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Li H, Wang P, Ju Y, Li W, Yang R, Li G, Ren W, Li J, Zhang Q. Occurrence and Source Identification of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Surface Sediments from Liangshui River in Beijing, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16465. [PMID: 36554346 PMCID: PMC9779105 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls were measured in the surface sediments of Liangshui River, the second largest drainage river in Beijing, China. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls ranged from 3.5 to 3019 (mean value: 184) pg g-1 dry weight and from 319 to 5949 (mean value: 1958) pg g-1 dry weight, and the corresponding World Health Organization toxic equivalent quantity values were 0.0011-5.1 pg TEQ g-1 dry weight and 0.0074-1.4 pg TEQ g-1 dry weight, respectively. The spatial distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls showed increasing trends from urban area and development area to suburb. Principal component analysis revealed that polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans contamination in the sediments may originate from pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenate and municipal solid waste incineration. Regarding polychlorinated biphenyls, the steel industry, combustion processes and usage of some commercial polychlorinated biphenyl products were identified as the major sources. The emission from a former steel plant could be the main contributor to polychlorinated biphenyls in urban areas. The mean value of the total toxic equivalent quantities in the sediment samples exceeded the Canadian interim sediment quality guidelines. Long-term wastewater irrigation increases the load of sediment-bound pollutants in agricultural soil and may pose potential ecological risks to crops and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yongming Ju
- Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Nanjing 210042, China
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Lee J, Cha J, Yoon SJ, Hong S, Khim JS. Instrumental and bioanalytical characterization of dioxin-like activity in sediments from the Yeongsan River and the Nakdong River estuaries, South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154240. [PMID: 35245540 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the contamination status of dioxin-like chemicals (DLCs) and potential toxic effects associated with river and coastal sediments from two large estuaries of South Korea. Sediments collected from the Yeongsan River and the Nakdong River estuaries were analyzed for several DLCs, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Greater concentrations of target DLCs (except for PCDDs in Nakdong River) were found in the inland creeks with decreasing trends towards estuarine and coastal areas in both regions. The result indicated that the elevated DLCs were attributable to the surrounding land use activities, such as point sources of industrial and municipal areas from the inland regions. Principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization model revealed that major sources of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in sediments were fly ash and dust, and petroleum and diesel emission, respectively. The dioxin-like activities of the sediments ranged from 0.98 to 88% of the maximal induction elicited by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, which generally explained the sedimentary contamination by the target DLCs. Dioxin-like activity in sediments from the artificial lake and inland creek of the Nakdong River Estuary was mostly explained by the targeted DLCs (~75%). However, the contribution of known DLCs from the sediments of the Yeongsan River Estuary was relatively low (~35%) compared to that of the Nakdong River Estuary, suggesting the presence of unknown DLCs in sediments. Overall, the distribution of DLCs quite varied by region, generally reflecting the difference in the surrounding land use activity. In the future, it is needed to study the distribution, sources, and potential ecological effects of unknown toxic substances in coastal sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Lin X, Li M, Chen Z, Chen T, Li X, Wang C, Lu S, Yan J. Long-term monitoring of PCDD/Fs in soils in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator in China: Temporal variations and environmental impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136717. [PMID: 32019048 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Campaigns from 2008 to 2016 are carried out to study temporal variations and environmental impacts of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/Fs) in soils in the vicinity of a new hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) in China. Results indicate that after 8-year operation of HWI, the geometrical means of both the total concentrations and the TEQ values of PCDD/Fs in soils decrease from 1280 ng·kg-1 and 3.08 ng WHO-TEQ·kg-1 to 568 ng·kg-1 and 2.70 ng WHO-TEQ·kg-1, respectively, showing generally limited impact on soils within 7.5 km. Temporal changes of PCDD/Fs congener profiles trend to profiles in combustion sources. Considering the whole studied area, results of principal component analysis between soils and emission sources show that instead of HWI, other sources including open burning, traffic, and cement plant are more responsible for PCDD/Fs accumulation. The modeling results of AERMOD indicate the dominant roles of wind velocities and directions on the deposition of PCDD/Fs emitted from HWI. The largest PCDD/Fs increase value in soils predicted by integrating AERMOD and a reservoir model is very limited after 25 years (2.03 × 10-5 ng WHO-TEQ·kg-1), indicating relatively minor impacts of HWI on surrounding soils, but the noticeable impact on area downwind from the stack in short distance (e.g., within 0.5 km) should be recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310027, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310027, China; Everbright Environmental Research Institute (Nanjing) Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210000, China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310027, China.
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310027, China.
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310027, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310027, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310027, China
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Ding L, Cai B, Wang S, Qu C. Concentrations, spatial distributions, and congener profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans around original plastic solid waste recovery sites in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:692-699. [PMID: 30029168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, profiles, and spatial distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in soil and sediment samples from several typical plastic solid waste (PSW) recovery sites (particularly from areas in which PSW is burned openly) in China were investigated. The results showed that burning PSW directly influenced PCDD/F concentrations immediately around the burning area. All of the samples in which soil contained black burning residue, collected from immediately around burning areas, had PCDD/F concentrations (mean 21708 ng kg-1) and toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations (mean 2140 ng I-TEQ kg-1 or 1877 ng WHO2006-TEQ kg-1) more than 100 times higher than the concentrations in samples collected away from burning areas (mean 222 ng kg-1, 8.75 ng I-TEQ kg-1, 7.96 ng WHO2006-TEQ kg-1). Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the PCDD/F concentrations in seven soil samples from near PSW burning areas were influenced by PSW burning but that the PCDD/Fs in these soil samples may have had other or multiple sources. PCDD/F distributions at PSW recovery sites have been investigated in few previous studies. The results presented here indicate that appropriate measures should be taken to decrease the ecological risks posed by PSW recovery and to prevent, control, and remediate PCDD/F and other chemical contamination caused by PSW recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ding
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210036, China
| | - Bingjie Cai
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210036, China
| | - Shui Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210036, China.
| | - Changsheng Qu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210036, China.
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Lei M, Hai J, Cheng J, Gui L, Lu J, Ren MZ, Zhu F, Yang ZH. Emission characteristics of toxic pollutants from an updraft fixed bed gasifier for disposing rural domestic solid waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19807-19815. [PMID: 28685339 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gasification has gained advantage as an effective way to dispose domestic solid waste in mountainous rural of China. However, its toxic emissions such as PCDD/Fs and heavy metals, as well as their potential environmental risks, were not well studied in engineering application. In this study, an updraft fixed bed gasifier was investigated by field sampling analysis. Results showed that low toxic emissions (dust, SO2, NOx, HCl, CO, H2S, NH3, PCDD/Fs and heavy metals) in the flue gas were achieved when the rural solid waste was used as feedstock. The mass distribution of heavy metals showed that 94.00% of Pb, 80.45% of Cu, 78.00% of Cd, 77.31% of Cr, and 76.25% of As were remained in residual, whereas 86.58% of Hg was found in flue gas. The content of PCDD/Fs in the flue gas was 0.103 ngI-TEQ·Nm-3, and the total emission factor of PCDD/Fs from the gasifier was 50.04 μgI-TEQ·t-waste-1, among which only 0.04 μgI-TEQ·t-waste-1 was found in the flue gas. The total output of PCDD/Fs was1.89 times as high as input, indicting the updraft fixed bed gasifier increased emission of PCDD/Fs during the treatment domestic solid waste. In addition, the distribution characteristics of PCDD/Fs congeners reflected that PCDD/Fs was mainly generated in the gasification process rather than the stage of flue gas cleaning, suggesting the importance to effectively control the generation of PCDD/Fs within the gasifier chamber in order to obtain a low PCDD/Fs emission level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Jing Hai
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), Guangzhou, 410665, China.
| | - Jiang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
| | - Li Gui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Jiawei Lu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), Guangzhou, 410665, China
| | - Ming-Zhong Ren
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), Guangzhou, 410665, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), Guangzhou, 410665, China
| | - Zong-Hui Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Environmental Science, Yunnan, Kunming, 650034, China
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Hu X, Xu Z, Peng X, Ren M, Zhang S, Liu X, Wang J. Pollution characteristics and potential health risk of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in soil/sediment from Baiyin City, North West, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2013; 35:593-604. [PMID: 23793509 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to better understand the environmental behaviors of persistent organic pollutants, the characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were investigated in twenty-three soil/sediment samples from Baiying City, Northwest China, in 2008. The possible sources and potential health risk of PCDD/Fs were also discussed. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in nineteen soil samples varied between 20.13 and 496.26 pg/g dry weight (dw.), with an average value of 125.59 pg/g dw. The highest International Toxic Equivalent (I-TEQ) of PCDD/Fs (8.34 pg/g dw.) in soil was found at sample S1 collected from proximity to a copper metallurgy plant. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in four sediment samples ranged from 37.69 to 491.49 pg/g dw., with an average value of 169.95 pg/g dw. The highest I-TEQ of PCDD/Fs (8.56 pg/g dw.) in sediment was found at sample S12 collected from the East big ditch with waste water discharged into the Yellow River. The results indicated that PCDD/Fs contamination of soil/sediment is originated from three sources: chlorine-containing chemicals, non-ferrous metal industrial PCDD/Fs emission and coal burning. The health risk exposure to PCDD/Fs through soil, dust ingestion and dermal absorption ranged from 0.0006 to 0.0134 pg/kg/day Word Health Organization's toxic equivalent in 1998 (WHO1998-TEQ) with mean values 0.0032 pg WHO1998-TEQ for adults and varied between 0.0012 and 0.0256 pg/kg/day WHO1998-TEQ with mean values 0.006 pg/kg/day WHO1998-TEQ for children, respectively. These results indicated that health risk of PCDD/Fs for children should be paid more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xibang Hu
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Li Z, Inoue Y, Suzuki D, Ye L, Katayama A. Long-term anaerobic mineralization of pentachlorophenol in a continuous-flow system using only lactate as an external nutrient. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1534-41. [PMID: 23252798 DOI: 10.1021/es303784f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple anaerobic upflow column system (15 cm long, 5 cm inner diameter) for complete pentachlorophenol (PCP) mineralization has been established using a microbial consortium requiring only lactate as the external nutrient. With lactate as an electron donor, PCP was dechlorinated to 3-chlorophenol (3-CP) and phenol. The degradation of 3-CP and phenol proceeded without an external electron acceptor, indicating fermentative or syntrophic characteristics. A tracer experiment using (14)C-U-ring-labeled PCP confirmed the conversion of PCP into CO(2) (54.1%), CH(4) (48.1%), and biomass (0.6%). The nitrogen required for degradation was supplied by N(2)-fixation, evidenced from the nitrogen balance and an acetylene reduction assay. A 16S rRNA gene library analysis showed that bottom of the upflow column harbored the potential dechlorinators, Dehalobacter and Desulfitobacterium, and the phenol/3-CP fermentative or syntrophic degraders, Cryptanaerobacter and Syntrophus. The nitrogen-fixing facultative anaerobes, Rhizobiales, were detected in the top of the upflow column, with other possible nitrogen-fixers at both bottom and top of the upflow column. The mineralization rate reached 1.96 μmoles L(-1) d(-1) for 50 μM of the initial PCP concentration: one of the highest efficiencies reported. This compact anaerobic mineralization system requiring no external supply of an electron acceptor would be useful for the remediation of chlorinated aromatic compounds under anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Li
- EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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Zheng W, Yu H, Wang X, Qu W. Systematic review of pentachlorophenol occurrence in the environment and in humans in China: not a negligible health risk due to the re-emergence of schistosomiasis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 42:105-116. [PMID: 21601283 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been widely used for killing snails in areas of China where schistosomiasis is epidemic. With the re-emergence of schistosomiasis, the warranted production and consumption of PCP has inevitably resulted in persistent environmental contamination by it and its impurities, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). This study aimed to evaluate the contamination status and human burden of PCP and its impurities (PCDD/Fs) in China, considering the previous epidemic and re-emergence of schistosomiasis. We searched studies relevant to PCP occurrence in the environment and in humans in China. Data on snail elimination areas were included to estimate PCP consumption. Relevant publications were analyzed to distinguish PCDD/Fs contamination from PCP usage. PCP contamination was detected ubiquitously in various environmental media and in human samples; environmental levels were generally low, with the exception of some hot spots. In schistosomiasis-epidemic areas, there were significantly higher PCP levels in the environment and in humans than in control areas. Spatial disparities indicated the consistency between serious schistosomiasis epidemic areas and hot spots of PCP contamination. The data suggest an increased trend in PCP contamination of the environment. Specific PCDD/Fs contamination from PCP usage existed even at low environmental levels. The occurrence of PCP in the environment and in humans positively correlated with the epidemic of schistosomiasis. Thyroid-disrupting effects and cancer risk caused by PCP and PCDD/Fs even at low environmental levels in China's schistosomiasis-epidemic areas are of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Li X, Yan M, Yang J, Chen T, Lu S, Yan J. PCDD/Fs in soil around a hospital waste incinerator: comparison after three years of operation. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:699-703. [PMID: 22894105 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) can be formed during the cooling of flue gases in waste incinerator. These pollutants are either in the gas phase or attached to the fine particles, escaping dust collection. After stack emission, they are slowly oxidized photochemically (gas phase), or eventually are deposited (dry and wet deposition of particulate) in earth surface. In 2007 and 2010, 11 soil samples were collected in the vicinity of a hospital waste incinerator (HWI), prior and after its startup. In order to find out any variation of PCDD/Fs in soil, in brief dioxins, their concentrations were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Compared to the baseline survey (2007), PCDD/Fs in soil significantly increased, by average, +81.6% in total PCDD/Fs and +132.7% in international toxic equivalency (I-TEQ) unit. By principal component analysis (PCA), both the PCDD/Fs homologue and the HxCDF isomer profile in soil were found to become more similar with fly ash. Generally, this incinerator influences the soil only in a limited area. More comprehensive supervision, stricter management and more advanced technology should be implemented in this plant to reduce pollutants emission, even though the level of PCDD/Fs in soil is quite low at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Naile JE, Khim JS, Wang T, Wan Y, Luo W, Hu W, Jiao W, Park J, Ryu J, Hong S, Jones PD, Lu Y, Giesy JP. Sources and distribution of polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in soil and sediment from the Yellow Sea region of China and Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:907-917. [PMID: 21236536 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in soils and sediments from the Yellow Sea region. Korean soils and sediments mostly contained detectable PCDD/Fs and showed a widespread distribution among locations. Soil and sedimentary PCDD/Fs from China were comparable to or less than those in Korea. The patterns of relative concentrations of individual congeners in soils were different between the two countries, but similar in sediments. Sources of PCDD/Fs in China and Korea were found to be independent of each other and their distributions reflected matrix-dependent accumulation. Spatial distribution indicated some point sources in Korea while Chinese sources were more widespread and diffuse. PCDD/Fs measured in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea were comparable to or less than those previously reported in for eastern Asia. However, ∑TEQs in soils and sediments were near to or, in some cases exceeded environmental quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Naile
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Abstract
Chiral substances possess a unique architecture such that, despite sharing identical molecular formulas, atom-to-atom linkages, and bonding distances, they cannot be superimposed. Thus, in the environment of living systems, where specific structure-activity relationships may be required for effect (e.g., enzymes, receptors, transporters, and DNA), the physiochemical and biochemical properties of racemic mixtures and individual stereoisomers can differ significantly. In drug development, enantiomeric selection to maximize clinical effects or mitigate drug toxicity has yielded both success and failure. Further complicating genetic polymorphisms in drug disposition, stereoselective metabolism of chiral compounds can additionally influence pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity. Optically pure pharmaceuticals may undergo racemization in vivo, negating single enantiomer benefits or inducing unexpected effects. Appropriate chiral antidotes must be selected for therapeutic benefit and to minimize adverse events. Enantiomers may possess different carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. Environmental toxicology provides several examples in which compound bioaccumulation, persistence, and toxicity show chiral dependence. In forensic toxicology, chiral analysis has been applied to illicit drug preparations and biological specimens, with the potential to assist in determination of cause of death and aid in the correct interpretation of substance abuse and "doping" screens. Adrenergic agonists and antagonist, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, SSRIs, opioids, warfarin, valproate, thalidomide, retinoic acid, N-acetylcysteine, carnitine, penicillamine, leucovorin, glucarpidase, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenylethylamines, and additional compounds will be discussed to illustrate important concepts in "chiral toxicology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas W Smith
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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