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Konadu-Amoah B, Ndé-Tchoupé AI, Hu R, Gwenzi W, Noubactep C. Investigating the Fe 0/H 2O systems using the methylene blue method: Validity, applications, and future directions. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132913. [PMID: 34788675 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An innovative approach to characterize the reactivity of metallic iron (Fe0) for aqueous contaminant removal has been in use for a decade: The methylene blue method (MB method). The approach considers the differential adsorptive affinity of methylene blue (MB) for sand and iron oxides. The MB method characterizes MB discoloration by sand as it is progressively coated by in-situ generated iron corrosion products (FeCPs) to deduce the extent of iron corrosion. The MB method is a semi-quantitative tool that has successfully clarified some contradicting reports on the Fe0/H2O system. Moreover, it has the potential to serve as a powerful tool for routine tests in the Fe0 remediation industry, including quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC). However, MB is widely used as a 'molecular probe' to characterize the Fe0/H2O system, for instance for wastewater treatment. Thus, there is scope to avoid confusion created by the multiple uses of MB in Fe0/H2O systems. The present communication aims at filling this gap by presenting the science of the MB method, and its application and limitations. It is concluded that the MB method is very suitable for Fe0 material screening and optimization of operational designs. However, the MB method only provides semi-quantitative information, but gives no data on the solid-phase characterization of solid Fe0 and its reaction products. In other words, further comprehensive investigations with microscopic and spectroscopic surface and solid-state analyses are needed to complement results from the MB method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Konadu-Amoah
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Fo Cheng Xi Road 8, Nanjing 211100, China.
| | - Arnaud Igor Ndé-Tchoupé
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Fo Cheng Xi Road 8, Nanjing 211100, China.
| | - Rui Hu
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Fo Cheng Xi Road 8, Nanjing 211100, China.
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Chicgoua Noubactep
- Centre for Modern Indian Studies (CeMIS), Universität Göttingen, Waldweg 26, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Applied Geology, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Water and Environmental Science and Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; Faculty of Science and Technology, Campus of Banekane, Université des Montagnes, P.O. Box 208, Bangangté, Cameroon.
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Gu X, Rodgers TFM, Spraakman S, Van Seters T, Flick R, Diamond ML, Drake J, Passeport E. Trace Organic Contaminant Transfer and Transformation in Bioretention Cells: A Field Tracer Test with Benzotriazole. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12281-12290. [PMID: 34495667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention cells can effectively infiltrate stormwater runoff and partly remove conventional water contaminants. A field tracer injection experiment in a conventionally designed bioretention cell was used to investigate the fate of benzotriazole, a model trace organic contaminant, during and between runoff events. Moderate (29%) benzotriazole load reductions were measured during the 6 h long injection experiment. The detection of 1-methyl benzotriazole, hydroxy benzotriazole, and methoxy benzotriazole provided in situ evidence of some rapid benzotriazole microbial transformation during the tracer test and more importantly between the events. The detection of benzotriazole alanine and benzotriazole acetyl alanine also showed fast benzotriazole phytotransformation to amino acid conjugates during the tracer test and suggests further transformation of phytotransformation products between events. These data provide conclusive full-scale evidence of benzotriazole microbial and phytotransformation in bioretention cells. Non-target chemical analysis revealed the presence of a diverse range of trace organic contaminants in urban runoff and exiting the bioretention cell, including pesticides and industrial, household, and pharmaceutical compounds. We have demonstrated the in situ potential of urban green infrastructure such as bioretention cells to eliminate polar trace organic contaminants from stormwater. However, targeted design and operation strategies, for example, hydraulic control and the use of soil amendments, should be incorporated for improved bioretention cell performance for such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Timothy F M Rodgers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Sylvie Spraakman
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Tim Van Seters
- Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program, Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, 101 Exchange Avenue, Vaughan, Ontario L4K 5R6, Canada
| | - Robert Flick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Drake
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Elodie Passeport
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
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Characterizing the impact of pyrite addition on the efficiency of Fe 0/H 2O systems. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2326. [PMID: 33504819 PMCID: PMC7841150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of pyrite (FeS2) in the process of water treatment using metallic iron (Fe0) was investigated. FeS2 was used as a pH-shifting agent while methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) were used as an indicator of reactivity and model contaminant, respectively. The effect of the final pH value on the extent of MB discoloration was characterized using 5 g L-1 of a Fe0 specimen. pH variation was achieved by adding 0 to 30 g L-1 of FeS2. Quiescent batch experiments with Fe0/FeS2/sand systems (sand loading: 25 g L-1) and 20 mL of MB were performed for 41 days. Final pH values varied from 3.3 to 7.0. Results demonstrated that MB discoloration is only quantitative when the final pH value was larger than 4.5 and that adsorption and co-precipitation are the fundamental mechanisms of decontamination in Fe0/H2O systems. Such mechanisms are consistent with the effects of the pH value on the decontamination process.
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Wu L, Dai J, Bi E. Roles of dissolved humic acid and tannic acid in sorption of benzotriazole to a sandy loam soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 204:111088. [PMID: 32791356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in sorption of organic pollutants, batch experiments on effects of two representatives of DOM (dissolved humic acid (HA) and tannic acid (TA)) on sorption of benzotriazole (BTA) to a sandy loam soil were conducted. Both HA and TA promoted BTA sorption to soil. Strong positive correlation between sorbed amount of BTA and DOM confirmed the contribution of cumulative sorption by HA or TA in enhancing BTA binding. TA promoted BTA sorption more obviously than HA by providing more sites. For HA with complex structure composed of heterogeneous fractions, its high molecular weight (>3200 Da) fraction could be preferentially sorbed by soil, and it can enhance BTA sorption more obviously than the low molecular weight fraction. The promoting effect of HA on BTA sorption decreased with pH increasing from 6.5 to 10.5 due to reduced sites and electrostatic repulsion between anionic BTA, HA and soil. Sorption of neutral BTA to soil affected by DOM could be well predicted by a modified Freundlich model with Kd (L kg-1) deviations less than 0.2 log unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, and MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China; China Geological Survey (CGS) & Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Groundwater Contamination and Remediation, Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China.
| | - Jin'e Dai
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, and MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Erping Bi
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, and MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
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Hintze S, Glauser G, Hunkeler D. Influence of surface water - groundwater interactions on the spatial distribution of pesticide metabolites in groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139109. [PMID: 32447077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In groundwater, pesticide metabolites tend to occur more frequently and at higher concentrations than their parent pesticides, due to their higher mobility and persistence. These properties might also favor their transfer across surface water - groundwater interfaces. However, the effect of surface water - groundwater interactions on the metabolite occurrence in groundwater and pumping wells has so far received little attention. We investigated the spatial distribution of metabolites in an unconsolidated aquifer, which interacts with two surface water bodies originating from catchments with contrasting land use. We focused on metabolites of the herbicide chloridazon, namely desphenyl-chloridazon (DPC) and methyl-desphenyl-chloridazon (MDPC) and characterized surface water - groundwater interactions with various environmental tracers (e.g. electrical conductivity, stable water isotopes, wastewater tracers). In zones influenced by a river from a mountainous area, metabolite concentrations were low (median values ≤0.50 μg L-1 for DPC, ≤0.19 μg L-1 for MDPC). In contrast, high concentrations occurred in areas dominated by recharge from agricultural fields and/or influenced by a stream from an adjacent intensely farmed catchment (median values up to 1.9 μg L-1 for DPC and up to 0.75 μg L-1 for MDPC). An endmember analysis using hydro-chemical data suggested that about 20% of the DPC mass in a pumping well originated from the neighboring catchment and on its own would cause a concentration above 0.1 μg L-1 for DPC. Our findings highlight that the mobile metabolites can be imported from zones with intense agriculture outside of the exploited aquifer via surface-water groundwater interactions influencing the metabolite concentration level and long-term dynamics in the aquifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hintze
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry (NPAC), University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hunkeler
- Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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6
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Wagner TV, Parsons JR, Rijnaarts HHM, de Voogt P, Langenhoff AAM. Benzotriazole removal mechanisms in pilot-scale constructed wetlands treating cooling tower water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121314. [PMID: 31581006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of discharged cooling tower water (CTW) in the cooling tower itself could reduce fresh water intake and help mitigating fresh water scarcity problems. However, this requires desalination prior to its reuse, and hindering fractions, such as conditioning chemicals, should be removed before desalination to obtain a higher desalination efficiency. Constructed wetlands (CWs) can provide such a pre-treatment. In this study, the mechanisms underlying the removal of conditioning chemical benzotriazole (BTA) in CWs was studied using an innovative approach of differently designed pilot-scale CWs combined with batch removal experiments with substrate from these CWs. By performing these combined experiments, it was possible to determine the optimal CW design for BTA removal and the most relevant BTA removal processes in CWs. Adsorption yielded the highest contribution, and the difference in removal between different CW types was linked to their capability to aerobically biodegrade BTA. This knowledge on the main removal mechanisms for BTA allows for a CW design tailored for BTA removal. In addition, the outcomes of this research show that performing batch experiments with CW substrate allows one to determine the relevant removal mechanisms for a given compound which results in a better understanding of CW removal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Wagner
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - John R Parsons
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Huub H M Rijnaarts
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1092 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Alette A M Langenhoff
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Characterizing a Newly Designed Steel-Wool-Based Household Filter for Safe Drinking Water Provision: Hydraulic Conductivity and Efficiency for Pathogen Removal. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7120966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study characterizes the decrease of the hydraulic conductivity (permeability loss) of a metallic iron-based household water filter (Fe0 filter) for a duration of 12 months. A commercial steel wool (SW) is used as Fe0 source. The Fe0 unit containing 300 g of SW was sandwiched between two conventional biological sand filters (BSFs). The working solution was slightly turbid natural well water polluted with pathogens (total coliform = 1950 UFC mL−1) and contaminated with nitrate ([NO3−] = 24.0 mg L−1). The system was monitored twice per month for pH value, removal of nitrate, coliforms, and turbidity, the iron concentration, as well as the permeability loss. Results revealed a quantitative removal of coliform (>99%), nitrate (>99%) and turbidity (>96%). The whole column effluent depicted drinking water quality. The permeability loss after one year of operation was about 40%, and the filter was still producing 200 L of drinking water per day at a flow velocity of 12.5 L h−1. A progressive increase of the effluent pH value was also recorded from about 5.0 (influent) to 8.4 at the end of the experiment. The effluent iron concentration was constantly lower than 0.2 mg L−1, which is within the drinking-water quality standards. This study presents an affordable design that can be one-to-one translated into the real world to accelerate the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals for safe drinking water.
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8
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Redirecting Research on Fe 0 for Environmental Remediation: The Search for Synergy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224465. [PMID: 31766297 PMCID: PMC6888672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A survey of the literature on using metallic iron (Fe0) for environmental remediation suggests that the time is ripe to center research on the basic relationship between iron corrosion and contaminant removal. This communication identifies the main problem, which is based on the consideration that contaminant reductive transformation is the cathodic reaction of iron oxidative dissolution. Properly considering the inherent complexities of the Fe0/H2O system will favor an appropriate research design that will enable more efficient and sustainable remediation systems. Successful applications of Fe0/H2O systems require the collective consideration of progress achieved in understanding these systems. More efforts should be made to decipher the long-term kinetics of iron corrosion, so as to provide better approaches to accurately predict the performance of the next generation Fe0-based water treatment systems.
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Zhao X, Zhang ZF, Xu L, Liu LY, Song WW, Zhu FJ, Li YF, Ma WL. Occurrence and fate of benzotriazoles UV filters in a typical residential wastewater treatment plant in Harbin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 227:215-222. [PMID: 28472737 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazoles (BTs) UV filters are widely used as ultraviolet absorbents for our daily products, which received increasing attention in the past decades. Residential wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is both an important sink for wastewater and a key pollution source for receiving water for these chemicals. In this study, pretreatment and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis method were developed to determine the occurrence and fate of 9 BTs UV filters in wastewater and sludge from the WWTP with anaerobic-oxic treatment process (A/O) and biological aerated filter treatment process (BAF). Totally, 81 wastewater samples and 11 sludge samples were collected in four seasons. In wastewater, UV-326 and UV-329 were frequently detected, while the highest mean concentrations were detected for UV-234 and UV-329. The concentrations were in the range of <LOQs up to several hundred nanograms per liter. The removal efficiency of BTs UV filters was >85% in A/O process and 60-77% in BAF process except for UV-350, which was more difficult to remove with lower removal efficiencies of 33.3% for both A/O and BAF. All the target chemicals except for UV-320 were detected in sludge samples with the mean concentration ranging from 0.90 ng/g to 303.39 ng/g. There was no significant difference with concentrations and removal efficiency among different seasons. Higher detection frequency and concentration of BTs UV filters in downstream of the receiving water system indicated the contribution of effluent of the WWTP. Compared with other rivers, the lower concentrations in surface water in the Songhua River indicated light pollution status with of BTs UV filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lei Xu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Fu-Jie Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Making Fe0-Based Filters a Universal Solution for Safe Drinking Water Provision. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9071224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Dissipation of Micropollutants in a Rewetted Fen Peatland: A Field Study Using Treated Wastewater. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9060449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wu R, Wu H, Jiang X, Shen J, Faheem M, Sun X, Li J, Han W, Wang L, Liu X. The key role of biogenic manganese oxides in enhanced removal of highly recalcitrant 1,2,4-triazole from bio-treated chemical industrial wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10570-10583. [PMID: 28283969 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The secondary effluent from biological treatment process in chemical industrial plant often contains refractory organic matter, which deserves to be further treated in order to meet the increasingly stringent environmental regulations. In this study, the key role of biogenic manganese oxides (BioMnOx) in enhanced removal of highly recalcitrant 1,2,4-triazole from bio-treated chemical industrial wastewater was investigated. BioMnOx production by acclimated manganese-oxidizing bacterium (MOB) consortium was confirmed through scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Pseudomonas and Bacillus were found to be the most predominant species in acclimated MOB consortium. Mn2+ could be oxidized optimally at neutral pH and initial Mn2+ concentration below 33 mg L-1. However, 1,2,4-triazole removal by BioMnOx produced occurred optimally at slightly acidic pH. High dosage of both Mn2+ and 1,2,4-triazole resulted in decreased 1,2,4-triazole removal. In a biological aerated filter (BAF) coupled with manganese oxidation, 1,2,4-triazole and total organic carbon removal could be significantly enhanced compared to the control system without the participation of manganese oxidation, confirming the key role of BioMnOx in the removal of highly recalcitrant 1,2,4-triazole. This study demonstrated that the biosystem coupled with manganese oxidation had a potential for the removal of various recalcitrant contaminants from bio-treated chemical industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China
| | - Haobo Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China
| | - Xinbai Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China
| | - Jinyou Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China.
| | - Muhammad Faheem
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China
| | - Weiqing Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China
| | - Lianjun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China.
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Biodegradation mechanism of 1H-1,2,4-triazole by a newly isolated strain Shinella sp. NJUST26. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29675. [PMID: 27436634 PMCID: PMC4951651 DOI: 10.1038/srep29675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly recalcitrant 1H-1,2,4-triazole (TZ) is widely used in the synthesis of agricultural pesticide and considered to be an environmental pollutant. In this study, a novel strain NJUST26 capable of utilizing TZ as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, was isolated from TZ-contaminated soil, and identified as Shinella sp. The biodegradation assays suggested that optimal temperature and pH for TZ degradation by NJUST26 were 30 °C and 6–7, respectively. With the increase of initial TZ concentration from 100 to 320 mg L−1, the maximum volumetric degradation rate increased from 29.06 to 82.96 mg L−1 d−1, indicating high tolerance of NJUST26 towards TZ. TZ biodegradation could be accelerated through the addition of glucose, sucrose and yeast extract at relatively low dosage. The main metabolites, including 1,2-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (DHTO), semicarbazide and urea were identified. Based on these results, biodegradation pathway of TZ by NJUST26 was proposed, i.e., TZ was firstly oxidized to DHTO, and then the cleavage of DHTO ring occurred to generate N-hydrazonomethyl-formamide, which could be further degraded to biodegradable semicarbazide and urea.
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14
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Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Metallic Iron Filters: Modeling Gone Astray. WATER 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/w8040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Testing Metallic Iron Filtration Systems for Decentralized Water Treatment at Pilot Scale. WATER 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/w7030868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Peng YH, Chen MK, Shih YH. Adsorption and sequential degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers with zerovalent iron. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 260:844-850. [PMID: 23856315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The widely used flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), have been regulated owing to their persistence and toxicity. However, the high and increasing accumulation amount of PBDEs in the environment raises a big concern for public safety. In this study, the removal processes of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and monobromodiphenyl ether (BDE-3) with microscale zerovalent iron (MZVI) were investigated to get better understandings for the removal mechanism based upon adsorption and degradation. The removal kinetics of both compounds was analyzed and revealed two-step kinetics: a fast removal step at the beginning of the reaction and a follow-up slow removal step. By-products generated during the entire process followed a stepwise sequence. The content of brominated compounds on the surface of MZVI was measured. About 10-20% of BDE-209 and 15-30% of BDE-3 were adsorbed on MZVI. The adsorption of BDE-209 and BDE-3 on MZVI was confirmed through the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Surface adsorption of PBDEs on MZVI dominates the removal mechanism in the beginning and further debromination with MZVI was found. Finally, about 70% of BDE-209 and 60% of BDE-3 was degraded by MZVI within about one month. Our findings provide evidences for understanding the removal mechanism of PBDEs with MZVI and its great longevity on the PBDE degradation, which can facilitate the remediation design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huei Peng
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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17
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Asimakopoulos AG, Ajibola A, Kannan K, Thomaidis NS. Occurrence and removal efficiencies of benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles in a wastewater treatment plant in Greece. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 452-453:163-171. [PMID: 23500410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of benzotriazoles and benzothiazoles and the occurrence of these compounds in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), no earlier study has comprehensively examined their fate in WWTPs. In this study, an integrated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI(+)MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of four benzotriazoles and four benzothiazoles in dissolved and particulate phases of wastewater (raw and treated), and in dewatered sewage sludge. The target benzotriazoles (BTRs) were 1H-benzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, and xylyltriazole (or 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole), and the target benzothiazoles (BTHs) were benzothiazole, 2-hydroxy-benzothiazole, 2-methylthio-benzothiazole, and 2-amino-benzothiazole. The limits of detection ranged from 0.08 (2-methylthio-benzothiazole) to 17 ng/L (benzothiazole) for dissolved phase samples, and from 0.04 (2-methylthio-benzothiazole) to 13 ng/g dry weight (dw) (benzothiazole) for particular matter and sludge samples. The method was applied in the analysis of wastewater and sludge samples from the WWTP in Athens, Greece. All target chemicals were detected in wastewater samples, and in some cases the concentrations were significant, on the order of a few μg/L. In sludge samples, benzothiazole and tolyltriazole were present at the highest concentrations (174 and 116 ng/g dw, respectively). For benzotriazole and tolyltriazole, the removal efficiency was below 68%, and for benzothiazoles, the removal efficiency was greater than 64% in the activated sludge treatment process. Both BTRs and BTHs showed low solid-liquid distribution coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
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18
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Asimakopoulos AG, Bletsou AA, Wu Q, Thomaidis NS, Kannan K. Determination of Benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 85:441-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303266m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New
York, United States
- Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna A. Bletsou
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New
York, United States
- Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Qian Wu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New
York, United States
| | - Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
- Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New
York, United States
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19
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Cadková E, Komárek M, Kaliszová R, Koudelková V, Dvořák J, Vaněk A. Sorption of tebuconazole onto selected soil minerals and humic acids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2012; 47:336-342. [PMID: 22428895 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2012.640918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate tebuconazole sorption on common soil minerals (birnessite, ferrihydrite, goethite, calcite and illite) and humic acids (representing soil organic matter). Tebuconazole was used (i) in the commercial form Horizon 250 EW and (ii) as an analytical grade pure chemical. In the experiment with the commercially available tebuconazole, a significant pH-dependent sorption onto the oxides was observed (decreasing sorption with increasing pH). The highest sorption was found for ferrihydrite due to its high specific surface area, followed by humic acids, birnessite, goethite and illite. No detectable sorption was found for calcite. The sorption of analytical grade tebuconazole on all selected minerals was significantly lower compared to the commercial product. The sorption was the highest for humic acids, followed by ferrihydrite and illite and almost negligible for goethite and birnessite without any pH dependence. Again, no sorption was observed for calcite. The differences in sorption of the commercially available and analytical grade tebuconazole can be attributed to the additives (e.g., solvents) present in the commercial product. This work proved the importance of soil mineralogy and composition of the commercially available pesticides on the behavior of tebuconazole in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cadková
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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Nunes LM, Zhu YG, Stigter TY, Monteiro JP, Teixeira MR. Environmental impacts on soil and groundwater at airports: origin, contaminants of concern and environmental risks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:3026-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10458f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Mohamed M, Hatfield K. Dimensionless parameters to summarize the influence of microbial growth and inhibition on the bioremediation of groundwater contaminants. Biodegradation 2010; 22:877-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-010-9445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Xu B, Wu F, Zhao X, Liao H. Benzotriazole removal from water by Zn-Al-O binary metal oxide adsorbent: behavior, kinetics and mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 184:147-155. [PMID: 20828924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel Zn-Al-O binary metal oxide adsorbent was prepared and used to remove the emerging polar contaminant benzotriazole from water. The adsorption behavior, kinetics and mechanism were systemically studied. Results showed that benzotriazole was rapidly and effectively adsorbed by the adsorbent. Instantaneous adsorption was observed under each studied condition, and the adsorption reached equilibrium within 30 min. High initial benzotriazole concentration enhanced the adsorption. The amount of absorbed benzotriazole increased with increasing adsorbent dosage, but decreased with increasing ionic strength. Solution pH had little effect on benzotriazole adsorption. The adsorption isotherm was consistent with S-type. Langmuir isotherm model fitted the equilibrium data better than Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Temkin isotherm models. The maximum monolayer adsorptive capacity of benzotriazole with and without electrolytes was 7.30 mg g(-1) and 9.51 mg g(-1), respectively. Elovich and pseudo-second-order models were most suitable for describing the adsorption kinetics. Interactions between the surface sites of the adsorbent and benzotriazole may be a combination of electrostatic interaction, ion exchange and hydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Haiqing Liao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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23
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Custódio JV, Agostinho SM, Simões AM. Electrochemistry and surface analysis of the effect of benzotriazole on the cut edge corrosion of galvanized steel. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Noubactep C, Schöner A. Metallic iron for environmental remediation: learning from electrocoagulation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 175:1075-1080. [PMID: 19864056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The interpretation of processes yielding aqueous contaminant removal in the presence of elemental iron (e.g. in Fe(0)/H(2)O systems) is subject to numerous complications. Reductive transformations by Fe(0) and its primary corrosion products (Fe(II) and H/H(2)) as well as adsorption onto and co-precipitation with secondary and tertiary iron corrosion products (iron hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, and mixed valence Fe(II)/Fe(III) green rusts) are considered the main removal mechanisms on a case-to-case basis. Recent progress involving adsorption and co-precipitation as fundamental contaminant removal mechanisms have faced a certain scepticism. This work shows that results from electrocoagulation (EC), using iron as sacrificial electrode, support the adsorption/co-precipitation concept. It is reiterated that despite a century of commercial use of EC, the scientific understanding of the complex chemical and physical processes involved is still incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Noubactep
- Angewandte Geologie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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25
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Noubactep C, Kurth AMF, Sauter M. Evaluation of the effects of shaking intensity on the process of methylene blue discoloration by metallic iron. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 169:1005-1011. [PMID: 19442443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The term mixing (shaking, stirring, agitating) is confusing because it is used to describe mass transfer in systems involving species dissolution, species dispersion and particle suspension. Each of these mechanisms requires different flow characteristics in order to take place with maximum efficiency. This work was performed to characterize the effects of shaking intensity on the process of aqueous discoloration of methylene blue (MB) by metallic iron (Fe(0)). The extent of MB discoloration by three different materials in five different systems and under shaking intensities varying from 0 to 300 min(-1) was directly compared. Investigated materials were scrap iron (Fe(0)), granular activated carbon (GAC), and deep sea manganese nodules (MnO(2)). The experiments were performed in essay tubes containing 22 mL of the MB solution (12 mg/L or 0.037 mM). The essay tubes contained either: (i) no reactive material (blank), (ii) 0-9.0 g/L of each reactive material (systems I, II and III), or (iii) 5g/L Fe(0) and 0 to 9.0g/L GAC or MnO(2) (systems IV and V). The essay tubes were immobilized on a support frame and shaken for 0.8-5 days. Non-shaken experiments lasted for duration up to 50 days. Results show increased MB discoloration with increasing shaking intensities below 50 min(-1), a plateau between 50 and 150 min(-1), and a sharp increase of MB discoloration at shaking intensities >or=200 min(-1). At 300 min(-1), increased MB discoloration was visibly accompanied by suspension of dissolution products of Fe(0)/MnO(2) and suspension of GAC fines. The results suggest that, shaking intensities aiming at facilitating contaminant mass transfer to the Fe(0) surface should not exceed 50 min(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Noubactep
- Angewandte Geologie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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26
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Noubactep C. Characterizing the discoloration of methylene blue in Fe0/H2O systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 166:79-87. [PMID: 19070425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Revised: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) was used as a model molecule to characterize the aqueous reactivity of metallic iron in Fe(0)/H(2)O systems. Likely discoloration mechanisms under used experimental conditions are: (i) adsorption onto Fe(0) and Fe(0) corrosion products (CP), (ii) co-precipitation with in situ generated iron CP, (iii) reduction to colorless leukomethylene blue (LMB). MB mineralization (oxidation to CO(2)) is not expected. The kinetics of MB discoloration by Fe(0), Fe(2)O(3), Fe(3)O(4), MnO(2), and granular activated carbon were investigated in assay tubes under mechanically non-disturbed conditions. The evolution of MB discoloration was monitored spectrophotometrically. The effect of availability of CP, Fe(0) source, shaking rate, initial pH value, and chemical properties of the solution were studied. The results present evidence supporting co-precipitation of MB with in situ generated iron CP as main discoloration mechanism. Under high shaking intensities (>150 min(-1)), increased CP generation yields a brownish solution which disturbed MB determination, showing that a too high shear stress induced the suspension of in situ generated corrosion products. The present study clearly demonstrates that comparing results from various sources is difficult even when the results are achieved under seemingly similar conditions. The appeal for an unified experimental procedure for the investigation of processes in Fe(0)/H(2)O systems is reiterated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Noubactep
- Angewandte Geologie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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27
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Yu L, Fink G, Wintgens T, Melin T, Ternes TA. Sorption behavior of potential organic wastewater indicators with soils. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:951-960. [PMID: 19095277 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soil-aquifer treatment is a wastewater treatment and reclamation option to facilitate beneficial water reuse. The fate of wastewater originated micropollutants in the soil-aquifer system is important to understand. In the study the sorption behavior of potential wastewater indicators such as two antiepileptic drugs (carbamazepine, primidone), one sulfonamide (sulfamethoxazole), and one corrosion inhibitor (benzotriazole) were determined with three natural soils (Lufa 2.2, Euro Soil 5, and Wulpen sand) that differed in pH, organic carbon content and particle size distribution. As aqueous phase a 0.01M CaCl(2) solution as well as the effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant was used. Affinities of all analytes to the soil increased from Wulpen sand, over Lufa 2.2 to Euro Soil 5, indicating that the organic carbon contents might be crucial for sorption. Isotherms were well described by the Freundlich model. Sorption was mainly close to linear (n=0.93-1.07) for most target compounds and soils. Desorption gave rise to a small hysteresis only for Euro Soil 5 which was likely artificial, due to slow desorption kinetics beyond 24h used in the experiment. All sorption studies confirmed that Carbamazepine, Benzotriazole and Primidone are appropriate to be used as wastewater indicator substances based on their low sorption affinity to soils, while the suitability of Sulfamethoxazole is limited due to the formation of non-extractable residues, especially at lower pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yu
- CVT, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, RWTH Aachen University, Turmstr 46, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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28
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Noubactep C. Comments on "Removal of thiobencarb in aqueous solution by zero valent iron" by Nurul Amin et al. [Chemosphere 70 (3) (2008) 511-515]. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:325-331. [PMID: 18359503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chicgoua Noubactep
- Angewandte Geologie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, Göttingen, Germany.
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29
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Noubactep C. Comments on "Sorption of triazoles to soil and iron minerals" by Y. Jia et al. [Chemosphere 67 (2007) 250-258]. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:802-806. [PMID: 18177921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This letter suggests possible improvements on the discussion of the adsorptive removal of triazoles by iron minerals which are possible corrosion products of elemental iron materials (Fe0) in a recent article by Jia et al. [Jia, Y., Aagaard, P., Breedveld, G.D., 2007. Sorption of triaxoles to soil and iron materials. Chemosphere 67, 250-258]. Also recalled is the importance of the adsorption of organics by iron corrosion products which is not properly addressed in the iron technology literature when the contaminants are redox-sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Noubactep
- Angewandte Geologie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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30
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Jia Y, Breedveld GD, Aagaard P. Column studies on transport of deicing additive benzotriazole in a sandy aquifer and a zerovalent iron barrier. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 69:1409-18. [PMID: 17588639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole (BTA), a chemical with wide industrial applications, is a typical additive in deicer/anti-icer used at airport. To achieve a better understanding of the transport behaviour and environmental fate of BTA, laboratory column studies have been performed on subsoil samples from Oslo Airport, Gardermoen. To explore possibilities for aquifer remediation, BTA behaviour was also studied in a column of granular zerovalent iron (Fe(0)). The subsoil column study demonstrates a very limited retardation of BTA. Consecutive loadings of BTA of the subsoil column showed no change of the break-through curve (BTC) and complete desorption was observed. The sorption behaviour of BTA to metallic iron (Fe(0)) was rather complex. Considerable retardation was observed in the Fe(0) column and repeated BTA loading resulted in an earlier break-through. Between 20% and 50% of the input concentration was retained permanently in the iron (Fe(0)) column. The BTA sorption to metallic iron was found to be enhanced by chloride which lowered the break-through concentration (i.e the C/C(0) plateau). The fraction of BTA remaining in the iron column was found to vary with the flow rate, indicating a time dependant multilayer sorption mechanism. The steady increase in the amount of adsorbed BTA to the iron column during loading corresponds to a rather strong bonding of 4-15 BTA layers to the iron surface. A very slow desorption of BTA was observed; even after flushing with 753 pore volumes of BTA free water, 7.5% of the BTA remained in the column. A geochemical model was developed based on PHREEQC-2 to simulate the sorption and transport of BTA in the tested materials. The BTA sorption was modelled with Freundlich sorption isotherms, as earlier determined in batch experiments. A slight adjustment of the Freundlich parameters was required to fit the observed column break-through. However, our model was not able to simulate the long-term retainment of BTA in the granular iron columns. The simulations confirm the high mobility of BTA in groundwater aquifers and suggest that zerovalent iron could be used to retain a BTA plume, although oxidation of the sorbent might reduce the long-term performance of such a remediation scheme and slow desorption has been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jia
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1047, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
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