1
|
El-Maradny A, Orif M, AlKobati A, Ghandourah M, Al-Farawati R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of highly polluted coastal area in the Red Sea: levels, spatial distribution, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1547. [PMID: 38017316 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The southern part of the Jeddah coast faces a range of pollution challenges that can impact the water quality and ecosystem in the area. Pollution sources are represented mainly by treated wastewater (TWW), harbor activities, and atmospheric deposition from vehicle exhaust emissions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the persistent organic pollutants that interfere with all environmental matrices and could cause humane mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. In the present study, 16 priority parent and 21 methylated PAHs (∑37PAHs) were assessed in the sediments of three hot spot coastal sites (Islamic Jeddah port, Al-Arbaeen, and Al-Shabab lagoons) to evaluate the factors affecting their spatial distribution, examine their probable sources and potential adverse effects. The total detected concentrations of ∑37PAHs ranged from 785.9 to 8359.8 ng/g dw (average: 2296.3 ± 2017.3 ng/g dw). The highest levels of ∑37PAHs were detected near TWW stations. The highest individual PAH congeners observed were phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene. PAH molecular diagnostic ratios pointed out different pyrogenic sources. In some specific stations, there was an overlap of petrogenic origin. The sediment samples contained high concentrations of methylated PAHs, with concentrations ranging from 558.42 to 6321.21 ng/g dw and an average concentration of 1679.1 ± 1430.7 ng/g dw. The sediment quality guidelines indicated that adverse biological effects are likely to occur at least at the two TWW disposal stations and the sediments in these stations are at risk. The values of the mutagenic equivalence quotient (MEQ) and toxic equivalence quotient (TEQ) of carcinogenic PAHs were recorded at 39.88 and 33.17 ng/g, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Maradny
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed Orif
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir AlKobati
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Hodiedah University, Hodiedah, Yemen
| | - Mohammed Ghandourah
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Radwan Al-Farawati
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
El-Maradny A, Radwan IM, Amer M, Fahmy MA, Mohamed LA, Ibrahim MIA. Spatial distribution, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surficial sediments of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 188:114658. [PMID: 36736260 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Egyptian Mediterranean coast (EMC) receives a considerable quantity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs from EMC sediments were assessed to understand the effects of marine and riverine currents on their distribution. The concentrations of total PAHs ranged between 13,156-34,852 ng/g dw. PAH levels have increased even in areas far from the shoreline under the influence of riverine inputs from the Nile River; this is attributed to the tidally induced riverine freshwater re-suspension of surface sediments in the shallow near-shore section and re-precipitation in the fare stations. PAH levels generally increase as one moves from the western to the eastern part of the studied area, owing to the effect of the marine current. Diagnostic ratios pointed toward different pyrogenic sources. SQGs were used to assess the probability of observing adverse biological effects in benthic organisms in sediment samples. The toxic and mutagenic equivalent quotient for carcinogenic PAHs was extremely high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Maradny
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Egypt.
| | - Islam M Radwan
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Amer
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Egypt; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Mamdouh A Fahmy
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Egypt
| | - Laila A Mohamed
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I A Ibrahim
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Egypt; Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cai H, Yao S, Huang J, Zheng X, Sun J, Tao X, Lu G. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Pollution Characteristics in Agricultural Soils of the Pearl River Delta Region, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16233. [PMID: 36498306 PMCID: PMC9739997 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the pollution status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the agricultural soil, 240 agricultural soil topsoil samples were collected from nine Pearl River Delta cities from June to September 2019. In addition, 72 samples were collected for vertical soil profiles, which soil profiles were excavated to a depth of 80 cm. After sample preparation, GC-MS was used for the separation of compounds on a HP-5MS quartz capillary column. ArcGIS software was used to map the spatial distribution. Health risk assessment was conducted using USEPA standard. The results showed that the total concentration of 16 PAHs ranged from 43.4 to 5630 ng/g, with an average of 219 ng/g. The spatial distribution showed that most of the seriously polluted areas were in the coastal area, near the port, and there was point source pollution in the Gaoming of Foshan. Vertically distributed display Zhuhai, Jiangmen, Zhaoqing, Shenzhen and Dongguan increased and then decreased from bottom to bottom, showing a low-high-low pattern, the concentration of PAHs in Zhongshan and Foshan decreased with the soil depth, while the concentration of PAHs in Guangzhou and Huizhou was enriched with human activities. The PAHs components in soil samples were mainly medium and high rings (4−6 rings). The analysis of the origin of PAH in soil samples showed that the mixture of incomplete combustion sources of fossil fuels such as coal and biomass and traffic emission sources were the main sources of soil PAHs. A small amount can be attributed to oil sources such as oil spills. The human health risk assessment showed no cancer risk for children, while for adults, may cause a potential risk of cancer, which needs to be noticed. Spearman correlation analysis showed that PAH content was significantly correlated with SOC (p < 0.01) and pH (p < 0.05). Port transport, road emissions and industrial production make the area a pollution hot topic, and supervision should be strengthened to protect the environment and food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haolong Cai
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Siyu Yao
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Earth and Environment Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Xiongkai Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Xueqin Tao
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in citrus fruit irrigated with fresh water under arid conditions: Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
5
|
Wietzoreck M, Bandowe BAM, Hofman J, Martiník J, Nežiková B, Kukučka P, Přibylová P, Lammel G. Nitro- and oxy-PAHs in grassland soils from decade-long sampling in central Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2743-2765. [PMID: 34415461 PMCID: PMC9213387 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated (NPAHs) and oxygenated (OPAHs) derivatives can cause adverse health effects due to their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and oxidative potential. The distribution of PAH derivatives in the terrestrial environment has hardly been studied, although several PAH derivatives are ubiquitous in air and long-lived in soil and water. We report the multi-annual variations in the concentrations of NPAHs, OPAHs and PAHs in soils sampled at a semi-urban (Mokrá, Czech Republic) and a regional background site (Košetice, Czech Republic) in central Europe. The concentrations of the Σ18NPAHs and the Σ11+2OPAHs and O-heterocycles were 0.31 ± 0.23 ng g-1 and 4.03 ± 3.03 ng g-1, respectively, in Košetice, while slightly higher concentrations of 0.54 ± 0.45 ng g-1 and 5.91 ± 0.45 ng g-1, respectively, were found in soil from Mokrá. Among the 5 NPAHs found in the soils, 1-nitropyrene and less so 6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene were most abundant. The OPAHs were more evenly distributed. The ratios of the PAH derivatives to their parent PAHs in Košetice indicate that they were long-range transported to the background site. Our results show that several NPAHs and OPAHs are abundant in soil and that gas-particle partitioning is a major factor influencing the concentration of several semi-volatile NPAHs and OPAHs in the soils. Complete understanding of the long-term variations of NPAH and OPAH concentrations in soil is limited by the lack of kinetic data describing their formation and degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wietzoreck
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany
| | - B A M Bandowe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Hofman
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Martiník
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Nežiková
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Kukučka
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P Přibylová
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - G Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept, Mainz, Germany.
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gabriele I, Race M, Papirio S, Esposito G. Phytoremediation of pyrene-contaminated soils: A critical review of the key factors affecting the fate of pyrene. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112805. [PMID: 34051532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination by pyrene has increased over the years due to human-related activities, urgently demanding for remediation approaches to ensure human and environment safety. Within this frame, phytoremediation has been successfully applied over the years due to its green and cost-effectiveness features. The scope of this review includes the main phytoremediation mechanisms correlated with the removal of pyrene from contaminated soils and sediments to highlight the impact of different parameters and the supplement of additives on the efficiency of the treatment. Soil organic matter (SOM), plant species, aging time, environmental parameters (pH, soil oxygenation, and temperature) and bioavailability are among the main parameters affecting pyrene removal through phytoremediation. Phytoextraction only accounts for a small part of the entire phytoremediation process, but the addition of surfactants and chelating agents in planted soils could increase pyrene accumulation in plant tissues by 20% as a consequence of the increased pyrene bioavailability. Rhizodegradation is the main phytoremediation mechanism involved due to the activity of bacteria capable of degrading pyrene in the root area. Inoculated-planted soil treatments have the potential to decrease pyrene accumulation in shoots and roots by approximately 30 and 40%, respectively, further stimulating the proliferation of pyrene-degrading bacteria in the rhizosphere. Plant-fungi symbiotic association results in an enhanced accumulation of pyrene in shoots and roots of plants as well as a higher biodegradation. Finally, pyrene removal from soil can be improved in the presence of amendments, such as natural non-ionic surfactants, biochar, and bacterial mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Gabriele
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via Di Biasio 43, 03043, Cassino, Italy.
| | - Marco Race
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via Di Biasio 43, 03043, Cassino, Italy
| | - Stefano Papirio
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang J, Liu F, Huang H, Wang R, Xu B. Occurrence, risk and influencing factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils from a large-scale coal mine, Huainan, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110269. [PMID: 32032861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coal is one of the most important fossil fuels for energy, but it can cause serious polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution to the environment. In this work, the distribution, sources, influencing factors, and risk assessment of PAHs were studied in a soil of typical coal resource city, Huainan, China. The total concentration of 16 PAHs classified by USEPA in 47 soils ranged from 109.94 to 1105.30 ng/g with a mean concentration of 528.06 ng/g. The PAH concentration was higher in soil of this area than most of the agricultural, urban and industrial soils and lower than some coal mine and coal-fired power plant areas in the world. The principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios demonstrated that PAHs in soils were mainly from the coal combustion and refined petroleum products. The total organic carbon (TOC, p < 0.01) and black carbon (BC, p < 0.01) can significantly influence PAH inventories in soils, particularly for PAHs with high molecular weight. In addition, the significantly positive correlations between PAHs in feed coal (p < 0.05), fly ash (p < 0.01), particulate matter (PM1-2.5 and PM2.5-10, p < 0.01) and PAHs in soils revealed that the emission sources and deposition processes were also the main factors affecting PAH contents in soils. The estimated values of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for children and adults were higher than 10-4 at all sampling sites, suggesting high carcinogenic risks for local residents, and the most important exposure route for PAHs was dermal absorption. These findings are valuable for assessing the health risk of PAHs in soils around typical coal mine and coal-fired power plants and highlight the urgency of taking actions to control and reduce the carcinogenic risks for local residents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - He Huang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Rujing Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Baile Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Honda M, Suzuki N. Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Aquatic Animals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1363. [PMID: 32093224 PMCID: PMC7068426 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds that are widely distributed in the air, water, and soil. Recently, the amount of PAHs derived from fuels and from incomplete combustion processes is increasing. In the aquatic environment, oil spills directly cause PAH pollution and affect marine organisms. Oil spills correlate very well with the major shipping routes. Furthermore, accidental oil spills can seriously impact the marine environment toxicologically. Here, we describe PAH toxicities and related bioaccumulation properties in aquatic animals, including invertebrates. Recent studies have revealed the toxicity of PAHs, including endocrine disruption and tissue-specific toxicity, although researchers have mainly focused on the carcinogenic toxicity of PAHs. We summarize the toxicity of PAHs regarding these aspects. Additionally, the bioaccumulation properties of PAHs for organisms, including invertebrates, are important factors when considering PAH toxicity. In this review, we describe the bioaccumulation properties of PAHs in aquatic animals. Recently, microplastics have been the most concerning environmental problem in the aquatic ecosystem, and the vector effect of microplastics for lipophilic compounds is an emerging environmental issue. Here, we describe the correlation between PAHs and microplastics. Thus, we concluded that PAHs have a toxicity for aquatic animals, indicating that we should emphasize the prevention of aquatic PAH pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Honda
- Botanical Garden, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao W, Yin L, Zhang D, Wang Y, Yuan J, Zhu Y, Dou J. Contamination, Sources, and Health Risks Associated with Soil PAHs in Rebuilt Land from a Coking Plant, Beijing, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040670. [PMID: 30823546 PMCID: PMC6407006 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in the reconstructed land of an abandoned industrial site: a coking plant in Beijing. To meet the needs of urban development, many factories have had to be relocated from city centers, and abandoned industrial sites often need to be transformed into residential land or urban green space through a series of restoration measures. It is necessary to study the level of residual pollutants and potential risks associated with industrial reconstructed land. The concentration of 16 PAHs in the study area ranged from 314.7 to 1618.3 µg/kg, and the average concentration was still at a medium pollution level; the concentration of PAHs in the original coking workshop had the highest levels (1350.5 µg/kg). The PAHs in the soil were mainly low-ring aromatics, especially naphthalene and phenanthrene. The isomer method and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in the topsoil were the result of coal and biomass combustion. The seven carcinogenic PAHs were the main contributors to the total toxicity equivalence. The genetic toxicity of benzo[a]pyrene was relatively low, and the results were related to the concentration level. There were potential carcinogenic risks for people of varying ages in this residential area. In total, gender differences were small, and the comprehensive lifetime cancer risk level was still acceptable. For the remaining plots at the study site, the daily intake of PAHs by construction workers was between 0.74⁻2.31 ng/kg bw/day, which requires further evaluation about ignored area occupational exposure to environmental pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Liqin Yin
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory for risk modeling and remediation of contaminated sites, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Yingying Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jing Yuan
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yi Zhu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Junfeng Dou
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liang M, Liang Y, Liang H, Rao Z, Cheng H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil of the backfilled region in the Wuda coal fire area, Inner Mongolia, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:434-439. [PMID: 30218966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Wuda coal fire area in Inner Mongolia, China, has existed for 50 years and been controlled by digging and backfilling for many years. However, few studies have focused on its impact on the local environmental and ecological systems due to emission of organic contaminants from the backfilled region. In the study, topsoil samples were collected at a 0-5 cm depth from the backfilled region of the Wuda coal fire area, which has existed for five years. The samples were analyzed for 16 priority control contaminants, namely polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with a standard operation procedure and high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The results showed that the total mass contentration of 16 PAHs (∑16PAHs) ranged from 279 to 8258 μg kg-1, with an average value of 2853 ± 2948 µg kg-1, which exceeded the stipulated limit for heavily contaminated soil (1000 μg kg-1). Among the 16 PAHs, 2- and 3-ring compounds accounted for more than half of ∑16PAHs. Furthermore, the results show that the main contaminants were the naphthalene (Nap), phenanthrene (Phe), pyrene (Pyr), chrysene (Chr), and benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) in this area (24.8%, 51.1%, 3.9%, 4.5%, and 5.7% of ∑16PAHs, respectively). The diagnostic ratio of FLA/(FLA + PYR) exceeded 0.4 and IcdP/(IcdP + BghiP) was less than 0.5, indicating gentle smoldering or spontaneous combustion of coal fire, which differs from traditional coal burning. The environmental health risk or specifically the cancer risk (CR), calculated using the surface soil of the backfilled region, was 2.84 × 10-6 for adults and 1.01 × 10-6 for children, thus indicating potential cancer risks. Therefore, PAHs pollution in the surface soil of the backfilled region in the studied coal fire area is an issue that deserves urgent attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yanci Liang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Handong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China; College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhu Rao
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Hongfei Cheng
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu H, Yu X, Liu Z, Sun Y. Occurrence, characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in arable soils of Beijing, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 159:120-126. [PMID: 29734067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from arable soils in Beijing and compared them with 4 other types of soils: soil from uncultivated land, an incineration plant, a suburb and a woodland. The total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 189.3 to 888.7 μg/kg (mean: 518.2 μg/kg for greenhouses and 455.2 μg/kg for fields). The seven carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 11.2-81.3% of Σ15PAHs in arable soils. Benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations were 82.8 μg/kg and 85.4 μg/kg in greenhouses and fields, respectively. Greenhouses and fields were both dominated by PAHs with 3 and 4 rings. Acenaphthene (ACE), indeno[1,2,3-cd] pyrene (IcdP) and benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) were the major compounds. These results showed that there was insignificant difference between the soil from greenhouses and fields and both had low carcinogenic potential risk. The diagnostic ratios suggested that the arable soils were mainly contaminated by coal/biomass combustion. Based on a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, six sources were identified including coal combustion, waste incineration, tar, diesel combustion, biomass burning and gasoline combustion. Coal and gasoline combustion contributed over 40% of the measured PAHs in arable soils. Diesel combustion, tar and waste incineration were the main sources of pollution for soil from the uncultivated land, woodland and incineration plant/suburban. It was concluded that PMF was effective in determining the source apportionment. Urbanization and the evolution of human activities have caused PAH sources to become more complicated in industrial areas compared to regions with little human disturbance. Because of this, various factors need to be considered to control the PAH contamination in arable soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolu Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Ying Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen Y, Zhang J, Zhang F, Liu X, Zhou M. Contamination and health risk assessment of PAHs in farmland soils of the Yinma River Basin, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 156:383-390. [PMID: 29579669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The concentration, composition, sources and incremental lifetime cancer risk of farmland soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of the Yinma River Basin were analyzed. In 2016, the total concentration of 16 PAHs ranged from 491.65 to 1007.73 ng/g in May, from 427.31 to 781.38 ng/g in August and from 580.40 to 999.40 ng/g in November, respectively. Levels of seven potentially carcinogenic PAHs generally accounted for 33-36.7% of total 16 PAHs in three seasons, and the PAHs contained two to six rings, mainly Fla, Pyr, and Chr. The correlation analysis suggested that the soil organic matter (SOM) was no correlation with PAHs except for August, and there were no significant relationship between the pH and total PAHs. Isomer ratios indicated that the soil PAHs in the farmland of the Yinma River Basin was determined to be the combustion of coal, biomass, and petroleum. The toxic equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations ranged from 15.2 to 133 ng BaPeq g-1 in three seasons. The 95th percentiles of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to human exposure to farmland soil PAHs of the Yinma River Basin was (1.36 × 10-6) in May, (1.00 × 10-6) in August, and (1.18 × 10-6) in November for children, (1.10 × 10-6) in May, (8.15 × 10-7) in August, and (9.58 × 10-7) in November for adolescence and (1.61 × 10-6) in May, (4.22 × 10-6) in August and (1.40 × 10-6) in November for adulthood. The result indicated a moderate carcinogenic risk and the risk of exposure to farmland soil PAHs was pervasive for residents. This investigation might provide useful information on human exposure to PAHs in soil of the Yinma River Basin, and is valuable for policy makers and scientists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Chen
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xingpeng Liu
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Mo Zhou
- Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Funada M, Nakano T, Moriwaki H. Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil using a composite material containing iron and activated carbon in the freeze-dried calcium alginate matrix: Novel soil cleanup technique. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 351:232-239. [PMID: 29550557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel clean-up technology to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from solid samples by magnetic separation using a composite containing iron powder as a magnetic material and activated carbon as an adsorbent in the freeze-dried calcium alginate matrix (Fe-AC-alg) has been developed. The Fe-AC-alg powder (50 mg), mixed with 1.0 g of glass beads having 12 kinds of adsorbed PAHs, was shaken without adding solvents at 300 rpm. After shaking, the Fe-AC-alg powder was separated using a permanent magnet. The quantity of the PAHs extracted from the glass beads treated by this method was determined. The removal (%) of the PAHs was over 96%. A roadside soil sample (10 g) was mixed with the Fe-AC-alg (1.0 g) for 2 weeks. The removal (%) of benzo[a]pyrene from the sample by the presented technique was 78%. The toxic equivalent concentration (Σ BaPeq) for the sample decreased from 0.27 to 0.10 mg kg-1 by this method. The presented method is very simple, economical, and environment-friendly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mako Funada
- Shinshu University, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Division of Applied Biology, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-4, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Moriwaki
- Shinshu University, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Division of Applied Biology, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, 386-8567, Japan; Shinshu University, Division of Instrumental Analysis (Ueda Branch), Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, 386-8567, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tao SY, Zhong BQ, Lin Y, Ma J, Zhou Y, Hou H, Zhao L, Sun Z, Qin X, Shi H. Application of a self-organizing map and positive matrix factorization to investigate the spatial distributions and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Xiangfen County, northern China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 141:98-106. [PMID: 28319865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in 128 surface soil samples from Xiangfen County, northern China. The total mass concentration of these PAHs ranged from 52 to 10,524ng/g, with a mean of 723ng/g. Four-ring PAHs contributed almost 50% of the total PAH burden. A self-organizing map and positive matrix factorization were applied to investigate the spatial distribution and source apportionment of PAHs. Three emission sources of PAHs were identified, namely, coking ovens (21.9%), coal/biomass combustion (60.1%), and anthracene oil (18.0%). High concentrations of low-molecular-weight PAHs were particularly apparent in the coking plant zone in the region around Gucheng Town. High-molecular-weight PAHs mainly originated from coal/biomass combustion around Gucheng Town, Xincheng Town, and Taosi Town. PAHs in the soil of Xiangfen County are unlikely to pose a significant cancer risk for the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yang Tao
- School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Center for Earth Environment and Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bu-Qing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yongzhang Zhou
- School of Earth Science and Geological Engineering, Center for Earth Environment and Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Hong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zaijin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaopeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Huading Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alawi MA, Azeez AL. Study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil samples from Al-Ahdab oil field in Waset Region, Iraq. TOXIN REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2016.1198379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
Zhao L, Hou H, Shangguan Y, Cheng B, Xu Y, Zhao R, Zhang Y, Hua X, Huo X, Zhao X. Occurrence, sources, and potential human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils of the coal production area surrounding Xinzhou, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 108:120-128. [PMID: 25050801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive investigation of the levels, distribution patterns, and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soils of the coal production area surrounding Xinzhou, China, was conducted, and the potential human health risks associated with the levels observed were addressed. A total of 247 samples collected from agricultural soils from the area were analyzed for sixteen PAHs, including highly carcinogenic isomers. The PAH concentrations had a range of n.d. to 782ngg(-1), with a mean value of 202ngg(-1). The two-three ring PAHs were the dominant species, making up 60 percent of total PAHs. Compared with the pollution levels and carcinogenic potential risks reported in other studies, the soil PAH concentrations in the study area were in the low to intermediate range. A positive matrix factorization model indicates that coal/biomass combustion, coal and oil combustion, and coke ovens are the primary PAH sources, accounting for 33 percent, 26 percent, and 24 percent of total PAHs, respectively. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations had a range of n.d. to 476ngg(-1) for PAH7c, with a mean value of 34ngg(-1). The BaPeq concentrations of PAH7c accounted for more than 99 percent of the ∑PAH16, which suggests that seven PAHs were major carcinogenic contributors of ∑PAH16. According to the Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines, only six of the soil samples had concentrations above the safe BaPeq value of 600ngg(-1); the elevated concentrations observed at these sites can be attributed to coal combustion and industrial activities. Exposure to these soils through direct contact probably poses a significant risk to human health as a result of the carcinogenic effects of PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yuxian Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resource, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 17 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Yafei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ruifen Zhao
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resource, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 17 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yigong Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resource, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 17 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaozan Hua
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resource, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 17 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaolan Huo
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resource, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 17 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiufeng Zhao
- Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resource, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 17 Beiyuan Street, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nguyen TC, Loganathan P, Nguyen TV, Vigneswaran S, Kandasamy J, Slee D, Stevenson G, Naidu R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road-deposited sediments, water sediments, and soils in Sydney, Australia: Comparisons of concentration distribution, sources and potential toxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 104:339-48. [PMID: 24732030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) considered as priority environmental pollutants were analysed in surface natural soils (NS), road-deposited sediments (RDS), and water sediments (WS) at Kogarah in Sydney, Australia. Comparisons were made of their concentration distributions, likely sources and potential toxicities. The concentrations (mg/kg) in NS, RDS, and WS ranged from 0.40 to 7.49 (mean 2.80), 1.65 to 4.00 (mean 2.91), and 0.49 to 5.19 (mean 1.76), respectively. PAHs were dominated by relatively high molecular weight compounds with more than three fused benzene rings, indicating that high temperature combustion processes were their predominant sources. The proportions of high molecular weight PAHs with five or six fused benzene rings were higher in NS than in RDS, whereas the low molecular weight PAHs were higher in RDS. Concentrations of all PAHs compounds were observed to be the lowest in WS. The concentrations of most of the high molecular weight PAHs significantly correlated with each other in RDS and WS. All PAHs (except naphthalene) were significantly correlated in NS suggesting a common PAH source. Ratios for individual diagnostic PAHs demonstrated that the primary source of PAHs in WS and NS was of pyrogenic origin (combustion of petroleum (vehicle exhaust), grass, and wood) while in RDS it was petrogenic (i.e. unburned or leaked fuel and oil, road asphalt, and tyre particles) as well as pyrogenic. The potential toxicities of PAHs calculated using a toxicity equivalent quotient (TEQ) were all low but higher for NS compared to WS and RDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Chung Nguyen
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Paripurnanda Loganathan
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Tien Vinh Nguyen
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Jaya Kandasamy
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Danny Slee
- National Measurement Institute (NMI), PO Box 138, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
| | - Gavin Stevenson
- National Measurement Institute (NMI), PO Box 138, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- CERAR and CRC CARE, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jin A, He J, Chen S, Huang G. Distribution and transport of PAHs in soil profiles of different water irrigation areas in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:1526-1534. [PMID: 24781137 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00623a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vertical distribution characteristics and transport mechanisms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil profiles (0-5.5 m) of different water irrigation areas in the southeast suburb of Beijing were analyzed and compared. 16 priority PAHs on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) list were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The relationship between the properties of soil and PAHs was also studied by statistical analyses. The results showed that total PAH concentrations in the topsoils of the wastewater irrigation (WWI) area, reclaimed water irrigation (RWI) area, groundwater irrigation (GWI) area were much higher than those in the deep soils, with the concentrations of 726.0, 206.8 and 42.8 μg kg(-1) (dry wt), respectively. The low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs (2-3 ring) including naphthalene (Nap), phenanthrene (Phe), fluorene (Fl) dominated the layers (0.5-5.5 m) underneath the surfaces. The migration of LMW PAHs was faster than that of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs and LMW PAHs were transported in dissolved matter. The different soil textures of three sites caused the differences in the variation ranges of PAHs in the profiles. The statistical analyses showed a significant linear positive correlation between PAHs and total organic carbon (TOC). The 2-4 ring PAHs were detected in the wastewater and reclaimed waters, which was consistent with those in the soil profiles. The presence of PAHs in the soil profiles was mainly due to the irrigation of wastewater. Wastewater reuse guidelines and standards for irrigation should be established urgently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aifang Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang B, Xue N, Zhou L, Li F, Cong X, Han B, Li H, Yan Y, Liu B. Risk assessment and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils of Huanghuai plain, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 84:304-310. [PMID: 22902165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The profiles and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in 227 agricultural surface soils from the Huanghuai plain, China. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs varied from 15.7 to 1247.6 μg/kg, with an average of 129.5 μg/kg. Compared with pollution level and carcinogenic potential risk in other research, the soil PAH concentrations in this study fell within low to middle level. Unexpectedly, a significant correlation was not observed between the PAH concentration in soils and the corresponding content of the soil organic matter. This is partly interpreted for our sampling sites located in agricultural area where fresh input of organic fertilizers is expected. Principal component analysis-multiple linear regression suggests that low temperature combustion, coal combustion and traffic emissions could be the primary PAH contributors in soils from the Huanghuai plain, accounting for 46.7 percent, 42.1 percent and 11.2 percent of PAH concentrations, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No.8 DaYangFang AnWai, Beijing 100012, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sun L, Yan X, Liao X, Wen Y, Chong Z, Liang T. Interactions of arsenic and phenanthrene on their uptake and antioxidative response in Pteris vittata L. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:3398-3405. [PMID: 21924806 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of arsenic and phenanthrene on plant uptake and antioxidative response of Pteris vitatta L. were studied hydroponically. The combination of arsenic and phenanthrene decreased arsenic contents in fronds by 30-51%, whereas increased arsenic concentrations 1.2-1.6 times in roots, demonstrating the suppression of arsenic translocation compared to the corresponding treatment without phenanthrene. Under the co-exposure, As(III) concentrations in fronds deceased by 12-73%, and at higher arsenic exposure level (≥ 10 mg/L), As(V) in fronds and As(III) in roots increased compared to the single arsenic treatment. Arsenic exposure elevated phenanthrene concentrations in root by 39-164%. The co-existence of arsenic and phenanthrene had little impact on plant arsenic accumulation, although synergistic effect on antioxidants was observed, suggesting the special physiological process of P. vitatta in the co-exposure and application potential of P. vitatta in phytoremediation of arsenic and PAHs co-contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Beijing Key Lab of Industrial Land Contamination and Remediation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ma J, Zhou Y. Soil pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a comparison of two Chinese cities. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:1518-1523. [PMID: 22432289 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Soil samples from Huizhou and Zhanjiang, China were analyzed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with harmonized sampling, sample extraction and analysis quantification methods. The concentrations and sources of PAHs in soil samples of the two cities were compared. Almost all of the PAH components were detectable in 103 soil samples. The concentrations of sigmaPAHs ranged from 35.40 to 534.5 microg/kg in soil samples from Huizhou, and ranged from 9.50 to 6618.00 microg/kg in samples from Zhanjiang. Evident differences of concentrations, compositions and sources of PAHs in soils were observed between the two cities. The average concentrations of individual component and the sum of a group of PAHs in soil samples from Zhanjiang were significantly higher than those in Huizhou (P < 0.05). Phe, Flu, Pyr, Bbf and Baa were the dominant PAH components both in soil samples from Huizhou and Zhanjiang. Except for these five components, Bap, I1p, Daa and Bgp were also the dominant PAH components in soil samples from Zhanjiang. Coal combustion and liquid fossil fuel combustion were the same sources of PAHs in the two cities with different contributions, and petroleum played a key role in PAHs release in Zhanjiang.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ma
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ma J, Zhou Y, Wan H. Study on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contents and sources in the surface soil of Huizhou City, South China, based on multivariate statistics analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11631-009-0335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
23
|
Lu L, Zhu L. Reducing plant uptake of PAHs by cationic surfactant-enhanced soil retention. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:1794-1799. [PMID: 19232798 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the transfer of contaminants from soils to plants is a promising approach to produce safe agricultural products grown on contaminated soils. In this study, 0-400 mg/kg cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) and dodecylpyridinium bromide (DDPB) were separately utilized to enhance the sorption of PAHs onto soils, thereby reducing the transfer of PAHs from soil to soil solution and subsequently to plants. Concentrations of phenanthrene and pyrene in vegetables grown in contaminated soils treated with the cationic surfactants were lower than those grown in the surfactant-free control. The maximum reductions of phenanthrene and pyrene were 66% and 51% for chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.), 62% and 71% for cabbage (Brassica campestris L.), and 34% and 53% for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), respectively. Considering the impacts of cationic surfactants on plant growth and soil microbial activity, CTMAB was more appropriate to employ, and the most effective dose was 100-200 mg/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Lu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310028, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
De La Torre-Roche RJ, Lee WY, Campos-Díaz SI. Soil-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in El Paso, Texas: analysis of a potential problem in the United States/Mexico border region. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 163:946-58. [PMID: 18768257 PMCID: PMC2712665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic extraction followed by Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) and thermal desorption inline coupled with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (TD/GC/MS) was used to perform a comprehensive determination of soil-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in El Paso, Texas. The method provided good sensitivity and faster processing time for the analysis. The total PAHs in El Paso soil ranged from 0.1 to 2225.5 microg kg(-1). Although the majority of PAH concentrations did not exceed the soil screening levels regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the existence of PAHs in this ecosystem is ubiquitous. Naphthalene were found in 100% of the soil samples; while the heavy PAHs (five- and six-ring) were not often detected and mostly remained in closer proximity to industrial areas and major traffic points. The results ruled out the possibility of petroleum refining as the significant source of local soil-borne PAH contamination, but they suggested that the PAHs found in El Paso soil were closely linked to human activities and possible other industrial processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J De La Torre-Roche
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|