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Paul S, Hussain NAS, Lillico DME, Suara MA, Ganiyu SO, Gamal El-Din M, Stafford JL. Examining the immunotoxicity of oil sands process affected waters using a human macrophage cell line. Toxicology 2023; 500:153680. [PMID: 38006929 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process affected water (OSPW) is produced during the surface mining of the oil sands bitumen deposits in Northern Alberta. OSPW contains variable quantities of organic and inorganic components causing toxic effects on living organisms. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are widely used to degrade toxic organic components from OSPW including naphthenic acids (NAs). However, there is no established biological procedure to assess the effectiveness of the remediation processes. Our previous study showed that human macrophage cells (THP-1) can be used as a bioindicator system to evaluate the effectiveness of OSPW treatments through examining the proinflammatory gene transcription levels. In the present study, we investigated the immunotoxicological changes in THP-1 cells following exposure to untreated and AOP-treated OSPW. Specifically, using proinflammatory cytokine protein secretion assays we showed that AOP treatment significantly abrogates the ability of OSPW to induce the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1Ra and MCP-1. By measuring transcriptional activity as well as surface protein expression levels, we also showed that two select immune cell surface markers, CD40 and CD54, were significantly elevated following OSPW exposure. However, AOP treatments abolished the immunostimulatory properties of OSPW to enhance the surface expression of these immune proteins. Finally, a transcriptome-based approach was used to examine the proinflammatory effects of OSPW as well as the abrogation of immunotoxicity following AOP treatments. Overall, this research shows how a human macrophage cell-based biomonitoring system serves as an effective in vitro tool to study the immunotoxicity of OSPW samples before and after targeted remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunanda Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Nora A S Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Monsuru A Suara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Soliu O Ganiyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
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Suara MA, Ganiyu SO, Paul S, Stafford JL, Gamal El-Din M. Solar-activated zinc oxide photocatalytic treatment of real oil sands process water: Effect of treatment parameters on naphthenic acids, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and acute toxicity removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:153029. [PMID: 35026262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process water (OSPW) is an industrial process effluent that contains organic compounds such as naphthenic acids (NAs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as large quantities of inorganic compounds in its mixture. OSPW requires effective treatment for successful reclamation and water reuse. This study investigated the impact of solar-activated zinc oxide (ZnO) photocatalysis on the degradation and removal of NAs and PAHs in OSPW, as well as the elimination of its acute toxicity. With catalyst particles suspended in the effluent (at 1 g/L) under simulated solar radiation of steady irradiance of ~278 W/m2, more than 99% removal of NAs was achieved after 4 h of treatment, while nearly all PAHs were simultaneously oxidized within the same reaction time. The photocatalytic treatment appeared to selectively convert classical NAs faster than oxidized NAs. Additionally, NAs with higher double-bond equivalents (DBEs) and higher carbon numbers seemed more susceptible to photocatalytic destruction than others. An overall pseudo first-order rate constant of 1.14 × 10-2 min-1, and a fluence-based rate constant of 6.81 × 10-1 m2/MJ were recorded in apparently hydroxyl radicals (OH) and superoxide (O2-) radicals mediated NAs degradation mechanisms. Assessment of the toxicity levels in raw and treated OSPW samples by using Microtox® bioassay indicated that the photocatalytic treatment resulted in ~50% reduction in acute toxicity. Furthermore, we showed that by monitoring the expression levels of key proinflammatory genes using qPCR that treated OSPW significantly reduced the ability of raw OSPW to activate the inflammatory response of immune cells. This indicates that at acute sub-lethal exposure doses, photocatalytic treatment also reduces immunotoxicity. Overall, our results suggest that the ZnO-based photocatalytic degradation of these NAs and PAHs in OSPW could be a significant treatment process aimed at detoxifying OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monsuru A Suara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Soliu O Ganiyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Sunanda Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Ansari R, Kirpalani DM. Insights into ultrasound-promoted degradation of naphthenic acid compounds in oil sands process affected water. Part I: Accelerated H-abstraction and decarboxylation of aromatic and alicyclic compounds. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 83:105929. [PMID: 35114552 PMCID: PMC8818581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Propelled by enormous increase in demand for fuel sources, Canadian oil sands are becoming increasingly important as a fuel source due to their abundance and upgrading capability. However, extraction of bitumen, a high acid crude (HAC) oil, requires 2-3 units of water per unit of oil resulting in naphthenic acid (NA)-rich oil sands process affected water (OSPW) collected in effluent ponds. This study illustrates the role of sonochemistry in the accelerated degradation through H-abstraction and subsequent decarboxylation of aromatic and alicyclic naphthenic acid model compounds. Benzoic acid and 3-methylcyclohexane carboxylic acid were selected as model NA compounds to investigate the mechanism of hydroxyl radical (OH•) initiated carboxylic acid degradation in 378 KHz sonochemical reactor. Established FTIR methods with low resolution LCMS spectroscopy confirmation were applied to determine the extent of carboxylic acid degradation and identify the formation of products. FTIR monitoring showed a non-linear degradation of carboxylic acids with formation of many intermediates highlighting the shift from cyclic carboxylic acids to cyclic alcohols during BA degradation. Subsequent decrease in carboxylic acid groups signifies scission of cyclic structures before complete mineralization. This is confirmed with the LCMS identification of products such as: 3-hydroxybenzoic acid and phenol. This study postulated new breakdown pathways for degradation of benzoic acid with complete mineralization at a sonochemical reaction time (SRT) of 4 h. A radical quenching process was also inferred through the formation of conglomerates during sonochemical degradation of BA. Extension of the study to 3-methylcyclohexane carboxylic acid (3mCHA) shows similar non-linearity with an increase in carboxylic acid groups indicating H-abstraction followed by ring-opened compounds. However, due to the complex nature of 3mCHA's ring-opened compounds, complete mineralization is not achieved. The putative role of sonochemistry is a promising and sustainable degradation method for mitigating NAs in OSPW, but sonication periods need to be considered carefully to ensure adequate mineralization of their constituents and combinatorial methods with other advanced oxidation methods may be needed to enhance industrial application. In Part II, an in silico screening approach using first principles is reported to identify the breakdown of the organic compounds and determine molecular rates of reaction to confirm the mechanistic origins of the compounds formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rija Ansari
- National Research Council of Canada, Energy Mining and Environment Portfolio, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Deepak M Kirpalani
- National Research Council of Canada, Energy Mining and Environment Portfolio, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
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Pinzón-Espinosa A, Collins TJ, Kanda R. Detoxification of oil refining effluents by oxidation of naphthenic acids using TAML catalysts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147148. [PMID: 33905929 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental problem stemming from toxic and recalcitrant naphthenic acids (NAs) present in effluents from the oil industry is well characterized. However, despite the numerous technologies evaluated for their destruction, their up-scaling potential remains low due to high implementation and running costs. Catalysts can help cutting costs by achieving more efficient reactions with shorter operating times and lower reagent requirements. Therefore, we have performed a laboratory investigation to assess iron-TAML (tetra-amido macrocyclic ligand) activators to catalyze the oxidation of NAs by activating hydrogen peroxide - considered environmentally friendly because it releases only water as by-product - under ultra-dilute conditions. We tested Fe-TAML/H2O2 systems on (i) model NAs and (ii) a complex mixture of NAs in oil refining wastewater (RWW) obtained from a refining site in Colombia. Given the need for cost-effective solutions, this preliminary study explores sub-stoichiometric H2O2 concentrations for NA mineralization in batch mode and, remarkably, delivers substantial removal of the starting NAs. Additionally, a 72-h semi-batch process in which Fe-TAML activators and hydrogen peroxide were added every 8 h achieved 90-95% removal when applied to model NAs (50 mg L-1) and a 4-fold reduction in toxicity towards Aliivibrio fischeri when applied to RWW. Chemical characterization of treated RWW showed that Fe-TAML/H2O2 treatment (i) reduced the concentration of the highly toxic O2 NAs, (ii) decreased cyclized constituents in the mixture, and (iii) preferentially degraded higher molecular weight species that are typically resistant to biodegradation. The experimental findings, together with the recent development of new TAML catalysts that are far more effective than the TAML catalysts deployed herein, constitute a foundation for cost-effective treatment of NA-contaminated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pinzón-Espinosa
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Halsbury Building, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | - Terrence J Collins
- Institute for Green Science, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Rakesh Kanda
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Halsbury Building, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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Persulfate Oxidation Coupled with Biodegradation by Pseudomonas fluorescens Enhances Naphthenic Acid Remediation and Toxicity Reduction. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071502. [PMID: 34361937 PMCID: PMC8306852 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraction of bitumen from the Albertan oilsands produces large amounts of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) that requires remediation. Classical naphthenic acids (NAs), a complex mixture of organic compounds containing O2- species, are present in the acid extractable organic fraction of OSPW and are a primary cause of acute toxicity. A potential remediation strategy is combining chemical oxidation and biodegradation. Persulfate as an oxidant is advantageous, as it is powerful, economical, and less harmful towards microorganisms. This is the first study to examine persulfate oxidation coupled to biodegradation for NA remediation. Merichem NAs were reacted with 100, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/L of unactivated persulfate at 21 °C and 500 and 1000 mg/L of activated persulfate at 30 °C, then inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens LP6a after 2 months. At 21 °C, the coupled treatment removed 52.8-98.9% of Merichem NAs, while 30 °C saw increased removals of 99.4-99.7%. Coupling persulfate oxidation with biodegradation improved removal of Merichem NAs and chemical oxidation demand by up to 1.8× and 6.7×, respectively, and microbial viability was enhanced up to 4.6×. Acute toxicity towards Vibrio fischeri was negatively impacted by synergistic interactions between the persulfate and Merichem NAs; however, it was ultimately reduced by 74.5-100%. This study supports that persulfate oxidation coupled to biodegradation is an effective and feasible treatment to remove NAs and reduce toxicity.
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Meng L, How ZT, Ganiyu SO, Gamal El-Din M. Solar photocatalytic treatment of model and real oil sands process water naphthenic acids by bismuth tungstate: Effect of catalyst morphology and cations on the degradation kinetics and pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125396. [PMID: 33626477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bitumen extraction from oil sands produces large quantities of oil sands process water (OSPW), which contains recalcitrant naphthenic acids (NAs). In this study, three different morphologies of bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) photocatalysts were prepared by hydrothermal method. The prepared catalyst was characterized to obtain its structural, textural and chemical properties and tested for the degradation of model NAs and real OSPW under simulated solar irradiation. Nanoplate, flower-like and swirl-like Bi2WO6 were prepared and the results showed that the flower-like structure exhibited the highest specific surface area and total pore volume. The highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation of NAs was also demonstrated by the flower-like Bi2WO6, achieving complete degradation of cyclohexanoic acid (CHA) at fluence-based rate constant of 0.0929 cm2/J. Superoxide radicals (O2•-) and holes were identified as the major reactive species generated during the photocatalytic process. The effect of metallic ions on the degradation rates of S-containing and N-containing NAs differed and the heteroatom was found to be the main reactive site. The by-products of heteroatomic NAs were identified and degradation pathways were reported for the first time. The concentration changes of each byproduct were further estimated by mass balance. This research provides valuable information for the treatment of NAs by engineered passive solar-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Meng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zuo Tong How
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Soliu O Ganiyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada.
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Titanium dioxide decorated natural cellulosic Juncus effusus fiber for highly efficient photodegradation towards dyes. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 232:115830. [PMID: 31952578 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The removal of dyes via photocatalytic degradation has been identified as an eco-friendly method for producing clean and purified water. Natural cellulosic fibers are significant renewable resource and important in a wide range of applications. Herein, we report a natural cellulosic Juncus effusus (JE) fiber with 3D network structure as a framework to provide controllable space for the growth of TiO2 particles. The TiO2-JE showed remarkable activity in the removal of C.I. Reactive Red 120 (RR120), C.I. Direct Yellow 12 (DY12), and methylene blue (MB) with a photodegradation efficiency of 99.9 % under simulated sunlight irradiation. Additionally, an orientate fabric was fabricated using the prepared TiO2-JE fibers for the photocatalytic degradation of dye-contaminated water in the sun, further confirming its practical application. The TiO2 decorated natural cellulosic JE fiber can be a promising material for photocatalysis and sustainable chemistry.
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Diban N, Urtiaga A. Electrochemical mineralization and detoxification of naphthenic acids on boron-doped diamond anodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34922-34929. [PMID: 29305801 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation (ELOX) with boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes was successfully applied to degrade a model aqueous solution of a mixture of commercial naphthenic acids (NAs). The model mixture was prepared resembling the NA and salt composition of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) as described in the literature. The initial concentration of NAs between 70 and 120 mg/L did not influence the electrooxidation kinetics. However, increasing the applied current density from 20 to 100 A/m2 and the initial chloride concentration from 15 to 70 and 150 mg/L accelerated the rate of NA degradation. At higher chloride concentration, the formation of indirect oxidative species could contribute to the faster oxidation of NAs. Complete chemical oxygen demand removal at an initial NA concentration of 120 mg/L, 70 mg/L of chloride and applied 50 A/m2 of current density was achieved, and 85% mineralization, defined as the decrease of the total organic carbon (TOC) content, was attained. Moreover, after 6 h of treatment and independently on the experimental conditions, the formation of more toxic species, i.e. perchlorate and organochlorinated compounds, was not detected. Finally, the use of ELOX with BDD anodes produced a 7 to 11-fold reduction of toxicity (IC50 towards Vibrio fischeri) after 2 h of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazely Diban
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Spain.
| | - Ane Urtiaga
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Spain
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Meshref MNA, Chelme-Ayala P, Gamal El-Din M. Fate and abundance of classical and heteroatomic naphthenic acid species after advanced oxidation processes: Insights and indicators of transformation and degradation. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 125:62-71. [PMID: 28830000 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The toxicological effects from all components in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) are not known. Alternatively, monitoring the variations and abundance of different classes and compounds after treatments might be a useful approach in OSPW remediation. In this study, the variations in the compositions of classical and heteroatomic naphthenic acids (NAs) after treatment using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), mainly ozone and peroxone, and two different mass spectrometry methods; ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight (UPLC-TOFMS) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR-MS), were examined. Two markers (O2S:O3S:O4S and O2:O4 ratios) were used to reveal changes and similarities of the treated water characteristics with those in natural waters. Both ratios decreased after all treatments, from 2.7:4.8:2.1 and 3.59 in raw OSPW to 0:1.4:0.5 and 0.7, respectively, in peroxone (1:2), becoming close to the reported ratios in natural waters. Toxicity toward Vibrio fischeri showed residual toxic effects after AOPs, suggesting that part of OSPW toxicity may be caused by specific compounds of NAs (i.e., similar reduction (50%) was achieved in both toxicity and abundance in O2 species with carbon 15-26) and/or generated by-products (e.g., O3S classes at double bond equivalent (DBE) = 4 and C9H12O2 at DBE = 4). Although by-products were generated, the best biodegradability enhancement and chemical oxygen demand reduction were achieved in peroxone (1:2) compared to ozone, suggesting the possibility of using combined OSPW remediation approaches (i.e., peroxone coupled with biological process). The recommended indicators can assist in evaluating the treatments' performance and in examining the best removal levels to accomplish significant toxicity reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N A Meshref
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada.
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10
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Aher A, Papp J, Colburn A, Wan H, Hatakeyama E, Prakash P, Weaver B, Bhattacharyya D. Naphthenic acids removal from high TDS produced water by persulfate mediated iron oxide functionalized catalytic membrane, and by nanofiltration. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2017; 327:573-583. [PMID: 29398952 PMCID: PMC5791545 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.06.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Oil industries generate large amounts of produced water containing organic contaminants, such as naphthenic acids (NA) and very high concentrations of inorganic salts. Recovery of potable water from produced water can be highly energy intensive is some cases due to its high salt concentration, and safe discharge is more suitable. Here, we explored catalytic properties of iron oxide (FexOy nanoparticles) functionalized membranes in oxidizing NA from water containing high concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) using persulfate as an oxidizing agent. Catalytic decomposition of persulfate by FexOy functionalized membranes followed pseudo-first order kinetics with an apparent activation energy of 18 Kcal/mol. FexOy functionalized membranes were capable of lowering the NA concentrations to less than discharge limits of 10 ppm at 40 °C. Oxidation state of iron during reaction was quantified. Membrane performance was investigated for extended period of time. A coupled process of advanced oxidation catalyzed by membrane and nanofiltration was also evaluated. Commercially available nanofiltration membranes were found capable of retaining NA from water containing high concentrations of dissolved salts. Commercial NF membranes, Dow NF270 (Dow), and NF8 (Nanostone) had NA rejection of 79% and 82%, respectively. Retentate for the nanofiltration was further treated with advanced oxidation catalyzed by FexOy functionalized membrane for removal of NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Aher
- Dept. of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Joseph Papp
- Dept. of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Andrew Colburn
- Dept. of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Hongyi Wan
- Dept. of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | | | | | | | - Dibakar Bhattacharyya
- Dept. of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
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11
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Leshuk T, Wong T, Linley S, Peru KM, Headley JV, Gu F. Solar photocatalytic degradation of naphthenic acids in oil sands process-affected water. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1854-1861. [PMID: 26539710 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bitumen mining in the Canadian oil sands creates large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), the toxicity of which is due in part to naphthenic acids (NAs) and other acid extractable organics (AEO). The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of solar photocatalysis over TiO2 to remove AEO from OSPW. One day of photocatalytic treatment under natural sunlight (25 MJ/m(2) over ∼14 h daylight) eradicated AEO from raw OSPW, and acute toxicity of the OSPW toward Vibrio fischeri was eliminated. Nearly complete mineralization of organic carbon was achieved within 1-7 day equivalents of sunlight exposure, and degradation was shown to proceed through a superoxide-mediated oxidation pathway. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis of oxidized intermediate compounds indicated preferential degradation of the heavier and more cyclic NAs (higher number of double bond equivalents), which are the most environmentally persistent fractions. The photocatalyst was shown to be recyclable for multiple uses, and thus solar photocatalysis may be a promising "green" advanced oxidation process (AOP) for OSPW treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Leshuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Timothy Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stuart Linley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Frank Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Zhou Y, Guo H, Lu H, Mao R, Zheng H, Wang J. Analytical methods and application of stable isotopes in dissolved organic carbon and inorganic carbon in groundwater. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1827-1835. [PMID: 26331934 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The stable isotopes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inorganic carbon (DIC) provide insights into the carbon cycle, biogeochemical processes, and the fate of redox-sensitive elements in groundwater systems. The simultaneous determination of the stable isotope ratios (δ(13)C(DIC) and δ(13)C(DOC) values) in DIC and DOC in water samples would provide better understanding of those processes. METHODS The conditions for pretreating water samples prior to determining their DIC and DOC stable isotope ratios were optimized with a series of experiments on pre-purging (GasBench needle versus blowing concentrator) and reaction conditions. The carbon stable isotope ratios were determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Sequential determination of the δ(13)C(DIC) and δ(13)C(DOC) values was also carried out using the optimized conditions. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) δ(13)C standards were utilized to verify the precision of the proposed method. RESULTS The optimized pretreatment conditions for DIC isotope analysis involved pre-purging the empty sample bottle for 60 min using a pressurized helium gas-blowing concentrator and then reacting the sample with 85% H3PO4 for 60 min in a water bath at 60°C. The optimized pretreatment conditions for DOC isotope determination involved pre-purging the sample for 60 min with the pressurized helium gas-blowing concentrator after adding 0.1 mol L(-1) AgNO3 and 85% H3PO4 and then reacting with Na2S2O8 as an oxidant and AgNO3 as a catalyst, in a 100°C water bath for 60 min. CONCLUSIONS With the optimized methods, the analytical precision of the δ(13)C(DIC) and δ(13)C(DOC) values of the reference samples was 0.02‰. The precision of δ(13)C(DIC) and δ(13)C(DOC) values in groundwater samples was 0.03‰ and 0.17‰, respectively. For the sequential determination of the DIC and DOC carbon isotope ratios, the precision of the δ(13)C(DIC) and δ(13)C(DOC) values in reference samples was better than 0.2‰.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huaming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hai Lu
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100013, China
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Hurwitz G, Pernitsky DJ, Bhattacharjee S, Hoek EM. Targeted Removal of Dissolved Organic Matter in Boiler-Blowdown Wastewater: Integrated Membrane Filtration for Produced Water Reuse. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b02035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gil Hurwitz
- Water Planet, Inc., 721 Glasgow
Avenue, Unit D, Los Angeles, California 90301, United States
| | - David J. Pernitsky
- Suncor Energy Inc., P.O. Box 2844, 150 Sixth Avenue SW, Calgary Alberta T2P 3E3, Canada
| | - Subir Bhattacharjee
- Water Planet, Inc., 721 Glasgow
Avenue, Unit D, Los Angeles, California 90301, United States
| | - Eric M.V. Hoek
- Water Planet, Inc., 721 Glasgow
Avenue, Unit D, Los Angeles, California 90301, United States
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14
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Islam MS, Moreira J, Chelme-Ayala P, Gamal El-Din M. Prediction of naphthenic acid species degradation by kinetic and surrogate models during the ozonation of oil sands process-affected water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:282-290. [PMID: 24951886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic contaminants, and suspended solids, generated by the oil sands industry during the bitumen extraction process. OSPW contains a large number of structurally diverse organic compounds, and due to variability of the water quality of different OSPW matrices, there is a need to select a group of easily measured surrogate parameters for monitoring and treatment process control. In this study, kinetic and surrogate correlation models were developed to predict the degradation of naphthenic acids (NAs) species during the ozonation of OSPW. Additionally, the speciation and distribution of classical and oxidized NA species in raw and ozonated OSPW were also examined. The structure-reactivity of NA species indicated that the reactivity of individual NA species increased as the carbon and hydrogen deficiency numbers increased. The kinetic parameters obtained in this study allowed calculating the evolution of the concentrations of the acid-extractable fraction (AEF), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and NA distributions for a given ozonation process. High correlations between the AEF and COD and NA species were found, suggesting that AEF and COD can be used as surrogate parameters to predict the degradation of NAs during the ozonation of OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahinoor Islam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Jesús Moreira
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Pamela Chelme-Ayala
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada,.
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