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Karkou E, Teo CJ, Savvakis N, Poinapen J, Arampatzis G. Industrial circular water use practices through the application of a conceptual water efficiency framework in the process industry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 370:122596. [PMID: 39321677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Increased industrial water demand and resource depletion require the incorporation of sustainable and efficient water and wastewater management solutions in the industrial sector. Conventional and advanced treatment technologies, closed-water loops at different levels from an industrial process to collaborative networks among industries within the same or another sector and digital tools and services facilitate the materialization of circular water use practices. To this end, the scope of this paper is the application of the Conceptual Water Efficiency Framework (CWEF), which has been developed within the AquaSPICE project aspiring to enhance water circularity within industries in a holistic way. Four water-intensive process industries (two chemical industries, one oil refinery plant and one meat production plant) are examined, revealing its adaptability, versatility and flexibility according to the requirements of each use case. It is evident that the synergy of process, circular and digital innovations can promote sustainability, contribute to water conservation in the industry, elaborating a compact approach to be replicated from other industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Karkou
- School of Production Engineering and Management, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece.
| | - Chuan Jiet Teo
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, Netherlands; Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Strasse 1, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Savvakis
- School of Production Engineering and Management, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece
| | - Johann Poinapen
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - George Arampatzis
- School of Production Engineering and Management, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece
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Ortíz-Sánchez E, Guillén-Garcés RA, Morales-Arrieta S, Ugochukwu Okoye P, Olvera-Vargas H, Sebastian PJ, Arias DM. Cultivation of carbohydrate-rich microalgae with great settling properties using cooling tower wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:38999-39014. [PMID: 37410327 PMCID: PMC11186883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28432-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment and simultaneous production of value-added products with microalgae represent a sustainable alternative. Industrial wastewater, characterized by high C/N molar ratios, can naturally improve the carbohydrate content in microalgae without the need for any external source of carbon while degrading the organic matter, macro-nutrients, and micro-nutrients. This study aimed to understand the treatment, reuse, and valorization mechanisms of real cooling tower wastewater (CWW) from a cement-processing industry mixed with domestic wastewater (DW) to produce microalgal biomass with potential for synthesis of biofuels or other value-added products. For this purpose, three photobioreactors with different hydraulic retention times (HRT) were inoculated simultaneously using the CWW-DW mixture. Macro- and micro-nutrient consumption and accumulation, organic matter removal, algae growth, and carbohydrate content were monitored for 55 days. High COD (> 80%) and macronutrient removals (> 80% of N and P) were achieved in all the photoreactors, with heavy metals below the limits established by local standards. The best results showed maximum algal growth of 1.02 g SSV L-1 and 54% carbohydrate accumulation with a C/N ratio of 31.24 mol mol-1. Additionally, the harvested biomass presented a high Ca and Si content, ranging from 11 to 26% and 2 to 4%, respectively. Remarkably, big flocs were produced during microalgae growth, which enhanced natural settling for easy biomass harvesting. Overall, this process represents a sustainable alternative for CWW treatment and valorization, as well as a green tool for generating carbohydrate-rich biomass with the potential to produce biofuels and fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Ortíz-Sánchez
- Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, Boulevard Cuauhnáhuac No. 566 Col. Lomas del Texcal, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, CP, Mexico
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IER-UNAM), Priv. Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro, 62580, Temixco, Morelos, CP, Mexico
| | - Rosa Angélica Guillén-Garcés
- Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, Boulevard Cuauhnáhuac No. 566 Col. Lomas del Texcal, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, CP, Mexico
| | - Sandra Morales-Arrieta
- Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, Boulevard Cuauhnáhuac No. 566 Col. Lomas del Texcal, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, CP, Mexico
| | - Patrick Ugochukwu Okoye
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IER-UNAM), Priv. Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro, 62580, Temixco, Morelos, CP, Mexico
| | - Hugo Olvera-Vargas
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IER-UNAM), Priv. Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro, 62580, Temixco, Morelos, CP, Mexico
| | - P J Sebastian
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IER-UNAM), Priv. Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro, 62580, Temixco, Morelos, CP, Mexico
| | - Dulce María Arias
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IER-UNAM), Priv. Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro, 62580, Temixco, Morelos, CP, Mexico.
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Iovino P, Lavorgna M, Orlo E, Russo C, De Felice B, Campolattano N, Muscariello L, Fenti A, Chianese S, Isidori M, Musmarra D. An integrated approach for the assessment of the electrochemical oxidation of diclofenac: By-product identification, microbiological and eco-genotoxicological evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 909:168511. [PMID: 37977373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF), a contaminant of emerging concern, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely detected in water bodies, which demonstrated harmful acute and chronic toxicity toward algae, zooplankton and aquatic invertebrates, therefore its removal from impacted water is necessary. DCF is recalcitrant toward traditional treatment technologies, thus, innovative approaches are required. Among them, electrochemical oxidation (EO) has shown promising results. In this research, an innovative multidisciplinary approach is proposed to assess the electrochemical oxidation (EO) of diclofenac from wastewater by integrating the investigations on the removal efficiency and by-product identification with the disinfection capacity and the assessment of the effect on environmental geno-toxicity of by-products generated through the oxidation. The electrochemical treatment successfully degraded DCF by achieving >98 % removal efficiency, operating with NaCl 0.02 M at 50 A m-2. By-product identification analyses showed the formation of five DCF parental compounds generated by decarboxylic and CN cleavage reactions. The disinfection capacity of the EO technique was evaluated by carrying out microbiological tests on pathogens generally found in aquatic environments, including two rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), one rod-shaped Gram-positive bacterium (Bacillus atrophaeus), and one Gram-positive coccus (Enterococcus hirae). Eco-toxicity was evaluated in freshwater organisms (algae, rotifers and crustaceans) belonging to two trophic levels through acute and chronic tests. Genotoxicity tests were carried out by Comet assay, and relative expression levels of catalase, manganese and copper superoxide dismutase genes in crustaceans. Results highlight the effectiveness of EO for the degradation of diclofenac and the inactivation of pathogens; however, the downstream mixture results in being harmful to the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Iovino
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - M Lavorgna
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - E Orlo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - C Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy.
| | - B De Felice
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - N Campolattano
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - L Muscariello
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - A Fenti
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, Aversa 81031, Italy.
| | - S Chianese
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, Aversa 81031, Italy
| | - M Isidori
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - D Musmarra
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, Aversa 81031, Italy
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Abdullah M, Iqbal J, Ur Rehman MS, Khalid U, Mateen F, Arshad SN, Al-Sehemi AG, Algarni H, Al-Hartomy OA, Fazal T. Removal of ceftriaxone sodium antibiotic from pharmaceutical wastewater using an activated carbon based TiO 2 composite: Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation evaluation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137834. [PMID: 36640968 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The water pollution becomes a serious concern for the sustainability of ecosystems due to the existence of pharmaceutical products (ceftriaxone (CEF) antibiotic). Even in low concentration of CEF has lethal effects on ecosystem and human health. To remove CEF, TiO2 is considered as an effective and efficient nanoparticles, however its performance is reduced due to wider energy gap and rapid recombination of charge carriers. In this study, activated carbon based TiO2 (ACT-X) heterogeneous nanocomposites were synthesized to improve the intrinsic properties of TiO2 and their adsorption-photocatalytic performance for the removal of CEF. The characterization results revealed that ACT-X composites have slower recombination of charge carriers, lower energy band gap (3.05 eV), and better light absorption under visible region of light. From ACT-X composites, the ACT-4 photocatalyst has achieved highest photocatalytic degradation (99.6%) and COD removal up (99.2%). The results of radical scavengers showed that photocatalytic degradation of CEF is mainly occurred due to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Meanwhile, the reusability of ACT-4 up to five cycles shows more than 80% photocatalytic degradation, which make the process more economical. The highest experimental adsorption capacity is achieved up to 844.8 mg g-1 using ACT-4. The favorable and multilayer heterogeneous adsorption is carried out according to the well-fitted data with pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models, respectively. These results indicate that the carbon-based TiO2 composites can be used as a green, stable, efficient, effective, reusable, renewable, and sustainable photocatalyst to eliminate the pharmaceutical pollutants (antibiotics) via adsorption and photocatalytic degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb Abdullah
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ICEE), Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ICEE), Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Usman Khalid
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ICEE), Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Mateen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Salman Noshear Arshad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Science (LUMS), Lahore, 54792, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed Algarni
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Al-Hartomy
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahir Fazal
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ICEE), Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan.
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Mussa ZH, Al-Qaim FF. Electrochemical degradation of 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy carbamazepine as the main metabolite of carbamazepine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:50457-50470. [PMID: 36795212 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
10,11-Dihydro-10-hydroxy carbamazepine has been degraded in deionized water and wastewater samples using an electrochemical process. The anode used in the treatment process was graphite-PVC. Different factors such as initial concentration, NaCl amount, type of matrix, applied voltage, role of H2O2, and pH solution were investigated in the treatment of 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy carbamazepine. From the outcome of the results, it was noticed that the chemical oxidation of the compound followed a pseudo-first-order reaction. The rate constants were ranged between 22 × 10-4 and 483 × 10-4 min-1. After electrochemical degradation of the compound, several by-products were raised, and they were analyzed using an accurate instrument, liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF/MS). In the present study, the treatment of the compound was followed by high energy consumption under 10 V and 0.5 g NaCl, reaching up to 0.65 Wh mg-1 after 50 min. The inhibition of E. coli bacteria after incubation of the treated 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy carbamazepine sample was investigated in terms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fouad Fadhil Al-Qaim
- College of Science for Women, University of Babylon, Hilla, Iraq. .,Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Saha P, Wang J, Zhou Y, Carlucci L, Jeremiasse AW, Rijnaarts HHM, Bruning H. Effect of electrolyte composition on electrochemical oxidation: Active sulfate formation, benzotriazole degradation, and chlorinated by-products distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113057. [PMID: 35271837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation is an effective technique for treating persistent organic pollutants, which are hardly removed in conventional wastewater treatment plants. Sulfate and chloride salts commonly used and present in natural wastewater influence the electrochemical degradation process. In this study, the effect of electrolyte composition on the active sulfate species (SO4●⁻ and S2O82⁻) formation, benzotriazole degradation-a model organic compound, and chlorinated by-products distribution have been investigated while using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode. Different Na2SO4:NaNO3 and Na2SO4:NaCl ratios with constant conductivity of 10 mS/cm were used in the experiments and applied anode potential was kept constant at 4.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The electrogenerated SO4●⁻ and S2O82⁻ formation were faster in 10:1 and 2:1 Na2SO4:NaNO3 ratios than in the 1:0 ratio. The ●OH-mediated SO4●⁻ production has prevailed in 10:1 and 2:1 ratios. However, ●OH-mediated SO4●⁻ production has hindered the 1:0 ratio due to excess chemisorption of SO42⁻ on the BDD anode. Similarly, the faster benzotriazole degradation, mineralization, and lowest energy consumption were achieved in the 10:1 Na2SO4:NaNO3 and Na2SO4:NaCl ratio. Besides, chlorinated organic by-product concentration (AOX) was lower in the 10:1 Na2SO4:NaCl ratio but increased with the increasing chloride ratio in the electrolyte. LC-MS analysis shows that several chlorinated organic transformation products were produced in 0:1 to 2:1 ratio, which was not found in the 10:1 Na2SO4:NaCl ratio. A comparatively higher amount of ClO4⁻ was formed in the 10:1 ratio than in 2:1 to 0:1 ratio. This ClO4⁻ formation train evidence the effective ●OH generation in a sulfate-enriched condition because the ClO4⁻ formation is positively correlated to ●OH concentration. Overall results show that sulfate-enriched electrolyte compositions are beneficial for electrochemical oxidation of biorecalcitrant organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Saha
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Jiamin Wang
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yinong Zhou
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Livio Carlucci
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan W Jeremiasse
- MAGNETO Special Anodes B.V. (an Evoqua Brand), Calandstraat 109, 3125, BA Schiedam, the Netherlands
| | - Huub H M Rijnaarts
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harry Bruning
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Saha P, Wang Y, Moradi M, Brüninghoff R, Moussavi G, Mei B, Mul G, H. M. Rijnaarts H, Bruning H. Advanced oxidation processes for removal of organics from cooling tower blowdown: Efficiencies and evaluation of chlorinated species. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Kinetics of the Organic Compounds and Ammonium Nitrogen Electrochemical Oxidation in Landfill Leachates at Boron-Doped Diamond Anodes. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174971. [PMID: 34501059 PMCID: PMC8433647 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation (EO) of organic compounds and ammonium in the complex matrix of landfill leachates (LLs) was investigated using three different boron-doped diamond electrodes produced on silicon substrate (BDD/Si)(levels of boron doping [B]/[C] = 500, 10,000, and 15,000 ppm—0.5 k; 10 k, and 15 k, respectively) during 8-h tests. The LLs were collected from an old landfill in the Pomerania region (Northern Poland) and were characterized by a high concentration of N-NH4+ (2069 ± 103 mg·L−1), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (3608 ± 123 mg·L−1), high salinity (2690 ± 70 mg Cl−·L−1, 1353 ± 70 mg SO42−·L−1), and poor biodegradability. The experiments revealed that electrochemical oxidation of LLs using BDD 0.5 k and current density (j) = 100 mA·cm−2 was the most effective amongst those tested (C8h/C0: COD = 0.09 ± 0.14 mg·L−1, N-NH4+ = 0.39 ± 0.05 mg·L−1). COD removal fits the model of pseudo-first-order reactions and N-NH4+ removal in most cases follows second-order kinetics. The double increase in biodegradability index—to 0.22 ± 0.05 (BDD 0.5 k, j = 50 mA·cm−2) shows the potential application of EO prior biological treatment. Despite EO still being an energy consuming process, optimum conditions (COD removal > 70%) might be achieved after 4 h of treatment with an energy consumption of 200 kW·m−3 (BDD 0.5 k, j = 100 mA·cm−2).
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Chen L, Chen Z, Wang Y, Mao Y, Cai Z. Effective treatment of leachate concentrate using membrane distillation coupled with electrochemical oxidation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mohamed O, Al-Othman A, Al-Nashash H, Tawalbeh M, Almomani F, Rezakazemi M. Fabrication of titanium dioxide nanomaterial for implantable highly flexible composite bioelectrode for biosensing applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129680. [PMID: 33486350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Implantable and stretchable electrodes have managed to progress the medical field from a medical diagnosis aspect to a patient treatment level. They offer the ability to detect biosignals and conduct electrical current to tissues that aid in muscle stimulation and axon regeneration. Current conventional electrodes are fabricated from stiff and very expensive, precious metals such as platinum. In this work, novel, low cost, and highly flexible electrode materials were fabricated based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) supported by a silicone polymer matrix. The electrode materials were characterized by their electrochemical, mechanical, and surface properties. The electrodes possessed high flexibility with Young's modulus of 235 kPa, revealing highly stretchable characteristics. The impedance at 1 kHz was around 114.6 kΩ, and the charge capacity was 1.23 mC/cm2. The fabricated electrodes appeared to have a smooth surface, as seen in the scanning electron microscope micrographs, compared with electrodes in the literature. Long-time stability tests revealed an overall decrease in impedance and an increase in the charge capacity up to 475% of the initial value within three weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Mohamed
- Biomedical Engineering MSBME, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Amani Al-Othman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Hasan Al-Nashash
- Department of Electrical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Muhammad Tawalbeh
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Fares Almomani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Mashallah Rezakazemi
- Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran.
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