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Di Marzio WD, Hose GC. Groundwater Ecotoxicology and Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39318268 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter D Di Marzio
- PRIET Basic Sciences Department, National University of Luján, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Grant C Hose
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Duarte C, Di Lorenzo T, Reboleira ASPS. Environmental risk of diclofenac in European groundwaters and implications for environmental quality standards. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20689. [PMID: 39237757 PMCID: PMC11377587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Groundwater harbours unique species adapted to perpetual darkness. Groundwater fauna plays a crucial role in global ecosystem services, but contamination poses a threat to this keystone ecosystem. Diclofenac is a common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of particular concern, due to its presence in both surface and groundwater. We assess the environmental risk of diclofenac in European groundwaters using different scenarios, analyzing Measured Environmental Concentrations (MECs) of diclofenac and estimating the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNECs) through two approaches: considering the sensitivity of the groundwater crustacean Proasellus lusitanicus (Isopoda: Asellidae), and using surface water species as proxies. Our results show that scenarios based on surrogate species predict that groundwater ecosystems are at risk due to diclofenac contamination. On the other hand, the MECs of diclofenac were consistently lower than the PNEC of P. lusitanicus, suggesting that the current MECs do not pose a significant threat to this groundwater-adapted species. However, risk scenarios differ considering the sensitivity of other groundwater species, emphasizing the importance of considering multiple species' sensitivities in risk assessment. Therefore, we recommend establishing an environmental quality standard for diclofenac in groundwater at 5 ng/L, a value that accounts the need for precautionary measures to safeguard groundwater ecosystems, essential for preserving their unique biota and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Duarte
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems of the National Research Council of Italy (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
- NBFC (National Biodiversity Future Center), 90133, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Cluj-Napoca, "Emil Racoviţă" Institute of Speleology, Str. Clinicilor 5, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ana Sofia P S Reboleira
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal.
- National Museum of Natural History and Science, University of Lisbon, Rua da Escola Politécnica 56, 1250-102, Lisboa, Portugal.
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3
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Alves TRL, Reboleira ASPS. Domitiuslusitanicus (Araneae, Nesticidae) - an umbrella species for the conservation of troglobionts in the Estremenho Karst Massif, Portugal. Biodivers Data J 2024; 12:e124103. [PMID: 38983944 PMCID: PMC11232577 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.12.e124103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Domitiuslusitanicus (Fage, 1931) is a troglobiont spider, endemic from caves in the largest karst massif in Portugal, the Estremenho. It was the first described cave-adapted species from Portugal, but the male of the species was only described in 1988. New information Over the last two decades, the knowledge on the distribution of D.lusitanicus increased significantly. We assess the conservation status of D.lusitanicus, providing new information on its extent of occurrence and the anthropogenic threats and present a IUCN Red List profile. D.lusitanicus faces various anthropogenic threats, such as habitat loss, agriculture, pollution and tourism impacts. Despite a large part of its distribution is included in a Natural Park, it expands outside of the areas deemed for protection in the Natura 2000 network. This species has the widest spread distribution of all troglobionts in the Estremenho Massif; therefore, it may be used as an umbrella species for the protection of other cave-adapted species of invertebrates of the massif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás R L Alves
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia P S Reboleira
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
- Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua da Escola Politécnica, Lisbon, Portugal Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Universidade de Lisboa, Rua da Escola Politécnica Lisbon Portugal
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Saccò M, Mammola S, Altermatt F, Alther R, Bolpagni R, Brancelj A, Brankovits D, Fišer C, Gerovasileiou V, Griebler C, Guareschi S, Hose GC, Korbel K, Lictevout E, Malard F, Martínez A, Niemiller ML, Robertson A, Tanalgo KC, Bichuette ME, Borko Š, Brad T, Campbell MA, Cardoso P, Celico F, Cooper SJB, Culver D, Di Lorenzo T, Galassi DMP, Guzik MT, Hartland A, Humphreys WF, Ferreira RL, Lunghi E, Nizzoli D, Perina G, Raghavan R, Richards Z, Reboleira ASPS, Rohde MM, Fernández DS, Schmidt SI, van der Heyde M, Weaver L, White NE, Zagmajster M, Hogg I, Ruhi A, Gagnon MM, Allentoft ME, Reinecke R. Groundwater is a hidden global keystone ecosystem. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17066. [PMID: 38273563 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Groundwater is a vital ecosystem of the global water cycle, hosting unique biodiversity and providing essential services to societies. Despite being the largest unfrozen freshwater resource, in a period of depletion by extraction and pollution, groundwater environments have been repeatedly overlooked in global biodiversity conservation agendas. Disregarding the importance of groundwater as an ecosystem ignores its critical role in preserving surface biomes. To foster timely global conservation of groundwater, we propose elevating the concept of keystone species into the realm of ecosystems, claiming groundwater as a keystone ecosystem that influences the integrity of many dependent ecosystems. Our global analysis shows that over half of land surface areas (52.6%) has a medium-to-high interaction with groundwater, reaching up to 74.9% when deserts and high mountains are excluded. We postulate that the intrinsic transboundary features of groundwater are critical for shifting perspectives towards more holistic approaches in aquatic ecology and beyond. Furthermore, we propose eight key themes to develop a science-policy integrated groundwater conservation agenda. Given ecosystems above and below the ground intersect at many levels, considering groundwater as an essential component of planetary health is pivotal to reduce biodiversity loss and buffer against climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Saccò
- Subterranean Research and Groundwater Ecology (SuRGE) Group, Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Mammola
- Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), National Research Council, Verbania Pallanza, Italy
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roman Alther
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rossano Bolpagni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Anton Brancelj
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department for Environmental Science, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - David Brankovits
- Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), National Research Council, Verbania Pallanza, Italy
| | - Cene Fišer
- SubBio Lab, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vasilis Gerovasileiou
- Faculty of Environment, Department of Environment, Ionian University, Zakynthos, Greece
- Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Thalassocosmos, Institute of Marine Biology, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christian Griebler
- Department of Functional & Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Guareschi
- Estación Biologica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Grant C Hose
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn Korbel
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Lictevout
- International Groundwater Resources Assessment Center (IGRAC), Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Malard
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), National Research Council, Verbania Pallanza, Italy
| | - Matthew L Niemiller
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Anne Robertson
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Roehampton University, London, UK
| | - Krizler C Tanalgo
- Ecology and Conservation Research Laboratory (Eco/Con Lab), Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato, Philippines
| | - Maria Elina Bichuette
- Laboratory of Subterranean Studies (LES), Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Špela Borko
- SubBio Lab, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Traian Brad
- Emil Racovita Institute of Speleology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Matthew A Campbell
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fulvio Celico
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Steven J B Cooper
- South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences and Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Culver
- Department of Environmental Science, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems of the National Research Council of Italy (IRET CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Diana M P Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences (MESVA), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Michelle T Guzik
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adam Hartland
- Lincoln Agritech Ltd, Ruakura, Kirikiriroa, Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - William F Humphreys
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira
- Centro de Estudos em Biologia Subterrânea, Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Enrico Lunghi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences (MESVA), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Daniele Nizzoli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Perina
- Subterranean Research and Groundwater Ecology (SuRGE) Group, Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rajeev Raghavan
- Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, India
| | - Zoe Richards
- Coral Conservation and Research Group, Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ana Sofia P S Reboleira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Melissa M Rohde
- Rohde Environmental Consulting, LLC, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | | | - Susanne I Schmidt
- Department of Lake Research, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mieke van der Heyde
- Subterranean Research and Groundwater Ecology (SuRGE) Group, Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Louise Weaver
- Water & Environment Group, Institute of Environmental Science & Research Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nicole E White
- Subterranean Research and Groundwater Ecology (SuRGE) Group, Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Maja Zagmajster
- SubBio Lab, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ian Hogg
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Canadian High Arctic Research Station, Polar Knowledge Canada, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada
| | - Albert Ruhi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Marthe M Gagnon
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Reinecke
- Institute of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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5
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Selak A, Reberski JL, Klobučar G. Assessing the persistence, mobility and toxicity of emerging organic contaminants in Croatian karst springs used for drinking water supply. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166240. [PMID: 37572907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) are a vast group of often (very)persistent, (very)mobile and toxic (PMT/vPvM) substances that are continuously released worldwide, posing environmental and human health risks. Research on occurrence and behavior of EOCs in karst is in its infancy, thus policy measures and legislative control of these compounds in groundwater are still lacking. The Dinaric karst aquifers are an essential source of drinking water for almost half of Croatia's territory. Intense karstification, complex heterogeneous characteristics, and high fracture-cavernous porosity result in rapid, far-reaching groundwater flow and large karst springs, but also high intrinsic vulnerability due to low contaminant attenuation. To prioritize future monitoring and establish appropriate thresholds for EOCs detected in Croatian karst drinking water resources, in silico tools based on quantitative structure-activity relationships were used in PBT (persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity) and PMT/vPvM analyzes, while toxicological assessment helped identify potential threats to human health. In 33 samples collected during two sampling campaigns in 2019 at 16 karst springs and one lake used for water supply, we detected 65 compounds (EOCs and some legacy chemicals), of which 7 were classified as potentially PBT or vPvB compounds (PFOS, PFHxS, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, boscalid, and azoxystrobin), while only 2 compounds were assessed as not PMT/vPvM. This finding underlines that most of detected EOCs potentially endanger karst (ground)water ecosystems and important drinking water sources in Croatia. Comparison of maximum concentrations with existing or derived drinking water guideline values revealed how 2 of 65 detected compounds represent a potential risk to human health at lifelong exposure (sulfadiazine and hydrochlorothiazide), while 5 chemicals warrant additional human health impacts studies and groundwater monitoring. Although most compounds do not individually pose a significant risk to human health at current environmental levels, their potential synergistic and long-term effects remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Selak
- HGI-CGS - Croatian Geological Survey, Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Sachsova 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Lukač Reberski
- HGI-CGS - Croatian Geological Survey, Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Sachsova 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Göran Klobučar
- PMF - Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Zoology, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Medina MJ, Antić D, Borges PAV, Borko Š, Fišer C, Lauritzen SE, Martín JL, Oromí P, Pavlek M, Premate E, Puliafico KP, Sendra A, Reboleira ASPS. Temperature variation in caves and its significance for subterranean ecosystems. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20735. [PMID: 38007573 PMCID: PMC10676404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change affects all ecosystems, but subterranean ecosystems are repeatedly neglected from political and public agendas. Cave habitats are home to unknown and endangered species, with low trait variability and intrinsic vulnerability to recover from human-induced disturbances. We studied the annual variability and cyclicity of temperatures in caves vis-à-vis surface in different climatic areas. We hypothesize that cave temperatures follow the average temperature pattern at the surface for each location with a slight delay in the signal, but we found three different thermal patterns occurring in caves: (1) high positive correlation and a similar thermal pattern to the surface, (2) low correlation and a slight thermal delay of the signal from the surface, and (3) high negative correlation with an extreme delay from the surface. We found daily thermal cycles in some caves, which may potentially control the circadian rhythms of cave organisms. Our results show that caves had lower thermal amplitude than the surface, and that thermal averages within caves approximately correspond to the to the annual average of surface temperature. Caves buffer external temperature and act as refugia for biota in extreme climatic events. Likewise, temperature increases at surface will lead to increment in caves, threatening subterranean biota and ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Medina
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE-Institute for Global Change and Sustainability, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dragan Antić
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c)/Azorean Biodiversity Group & CHANGE-Institute for Global Change and Sustainability, Universidade dos Açores, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal
| | - Špela Borko
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, SubBioLab, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cene Fišer
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, SubBioLab, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stein-Erik Lauritzen
- Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegt. 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose L Martín
- Parque Nacional del Teide, C/Dr. Sixto Perera González, 25. La Orotava, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Pedro Oromí
- Department of Animal Biology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Martina Pavlek
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- Croatian Biospeleological Society, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ester Premate
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, SubBioLab, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ken P Puliafico
- Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands, Colorado State University, Asan, Guam
| | - Alberto Sendra
- Colecciones Entomológicas Torres-Sala, Servei de Patrimoni Històric, Ajuntament de València, Passeig de La Petxina, 15, 46008, València, Spain
- Departament de Didàctica de Les Cièncias Experimentals I Socials, Facultat de Magisteri, Universitat de València, Avda. Tarongers 4, 46022, València, Spain
| | - Ana Sofia P S Reboleira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE-Institute for Global Change and Sustainability, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Zhong S, Zhou S, Liu S, Wang J, Dang C, Chen Q, Hu J, Yang S, Deng C, Li W, Liu J, Borthwick AGL, Ni J. May microbial ecological baseline exist in continental groundwater? MICROBIOME 2023; 11:152. [PMID: 37468948 PMCID: PMC10355068 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbes constitute almost the entire biological community in subsurface groundwater and play an important role in ecological evolution and global biogeochemical cycles. Ecological baseline as a fundamental reference with less human interference has been investigated in surface ecosystems such as soils, rivers, and ocean, but the existence of groundwater microbial ecological baseline (GMEB) is still an open question so far. RESULTS Based on high-throughput sequencing information derived from national monitoring of 733 newly constructed wells, we find that bacterial communities in pristine groundwater exhibit a significant lateral diversity gradient and gradually approach the topsoil microbial latitudinal diversity gradient with decreasing burial depth of phreatic water. Among 74 phyla dominated by Proteobacteria in groundwater, Patescibacteria act as keystone taxa that harmonize microbes in shallower aquifers and accelerate decline in bacterial diversity with increasing well-depth. Decreasing habitat niche breadth with increasing well-depth suggests a general change in the relationship among key microbes from closer cooperation in shallow to stronger competition in deep groundwater. Unlike surface-water microbes, microbial communities in pristine groundwater are predominantly shaped by deterministic processes, potentially associated with nutrient sequestration under dark and anoxic environments in aquifers. CONCLUSIONS By unveiling the biogeographic patterns and mechanisms controlling the community assembly of microbes in pristine groundwater throughout China, we firstly confirm the existence of GMEB in shallower aquifers and propose Groundwater Microbial Community Index (GMCI) to evaluate anthropogenic impact, which highlights the importance of GMEB in groundwater water security and health diagnosis. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Zhong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Health and Regulation, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shungui Zhou
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environment Health and Regulation, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufeng Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyuan Dang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyun Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanqing Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfang Deng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenpeng Li
- Center for Groundwater Monitoring, China Institute of Geo-environmental Monitoring, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Alistair G L Borthwick
- School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL8 4AA, UK
| | - Jinren Ni
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Hernandez‐Jerez A, Adriaanse P, Aldrich A, Berny P, Coja T, Duquesne S, Focks A, Marinovich M, Millet M, Pelkonen O, Pieper S, Topping C, Widenfalk A, Wilks M, Wolterink G, Kasteel R, Kuppe K, Tiktak A. Statement of the Scientific Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR Panel) on the design and conduct of groundwater monitoring studies supporting groundwater exposure assessments of pesticides. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07990. [PMID: 37197560 PMCID: PMC10184015 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Groundwater monitoring is the highest tier in the leaching assessment of plant protection products in the EU. The European Commission requested EFSA for a review by the PPR Panel of the scientific paper of Gimsing et al. (2019) on the design and conduct of groundwater monitoring studies. The Panel concludes that this paper provides many recommendations; however, specific guidance on how to design, conduct and evaluate groundwater monitoring studies for regulatory purposes is missing. The Panel notes that there is no agreed specific protection goal (SPG) at EU level. Also, the SPG has not yet been operationalised in an agreed exposure assessment goal (ExAG). The ExAG describes which groundwater needs to be protected, where and when. Because the design and interpretation of monitoring studies depends on the ExAG, development of harmonised guidance is not yet possible. The development of an agreed ExAG must therefore be given priority. A central question in the design and interpretation of groundwater monitoring studies is that of groundwater vulnerability. Applicants must demonstrate that the selected monitoring sites represent realistic worst-case conditions as specified in the ExAG. Guidance and models are needed to support this step. A prerequisite for the regulatory use of monitoring data is the availability of complete data on the use history of the products containing the respective active substances. Applicants must further demonstrate that monitoring wells are hydrologically connected to the fields where the active substance has been applied. Modelling in combination with (pseudo)tracer experiments would be the preferred option. The Panel concludes that well-conducted monitoring studies provide more realistic exposure assessments and can therefore overrule results from lower tier studies. Groundwater monitoring studies involve a high workload for both regulators and applicants. Standardised procedures and monitoring networks could help to reduce this workload.
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9
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Duarte C, Gravato C, Di Lorenzo T, Reboleira ASPS. Acetaminophen induced antioxidant and detoxification responses in a stygobitic crustacean. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121749. [PMID: 37127234 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A variety of veterinary and human medicinal products (VHMPs) are found in groundwater, an often-neglected habitat inhabited by species with unique traits, stygobitic species. It is crucial to understand the effect of VHMPs on stygobitic species because they may respond differently to stressors than surface species. Our hypothesis is that groundwater species may be more susceptible to environmental contaminants due to less plasticity in their detoxification response and acquisition of energy because subterranean habitats are more stable and isolated from anthropogenic activities. We performed a battery of biomarkers associated with important physiological functions on the stygobitic asellid crustacean Proasellus lusitanicus, after a 14-day exposure to acetaminophen, a commonly used pharmaceutical and pollutant of groundwaters. Our results show an decrease in total glutathione levels and an increase in glutathione S-transferase activity, suggesting a successful detoxification response. This helps explaining why acetaminophen did not cause oxidative damage, as well as had no effect cholinesterase activity nor in aerobic production of energy. This study shows the remarkable capacity of P. lusitanicus to tolerate sublethal concentrations of VHMP acetaminophen. Most ecotoxicological studies on stygobitic species focused on the lethal effects of these compound. The present study focus on consequences at sublethal concentrations. Future studies should assess the stress levels induced to better predict and estimate the impacts of contaminants on groundwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Duarte
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Gravato
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems of the National Research Council of Italy (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Ana Sofia P S Reboleira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Vázquez-Tapia I, Salazar-Martínez T, Acosta-Castro M, Meléndez-Castolo KA, Mahlknecht J, Cervantes-Avilés P, Capparelli MV, Mora A. Occurrence of emerging organic contaminants and endocrine disruptors in different water compartments in Mexico - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136285. [PMID: 36057353 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review compiles the studies (2007-2021) regarding the occurrence of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) and endocrine disruptors (EDs) in wastewater, surface water and groundwater in Mexico. A total of 174 compounds were detected, including pharmaceuticals, hormones, plasticizers, personal care products, sweeteners, drugs, and pesticides considered as EDs. The levels of EOCs and EDs varied from ng/L to 140 mg/L, depending on the compound, location, and compartment. Raw wastewater was the most studied matrix, showing a greater abundance and number of detected compounds. Nevertheless, surface waters showed high concentrations of bisphenol-A, butylbenzil-phthalate, triclosan, pentachlorophenol, and the hormones estrone, 17 α-ethinylestradiol, and 17 β-estradiol, which exceeded the thresholds set by international guidelines. Concentrations of 17 α-ethinylestradiol and triclosan exceeding the above-mentioned limits were reported in groundwater. Cropland irrigation with raw wastewater was the principal activity introducing EOCs and EDs into groundwater. The groundwater abundance of EOCs was considerably lesser than that of wastewater, highlighting the attenuation capacity of soils/aquifers during wastewater infiltration. However, carbamazepine and N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide showed higher concentrations in groundwater than those in wastewater, suggesting their accumulation/concentration in soils/pore-waters. Although the contamination of water resources represents one of the most environmental concerns in Mexico, this review brings to light the lack of studies on the occurrence of EOCs in Mexican waters, which is important for public health policies and for developing legislations that incorporates EOCs as priority contaminants in national water quality guidelines. Consequently, the development of legislations will support regulatory compliance for wastewater and drinking water, reducing the human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivón Vázquez-Tapia
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla, 72453, Mexico
| | - Tania Salazar-Martínez
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla, 72453, Mexico
| | - Mariana Acosta-Castro
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla, 72453, Mexico
| | - Karen Andrea Meléndez-Castolo
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla, 72453, Mexico
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, 64149, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Pabel Cervantes-Avilés
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla, 72453, Mexico
| | - Mariana V Capparelli
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Estación El Carmen, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad del Carmen, 24157, Mexico
| | - Abrahan Mora
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla, 72453, Mexico.
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11
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Di Lorenzo T, Reboleira ASPS. Thermal acclimation and metabolic scaling of a groundwater asellid in the climate change scenario. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17938. [PMID: 36289260 PMCID: PMC9605946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rate has long been used in animal adaptation and performance studies, and individual oxygen consumption is used as proxy of metabolic rate. Stygofauna are organisms adapted to groundwater with presumably lower metabolic rates than their surface relatives. How stygofauna will cope with global temperature increase remains unpredictable. We studied the thermal acclimation and metabolic scaling with body mass of a stygobitic crustacean, Proasellus lusitanicus, in the climate change scenario. We measured oxygen consumption rates in a thermal ramp-up experiment over four assay temperatures and tested two hypotheses: (i) P. lusitanicus exhibits narrow thermal plasticity, inadequate for coping with a fast-increasing thermal regime; and (ii) oxygen consumption rates scale with the body mass by a factor close to 0.75, as commonly observed in other animals. Our results show that P. lusitanicus has low thermal plasticity in a fast-increasing thermal regime. Our data also suggest that oxygen consumption rates of this species do not follow mass-dependent scaling, potentially representing a new trait of metabolic optimization in groundwater habitats, which are often limited in food and oxygen. Species with limited dispersal capacities and rigid metabolic guilds face extinction risk due to climate change and omitting groundwater ecosystems from climate change agendas emphasizes the unprotected status of stygofauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems of the National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze Italy ,grid.418333.e0000 0004 1937 1389Emil Racovita Institute of Speleology, Romanian Academy, Clinicilor 5, 400006 Cluj Napoca, Romania ,grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia P. S. Reboleira
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XNatural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Reboleira AS, Bodawatta KH, Ravn NMR, Lauritzen SE, Skoglund RØ, Poulsen M, Michelsen A, Jønsson KA. Nutrient-limited subarctic caves harbour more diverse and complex bacterial communities than their surface soil. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2022; 17:41. [PMID: 35941623 PMCID: PMC9361705 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-022-00435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subarctic regions are particularly vulnerable to climate change, yet little is known about nutrient availability and biodiversity of their cave ecosystems. Such knowledge is crucial for predicting the vulnerability of these ecosystems to consequences of climate change. Thus, to improve our understanding of life in these habitats, we characterized environmental variables, as well as bacterial and invertebrate communities of six subarctic caves in Northern Norway. RESULTS Only a minuscule diversity of surface-adapted invertebrates were found in these caves. However, the bacterial communities in caves were compositionally different, more diverse and more complex than the nutrient-richer surface soil. Cave soil microbiomes were less variable between caves than between surface communities in the same area, suggesting that the stable cave environments with tougher conditions drive the uniform microbial communities. We also observed only a small proportion of cave bacterial genera originating from the surface, indicating unique cave-adapted microbial communities. Increased diversity within caves may stem from higher niche specialization and levels of interdependencies for nutrient cycling among bacterial taxa in these oligotrophic environments. CONCLUSIONS Taken together this suggest that environmental changes, e.g., faster melting of snow as a result of global warming that could alter nutrient influx, can have a detrimental impact on interactions and dependencies of these complex communities. This comparative exploration of cave and surface microbiomes also lays the foundation to further investigate the long-term environmental variables that shape the biodiversity of these vulnerable ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Reboleira
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark.
| | - Kasun H Bodawatta
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Nynne M R Ravn
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Stein-Erik Lauritzen
- Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegt. 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Michael Poulsen
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Section for Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Knud Andreas Jønsson
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
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13
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Mammola S, Meierhofer MB, Borges PA, Colado R, Culver DC, Deharveng L, Delić T, Di Lorenzo T, Dražina T, Ferreira RL, Fiasca B, Fišer C, Galassi DMP, Garzoli L, Gerovasileiou V, Griebler C, Halse S, Howarth FG, Isaia M, Johnson JS, Komerički A, Martínez A, Milano F, Moldovan OT, Nanni V, Nicolosi G, Niemiller ML, Pallarés S, Pavlek M, Piano E, Pipan T, Sanchez‐Fernandez D, Santangeli A, Schmidt SI, Wynne JJ, Zagmajster M, Zakšek V, Cardoso P. Towards evidence-based conservation of subterranean ecosystems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1476-1510. [PMID: 35315207 PMCID: PMC9545027 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Subterranean ecosystems are among the most widespread environments on Earth, yet we still have poor knowledge of their biodiversity. To raise awareness of subterranean ecosystems, the essential services they provide, and their unique conservation challenges, 2021 and 2022 were designated International Years of Caves and Karst. As these ecosystems have traditionally been overlooked in global conservation agendas and multilateral agreements, a quantitative assessment of solution-based approaches to safeguard subterranean biota and associated habitats is timely. This assessment allows researchers and practitioners to understand the progress made and research needs in subterranean ecology and management. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature focused on subterranean ecosystems globally (terrestrial, freshwater, and saltwater systems), to quantify the available evidence-base for the effectiveness of conservation interventions. We selected 708 publications from the years 1964 to 2021 that discussed, recommended, or implemented 1,954 conservation interventions in subterranean ecosystems. We noted a steep increase in the number of studies from the 2000s while, surprisingly, the proportion of studies quantifying the impact of conservation interventions has steadily and significantly decreased in recent years. The effectiveness of 31% of conservation interventions has been tested statistically. We further highlight that 64% of the reported research occurred in the Palearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions. Assessments of the effectiveness of conservation interventions were heavily biased towards indirect measures (monitoring and risk assessment), a limited sample of organisms (mostly arthropods and bats), and more accessible systems (terrestrial caves). Our results indicate that most conservation science in the field of subterranean biology does not apply a rigorous quantitative approach, resulting in sparse evidence for the effectiveness of interventions. This raises the important question of how to make conservation efforts more feasible to implement, cost-effective, and long-lasting. Although there is no single remedy, we propose a suite of potential solutions to focus our efforts better towards increasing statistical testing and stress the importance of standardising study reporting to facilitate meta-analytical exercises. We also provide a database summarising the available literature, which will help to build quantitative knowledge about interventions likely to yield the greatest impacts depending upon the subterranean species and habitats of interest. We view this as a starting point to shift away from the widespread tendency of recommending conservation interventions based on anecdotal and expert-based information rather than scientific evidence, without quantitatively testing their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mammola
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe)Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of HelsinkiPohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13Helsinki00100Finland
- Molecular Ecology Group (dark‐MEG)Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR)Largo Tonolli, 50Verbania‐Pallanza28922Italy
| | - Melissa B. Meierhofer
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus (LUOMUS)University of HelsinkiPohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13Helsinki00100Finland
| | - Paulo A.V. Borges
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group / CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of Azores, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment (FCAA), Rua Capitão João d'ÀvilaPico da Urze, 9700‐042 Angra do HeroísmoAzoresPortugal
| | - Raquel Colado
- Departament of Ecology and HidrologyUniversity of MurciaMurcia30100Spain
| | - David C. Culver
- Department of Environmental ScienceAmerican University4400 Massachusetts Avenue, N.WWashingtonDC20016U.S.A.
| | - Louis Deharveng
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS UMR 7205, MNHN, UPMC, EPHEMuseum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Teo Delić
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET‐CNR), National Research CouncilVia Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto FiorentinoFlorenceItaly
| | - Tvrtko Dražina
- Division of Zoology, Department of BiologyFaculty of Science, University of ZagrebRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
- Croatian Biospeleological SocietyRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
| | - Rodrigo L. Ferreira
- Center of Studies in Subterranean Biology, Biology Department, Federal University of LavrasCampus universitário s/n, Aquenta SolLavrasMG37200‐900Brazil
| | - Barbara Fiasca
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaVia Vetoio 1, CoppitoL'Aquila67100Italy
| | - Cene Fišer
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Diana M. P. Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaVia Vetoio 1, CoppitoL'Aquila67100Italy
| | - Laura Garzoli
- Molecular Ecology Group (dark‐MEG)Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR)Largo Tonolli, 50Verbania‐Pallanza28922Italy
| | - Vasilis Gerovasileiou
- Department of Environment, Faculty of EnvironmentIonian University, M. Minotou‐Giannopoulou strPanagoulaZakynthos29100Greece
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine BiologyBiotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC)Thalassocosmos, GournesCrete71500Greece
| | - Christian Griebler
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of LimnologyUniversity of ViennaDjerassiplatz 1Vienna1030Austria
| | - Stuart Halse
- Bennelongia Environmental Consultants5 Bishop StreetJolimontWA6014Australia
| | | | - Marco Isaia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Joseph S. Johnson
- Department of Biological SciencesOhio University57 Oxbow TrailAthensOH45701U.S.A.
| | - Ana Komerički
- Croatian Biospeleological SocietyRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Molecular Ecology Group (dark‐MEG)Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR)Largo Tonolli, 50Verbania‐Pallanza28922Italy
| | - Filippo Milano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Oana T. Moldovan
- Emil Racovita Institute of SpeleologyClinicilor 5Cluj‐Napoca400006Romania
- Romanian Institute of Science and TechnologySaturn 24‐26Cluj‐Napoca400504Romania
| | - Veronica Nanni
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicolosi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Matthew L. Niemiller
- Department of Biological SciencesThe University of Alabama in Huntsville301 Sparkman Drive NWHuntsvilleAL35899U.S.A.
| | - Susana Pallarés
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio GlobalMuseo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSICCalle de José Gutiérrez Abascal 2Madrid28006Spain
| | - Martina Pavlek
- Croatian Biospeleological SocietyRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
- Ruđer Bošković InstituteBijenička cesta 54Zagreb10000Croatia
| | - Elena Piano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Tanja Pipan
- ZRC SAZUKarst Research InstituteNovi trg 2Ljubljana1000Slovenia
- UNESCO Chair on Karst EducationUniversity of Nova GoricaGlavni trg 8Vipava5271Slovenia
| | | | - Andrea Santangeli
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiViikinkaari 1Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Susanne I. Schmidt
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre CASNa Sádkách 702/7České Budějovice370 05Czech Republic
- Department of Lake ResearchHelmholtz Centre for Environmental ResearchBrückstraße 3aMagdeburg39114Germany
| | - J. Judson Wynne
- Department of Biological SciencesCenter for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Box 5640, Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffAZ86011U.S.A.
| | - Maja Zagmajster
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Valerija Zakšek
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe)Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of HelsinkiPohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13Helsinki00100Finland
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group / CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of Azores, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment (FCAA), Rua Capitão João d'ÀvilaPico da Urze, 9700‐042 Angra do HeroísmoAzoresPortugal
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14
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Hose GC, Chariton A, Daam MA, Di Lorenzo T, Galassi DMP, Halse SA, Reboleira ASPS, Robertson AL, Schmidt SI, Korbel KL. Invertebrate traits, diversity and the vulnerability of groundwater ecosystems. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. C. Hose
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University NSW 2109 Australia
| | - A. Chariton
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University NSW 2109 Australia
| | - M. A. Daam
- CENSE ‐ Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research NOVA School of Science and Technology NOVA University Lisbon, 2829‐516 Caparica Portugal
| | - T. Di Lorenzo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems of the National Research Council Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino Firenze Italy
- Emil Racovita Institute of Speleology Romanian Academy, Clinicilor 5, Cluj Napoca 400006 Romania
| | - D. M. P. Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences University of L'Aquila Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila Italy
| | - S. A. Halse
- Bennelongia Environmental Consultants, Jolimont WA 6014 Australia
| | - A. S. P. S. Reboleira
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
- Natural History Museum of Life and Health Sciences Denmark and University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A. L. Robertson
- School of Life and Health Sciences University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD UK
| | - S. I. Schmidt
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Hydrobiology Na Sádkách 7, 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Present address: Department of Lake Research, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Magdeburg Germany
| | - K. L. Korbel
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University NSW 2109 Australia
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15
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Selak A, Reberski JL, Klobučar G, Grčić I. Ecotoxicological aspects related to the occurrence of emerging contaminants in the Dinaric karst aquifer of Jadro and Žrnovnica springs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153827. [PMID: 35157871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Karst aquifers are globally important source of drinking water and harbor specific ecosystems that are vulnerable to anthropogenic contamination. This paper provides insights into the occurrence and ecotoxicological characterization of 21 emerging contaminants (ECs) detected in the karst catchment of Jadro and Žrnovnica springs (Dinarides, Croatia). Karst springs used for water supply, surface water, and groundwater were sampled during seven campaigns. The ECs concentration levels ranged from 0.3 ng/L (tramadol in Jadro spring) to 372 ng/L (1H-benzotriazole in Cetina River). DEET was the most frequently detected ECs with an average concentration of around 50 ng/L in both surface water and groundwater. To prioritise detected ECs, their persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B), mobility (M) and toxicity (T) were assessed based on in silico strategy for PBT assessment and recently developed REACH PMT guidelines. PBT scores ranging below the threshold of 0.5, indicated non-PBT compounds of expected low concern. However, only 4 out of 21 detected ECs were not assessed as PMT/vPvM. Concerningly, 20 ECs were categorised as very mobile. Karst springs exhibited larger proportions of ECs meeting PMT/vPvM criteria than surface water. To characterise the contamination extent and estimate the incidence of adverse effects of detected ECs, a preliminary environmental risk assessment (ERA) was conducted. Most ECs posed no environmental risk with RQ values predominantly below 0.01. The total risk quotient RQsite accentuated Cetina River as having the highest risk compared to other sampling sites. This is the first study on ECs in Croatian karst, contributing to a growing need to understand the impacts of emerging contaminants in karst aquifers, which are still largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Selak
- HGI-CGS Croatian Geological Survey, Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Sachsova 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Jasmina Lukač Reberski
- HGI-CGS Croatian Geological Survey, Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Sachsova 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Göran Klobučar
- PMF Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Zoology, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Grčić
- GFV Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
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16
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Becher J, Englisch C, Griebler C, Bayer P. Groundwater fauna downtown - Drivers, impacts and implications for subsurface ecosystems in urban areas. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2022; 248:104021. [PMID: 35605354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater fauna (stygofauna) comprises organisms that have adapted to the dark subterranean environment over a course of thousands and millions of years, typically having slow metabolisms and long life cycles. They are crucial players in the groundwater of oxygenic aquifers, and contribute to various ecosystem services. Today's knowledge of their sensitivity to anthropogenic impacts is incomplete and a critical analysis of the general relevance of local findings is lacking. In this review, we focus on those areas with the highest interference between humans and stygofauna: cities. Here is where local pollution by various contaminants and heat strongly stresses the unique groundwater ecosystems. It is demonstrated that it is difficult to discern the influence of individual factors from the findings reported in field studies, and to extrapolate laboratory results to field conditions. The effects of temperature increase and chemical pollution vary strongly between tested species and test conditions. In general, previous findings indicate that heating, especially in the long-term, will increase mortality, and less adapted species are at risk of vanishing from their habitats. The same may be true for salinity caused by road de-icing in cold urban areas. Furthermore, high sensitivities were shown for ammonium, which will probably be even more pronounced with rising temperatures resulting in altered biodiversity patterns. Toxicity of heavy metals, for a variety of invertebrates, increases with time and chronic exposure. Our current knowledge reveals diverse potential impacts on groundwater fauna by urban pollution, but our insights gained so far can only be validated by standardized and long-term test concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Becher
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Geosciences and Geography, Department of Applied Geology, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Constanze Englisch
- University of Vienna, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Limnology, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Griebler
- University of Vienna, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Limnology, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bayer
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Geosciences and Geography, Department of Applied Geology, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
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17
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Burbery L, Abraham P, Sutton R, Close M. Evaluation of pollution swapping phenomena from a woodchip denitrification wall targetting removal of nitrate in a shallow gravel aquifer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153194. [PMID: 35063516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Woodchip denitrification walls offer a potentially useful way for passive in situ remediation of groundwater nitrate pollution, yet because of the low redox state they induce on the subsurface environment there is an inherent risk they can promote pollution-swapping phenomena. We evaluated pollution-swapping phenomena associated with the first two operational years of a woodchip denitrification wall that is being trialled in a fast-flowing shallow gravel aquifer of quartzo-feldspathic mineralogy. Following burial of woodchip below the water table there was immediate export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), phosphorus and ammonium into the groundwater. Under the low redox state sustained by labile DOC, the wall initially provided 100% nitrate removal at the expense of acute and localised pollution that occurred in the form of a plume of dissolved iron, manganese and arsenic that were mobilised from the aquifer sediments, in conjunction with methane gas emission. Within one year however, the reactivity of the woodchip wall subsided to support a steady state condition in which nitrate reduction was the terminal electron acceptor process with no measurable methane emission. Having initially functioned as a sink for the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), evidence is that the woodchip wall is now exporting N2O, albeit at rates less than those associated with productive agricultural land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Burbery
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Phil Abraham
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Richard Sutton
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Murray Close
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd. (ESR), Christchurch, New Zealand
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18
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Jemec Kokalj A, Fišer Ž, Dolar A, Novak S, Drobne D, Bračko G, Fišer C. Screening of NaCl salinity sensitivity across eight species of subterranean amphipod genus Niphargus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113456. [PMID: 35395599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secondary salinization of freshwater is becoming a growing environmental problem. Currently, there is few data available on the effects of salinisation on subterranean crustaceans that are vital for the maintenance of groundwater ecosystem functioning. In this study, the sensitivity of subterranean Niphargus amphipods to NaCl was investigated. We expected that cave-dwelling species would be more sensitive as surface-subterranean boundary species. Eight ecologically different Niphargus species were tested: four live at the boundary between the surface and subterranean ecosystems (N. timavi, N. krameri, N. sphagnicolus, N. spinulifemur), three live in cave streams (N. stygius, N. scopicauda, N. podpecanus), and one species (N. hebereri) lives in anchialine caves and wells. The organisms were exposed to five concentrations of NaCl for 96 h and afterwards the immobility, mortality, and electron transfer system (ETS) activity (a measure for metabolic rate of animals) were evaluated. As expected, the most tolerant species was N. hebereri dwelling in naturally high-salinity habitat. However, contrary to our expectations, the species collected at the surface-subterranean boundary were more sensitive as cave stream species when their immobility and mortality were assessed. Interestingly, the majority of Niphargus tested were more NaCl tolerant as can be deduced from currently available data for subterranean and surface crustaceans. We could not observe a clear trend in ETS activity changes between groups of surface-subterranean boundary and cave streams species after exposure to NaCl stress, but it appears that osmotic stress-induced metabolic rate changes are species-specific. This study shows that amphipods Niphargus can be a valuable subterranean environmental research model and further ecotoxicity research is of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Jemec Kokalj
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Žiga Fišer
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Dolar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Novak
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Bračko
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cene Fišer
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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Reboleira AS, Eusébio R, Taiti S. Species conservation profiles of cave-adapted terrestrial isopods from Portugal. Biodivers Data J 2022; 10:e78796. [PMID: 35437399 PMCID: PMC8901612 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.10.e78796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Terrestrial isopods (Oniscidea) are the most diverse group of troglobionts in caves of continental Portugal. They occur in all karst regions of Portugal, play a major role in decomposition of organic matter in caves and may act as umbrella species for the conservation of all other cave-adapted invertebrates. New information We present the IUCN Red List profiles for the cave-adapted terrestrial isopods from continental Portugal, based on recent distribution data from caves.
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20
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Colado R, Pallarés S, Fresneda J, Mammola S, Rizzo V, Sánchez-Fernández D. Climatic stability, not average habitat temperature, determines thermal tolerance of subterranean beetles. Ecology 2022; 103:e3629. [PMID: 35018629 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The climatic variability hypothesis predicts the evolution of species with wide thermal tolerance ranges in environments with variable temperatures, and the evolution of thermal specialists in thermally stable environments. In caves, the extent of spatial and temporal thermal variability experienced by taxa decreases with their degree of specialization to deep subterranean habitats. We use Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares to model the relationship between thermal tolerance (upper lethal limits), subterranean specialization (estimated using ecomorphological traits) and habitat temperature in sixteen beetle species of the tribe Leptodirini (Leiodidae). We found a significant, negative relationship between thermal tolerance and the degree of subterranean specialization. Conversely, habitat temperature had only a marginal effect on lethal limits. In agreement with the climatic variability hypothesis and under a climate change context, we show that the specialization process to live in deep subterranean habitats involves a reduction of upper lethal limits, but not an adjustment to habitat temperature. Thermal variability seems to exert a higher evolutionary pressure than mean habitat temperature to configure the thermal niche of subterranean species. Our results provide novel insights on thermal physiology of species with poor dispersal capabilities and on the evolutionary process of adaptation to subterranean environments. We further emphasize that the pathways determining vulnerability of subterranean species to climate change greatly depend on the degree of specialization to deep subterranean environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Colado
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Susana Pallarés
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Calle José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fresneda
- Ca de Massa, 25526 Llesp- El Pont de Suert, Lleida, Spain; Museu de Ciències Naturals (Zoología), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefano Mammola
- LIBRe-Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13, Helsinki, Finland.,DarkMEG-Molecular Ecology Group, Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Largo Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania Pallanza, Italy
| | | | - David Sánchez-Fernández
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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21
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Di Lorenzo T, Cifoni M, Baratti M, Pieraccini G, Di Marzio WD, Galassi DMP. Four scenarios of environmental risk of diclofenac in European groundwater ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117315. [PMID: 34000671 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is the largest source of liquid freshwater on Earth. Groundwater ecosystems harbor a rich biodiversity, mainly consisting of microbes and invertebrates that provide substantial ecological services. Despite its importance, groundwater is affected by several anthropic pressures, including pollution from pharmaceutical compounds. Diclofenac is the non-steroidal drug most widely detected in freshwaters, both in surface waters (e.g., rivers, streams, lakes etc.) and groundwaters. Unlike surface waters, the environmental risk of diclofenac in European groundwaters has not yet been assessed by the competent Authorities. The environmental risk assessment refers to the analysis of the potential risk that a chemical compound poses to a given environment by comparing its measured environmental concentrations to its predicted no-effect concentration. In this study, we explored four environmental risk scenarios in European groundwaters using different methodologies. We obtained diverse risk expectations, some indicative of a moderately diffuse environmental risk for concentrations of diclofenac ≥42 ng/L and others indicative of a widespread environmental risk for concentrations ≥5 ng/L. The difference among the four scenarios mainly related to the methods of calculating the predicted no-effect concentration of diclofenac. We discussed the four scenarios in order to identify the most realistic risk expectations posed by diclofenac to European groundwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Di Lorenzo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems of the National Research Council of Italy (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; "Emil Racovita" Institute of Speleology, Romanian Academy, Clinicilor 5, Cluj Napoca, 400006, Romania.
| | - M Cifoni
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems of the National Research Council of Italy (IRET-CNR), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - M Baratti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources of the National Research Council of Italy (IBBR-CNR), Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - G Pieraccini
- Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - W D Di Marzio
- Programa de Investigación en Ecotoxicología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján - Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CONICET, Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución, 6700, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D M P Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 1, Coppito, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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22
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Reboleira ASPS, Eusébio RP. Cave-adapted beetles from continental Portugal. Biodivers Data J 2021; 9:e67426. [PMID: 34522155 PMCID: PMC8397697 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.9.e67426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cave biodiversity of continental Portugal faces tremendous conservation challenges, mostly linked to their direct destruction and contamination infiltrating from the surface. Beetles are the most diverse insects and one of the most diverse arthropod groups in caves of Portugal. New information We present the IUCN Red List profiles for the cave-adapted beetles from continental Portugal, all endemic to their respective geological units and massifs. Ground beetles (Carabidae) are the most diverse family of cave-adapted beetles in continental Portugal, followed by rove beetles (Staphylinidae). Beetles in caves of Portugal are mostly terrestrial and only one species is known to have evolved to live in groundwater. Trechus is the most diverse genus with four species, followed by Domene with three species and by Speonemadus and Iberoporus, both with one cave-adapted species. The aim of this contribution is to assess all endemic cave-adapted species of beetles from continental Portugal and to support their specific protection, to promote adequate management of surface habitats and the establishment of priority areas for conservation. The main biodiversity erosion drivers that are impacting the conservation of the studied species are pollution infiltrating from the surface, urbaniation, modifications of the natural habitat for touristic purposes and mining, quarrying and energy production infrastructures.This document can be used in spatial planning and territory management in karst, based on the current scientific knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia P S Reboleira
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark.,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal.,Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
| | - Rita P Eusébio
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
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23
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Castaño-Sánchez A, Pereira JL, Gonçalves FJM, Reboleira ASPS. Sensitivity of a widespread groundwater copepod to different contaminants. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129911. [PMID: 33979935 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is an indispensable resource for humankind and sustainable biomes functioning. Anthropogenic disturbance threatens groundwater ecosystems globally, but to which extent groundwater organisms respond to stressors remains poorly understood. Groundwater animals are rare, with small populations, difficult to find and to breed in the lab, which poses a main challenge to the assessment of their responses to pollutants. Despite the difficulties, assessing the toxicity of a large spectrum of stressors to groundwater organisms is a priority to inform towards appropriate environmental protection of these ecosystems. We tested the sensitivity to CuSO4, diclofenac, and NaCl of a groundwater population of the copepod Diacyclops crassicaudis crassicaudis and compared its sensitivity with the model organism Daphnia magna. We ranked its sensitivity using a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach using the feasible data available for groundwater and surface crustaceans. Our results show that the most toxic compound was CuSO4 for which higher amount of data was recorded and wider variability in response was observed. It was followed by diclofenac, largely lacking data for groundwater-adapted organisms, and the least toxic compound was NaCl. The differential sensitivity between D. crassicaudis and D. magna was contaminant-dependent. As a general trend D. crassicaudis was always distributed in the upper part of the SSD curves together with other groundwater-adapted organisms. Our results highlight that the widespread groundwater populations of the D. crassicaudis species complex, which can be successfully breed in the lab, may provide a reasonable approach to assess the ecological effects of anthropogenic stressors in groundwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Sofia P S Reboleira
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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24
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Eusébio RP, Enghoff H, Solodovnikov A, Michelsen A, Barranco P, Salgado JM, Sendra A, Reboleira ASPS. Temporal and spatial dynamics of arthropod groups in terrestrial subsurface habitats in central Portugal. ZOOLOGY 2021; 147:125931. [PMID: 34144338 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) can act as a climatic refuge for invertebrates, as a biogeographic corridor to deeper substrates or as a permanent habitat for some species. This study characterizes the seasonal invertebrate diversity and abundance of MSS ecosystems in central Portugal focusing on Diplopoda, Diplura, Orthoptera and Coleoptera during one year. Sampling was performed with standard MSS pitfalls in scree slopes (colluvial MSS) of karst areas and environmental parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity, water content, organic carbon, nitrate, phosphate and ammonium) were quantified. Our results show that winter was the season with the highest arthropod abundance and that the MSS acts as a permanent habitat for chordeumatidan millipedes and as a climatic refuge for orthopterans and most beetles. All Diplura collected belong to a single species known previously from surface habitats in the Iberian Peninsula, which does not seem to use the Portuguese MSS as a refuge. MSS habitats in central Portugal, classified as western Mediterranean and thermophile deposits protected by the Natura 2000 network based on plant communities and geology, revealed an abundant and diverse invertebrate community that urges characterization and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Eusébio
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - H Enghoff
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - A Solodovnikov
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Universitetskaja emb. 1, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - A Michelsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - P Barranco
- CECOUAL, Departamento de Biología y Geología, CITE-IIB, Universidad de Almería, Spain
| | - J M Salgado
- Departamento de Ecologia y Biologia Animal, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - A Sendra
- Colecciones Entomológicas Torres-Sala, Servei de Patrimoni Històric, Ajuntament de València, València, Spain
| | - A S P S Reboleira
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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25
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Novel Protocol for Acute In Situ Ecotoxicity Test Using Native Crustaceans Applied to Groundwater Ecosystems. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13081132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current standardized laboratory test protocols use model species that have limitations to accurately assess native species responses to stressors. We developed and tested a novel acute in situ protocol for testing field-collected organisms. We used Asellus aquaticus and NaCl as a reference toxicant to test for the effects of location (laboratory vs. in situ), medium (synthetic vs. field water), substrate (presence vs. absence), and protocol replicability. We further tested the protocol using groundwater-adapted isopods: Proasellus assaforensis for the effect of location, P. cavaticus of medium and P.lusitanicus of substrate. Our results showed that A.aquaticus’ lethality obtained with the novel acute in situ protocol did not significantly differ from those from laboratory testing. However, laboratory tested P.assaforensis showed a higher sensitivity, suggesting that its acclimation to laboratory conditions might have pernicious effects. A. aquaticus and P. cavaticus showed a higher mortality using synthetic medium in situ and under laboratory conditions, which overestimated the stressor’s effect. Besides, substrate use had no significant effect. The novel acute in situ protocol allows the use of native species under realistic scenarios. It is particularly well adapted for assessing the risk of groundwater ecosystems but it can be applied to a wide range of ecosystems.
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26
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Sendra A, Palero F, Jiménez-Valverde A, Reboleira ASPS. Diplura in caves: diversity, ecology, evolution and biogeography. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Diplurans (Hexapoda) are considered the ‘ideal cavernicolous animal’ having one of the highest ratios of cave-adapted vs. non-cave-adapted species. They are successful colonizers of subterranean habitats, thriving in all cryptic, dark, terrestrial environments. Diplurans play an important role in the decomposition of organic matter below the ground and are sensitive to anthropogenic pressures. We present the first comprehensive review about cave Diplura diversity, ecology, evolution, distribution and biogeography. We provide a roadmap for research questions regarding the ecology, aimed at stimulating the pursuit of new studies on this fascinating group. Filling these current knowledge gaps will contribute to conservation efforts for cave ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sendra
- Colecciones Entomológicas Torres-Sala, Servei de Patrimoni Històric, Ajuntament de València, València, Spain
| | - Ferran Palero
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de Valencia, C/Catedrático Jose Beltran 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Valverde
- Research Team on Soil Biology and Subterranean Ecosystems. Department of Life Sciences. Faculty of Science. University of Alcalá (UAH). A.P. 20. Campus Universitario. E-28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Sofia P S Reboleira
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), and Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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27
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Pallarés S, Colado R, Botella‐Cruz M, Montes A, Balart‐García P, Bilton DT, Millán A, Ribera I, Sánchez‐Fernández D. Loss of heat acclimation capacity could leave subterranean specialists highly sensitive to climate change. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Pallarés
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre School of Biological and Marine Sciences University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha Toledo Spain
| | - R. Colado
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha Toledo Spain
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - M. Botella‐Cruz
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - A. Montes
- Basque Society for Biology Conservation Guipúzcoa Spain
- Cuevas de Oñati‐Arrikrutz Guipúzcoa Spain
| | - P. Balart‐García
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC‐Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Barcelona Spain
| | - D. T. Bilton
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre School of Biological and Marine Sciences University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
- Department of Zoology University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - A. Millán
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - I. Ribera
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC‐Universitat Pompeu Fabra) Barcelona Spain
| | - D. Sánchez‐Fernández
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha Toledo Spain
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
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Mammola S, Amorim IR, Bichuette ME, Borges PAV, Cheeptham N, Cooper SJB, Culver DC, Deharveng L, Eme D, Ferreira RL, Fišer C, Fišer Ž, Fong DW, Griebler C, Jeffery WR, Jugovic J, Kowalko JE, Lilley TM, Malard F, Manenti R, Martínez A, Meierhofer MB, Niemiller ML, Northup DE, Pellegrini TG, Pipan T, Protas M, Reboleira ASPS, Venarsky MP, Wynne JJ, Zagmajster M, Cardoso P. Fundamental research questions in subterranean biology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1855-1872. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mammola
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS) University of Helsinki Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13 Helsinki 00100 Finland
- Molecular Ecology Group (MEG) Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR) Corso Tonolli, 50 Pallanza 28922 Italy
| | - Isabel R. Amorim
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Faculty of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Rua Capitão João d'Àvila Pico da Urze Angra do Heroísmo Azores 9700‐042 Portugal
| | - Maria E. Bichuette
- Laboratory of Subterranean Studies Federal University of São Carlos Rodovia Washington Luís km 235 São Carlos São Paulo 13565‐905 Brazil
| | - Paulo A. V. Borges
- cE3c – Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Faculty of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Rua Capitão João d'Àvila Pico da Urze Angra do Heroísmo Azores 9700‐042 Portugal
| | - Naowarat Cheeptham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science Thompson Rivers University 805 TRU Way Kamloops British Columbia Canada
| | - Steven J. B. Cooper
- Evolutionary Biology Unit South Australian Museum North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, and Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - David C. Culver
- Department of Environmental Science American University 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington DC 20016 U.S.A
| | - Louis Deharveng
- UMR7205 – ISYEB Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 45 rue Buffon (CP50) Paris 75005 France
| | - David Eme
- IFREMER Centre Atlantique Unité Ecologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique Rue de l'Île d'Yeu Nantes 44980 France
| | - Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira
- Center of Studies in Subterranean Biology, Biology Department Federal University of Lavras Campus Universitário Lavras Minas Gerais CEP 37202‐553 Brazil
| | - Cene Fišer
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Jamnikarjeva 101, PO BOX 2995 Ljubljana SI‐1000 Slovenia
| | - Žiga Fišer
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Jamnikarjeva 101, PO BOX 2995 Ljubljana SI‐1000 Slovenia
| | - Daniel W. Fong
- Department of Biology American University 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington DC 20016 U.S.A
| | - Christian Griebler
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Limnology University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14 Vienna 1090 Austria
| | - William R. Jeffery
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 U.S.A
| | - Jure Jugovic
- Department of Biodiversity, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies University of Primorska Glagoljaška 8 Koper SI‐6000 Slovenia
| | - Johanna E. Kowalko
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College Florida Atlantic University 5353 Parkside Dr Jupiter FL 33458 U.S.A
| | - Thomas M. Lilley
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History University of Helsinki Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13 Helsinki 00100 Finland
| | - Florian Malard
- UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés Univ. Lyon 1, ENTPE, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Bat. Forel 6 rue Raphaël Dubois Villeurbanne cedex 69622 France
| | - Raoul Manenti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy Università degli Studi di Milano Via Celoria 26 Milan 20113 Italy
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Molecular Ecology Group (MEG) Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR) Corso Tonolli, 50 Pallanza 28922 Italy
| | - Melissa B. Meierhofer
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History University of Helsinki Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13 Helsinki 00100 Finland
- Department of Rangeland, Wildlife and Fisheries Management Texas A&M University 534 John Kimbrough Blvd. College Station TX 77843 U.S.A
| | - Matthew L. Niemiller
- Department of Biological Sciences The University of Alabama in Huntsville 301 Sparkman Drive NW Huntsville AL 35899 U.S.A
| | - Diana E. Northup
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131‐0001 U.S.A
| | - Thais G. Pellegrini
- Center of Studies in Subterranean Biology, Biology Department Federal University of Lavras Campus Universitário Lavras Minas Gerais CEP 37202‐553 Brazil
| | - Tanja Pipan
- ZRC SAZU Karst Research Institute Novi trg 2 Ljubljana SI‐1000 Slovenia
- UNESCO Chair on Karst Education University of Nova Gorica Vipavska cesta Nova Gorica 5000 Slovenia
| | - Meredith Protas
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Domenicas University of California 50 Acacia Avenue San Rafael CA 94901 U.S.A
| | - Ana Sofia P. S. Reboleira
- Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15 Copenhagen 2100 Denmark
| | - Michael P. Venarsky
- Australian Rivers Institute Griffith University 170 Kessels Road Nathan Queensland 4111 Australia
| | - J. Judson Wynne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes Northern Arizona University Box 5640 Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
| | - Maja Zagmajster
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Jamnikarjeva 101, PO BOX 2995 Ljubljana SI‐1000 Slovenia
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS) University of Helsinki Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13 Helsinki 00100 Finland
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Castaño-Sánchez A, Hose GC, Reboleira ASPS. Salinity and temperature increase impact groundwater crustaceans. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12328. [PMID: 32704064 PMCID: PMC7378218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic impacts in groundwater ecosystems remain poorly known. Climate change is omnipresent, while groundwater salinization poses serious long-term environmental problems in arid and semi-arid regions, and is exacerbated by global warming. Both are present threats to the conservation of groundwater ecosystems, which harbour highly specialized species, with peculiar traits and limited geographic distributions. We tested the temperature and salinity tolerance of groundwater-adapted invertebrates to understand the effect of global warming and salinization in groundwater ecosystems. We used species representative of groundwater-adapted crustaceans: two copepods (harpacticoid and cyclopoid) and one syncarid, endemic to Australia. Our results show that 50% of the populations died at salt concentrations between 2.84 to 7.35 g NaCl/L after 96 h, and at 6.9 °C above the ambient aquifer temperature for copepods and more than 10 °C for syncarids. Both copepods were more sensitive to temperature and NaCl than the syncarid. We calculated a salinity risk quotient of 9.7 and predicted the risk of loss of 10% of syncarid and 20% of copepod population abundances under a worst-case scenario of global warming predictions for 2070. These results highlight that both salinity and temperature increases pose a risk to the ecological integrity of groundwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Castaño-Sánchez
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grant C Hose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ana Sofia P S Reboleira
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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31
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Assessment of Different Contaminants in Freshwater: Origin, Fate and Ecological Impact. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12061810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems cover over 15% of the world’s surface and provide ecosystem services that are pivotal in sustaining human society. However, fast-growing anthropogenic activities have deleterious impacts on these ecosystems. In this Special Issue, we collect ten studies encompassing five different factors of freshwater contamination: landfill leaks, nutrients, heavy metals, emerging organic contaminants and marble slurry. Using different approaches, the studies detailed the direct and indirect effects that these contaminants have on a range of freshwater organisms, from bacteria to vertebrates. Although the papers covered here focused on specific case studies, they exemplify common issues that are expanding in groundwaters, hyporheic zones, streams, lakes and ponds around the world. All the aspects of these issues are in dire need of being continuously discussed among scientists, end-users and policy-makers. To this end, the Special Issue presents a new free software suite for the analysis of the ecological risk and conservation priority of freshwater ecosystems. The software can support local authorities in the preparation of management plans for freshwater basins pursuant to the Water Directives in Europe.
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Feng Z, Wynne JJ, Zhang F. Cave-dwelling pseudoscorpions of China with descriptions of four new hypogean species of Parobisium (Pseudoscorpiones, Neobisiidae) from Guizhou Province. SUBTERRANEAN BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.34.49586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize and discuss the 29 known cave-dwelling pseudoscorpion species from China. Four new troglomorphic pseudoscorpion species, Parobisium motianensesp. nov., P. qiangzhuangsp. nov., P. sanlouensesp. nov., and P. tianisp. nov., belonging to the family Neobisiidae, are described based on specimens collected in karst caves in Guizhou, China. Detailed diagnosis, descriptions, and illustrations are presented. We also provide recommendations for management of caves where they occur, as well as the cave arthropod communities and the habitats that support them.
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Lessons from 10 Years of Experience with Australia’s Risk-Based Guidelines for Managed Aquifer Recharge. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12020537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Australian Managed Aquifer Recharge Guidelines, published in 2009, were the world’s first Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Guidelines based on risk-management principles that also underpin the World Health Organisation’s Water Safety Plans. In 2015, a survey of Australian MAR project proponents, consultants and regulators revealed that in those states advancing MAR, the Guidelines were lauded for giving certainty on approval processes. They were also considered to be pragmatic to use, but there was feedback on onerous data requirements. The rate of uptake of MAR has varied widely among Australian state jurisdictions, for reasons that are not explained by the drivers for and feasibility of MAR. The states where MAR has progressed are those that have adopted the Guidelines into state regulations or policy. It was originally intended that these Guidelines would be revised after five to ten years, informed by experience of any hazards not considered in the guidelines, and by new scientific developments including advances in monitoring and control methods for risk management. As such revision has not yet occurred, this paper was prepared to give a precis of these Guidelines and review ten years of experience in their application and to identify issues and suggest improvements for consideration in their revision by Australian water regulators. This paper also discusses the factors affecting their potential international applicability, including the capabilities required for implementation, and we use India as an example for which an intermediate level water quality guideline for MAR was developed. This paper is intended to be useful information for regulators in other countries considering adopting or developing their own guidelines. Note that the purpose of these Guidelines is to protect human health and the environment. It is not a guide to how to site, design, build and operate a managed aquifer recharge project, for which there are many other sources of information.
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The Toxicity and Uptake of As, Cr and Zn in a Stygobitic Syncarid (Syncarida: Bathynellidae). WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11122508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological data for obligate groundwater species are increasingly required to inform environmental protection for groundwater ecosystems. Bathynellid syncarids are one of several crustacean taxa found only in subsurface habitats. The aim of this paper is to assess the sensitivity of an undescribed syncarid (Malacostraca: Syncarida: Bathynellidae) to common groundwater contaminants, arsenic (III), chromium (VI) and zinc, and examine the bioaccumulation of As and Zn in these animals after 14-day exposure. Arsenic was the most toxic to the syncarid (14-day LC50 0.25 mg As/L), followed closely by chromium (14-day LC50 0.51 mg Cr/L) and zinc (14-day LC50 1.77 mg Zn/L). The accumulation of Zn was regulated at exposure concentrations below 1 mg Zn/L above which body concentrations increased, leading to increased mortality. Arsenic was not regulated and was accumulated by the syncarids at all concentrations above the control. These are the first published toxicity data for syncarids and show them to be among the most sensitive of stygobitic crustaceans so far tested, partly due to the low hardness of the groundwater from the aquifer they inhabit and in which they were tested. The ecological significance of the toxicant accumulation and mortality may be significant given the consequent population effects and low capacity for stygobitic populations to recover.
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