopez-Noriega L, Leclerc I, Sakamoto K, Schmoll D, Smith DM, Carling D, Rutter GA. Opposing effects on regulated insulin secretion of acute vs chronic stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Diabetologia 2022; 65:997-1011. [PMID: 35294578 PMCID: PMC9076735 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Although targeted in extrapancreatic tissues by several drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes, the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the control of insulin secretion is still debatable. Previous studies have used pharmacological activators of limited selectivity and specificity, and none has examined in primary pancreatic beta cells the actions of the latest generation of highly potent and specific activators that act via the allosteric drug and metabolite (ADaM) site. METHODS AMPK was activated acutely in islets isolated from C57BL6/J mice, and in an EndoC-βH3 cell line, using three structurally distinct ADaM site activators (991, PF-06409577 and RA089), with varying selectivity for β1- vs β2-containing complexes. Mouse lines expressing a gain-of-function mutation in the γ1 AMPK subunit (D316a) were generated to examine the effects of chronic AMPK stimulation in the whole body, or selectively in the beta cell. RESULTS Acute (1.5 h) treatment of wild-type mouse islets with 991, PF-06409577 or RA089 robustly stimulated insulin secretion at high glucose concentrations (p<0.01, p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively), despite a lowering of glucose-induced intracellular free Ca2+ dynamics in response to 991 (AUC, p<0.05) and to RA089 at the highest dose (25 μmol/l) at 5.59 min (p<0.05). Although abolished in the absence of AMPK, the effects of 991 were observed in the absence of the upstream kinase, liver kinase B1, further implicating 'amplifying' pathways. In marked contrast, chronic activation of AMPK, either globally or selectively in the beta cell, achieved using a gain-of-function mutant, impaired insulin release in vivo (p<0.05 at 15 min following i.p. injection of 3 mmol/l glucose) and in vitro (p<0.01 following incubation of islets with 17 mmol/l glucose), and lowered glucose tolerance (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION AMPK activation exerts complex, time-dependent effects on insulin secretion. These observations should inform the design and future clinical use of AMPK modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Sophie Nguyen-Tu
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph Harris
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Aida Martinez-Sanchez
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pauline Chabosseau
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ming Hu
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eleni Georgiadou
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alice Pollard
- MRC- London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Structure Biophysics and Fragments, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pablo Otero
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Livia Lopez-Noriega
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Leclerc
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dieter Schmoll
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David M Smith
- Emerging Innovations Unit, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge, UK
| | - David Carling
- MRC- London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- CR-CHUM, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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7
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Structure-function analysis of the AMPK activator SC4 and identification of a potent pan AMPK activator. Biochem J 2022; 479:1181-1204. [PMID: 35552369 PMCID: PMC9317966 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) αβγ heterotrimer is a primary cellular energy sensor and central regulator of energy homeostasis. Activating skeletal muscle AMPK with small molecule drugs improves glucose uptake and provides an opportunity for new strategies to treat type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance, with recent genetic and pharmacological studies indicating the α2β2γ1 isoform combination as the heterotrimer complex primarily responsible. With the goal of developing α2β2-specific activators, here we perform structure/function analysis of the 2-hydroxybiphenyl group of SC4, an activator with tendency for α2-selectivity that is also capable of potently activating β2 complexes. Substitution of the LHS 2-hydroxyphenyl group with polar-substituted cyclohexene-based probes resulted in two AMPK agonists, MSG010 and MSG011, which did not display α2-selectivity when screened against a panel of AMPK complexes. By radiolabel kinase assay, MSG010 and MSG011 activated α2β2γ1 AMPK with one order of magnitude greater potency than the pan AMPK activator MK-8722. A crystal structure of MSG011 complexed to AMPK α2β1γ1 revealed a similar binding mode to SC4 and the potential importance of an interaction between the SC4 2-hydroxyl group and α2-Lys31 for directing α2-selectivity. MSG011 induced robust AMPK signalling in mouse primary hepatocytes and commonly used cell lines, and in most cases this occurred in the absence of changes in phosphorylation of the kinase activation loop residue α-Thr172, a classical marker of AMP-induced AMPK activity. These findings will guide future design of α2β2-selective AMPK activators, that we hypothesise may avoid off-target complications associated with indiscriminate activation of AMPK throughout the body.
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8
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Novel indolic AMPK modulators induce vasodilatation through activation of the AMPK-eNOS-NO pathway. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4225. [PMID: 35273216 PMCID: PMC8913687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a critical role in the regulation of vascular tone through stimulating nitric oxide (NO) release in endothelial cells. Since obesity leads to endothelial dysfunction and AMPK dysregulation, AMPK activation might be an important strategy to restore vascular function in cardiometabolic alterations. Here, we report the identification of a novel AMPK modulator, the indolic derivative IND6, which shows affinity for AMPKα1β1γ1, the primary AMPK isoform in human EA.Hy926 endothelial cells. IND6 shows inhibitory action of the enzymatic activity in vitro, but increases the levels of p-Thr174AMPK, p-Ser1177eNOS and p-Ser79ACC in EA.Hy926. This paradoxical finding might be explained by the ability of IND6 to act as a mixed-type inhibitor, but also to promote the enzyme activation by adopting two distinct binding modes at the ADaM site. Moreover, functional assays reveal that IND6 increased the eNOS-dependent production of NO and elicited a concentration-dependent vasodilation of endothelium-intact rat aorta due to AMPK and eNOS activation, demonstrating a functional activation of the AMPK–eNOS–NO endothelial pathway. This kinase inhibition profile, combined with the paradoxical AMPK activation in cells and arteries, suggests that these new chemical entities may constitute a valuable starting point for the development of new AMPK modulators with therapeutic potential for the treatment of vascular complications associated with obesity.
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9
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Aledavood E, Forte A, Estarellas C, Javier Luque F. Structural basis of the selective activation of enzyme isoforms: Allosteric response to activators of β1- and β2-containing AMPK complexes. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3394-3406. [PMID: 34194666 PMCID: PMC8217686 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key energy sensor regulating the cell metabolism in response to energy supply and demand. The evolutionary adaptation of AMPK to different tissues is accomplished through the expression of distinct isoforms that can form up to 12 complexes, which exhibit notable differences in the sensitivity to allosteric activators. To shed light into the molecular determinants of the allosteric regulation of this energy sensor, we have examined the structural and dynamical properties of β1- and β2-containing AMPK complexes formed with small molecule activators A-769662 and SC4, and dissected the mechanical response leading to active-like enzyme conformations through the analysis of interaction networks between structural domains. The results reveal the mechanical sensitivity of the α2β1 complex, in contrast with a larger resilience of the α2β2 species, especially regarding modulation by A-769662. Furthermore, binding of activators to α2β1 consistently promotes the pre-organization of the ATP-binding site, favoring the adoption of activated states of the enzyme. These findings are discussed in light of the changes in the residue content of β-subunit isoforms, particularly regarding the β1Asn111 → β2Asp111 substitution as a key factor in modulating the mechanical sensitivity of β1- and β2-containing AMPK complexes. Our studies pave the way for the design of activators tailored for improving the therapeutic treatment of tissue-specific metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Forte
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (IQTCUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramenet 08921, Spain
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Rhein P, Desjardins EM, Rong P, Ahwazi D, Bonhoure N, Stolte J, Santos MD, Ovens AJ, Ehrlich AM, Sanchez Garcia JL, Ouyang Q, Yabut JM, Kjolby M, Membrez M, Jessen N, Oakhill JS, Treebak JT, Maire P, Scott JW, Sanders MJ, Descombes P, Chen S, Steinberg GR, Sakamoto K. Compound- and fiber type-selective requirement of AMPKγ3 for insulin-independent glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101228. [PMID: 33798773 PMCID: PMC8381060 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The metabolic master-switch AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mediates insulin-independent glucose uptake in muscle and regulates the metabolic activity of brown and beige adipose tissue (BAT). The regulatory AMPKγ3 isoform is uniquely expressed in skeletal muscle and potentially in BAT. Herein, we investigated the role that AMPKγ3 plays in mediating skeletal muscle glucose uptake and whole-body glucose clearance in response to small-molecule activators that act on AMPK via distinct mechanisms. We also assessed whether γ3 plays a role in adipose thermogenesis and browning. Methods Global AMPKγ3 knockout (KO) mice were generated. A systematic whole-body, tissue, and molecular phenotyping linked to glucose homeostasis was performed in γ3 KO and wild-type (WT) mice. Glucose uptake in glycolytic and oxidative skeletal muscle ex vivo as well as blood glucose clearance in response to small molecule AMPK activators that target the nucleotide-binding domain of the γ subunit (AICAR) and allosteric drug and metabolite (ADaM) site located at the interface of the α and β subunit (991, MK-8722) were assessed. Oxygen consumption, thermography, and molecular phenotyping with a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist (CL-316,243) treatment were performed to assess BAT thermogenesis, characteristics, and function. Results Genetic ablation of γ3 did not affect body weight, body composition, physical activity, and parameters associated with glucose homeostasis under chow or high-fat diet. γ3 deficiency had no effect on fiber-type composition, mitochondrial content and components, or insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Glycolytic muscles in γ3 KO mice showed a partial loss of AMPKα2 activity, which was associated with reduced levels of AMPKα2 and β2 subunit isoforms. Notably, γ3 deficiency resulted in a selective loss of AICAR-, but not MK-8722-induced blood glucose-lowering in vivo and glucose uptake specifically in glycolytic muscle ex vivo. We detected γ3 in BAT and found that it preferentially interacts with α2 and β2. We observed no differences in oxygen consumption, thermogenesis, morphology of BAT and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), or markers of BAT activity between WT and γ3 KO mice. Conclusions These results demonstrate that γ3 plays a key role in mediating AICAR- but not ADaM site binding drug-stimulated blood glucose clearance and glucose uptake specifically in glycolytic skeletal muscle. We also showed that γ3 is dispensable for β3-adrenergic receptor agonist-induced thermogenesis and browning of iWAT. Loss of AMPKγ3 reduces glucose uptake in glycolytic skeletal muscle and whole-body glucose clearance with AMP-mimetic drug. γ3 is not required for muscle glucose uptake and whole-body glucose clearance with ADaM site-targeted allosteric activators. γ3 is present and forms a trimeric complex with α2 and β2 in brown adipose tissue. γ3 is dispensable for adipose thermogenesis and browning in response to a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rhein
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland; School of Life Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Eric M Desjardins
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity, and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N3Z5, Canada; Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - Ping Rong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Danial Ahwazi
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Bonhoure
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jens Stolte
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu D Santos
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Ashley J Ovens
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Amy M Ehrlich
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - José L Sanchez Garcia
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Qian Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Julian M Yabut
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity, and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N3Z5, Canada; Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - Mads Kjolby
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mathieu Membrez
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Niels Jessen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Pascal Maire
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - John W Scott
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sanders
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Descombes
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Shuai Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity, and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N3Z5, Canada; Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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11
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Song X, Liu J, Kuang F, Chen X, Zeh HJ, Kang R, Kroemer G, Xie Y, Tang D. PDK4 dictates metabolic resistance to ferroptosis by suppressing pyruvate oxidation and fatty acid synthesis. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108767. [PMID: 33626342 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although induction of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic cell death, has emerged as an anticancer strategy, the metabolic basis of ferroptotic death remains poorly elucidated. Here, we show that glucose determines the sensitivity of human pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells to ferroptosis induced by pharmacologically inhibiting system xc-. Mechanistically, SLC2A1-mediated glucose uptake promotes glycolysis and, thus, facilitates pyruvate oxidation, fuels the tricyclic acid cycle, and stimulates fatty acid synthesis, which finally facilitates lipid peroxidation-dependent ferroptotic death. Screening of a small interfering RNA (siRNA) library targeting metabolic enzymes leads to identification of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) as the top gene responsible for ferroptosis resistance. PDK4 inhibits ferroptosis by blocking pyruvate dehydrogenase-dependent pyruvate oxidation. Inhibiting PDK4 enhances the anticancer activity of system xc- inhibitors in vitro and in suitable preclinical mouse models (e.g., a high-fat diet diabetes model). These findings reveal metabolic reprogramming as a potential target for overcoming ferroptosis resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Diet, High-Fat
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Energy Metabolism
- Fatty Acids/biosynthesis
- Ferroptosis/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glucose Transporter Type 1/genetics
- Glucose Transporter Type 1/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase/genetics
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase/metabolism
- Pyruvic Acid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Song
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jiao Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Feimei Kuang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1138, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800 Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yangchun Xie
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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12
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Ovens AJ, Scott JW, Langendorf CG, Kemp BE, Oakhill JS, Smiles WJ. Post-Translational Modifications of the Energy Guardian AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031229. [PMID: 33513781 PMCID: PMC7866021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise elicits physiological metabolic perturbations such as energetic and oxidative stress; however, a diverse range of cellular processes are stimulated in response to combat these challenges and maintain cellular energy homeostasis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved enzyme that acts as a metabolic fuel sensor and is central to this adaptive response to exercise. The complexity of AMPK’s role in modulating a range of cellular signalling cascades is well documented, yet aside from its well-characterised regulation by activation loop phosphorylation, AMPK is further subject to a multitude of additional regulatory stimuli. Therefore, in this review we comprehensively outline current knowledge around the post-translational modifications of AMPK, including novel phosphorylation sites, as well as underappreciated roles for ubiquitination, sumoylation, acetylation, methylation and oxidation. We provide insight into the physiological ramifications of these AMPK modifications, which not only affect its activity, but also subcellular localisation, nutrient interactions and protein stability. Lastly, we highlight the current knowledge gaps in this area of AMPK research and provide perspectives on how the field can apply greater rigour to the characterisation of novel AMPK regulatory modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J. Ovens
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (A.J.O.); (J.S.O.)
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3000, Australia; (J.W.S.); (B.E.K.)
| | - John W. Scott
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3000, Australia; (J.W.S.); (B.E.K.)
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia;
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher G. Langendorf
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia;
| | - Bruce E. Kemp
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3000, Australia; (J.W.S.); (B.E.K.)
- Protein Chemistry & Metabolism, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia;
| | - Jonathan S. Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (A.J.O.); (J.S.O.)
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC 3000, Australia; (J.W.S.); (B.E.K.)
| | - William J. Smiles
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (A.J.O.); (J.S.O.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Lemos C, Schulze VK, Baumgart SJ, Nevedomskaya E, Heinrich T, Lefranc J, Bader B, Christ CD, Briem H, Kuhnke LP, Holton SJ, Bömer U, Lienau P, von Nussbaum F, Nising CF, Bauser M, Hägebarth A, Mumberg D, Haendler B. The potent AMPK inhibitor BAY-3827 shows strong efficacy in androgen-dependent prostate cancer models. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:581-594. [PMID: 33492659 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) is an essential regulator of cellular energy homeostasis and has been associated with different pathologies, including cancer. Precisely defining the biological role of AMPK necessitates the availability of a potent and selective inhibitor. METHODS High-throughput screening and chemical optimization were performed to identify a novel AMPK inhibitor. Cell proliferation and mechanistic assays, as well as gene expression analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation were used to investigate the cellular impact as well as the crosstalk between lipid metabolism and androgen signaling in prostate cancer models. Also, fatty acid turnover was determined by examining lipid droplet formation. RESULTS We identified BAY-3827 as a novel and potent AMPK inhibitor with additional activity against ribosomal 6 kinase (RSK) family members. It displays strong anti-proliferative effects in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell lines. Analysis of genes involved in AMPK signaling revealed that the expression of those encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), fatty acid synthase (FASN) and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 2 (PFKFB2), all of which are involved in lipid metabolism, was strongly upregulated by androgen in responsive models. Chromatin immunoprecipitation DNA-sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis identified several androgen receptor (AR) binding peaks in the HMGCR and PFKFB2 genes. BAY-3827 strongly down-regulated the expression of lipase E (LIPE), cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit (PRKAR2B) and serine-threonine kinase AKT3 in responsive prostate cancer cell lines. Also, the expression of members of the carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 (CPT1) family was inhibited by BAY-3827, and this was paralleled by impaired lipid flux. CONCLUSIONS The availability of the potent inhibitor BAY-3827 will contribute to a better understanding of the role of AMPK signaling in cancer, especially in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lemos
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker K Schulze
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon J Baumgart
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany.,Bayer US LLC, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Tobias Heinrich
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julien Lefranc
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany.,Nuvisan Innovation Campus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Bader
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany.,Nuvisan Innovation Campus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clara D Christ
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Briem
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lara P Kuhnke
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon J Holton
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany.,Nuvisan Innovation Campus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Bömer
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany.,Nuvisan Innovation Campus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Lienau
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz von Nussbaum
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany.,Nuvisan Innovation Campus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carl F Nising
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bauser
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany.,Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andrea Hägebarth
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Mumberg
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernard Haendler
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Genetic loss of AMPK-glycogen binding destabilises AMPK and disrupts metabolism. Mol Metab 2020; 41:101048. [PMID: 32610071 PMCID: PMC7393401 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycogen is a major energy reserve in liver and skeletal muscle. The master metabolic regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) associates with glycogen via its regulatory β subunit carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). However, the physiological role of AMPK-glycogen binding in energy homeostasis has not been investigated in vivo. This study aimed to determine the physiological consequences of disrupting AMPK-glycogen interactions. METHODS Glycogen binding was disrupted in mice via whole-body knock-in (KI) mutation of either the AMPK β1 (W100A) or β2 (W98A) isoform CBM. Systematic whole-body, tissue and molecular phenotyping was performed in KI and respective wild-type (WT) mice. RESULTS While β1 W100A KI did not affect whole-body metabolism or exercise capacity, β2 W98A KI mice displayed increased adiposity and impairments in whole-body glucose handling and maximal exercise capacity relative to WT. These KI mutations resulted in reduced total AMPK protein and kinase activity in liver and skeletal muscle of β1 W100A and β2 W98A, respectively, versus WT mice. β1 W100A mice also displayed loss of fasting-induced liver AMPK total and α-specific kinase activation relative to WT. Destabilisation of AMPK was associated with increased fat deposition in β1 W100A liver and β2 W98A skeletal muscle versus WT. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that glycogen binding plays critical roles in stabilising AMPK and maintaining cellular, tissue and whole-body energy homeostasis.
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15
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Vara-Ciruelos D, Dandapani M, Hardie DG. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase: Friend or Foe in Cancer? ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated by energy stress and restores homeostasis by switching on catabolism, while switching off cell growth and proliferation. Findings that AMPK acts downstream of the tumor suppressor LKB1 have suggested that AMPK might also suppress tumorigenesis. In mouse models of B and T cell lymphoma in which genetic loss of AMPK occurred before tumor initiation, tumorigenesis was accelerated, confirming that AMPK has tumor-suppressor functions. However, when loss of AMPK in a T cell lymphoma model occurred after tumor initiation, or simultaneously with tumor initiation in a lung cancer model, the disease was ameliorated. Thus, once tumorigenesis has occurred, AMPK switches from tumor suppression to tumor promotion. Analysis of alterations in AMPK genes in human cancers suggests similar dichotomies, with some genes being frequently amplified while others are mutated. Overall, while AMPK-activating drugs might be effective in preventing cancer, in some cases AMPK inhibitors might be required to treat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Vara-Ciruelos
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Madhumita Dandapani
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - D. Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
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16
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Ling NXY, Kaczmarek A, Hoque A, Davie E, Ngoei KRW, Morrison KR, Smiles WJ, Forte GM, Wang T, Lie S, Dite TA, Langendorf CG, Scott JW, Oakhill JS, Petersen J. mTORC1 directly inhibits AMPK to promote cell proliferation under nutrient stress. Nat Metab 2020; 2:41-49. [PMID: 31993556 PMCID: PMC6986917 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Central to cellular metabolism and cell proliferation are highly conserved signalling pathways controlled by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)1,2, dysregulation of which are implicated in pathogenesis of major human diseases such as cancer and type 2 diabetes. AMPK pathways leading to reduced cell proliferation are well established and, in part, act through inhibition of TOR complex-1 (TORC1) activity. Here we demonstrate reciprocal regulation, specifically that TORC1 directly down-regulates AMPK signalling by phosphorylating the evolutionarily conserved residue Ser367 in the fission yeast AMPK catalytic subunit Ssp2, and AMPK α1Ser347/α2Ser345 in the mammalian homologs, which is associated with reduced phosphorylation of activation loop Thr172. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of TORC1 signalling led to AMPK activation in the absence of increased AMP:ATP ratios; under nutrient stress conditions this was associated with growth limitation in both yeast and human cell cultures. Our findings reveal fundamental, bi-directional regulation between two major metabolic signalling networks and uncover new opportunity for cancer treatment strategies aimed at suppressing cell proliferation in the nutrient-poor tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi X Y Ling
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian Kaczmarek
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ashfaqul Hoque
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Davie
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kevin R W Ngoei
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kaitlin R Morrison
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - William J Smiles
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Tingting Wang
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shervi Lie
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Toby A Dite
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Christopher G Langendorf
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John W Scott
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Janni Petersen
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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17
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Reciprocal Association between the Apical Junctional Complex and AMPK: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Epithelial/Endothelial Barrier Function? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236012. [PMID: 31795328 PMCID: PMC6928779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial/endothelial cells adhere to each other via cell–cell junctions including tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). TJs and AJs are spatiotemporally and functionally integrated, and are thus often collectively defined as apical junctional complexes (AJCs), regulating a number of spatiotemporal events including paracellular barrier, selective permeability, apicobasal cell polarity, mechano-sensing, intracellular signaling cascades, and epithelial morphogenesis. Over the past 15 years, it has been acknowledged that adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a well-known central regulator of energy metabolism, has a reciprocal association with AJCs. Here, we review the current knowledge of this association and show the following evidences: (1) as an upstream regulator, AJs activate the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)–AMPK axis particularly in response to applied junctional tension, and (2) TJ function and apicobasal cell polarization are downstream targets of AMPK and are promoted by AMPK activation. Although molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena have not yet been completely elucidated, identifications of novel AMPK effectors in AJCs and AMPK-driven epithelial transcription factors have enhanced our knowledge. More intensive studies along this line would eventually lead to the development of AMPK-based therapies, enabling us to manipulate epithelial/endothelial barrier function.
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18
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Separation and Lipid Inhibition Effects of a Novel Decapeptide from Chlorella pyenoidose. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193527. [PMID: 31569521 PMCID: PMC6804107 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel lipid inhibition peptide Leu-Leu-Val-Val-Try-Pro-Trp-Thr-Gln-Arg (PP1) (MW 1274.53 Da) was obtained from Chlorella pyenoidose using enzymatic hydrolysis, gel filtration chromatography, and LC–MS/MS. Its lipid inhibition effects indicated that the synthetic peptide PP1 exhibits a good inhibitory effect against porcine pancreatic lipase (PL) (47.95%) at 200 μg/mL, which could be attributed to its hydrogen binding into catalytic sites of PL (Ser153, Asp177, and His 264) by docking analysis. Furthermore, in 3T3-L1 cells, the synthetic PP1 remarkedly decreased the accumulation of intracellular triacylglycerol (27.9%, 600 μg/mL), which carried a similar consequence as the positive drug simvastatin (24.1%, 10 μM). Western blot revealed that PP1 inhibited the lipid accumulation and fatty acid synthesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in two pathways, primarily: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathway (C/EBPα, SREBP-1c, AMPKα) and AMPK signaling pathway (SREBP-1c, PPARγ, AMPKα). In short, these results support that PP1 can be used as a potential agent against obesity.
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19
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Vara-Ciruelos D, Russell FM, Hardie DG. The strange case of AMPK and cancer: Dr Jekyll or Mr Hyde? †. Open Biol 2019; 9:190099. [PMID: 31288625 PMCID: PMC6685927 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acts as a cellular energy sensor. Once switched on by increases in cellular AMP : ATP ratios, it acts to restore energy homeostasis by switching on catabolic pathways while switching off cell growth and proliferation. The canonical AMP-dependent mechanism of activation requires the upstream kinase LKB1, which was identified genetically to be a tumour suppressor. AMPK can also be switched on by increases in intracellular Ca2+, by glucose starvation and by DNA damage via non-canonical, AMP-independent pathways. Genetic studies of the role of AMPK in mouse cancer suggest that, before disease arises, AMPK acts as a tumour suppressor that protects against cancer, with this protection being further enhanced by AMPK activators such as the biguanide phenformin. However, once cancer has occurred, AMPK switches to being a tumour promoter instead, enhancing cancer cell survival by protecting against metabolic, oxidative and genotoxic stresses. Studies of genetic changes in human cancer also suggest diverging roles for genes encoding subunit isoforms, with some being frequently amplified, while others are mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D. Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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20
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AMP-activated protein kinase complexes containing the β2 regulatory subunit are up-regulated during and contribute to adipogenesis. Biochem J 2019; 476:1725-1740. [PMID: 31189568 PMCID: PMC6595317 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a heterotrimer of α-catalytic and β- and γ-regulatory subunits that acts to regulate cellular and whole-body nutrient metabolism. The key role of AMPK in sensing energy status has led to significant interest in AMPK as a therapeutic target for dysfunctional metabolism in type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and obesity. Despite the actions of AMPK in the liver and skeletal muscle being extensively studied, the role of AMPK in adipose tissue and adipocytes remains less well characterised. Small molecules that selectively influence AMPK heterotrimers containing specific AMPKβ subunit isoforms have been developed, including MT47-100, which selectively inhibits complexes containing AMPKβ2. AMPKβ1 and AMPKβ2 are the principal AMPKβ subunit isoforms in rodent liver and skeletal muscle, respectively, yet the contribution of specific AMPKβ isoforms to adipose tissue function, however, remains largely unknown. This study therefore sought to determine the contribution of AMPKβ subunit isoforms to adipocyte biology, focussing on adipogenesis. AMPKβ2 was the principal AMPKβ isoform in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, isolated rodent adipocytes and human subcutaneous adipose tissue, as assessed by the contribution to total cellular AMPK activity. Down-regulation of AMPKβ2 with siRNA inhibited lipid accumulation, cellular adiponectin levels and adiponectin secretion during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis, whereas down-regulation of AMPKβ1 had no effect. Incubation of 3T3-L1 cells with MT47-100 selectively inhibited AMPK complexes containing AMPKβ2 whilst simultaneously inhibiting cellular lipid accumulation as well as cellular levels and secretion of adiponectin. Taken together, these data indicate that increased expression of AMPKβ2 is an important feature of efficient adipogenesis.
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21
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Allosteric regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by adenylate nucleotides and small-molecule drugs. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:733-741. [PMID: 31000529 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The AMP (adenosine 5'-monophosphate)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of cellular and whole-body energy homeostasis that co-ordinates metabolic processes to ensure energy supply meets demand. At the cellular level, AMPK is activated by metabolic stresses that increase AMP or adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) coupled with falling adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and acts to restore energy balance by choreographing a shift in metabolism in favour of energy-producing catabolic pathways while inhibiting non-essential anabolic processes. AMPK also regulates systemic energy balance and is activated by hormones and nutritional signals in the hypothalamus to control appetite and body weight. Failure to maintain energy balance plays an important role in chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and inflammatory disorders, which has prompted a major drive to develop pharmacological activators of AMPK. An array of small-molecule allosteric activators has now been developed, several of which can activate AMPK by direct allosteric activation, independently of Thr172 phosphorylation, which was previously regarded as indispensable for AMPK activity. In this review, we summarise the state-of-the-art regarding our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern direct allosteric activation of AMPK by adenylate nucleotides and small-molecule drugs.
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22
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Forte GM, Davie E, Lie S, Franz-Wachtel M, Ovens AJ, Wang T, Oakhill JS, Maček B, Hagan IM, Petersen J. Import of extracellular ATP in yeast and man modulates AMPK and TORC1 signalling. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs223925. [PMID: 30814334 PMCID: PMC6467490 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.223925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling coordinate cell growth, proliferation, metabolism and cell survival with the nutrient environment of cells. The poor vasculature and nutritional stress experienced by cells in solid tumours raises the question: how do they assimilate sufficient nutrients to survive? Here, we show that human and fission yeast cells import ATP and AMP from their external environment to regulate AMPK and TOR signalling. Exposure of fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) and human cells to external AMP impeded cell growth; however, in yeast this restraining impact required AMPK. In contrast, external ATP rescued the growth defect of yeast mutants with reduced TORC1 signalling; furthermore, exogenous ATP transiently enhanced TORC1 signalling in both yeast and human cell lines. Addition of the PANX1 channel inhibitor probenecid blocked ATP import into human cell lines suggesting that this channel may be responsible for both ATP release and uptake in mammals. In light of these findings, it is possible that the higher extracellular ATP concentration reported in solid tumours is both scavenged and recognized as an additional energy source beneficial for cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella M Forte
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Davie
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Shervi Lie
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine & Public health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Proteome Center Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ashley J Ovens
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Tingting Wang
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine & Public health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Boris Maček
- Proteome Center Tuebingen, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Iain M Hagan
- Cancer Research UK Manchester institute, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Janni Petersen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine & Public health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, PO Box 11060, Adelaide SA 5000 Australia
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23
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Abstract
Regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling is complex and involves contributions from adenine nucleotides, co-/posttranslational modifications, and isoform composition of the AMPK heterotrimer. It is becoming apparent that AMPK activation/inhibition by synthetic drugs involves similar levels of complexity. Major advances in our understanding of these mechanisms have been gained from recombinant expression systems that provide sufficient quantities of highly purified material for structure/function studies. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for transient expression of affinity-tagged AMPK complexes in mammalian cells. We have found this system to be optimal as a source of enzyme possessing regulatory modifications found in vivo.
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24
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Pharmacological targeting of mitochondria in cancer stem cells: An ancient organelle at the crossroad of novel anti-cancer therapies. Pharmacol Res 2019; 139:298-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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A769662 Inhibits Insulin-Stimulated Akt Activation in Human Macrovascular Endothelial Cells Independent of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123886. [PMID: 30563079 PMCID: PMC6321332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase B (Akt) is a key enzyme in the insulin signalling cascade, required for insulin-stimulated NO production in endothelial cells (ECs). Previous studies have suggested that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation stimulates NO synthesis and enhances insulin-stimulated Akt activation, yet these studies have largely used indirect activators of AMPK. The effects of the allosteric AMPK activator A769662 on insulin signalling and endothelial function was therefore examined in cultured human macrovascular ECs. Surprisingly, A769662 inhibited insulin-stimulated NO synthesis and Akt phosphorylation in human ECs from umbilical veins (HUVECs) and aorta (HAECs). In contrast, the AMPK activators compound 991 and AICAR had no substantial inhibitory effect on insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in ECs. Inhibition of AMPK with SBI-0206965 had no effect on the inhibition of insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation by A769662, suggesting the inhibitory action of A769662 is AMPK-independent. A769662 decreased IGF1-stimulated Akt phosphorylation yet had no effect on VEGF-stimulated Akt signalling in HUVECs, suggesting that A769662 attenuates early insulin/IGF1 signalling. The effects of A769662 on insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation were specific to human ECs, as no effect was observed in the human cancer cell lines HepG2 or HeLa, as well as in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). A769662 inhibited insulin-stimulated Erk1/2 phosphorylation in HAECs and MEFs, an effect that was independent of AMPK in MEFs. Therefore, despite being a potent AMPK activator, A769662 has effects unlikely to be mediated by AMPK in human macrovascular ECs that reduce insulin sensitivity and eNOS activation.
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26
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Interactive Roles for AMPK and Glycogen from Cellular Energy Sensing to Exercise Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113344. [PMID: 30373152 PMCID: PMC6274970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a heterotrimeric complex with central roles in cellular energy sensing and the regulation of metabolism and exercise adaptations. AMPK regulatory β subunits contain a conserved carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) that binds glycogen, the major tissue storage form of glucose. Research over the past two decades has revealed that the regulation of AMPK is impacted by glycogen availability, and glycogen storage dynamics are concurrently regulated by AMPK activity. This growing body of research has uncovered new evidence of physical and functional interactive roles for AMPK and glycogen ranging from cellular energy sensing to the regulation of whole-body metabolism and exercise-induced adaptations. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in the understanding of molecular, cellular, and physiological processes impacted by AMPK-glycogen interactions. In addition, we appraise how novel research technologies and experimental models will continue to expand the repertoire of biological processes known to be regulated by AMPK and glycogen. These multidisciplinary research advances will aid the discovery of novel pathways and regulatory mechanisms that are central to the AMPK signaling network, beneficial effects of exercise and maintenance of metabolic homeostasis in health and disease.
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27
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Gu X, Bridges MD, Yan Y, de Waal PW, Zhou XE, Suino-Powell KM, Xu HE, Hubbell WL, Melcher K. Conformational heterogeneity of the allosteric drug and metabolite (ADaM) site in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16994-17007. [PMID: 30206123 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of energy homeostasis and a promising drug target for managing metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Many pharmacological AMPK activators, and possibly unidentified physiological metabolites, bind to the allosteric drug and metabolite (ADaM) site at the interface between the kinase domain (KD) in the α-subunit and the carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) in the β-subunit. Here, using double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the CBM-KD interaction is partially dissociated and the interface highly disordered in the absence of pharmacological ADaM site activators as inferred from a low depth of modulation and broad DEER distance distributions. ADaM site ligands such as 991, and to a lesser degree phosphorylation, stabilize the KD-CBM association and strikingly reduce conformational heterogeneity in the ADaM site. Our findings that the ADaM site, formed by the KD-CBM interaction, can be modulated by diverse ligands and by phosphorylation suggest that it may function as a hub for integrating regulatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gu
- From the Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Michael D Bridges
- the Jules Stein Eye Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-7008, and
| | - Yan Yan
- From the Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503.,the VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Parker W de Waal
- From the Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - X Edward Zhou
- From the Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Kelly M Suino-Powell
- From the Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - H Eric Xu
- From the Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503.,the VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wayne L Hubbell
- the Jules Stein Eye Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-7008, and
| | - Karsten Melcher
- From the Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
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28
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Dite TA, Langendorf CG, Hoque A, Galic S, Rebello RJ, Ovens AJ, Lindqvist LM, Ngoei KRW, Ling NXY, Furic L, Kemp BE, Scott JW, Oakhill JS. AMP-activated protein kinase selectively inhibited by the type II inhibitor SBI-0206965. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8874-8885. [PMID: 29695504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the metabolic regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is increasingly being investigated for its therapeutic potential in diseases where AMPK hyperactivity results in poor prognoses, as in established cancers and neurodegeneration. However, AMPK-inhibitory tool compounds are largely limited to compound C, which has a poor selectivity profile. Here we identify the pyrimidine derivative SBI-0206965 as a direct AMPK inhibitor. SBI-0206965 inhibits AMPK with 40-fold greater potency and markedly lower kinase promiscuity than compound C and inhibits cellular AMPK signaling. Biochemical characterization reveals that SBI-0206965 is a mixed-type inhibitor. A co-crystal structure of the AMPK kinase domain/SBI-0206965 complex shows that the drug occupies a pocket that partially overlaps the ATP active site in a type IIb inhibitor manner. SBI-0206965 has utility as a tool compound for investigating physiological roles for AMPK and provides fresh impetus to small-molecule AMPK inhibitor therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby A Dite
- From the Metabolic Signalling Laboratory and
| | - Christopher G Langendorf
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy 3065, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Sandra Galic
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy 3065, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard J Rebello
- the Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,the Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Lisa M Lindqvist
- the Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kevin R W Ngoei
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy 3065, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Luc Furic
- the Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,the Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.,the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, and
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy 3065, Victoria, Australia.,the Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - John W Scott
- Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy 3065, Victoria, Australia.,the Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- From the Metabolic Signalling Laboratory and .,the Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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29
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Structural Determinants for Small-Molecule Activation of Skeletal Muscle AMPK α2β2γ1 by the Glucose Importagog SC4. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:728-737.e9. [PMID: 29657085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) αβγ heterotrimer regulates cellular energy homeostasis with tissue-specific isoform distribution. Small-molecule activation of skeletal muscle α2β2 AMPK complexes may prove a valuable treatment strategy for type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Herein, we report the small-molecule SC4 is a potent, direct AMPK activator that preferentially activates α2 complexes and stimulates skeletal muscle glucose uptake. In parallel with the term secretagog, we propose "importagog" to define a substance that induces or augments cellular uptake of another substance. Three-dimensional structures of the glucose importagog SC4 bound to activated α2β2γ1 and α2β1γ1 complexes reveal binding determinants, in particular a key interaction between the SC4 imidazopyridine 4'-nitrogen and β2-Asp111, which provide a design paradigm for β2-AMPK therapeutics. The α2β2γ1/SC4 structure reveals an interaction between a β2 N-terminal α helix and the α2 autoinhibitory domain. Our results provide a structure-function guide to accelerate development of potent, but importantly tissue-specific, β2-AMPK therapeutics.
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30
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Olivier S, Foretz M, Viollet B. Promise and challenges for direct small molecule AMPK activators. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:147-158. [PMID: 29408352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionary conserved and ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase playing a central role in the coordination of energy homeostasis. Based on the beneficial outcomes of its activation on metabolism, AMPK has emerged as an attractive target for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Identification of novel downstream targets of AMPK beyond the regulation of energy metabolism has renewed considerable attention in exploiting AMPK signaling for novel therapeutic targeting strategies including treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. The complexity of AMPK system with tissue- and species-specific expression of multiple isoform combination regulated by various inputs, post-traductional modifications and subcellular locations presents unique challenges for drug discovery. Here, we review the most recent advances in the understanding of the mechanism(s) of action of direct small molecule AMPK activators and the potential therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Olivier
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France.
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31
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Rourke JL, Hu Q, Screaton RA. AMPK and Friends: Central Regulators of β Cell Biology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:111-122. [PMID: 29289437 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
If left unchecked, prediabetic hyperglycemia can progress to diabetes and often life-threatening attendant secondary complications. Central to the process of glucose homeostasis are pancreatic β cells, which sense elevations in plasma glucose and additional dietary components and respond by releasing the appropriate quantity of insulin, ensuring the arrest of hepatic glucose output and glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. Given that β cell failure is associated with the transition from prediabetes to diabetes, improved β cell function ('compensation') has a central role in preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recent data have shown that both insulin secretion and β cell mass dynamics are regulated by the liver kinase B1-AMP-activated kinase (LKB1-AMPK) pathway and related kinases of the AMPK family; thus, an improved understanding of the biological roles of AMPK in the β cell is now of considerable interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Rourke
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ONT, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Queenie Hu
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ONT, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Robert A Screaton
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ONT, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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32
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Mobbs JI, Di Paolo A, Metcalfe RD, Selig E, Stapleton DI, Griffin MDW, Gooley PR. Unravelling the Carbohydrate-Binding Preferences of the Carbohydrate-Binding Modules of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Chembiochem 2018; 19:229-238. [PMID: 29193585 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The β subunit of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which exists as two isoforms (β1 and β2) in humans, has a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) that interacts with glycogen. Although the β1- and β2-CBMs are structurally similar, with strictly conserved ligand-contact residues, they show different carbohydrate affinities. β2-CBM shows the strongest affinity for both branched and unbranched oligosaccharides and it has recently been shown that a Thr insertion into β2-CBM (Thr101) forms a pocket to accommodate branches. This insertion does not explain why β2-CBM binds all carbohydrates with stronger affinity. Herein, it is shown that residue 134 (Val for β2 and Thr for β1), which does not come into contact with a carbohydrate, appears to account for the affinity difference. Characterisation by NMR spectroscopy, however, suggests that mutant β2-Thr101Δ/Val134Thr differs from that of β1-CBM, and mutant β1-Thr101ins/Thr134Val differs from that of β2-CBM. Furthermore, these mutants are less stable to chemical denaturation, relative to that of wild-type β-CBMs, which confounds the affinity analyses. To support the importance of Thr101 and Val134, the ancestral CBM has been constructed. This CBM retains Thr101 and Val134, which suggests that the extant β1-CBM has a modest loss of function in carbohydrate binding. Because the ancestor bound carbohydrate with equal affinity to that of β2-CBM, it is concluded that residue 134 plays an indirect role in carbohydrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse I Mobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Current Address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Alex Di Paolo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Current Address: New Technologies Development Department, Kaneka Eurogentec S.A. Biologics Division, 14 Rue Bois Saint-Jean, 4102, Seraing, Belgium
| | - Riley D Metcalfe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Emily Selig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - David I Stapleton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul R Gooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Marinangeli C, Kluza J, Marchetti P, Buée L, Vingtdeux V. Study of AMPK-Regulated Metabolic Fluxes in Neurons Using the Seahorse XFe Analyzer. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1732:289-305. [PMID: 29480483 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7598-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the intracellular master energy sensor and metabolic regulator. AMPK is involved in cell energy homeostasis through the regulation of glycolytic flux and mitochondrial biogenesis. Interestingly, metabolic dysfunctions and AMPK deregulations are observed in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's. While these deregulations could play a key role in the development of these diseases, the study of metabolic fluxes has remained quite challenging and time-consuming. In this chapter, we describe the Seahorse XFe respirometry assay as a fundamental experimental tool to investigate the role of AMPK in controlling and modulating cell metabolic fluxes in living and intact differentiated primary neurons. The Seahorse XFe respirometry assay allows the real-time monitoring of glycolytic flux and mitochondrial respiration from different kind of cells, tissues, and isolated mitochondria. Here, we specify a protocol optimized for primary neuronal cells using several energy substrates such as glucose, pyruvate, lactate, glutamine, and ketone bodies. Nevertheless, this protocol can easily be adapted to monitor metabolic fluxes from other types of cells, tissues, or isolated mitochondria by taking into account the notes proposed for each key step of this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Marinangeli
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPArc-Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT, Lille, France
| | - Jérome Kluza
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPArc-Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Marchetti
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPArc-Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPArc-Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Vingtdeux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPArc-Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT, Lille, France.
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Autophagy induced during apoptosis degrades mitochondria and inhibits type I interferon secretion. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:784-796. [PMID: 29229994 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells undergoing Bax/Bak-mediated apoptosis exhibit signs of autophagy, but how it is activated and its significance is unknown. By directly activating Bax/Bak with BH3-only proteins or BH3 mimetic compounds, we demonstrate that mitochondrial damage correlated with a rapid increase in intracellular [AMP]/[ATP], phosphorylation of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and activation of unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1). Consequently, autophagic flux was triggered early in the apoptotic pathway, as activation of the apoptosome and caspases were not necessary for its induction. Bax/Bak-triggered autophagy resulted in the clearance of damaged mitochondria in an ATG5/7-dependent manner that did not require Parkin. Importantly, Bax/Bak-mediated autophagy inhibited the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-β (IFN-β) produced in response to mitochondrial damage, but not another cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). These findings show that Bax/Bak stimulated autophagy is essential for ensuring immunological silence during apoptosis.
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Yan Y, Gu X, Xu HE, Melcher K. A Highly Sensitive Non-Radioactive Activity Assay for AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK). Methods Protoc 2017; 1. [PMID: 29451563 PMCID: PMC5809138 DOI: 10.3390/mps1010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While many methods exist to quantitatively determine protein kinase activities, 32P-based radioactive assays remain the workhorse of many laboratories due to their high sensitivity, high signal to noise ratio, lack of interference by fluorescent and light-absorbing small molecules, and easy quantitation. Here, we demonstrate that the interaction between the yeast Rad53 Forkhead-associated (FHA) domain and a peptide optimized for phosphorylation by AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), which has previously been exploited for the generation of intracellular phosphorylation sensors, can serve as a readout for a highly sensitive two-step AMPK AlphaScreen kinase assay with exceptional signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue Northeast, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue Northeast, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
| | - H Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue Northeast, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue Northeast, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA;
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The autophagy initiator ULK1 sensitizes AMPK to allosteric drugs. Nat Commun 2017; 8:571. [PMID: 28924239 PMCID: PMC5603566 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic stress-sensing enzyme responsible for maintaining cellular energy homeostasis. Activation of AMPK by salicylate and the thienopyridone A-769662 is critically dependent on phosphorylation of Ser108 in the β1 regulatory subunit. Here, we show a possible role for Ser108 phosphorylation in cell cycle regulation and promotion of pro-survival pathways in response to energy stress. We identify the autophagy initiator Unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) as a β1-Ser108 kinase in cells. Cellular β1-Ser108 phosphorylation by ULK1 was dependent on AMPK β-subunit myristoylation, metabolic stress associated with elevated AMP/ATP ratio, and the intrinsic energy sensing capacity of AMPK; features consistent with an AMP-induced myristoyl switch mechanism. We further demonstrate cellular AMPK signaling independent of activation loop Thr172 phosphorylation, providing potential insight into physiological roles for Ser108 phosphorylation. These findings uncover new mechanisms by which AMPK could potentially maintain cellular energy homeostasis independently of Thr172 phosphorylation. AMPK is involved in sensing of metabolic stress. The authors show that the autophagy initiator ULK1 phosphorylates β1-Ser108 on the regulatory β1-subunit, sensitizing AMPK to allosteric drugs, and activates signaling pathways that appear independent of Thr172 phosphorylation in the kinase activation loop.
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De Fusco C, Brear P, Iegre J, Georgiou KH, Sore HF, Hyvönen M, Spring DR. A fragment-based approach leading to the discovery of a novel binding site and the selective CK2 inhibitor CAM4066. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3471-3482. [PMID: 28495381 PMCID: PMC5587527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently we reported the discovery of a potent and selective CK2α inhibitor CAM4066. This compound inhibits CK2 activity by exploiting a pocket located outside the ATP binding site (αD pocket). Here we describe in detail the journey that led to the discovery of CAM4066 using the challenging fragment linking strategy. Specifically, we aimed to develop inhibitors by linking a high-affinity fragment anchored in the αD site to a weakly binding warhead fragment occupying the ATP site. Moreover, we describe the remarkable impact that molecular modelling had on the development of this novel chemical tool. The work described herein shows potential for the development of a novel class of CK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia De Fusco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Paul Brear
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Jessica Iegre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kathy Hadje Georgiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Hannah F. Sore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - David R. Spring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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Smith BK, Steinberg GR. AMP-activated protein kinase, fatty acid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2017; 20:248-253. [PMID: 28375880 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Insulin resistance is an important risk factor for metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. A common characteristic of strategies that improve insulin sensitivity involves the activation of the energy sensing enzyme of the cell, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The purpose of this review is to explore the mechanisms associated with AMPK activation to improve insulin sensitivity with a focus on fatty acid metabolism. We will also discuss the literature surrounding direct AMPK activators to improve insulin resistance and important considerations for the design of direct AMPK activators. RECENT FINDINGS AMPK activation can decrease de novo lipogenesis, increase fatty acid oxidation and promote mitochondrial integrity to improve insulin sensitivity. Drugs targeted to directly activate AMPK show therapeutic promise, yet in vivo data is lacking. SUMMARY Designing a drug to directly activate AMPK may improve insulin resistance by reducing liver de novo lipogenesis and increasing brown and white adipose tissue mitochondrial function. However, in vivo experimental procedures to support this notion are not extensive and more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan K Smith
- aDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine bDepartment of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Guigas B, Viollet B. Targeting AMPK: From Ancient Drugs to New Small-Molecule Activators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 107:327-350. [PMID: 27812986 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43589-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionary conserved and ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase mainly acting as a key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis. AMPK is a heterotrimeric protein complex, consisting of a catalytic α subunit and two regulatory β and γ subunits, whose activity is tightly regulated by changes in adenine nucleotides and several posttranslational modifications. Once activated in response to energy deficit, AMPK concomitantly inhibits ATP-consuming anabolic processes and promotes ATP-generating catabolic pathways via direct phosphorylation of multiple downstream effectors, leading to restoration of cellular energy balance. A growing number of energy/nutrient-independent functions of AMPK are also regularly reported, progressively expanding its role to regulation of non-metabolic cellular processes. Historically, AMPK as a therapeutic target has attracted much of interest due to its potential impact on metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, but has also recently received considerable renewed attention in the framework of cancer studies, highlighting the persistent need for selective, reversible, potent, and tissue-specific activators. In this chapter, we review the most recent advances in the understanding of the mechanism(s) of action of the current portfolio of AMPK activators, including plant-derived natural compounds and newly discovered small-molecule agonists directly targeting various AMPK subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Guigas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 9600, Postzone L40-Q, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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Abstract
Pancreatic islet β cells secrete insulin in response to nutrient secretagogues, like glucose, dependent on calcium influx and nutrient metabolism. One of the most intriguing qualities of β cells is their ability to use metabolism to amplify the amount of secreted insulin independent of further alterations in intracellular calcium. Many years studying this amplifying process have shaped our current understanding of β cell stimulus-secretion coupling; yet, the exact mechanisms of amplification have been elusive. Recent studies utilizing metabolomics, computational modeling, and animal models have progressed our understanding of the metabolic amplifying pathway of insulin secretion from the β cell. New approaches will be discussed which offer in-roads to a more complete model of β cell function. The development of β cell therapeutics may be aided by such a model, facilitating the targeting of aspects of the metabolic amplifying pathway which are unique to the β cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kalwat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Broeckx T, Hulsmans S, Rolland F. The plant energy sensor: evolutionary conservation and divergence of SnRK1 structure, regulation, and function. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:6215-6252. [PMID: 27856705 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The SnRK1 (SNF1-related kinase 1) kinases are the plant cellular fuel gauges, activated in response to energy-depleting stress conditions to maintain energy homeostasis while also gatekeeping important developmental transitions for optimal growth and survival. Similar to their opisthokont counterparts (animal AMP-activated kinase, AMPK, and yeast Sucrose Non-Fermenting 1, SNF), they function as heterotrimeric complexes with a catalytic (kinase) α subunit and regulatory β and γ subunits. Although the overall configuration of the kinase complexes is well conserved, plant-specific structural modifications (including a unique hybrid βγ subunit) and associated differences in regulation reflect evolutionary divergence in response to fundamentally different lifestyles. While AMP is the key metabolic signal activating AMPK in animals, the plant kinases appear to be allosterically inhibited by sugar-phosphates. Their function is further fine-tuned by differential subunit expression, localization, and diverse post-translational modifications. The SnRK1 kinases act by direct phosphorylation of key metabolic enzymes and regulatory proteins, extensive transcriptional regulation (e.g. through bZIP transcription factors), and down-regulation of TOR (target of rapamycin) kinase signaling. Significant progress has been made in recent years. New tools and more directed approaches will help answer important fundamental questions regarding their structure, regulation, and function, as well as explore their potential as targets for selection and modification for improved plant performance in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Broeckx
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven-KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Hulsmans
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven-KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Rolland
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, University of Leuven-KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
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Kim J, Yang G, Ha J. Targeting of AMP-activated protein kinase: prospects for computer-aided drug design. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 12:47-59. [PMID: 27797589 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1255194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dysregulation of energy homeostasis has been implicated in a number of human chronic diseases including diabetes, obesity, cancer, and inflammation. Given the functional attributes as a central regulator of energy homeostasis, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is emerging as a therapeutic target for these diseases, and lines of evidence have highlighted the need for rational and robust screening systems for identifying specific AMPK modulators with a therapeutic potential for preventing and/or curing these diseases. Areas covered: Here, the authors review the recent advances in the understanding of three-dimensional structures of AMPK in relationship with the regulatory mechanisms, potentials of AMPK as a therapeutic target in human chronic diseases, and prospects of computer-based drug design for AMPK. Expert opinion: Accumulating information of AMPK structure has provided us with deep insight into the molecular basis underlying the regulatory mechanisms, and further discloses several structural domains, which can be served for a target site for computer-based drug design. Molecular docking and simulations provides useful information about the binding sites between potent drugs and AMPK as well as a rational screening format to discover isoform-specific AMPK modulators. For these reasons, the authors suggest that computer-aided virtual screening methods hold promise as a rational approach for discovering more specific AMPK modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joungmok Kim
- a Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry , Kyung Hee University , Dongdaemun-gu , Republic of Korea
| | - Goowon Yang
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Joohun Ha
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Activation of AMPKα mediates additive effects of solamargine and metformin on suppressing MUC1 expression in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36721. [PMID: 27830724 PMCID: PMC5103223 DOI: 10.1038/srep36721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The mucin 1 (MUC1) oncoprotein is highly expressed in human prostate cancers with aggressive features. However, the role for MUC1 in occurrence and progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remained elusive. In this study, we showed that solamargine, a major steroidal alkaloid glycoside, inhibited the growth of CRPC cells, which was enhanced in the presence of metformin. Furthermore, we found that solamargine increased phosphorylation of AMPKα, whereas reducing the protein expression and promoter activity of MUC1. A greater effect was observed in the presence of metformin. In addition, solamargine reduced NF-κB subunit p65 protein expression. Exogenously expressed p65 resisted solamargine-reduced MUC1 protein and promoter activity. Interestingly, exogenously expressed MUC1 attenuated solamargine-stimulated phosphorylation of AMPKα and, more importantly reversed solamargine-inhibited cell growth. Finally, solamargine increased phosphorylation of AMPKα, while inhibiting MUC1, p65 and tumor growth were observed in vivo. Overall, our results show that solamargine inhibits the growth of CRPC cells through AMPKα-mediated inhibition of p65, followed by reduction of MUC1 expression in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, metformin facilitates the antitumor effect of solamargine on CRPC cells.
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Luo J, Hong Y, Tao X, Wei X, Zhang L, Li Q. An indispensable role of CPT-1a to survive cancer cells during energy stress through rewiring cancer metabolism. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5382-6. [PMID: 27739027 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike normal cells, cancer cells are recently identified to rely on aerobic glycolysis for energy production called the Warburg effect. Several attempts are being made to target this metabolic reprogramming pathway in treating cancers; however, the successful rate is very limited. In this study, we investigated the functional roles of fatty acid oxidation key enzyme carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a (CPT-1a), during the metabolic programming of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells induced by glucose deprivation. Knockdown of CPT-1a decreased the intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and glutathione (GSH) generation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and induced sensitivity to glucose deprivation, whereas upregulation of CPT-1a increased the intracellular ATP required for cell survival. Further investigation showed that CPT-1a inhibitor etomoxir (ETO) can restore the sensitivity of PDAC cells to gemcitabine and regress xenograft tumors in vivo. Finally, overexpression of CPT-1a expression is associated with chemoresistance in tumor specimens. Our data suggest that CPT-1a plays a key role in reprogramming cancer metabolism to escape from energy stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Luo
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yun Hong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, China
| | - Xiaoan Tao
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, China
| | - Xi Wei
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Lun Zhang
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Qiang Li
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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Smith BK, Marcinko K, Desjardins EM, Lally JS, Ford RJ, Steinberg GR. Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: role of AMPK. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E730-E740. [PMID: 27577854 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00225.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing worldwide epidemic and an important risk factor for the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and hepatic cellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite the prevalence of NAFLD, lifestyle interventions involving exercise and weight loss are the only accepted treatments for this disease. Over the last decade, numerous experimental compounds have been shown to improve NAFLD in preclinical animal models, and many of these therapeutics have been shown to increase the activity of the cellular energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Because AMPK activity is reduced by inflammation, obesity, and diabetes, increasing AMPK activity has been viewed as a viable therapeutic strategy to improve NAFLD. In this review, we propose three primary mechanisms by which AMPK activation may improve NAFLD. In addition, we examine the mechanisms by which AMPK is activated. Finally, we identify 27 studies that have used AMPK activators to reduce NAFLD. Future considerations for studies examining the relationship between AMPK and NAFLD are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan K Smith
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; and
| | - Katarina Marcinko
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; and
| | - Eric M Desjardins
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; and
| | - James S Lally
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; and
| | - Rebecca J Ford
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; and
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine; and Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Cameron KO, Kurumbail RG. Recent progress in the identification of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5139-5148. [PMID: 27727125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a serine/threonine heterotrimeric protein kinase, is a critical regulator of cellular and whole body energy homeostasis. There are twelve known AMPK isoforms that are differentially expressed in tissues and species. Dysregulation of AMPK signaling is associated with a multitude of human pathologies. Hence isoform-selective activators of AMPK are actively being sought for the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The present review summarizes the status of direct AMPK activators from the patent and published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly O Cameron
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Chemistry, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ravi G Kurumbail
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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47
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Yavari A, Stocker CJ, Ghaffari S, Wargent ET, Steeples V, Czibik G, Pinter K, Bellahcene M, Woods A, Martínez de Morentin PB, Cansell C, Lam BYH, Chuster A, Petkevicius K, Nguyen-Tu MS, Martinez-Sanchez A, Pullen TJ, Oliver PL, Stockenhuber A, Nguyen C, Lazdam M, O'Dowd JF, Harikumar P, Tóth M, Beall C, Kyriakou T, Parnis J, Sarma D, Katritsis G, Wortmann DDJ, Harper AR, Brown LA, Willows R, Gandra S, Poncio V, de Oliveira Figueiredo MJ, Qi NR, Peirson SN, McCrimmon RJ, Gereben B, Tretter L, Fekete C, Redwood C, Yeo GSH, Heisler LK, Rutter GA, Smith MA, Withers DJ, Carling D, Sternick EB, Arch JRS, Cawthorne MA, Watkins H, Ashrafian H. Chronic Activation of γ2 AMPK Induces Obesity and Reduces β Cell Function. Cell Metab 2016; 23:821-36. [PMID: 27133129 PMCID: PMC4873618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in our understanding of the biology determining systemic energy homeostasis, the treatment of obesity remains a medical challenge. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been proposed as an attractive strategy for the treatment of obesity and its complications. AMPK is a conserved, ubiquitously expressed, heterotrimeric serine/threonine kinase whose short-term activation has multiple beneficial metabolic effects. Whether these translate into long-term benefits for obesity and its complications is unknown. Here, we observe that mice with chronic AMPK activation, resulting from mutation of the AMPK γ2 subunit, exhibit ghrelin signaling-dependent hyperphagia, obesity, and impaired pancreatic islet insulin secretion. Humans bearing the homologous mutation manifest a congruent phenotype. Our studies highlight that long-term AMPK activation throughout all tissues can have adverse metabolic consequences, with implications for pharmacological strategies seeking to chronically activate AMPK systemically to treat metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Yavari
- Experimental Therapeutics, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Claire J Stocker
- The Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Sahar Ghaffari
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Edward T Wargent
- The Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Violetta Steeples
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Gabor Czibik
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Katalin Pinter
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mohamed Bellahcene
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Angela Woods
- Cellular Stress Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Céline Cansell
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - André Chuster
- Pos Graduação Ciências Médicas, Faculdade Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Kasparas Petkevicius
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marie-Sophie Nguyen-Tu
- Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Aida Martinez-Sanchez
- Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Timothy J Pullen
- Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peter L Oliver
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Alexander Stockenhuber
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Chinh Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Merzaka Lazdam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jacqueline F O'Dowd
- The Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Parvathy Harikumar
- The Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Mónika Tóth
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Craig Beall
- Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Theodosios Kyriakou
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Julia Parnis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Dhruv Sarma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - George Katritsis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Diana D J Wortmann
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Andrew R Harper
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Laurence A Brown
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Robin Willows
- Cellular Stress Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Silvia Gandra
- Pos Graduação Ciências Médicas, Faculdade Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Victor Poncio
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas-SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Nathan R Qi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rory J McCrimmon
- Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - László Tretter
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary; MTA-SE Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Charles Redwood
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lora K Heisler
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mark A Smith
- Metabolic Signalling Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Dominic J Withers
- Metabolic Signalling Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - David Carling
- Cellular Stress Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Eduardo B Sternick
- Pos Graduação Ciências Médicas, Faculdade Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jonathan R S Arch
- The Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Michael A Cawthorne
- The Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Houman Ashrafian
- Experimental Therapeutics, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Experimental Therapeutics, Clinical Science Group, New Medicines, UCB Pharma S.A., Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, UK.
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48
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Structural basis of allosteric and synergistic activation of AMPK by furan-2-phosphonic derivative C2 binding. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10912. [PMID: 26952388 PMCID: PMC4786773 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic stress-sensing enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is responsible for regulating metabolism in response to energy supply and demand. Drugs that activate AMPK may be useful in the treatment of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes. We have determined the crystal structure of AMPK in complex with its activator 5-(5-hydroxyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-furan-2-phosphonic acid (C2), revealing two C2-binding sites in the γ-subunit distinct from nucleotide sites. C2 acts synergistically with the drug A769662 to activate AMPK α1-containing complexes independent of upstream kinases. Our results show that dual drug therapies could be effective AMPK-targeting strategies to treat metabolic diseases.
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49
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Miglianico M, Nicolaes GAF, Neumann D. Pharmacological Targeting of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase and Opportunities for Computer-Aided Drug Design. J Med Chem 2015; 59:2879-93. [PMID: 26510622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As a central regulator of metabolism, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an established therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. Beyond the metabolic area, the number of medical fields that involve AMPK grows continuously, expanding the potential applications for AMPK modulators. Even though indirect AMPK activators are used in the clinics for their beneficial metabolic outcome, the few described direct agonists all failed to reach the market to date, which leaves options open for novel targeting methods. As AMPK is not actually a single molecule and has different roles depending on its isoform composition, the opportunity for isoform-specific targeting has notably come forward, but the currently available modulators fall short of expectations. In this review, we argue that with the amount of available structural and ligand data, computer-based drug design offers a number of opportunities to undertake novel and isoform-specific targeting of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Miglianico
- Department of Molecular Genetics, and ‡Department of Biochemistry, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University , NL-6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry A F Nicolaes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, and ‡Department of Biochemistry, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University , NL-6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dietbert Neumann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, and ‡Department of Biochemistry, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University , NL-6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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