1
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Taylor JD, Barrett N, Martinez Cuesta S, Cassidy K, Pachl F, Dodgson J, Patel R, Eriksson TM, Riley A, Burrell M, Bauer C, Rees DG, Cimbro R, Zhang AX, Minter RR, Hunt J, Legg S. Targeted protein degradation using chimeric human E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1179. [PMID: 39300128 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins can be targeted for degradation by engineering biomolecules that direct them to the eukaryotic ubiquitination machinery. For instance, the fusion of an E3 ubiquitin ligase to a suitable target binding domain creates a 'biological Proteolysis-Targeting Chimera' (bioPROTAC). Here we employ an analogous approach where the target protein is recruited directly to a human E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme via an attached target binding domain. Through rational design and screening we develop E2 bioPROTACs that induce the degradation of the human intracellular proteins SHP2 and KRAS. Using global proteomics, we characterise the target-specific and wider effects of E2 vs. VHL-based fusions. Taking SHP2 as a model target, we also employ a route to bioPROTAC discovery based on protein display libraries, yielding a degrader with comparatively weak affinity capable of suppressing SHP2-mediated signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Taylor
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK.
| | - Nathalie Barrett
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Sergio Martinez Cuesta
- Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Katelyn Cassidy
- Protein Sciences, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Fiona Pachl
- Protein Sciences, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - James Dodgson
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Radhika Patel
- Centre for Genomics Research, Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Tuula M Eriksson
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Aidan Riley
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Matthew Burrell
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Christin Bauer
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - D Gareth Rees
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Raffaello Cimbro
- Centre for Genomics Research, Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Andrew X Zhang
- Protein Sciences, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Ralph R Minter
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - James Hunt
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK.
| | - Sandrine Legg
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
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2
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Kwan A, Mcdermott-Brown I, Muthana M. Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in the Era of Oncolytic Virotherapy. Viruses 2024; 16:1264. [PMID: 39205238 PMCID: PMC11359830 DOI: 10.3390/v16081264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a well-documented accessory protein of DNA repair and replication. It belongs to the sliding clamp family of proteins that encircle DNA and acts as a mobile docking platform for interacting proteins to mount and perform their metabolic tasks. PCNA presence is ubiquitous to all cells, and when located in the nucleus it plays a role in DNA replication and repair, cell cycle control and apoptosis in proliferating cells. It also plays a crucial role in the infectivity of some viruses, such as herpes simplex viruses (HSVs). However, more recently it has been found in the cytoplasm of immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages where it has been shown to be involved in the development of a pro-inflammatory state. PCNA is also expressed on the surface of certain cancer cells and can play a role in preventing immune cells from killing tumours, as well as being associated with cancer virulence. Given the growing interest in oncolytic viruses (OVs) as a novel cancer therapeutic, this review considers the role of PCNA in healthy, cancerous, and immune cells to gain an understanding of how PCNA targeted therapy and oncolytic virotherapy may interact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Munitta Muthana
- Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (A.K.)
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3
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Hoffman M, Krum D, Wittrup KD. Bivalent target-binding bioPROTACs induce potent degradation of oncogenic SHP2. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107616. [PMID: 39089586 PMCID: PMC11387696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation is an emergent and rapidly evolving therapeutic strategy. In particular, biologics-based targeted degradation modalities (bioPROTACs) are relatively under explored compared to small molecules. Here, we investigate how target affinity, cellular localization, and valency of bioPROTACs impact efficacy of targeted degradation of the oncogenic phosphatase src-homology 2 containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2). We identify bivalent recruitment of SHP2 by bioPROTACs as a broadly applicable strategy to improve potency. Moreover, we demonstrate that SHP2-targeted bioPROTACs can effectively counteract gain-of-function SHP2 mutants present in cancer, which are otherwise challenging to selectively target with small molecule constructs. Overall, this study demonstrates the utility of bioPROTACs for challenging targets, and further explicates design principles for therapeutic bioPROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Hoffman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Krum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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4
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Chan A, Haley RM, Najar MA, Gonzalez-Martinez D, Bugaj LJ, Burslem GM, Mitchell MJ, Tsourkas A. Lipid-mediated intracellular delivery of recombinant bioPROTACs for the rapid degradation of undruggable proteins. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5808. [PMID: 38987546 PMCID: PMC11237011 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, targeted degradation has emerged as a powerful therapeutic modality. Relying on "event-driven" pharmacology, proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) can degrade targets and are superior to conventional inhibitors against undruggable proteins. Unfortunately, PROTAC discovery is limited by warhead scarcity and laborious optimization campaigns. To address these shortcomings, analogous protein-based heterobifunctional degraders, known as bioPROTACs, have been developed. Compared to small-molecule PROTACs, bioPROTACs have higher success rates and are subject to fewer design constraints. However, the membrane impermeability of proteins severely restricts bioPROTAC deployment as a generalized therapeutic modality. Here, we present an engineered bioPROTAC template able to complex with cationic and ionizable lipids via electrostatic interactions for cytosolic delivery. When delivered by biocompatible lipid nanoparticles, these modified bioPROTACs can rapidly degrade intracellular proteins, exhibiting near-complete elimination (up to 95% clearance) of targets within hours of treatment. Our bioPROTAC format can degrade proteins localized to various subcellular compartments including the mitochondria, nucleus, cytosol, and membrane. Moreover, substrate specificity can be easily reprogrammed, allowing modular design and targeting of clinically-relevant proteins such as Ras, Jnk, and Erk. In summary, this work introduces an inexpensive, flexible, and scalable platform for efficient intracellular degradation of proteins that may elude chemical inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Chan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca M Haley
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohd Altaf Najar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Gonzalez-Martinez
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lukasz J Bugaj
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George M Burslem
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Institute for RNA Innovation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Nalawansha DA, Mangano K, den Besten W, Potts PR. TAC-tics for Leveraging Proximity Biology in Drug Discovery. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300712. [PMID: 38015747 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Chemically induced proximity (CIP) refers to co-opting naturally occurring biological pathways using synthetic molecules to recruit neosubstrates that are not normally encountered or to enhance the affinity of naturally occurring interactions. Leveraging proximity biology through CIPs has become a rapidly evolving field and has garnered considerable interest in basic research and drug discovery. PROteolysis TArgeting Chimera (PROTAC) is a well-established CIP modality that induces the proximity between a target protein and an E3 ubiquitin ligase, causing target protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Inspired by PROTACs, several other induced proximity modalities have emerged to modulate both proteins and RNA over recent years. In this review, we summarize the critical advances and opportunities in the field, focusing on protein degraders, RNA degraders and non-degrader modalities such as post-translational modification (PTM) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) modulators. We envision that these emerging proximity-based drug modalities will be valuable resources for both biological research and therapeutic discovery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle Mangano
- Induced Proximity Platform, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Willem den Besten
- Induced Proximity Platform, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Patrick Ryan Potts
- Induced Proximity Platform, Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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Lane IC, Kembuan G, Carreiro J, Kann MC, Lin W, Bouffard AA, Kreuzer J, Morris R, Schneider EM, Kim JY, Zou C, Salas-Benito D, Gasser JA, Leick MB, Słabicki M, Haas W, Maus MV, Jan M. Genetic retargeting of E3 ligases to enhance CAR T cell therapy. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:338-348.e5. [PMID: 37989314 PMCID: PMC10922718 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies are medical breakthroughs in cancer treatment. However, treatment failure is often caused by CAR T cell dysfunction. Additional approaches are needed to overcome inhibitory signals that limit anti-tumor potency. Here, we developed bifunctional fusion "degrader" proteins that bridge one or more target proteins and an E3 ligase complex to enforce target ubiquitination and degradation. Conditional degradation strategies were developed using inducible degrader transgene expression or small molecule-dependent E3 recruitment. We further engineered degraders to block SMAD-dependent TGFβ signaling using a domain from the SARA protein to target both SMAD2 and SMAD3. SMAD degrader CAR T cells were less susceptible to suppression by TGFβ and demonstrated enhanced anti-tumor potency in vivo. These results demonstrate a clinically suitable synthetic biology platform to reprogram E3 ligase target specificity for conditional, multi-specific endogenous protein degradation, with promising applications including enhancing the potency of CAR T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C Lane
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriele Kembuan
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeannie Carreiro
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Kann
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William Lin
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda A Bouffard
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johannes Kreuzer
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Morris
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Joanna Y Kim
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles Zou
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diego Salas-Benito
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica A Gasser
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark B Leick
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mikołaj Słabicki
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Max Jan
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Wendel SO, Snow JA, Gu L, Banerjee NS, Malkas L, Wallace NA. The potential of PCNA inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in cervical cancer. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29244. [PMID: 38010649 PMCID: PMC10683864 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancers are the fourth most common and most deadly cancer in women worldwide. Despite being a tremendous public health burden, few novel approaches to improve care for these malignancies have been introduced. We discuss the potential for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) inhibition to address this need as well as the advantages and disadvantages for compounds that can therapeutically inhibit PCNA with a specific focus on cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jazmine A Snow
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Long Gu
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Nilam Sanjib Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Linda Malkas
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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8
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Teng M, Gray NS. The rise of degrader drugs. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:864-878. [PMID: 37494935 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The cancer genomics revolution has served up a plethora of promising and challenging targets for the drug discovery community. The field of targeted protein degradation (TPD) uses small molecules to reprogram the protein homeostasis system to destroy desired target proteins. In the last decade, remarkable progress has enabled the rational development of degraders for a large number of target proteins, with over 20 molecules targeting more than 12 proteins entering clinical development. While TPD has been fully credentialed by the prior development of immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) class for the treatment of multiple myeloma, the field is poised for a "Gleevec moment" in which robust clinical efficacy of a rationally developed novel degrader against a preselected target is firmly established. Here, we endeavor to provide a high-level evaluation of exciting developments in the field and comment on steps that may realize the full potential of this new therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Teng
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, ChEM-H, Stanford Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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9
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Hwang J, Moon H, Kim H, Kim KY. Identification of a Novel ERK5 (MAPK7) Inhibitor, MHJ-627, and Verification of Its Potent Anticancer Efficacy in Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6154-6169. [PMID: 37504304 PMCID: PMC10377775 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, is involved in key cellular processes. However, overexpression and upregulation of ERK5 have been reported in various cancers, and ERK5 is associated with almost every biological characteristic of cancer cells. Accordingly, ERK5 has become a novel target for the development of anticancer drugs as inhibition of ERK5 shows suppressive effects of the deleterious properties of cancer cells. Herein, we report the synthesis and identification of a novel ERK5 inhibitor, MHJ-627, and verify its potent anticancer efficacy in a yeast model and the cervical cancer HeLa cell line. MHJ-627 successfully inhibited the kinase activity of ERK5 (IC50: 0.91 μM) and promoted the mRNA expression of tumor suppressors and anti-metastatic genes. Moreover, we observed significant cancer cell death, accompanied by a reduction in mRNA levels of the cell proliferation marker, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), following ERK5 inhibition due to MHJ-627 treatment. We expect this finding to serve as a lead compound for further identification of inhibitors for ERK5-directed novel approaches for oncotherapy with increased specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghye Hwang
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Moon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakwon Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Young Kim
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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Dai C, Wang J, Tu L, Pan Z, Yang J, Zhou S, Luo Q, Zhu L, Ye Y. Genetically-encoded degraders as versatile modulators of intracellular therapeutic targets. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2023.100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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