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Wang S, Wang Q, Zhang T, Liu S, Ho SSH, Tian J, Su H, Zhang Y, Wang L, Wu T, Cao J. Elaborations of the influencing factors on the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols in a heavily polluted urban area of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:406-417. [PMID: 38135406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, online water-soluble inorganic ions were detected to deduce the formation mechanism of secondary inorganic aerosol in Xianyang, China during wintertime. The dominant inorganic ions of sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonium (NH4+) (the sum of those is abbreviated as SNA) accounted for 17%, 21%, and 12% of PM2.5 mass, respectively. While the air quality deteriorated from excellent to poor grades, the precursor gas sulfur dioxide (SO2) of SO42- increased and then decreased with a fluctuation, while nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ammonia (NH3), precursors of NO3- and NH4+, and SNA show increasing trends. Meteorological factors including boundary layer height (BLH), temperature, and wind speed also show decline trends, except relative humidity (RH). Meanwhile, the secondary conversion ratio shows a remarkable increasing trend, indicating that there was a strong secondary transformation. From the perspective of chemical mechanisms, RH is positively correlated with sulfur oxidation ratios (SOR), nitrogen oxidation ratios (NOR), and ammonia conversion ratios, representing that the increase of humidity could promote the generation of SNA. Notably, SOR and NOR were also positively related to the ammonia. On the one hand, the low wind speed and BLH led to the accumulation of pollutants. On the other hand, the increases of RH and ammonia promoted more formations of SNA and PM2.5. The results advance our identification of the contributors to the haze episodes and assist to establish more efficient emission controls in Xianyang, in addition to other cities with similar emission and geographical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hui Su
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Liu M, Zheng M, Yuan L, Liu J, Tao S, Wang X. Wintertime Formation of Large Sulfate Particles in China and Implications for Human Health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20010-20023. [PMID: 37909663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution causes millions of premature deaths annually worldwide. Sulfate is a major component of particulate pollution. Winter sulfate observations in China show both high concentrations and an accumulation mode with a modal size >1 μm. However, we find that this observed size distribution cannot be simulated using classical gaseous and aqueous phase formation (CSF) or proposed aerosol-processing formation (APF) mechanisms. Specifically, the CSF simulation underestimates sulfate concentrations by 76% over megacities in China and predicts particle size distributions with a modal size of ∼0.35 μm, significantly smaller than observations. Although incorporating the APF mechanism in the atmospheric chemical model notably improves sulfate concentration simulation with reasonable parameters, the simulated sulfate particle size distribution remains similar to that using the CSF mechanism. We further conduct theoretical analyses and show that particles with diameters <0.3 μm grow rapidly (2-3 s) to 1 μm through the condensation of sulfuric acid in fresh high-temperature exhaust plumes, referred to as in-source formation (ISF). An ISF sulfate source equivalent to 15% of sulfur emissions from fossil fuel combustion largely explains both observed size distributions and mass concentrations of sulfate particles. The findings imply that ISF is a major source of wintertime micron-sized sulfate in China and underscore the importance of considering the size distribution of aerosols for accurately assessing the impacts of inorganic aerosols on radiative forcing and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Zhang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Maodian Liu
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Mingming Zheng
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Lianxin Yuan
- Hubei Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Jia SM, Wang DQ, Liu LY, Zhang ZF, Ma WL. Size-resolved environmentally persistent free radicals in cold region atmosphere: Implications for inhalation exposure risk. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130263. [PMID: 36332281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have attracted more attentions recently due to their potential adverse effects to human. EPFRs in full-size range particles were comprehensively investigated in this study. The average EPFRs concentration during heating season was 3.01 × 1014 spins/m3, which was much higher than that in non-heating season (4.30 × 1013 spins/m3). The highest concentration of EPFRs presented in 0.56-1.0 µm particles during heating season, while it shifted to 5.6-10 µm particles during non-heating season. Besides, the contributions of EPFRs on PM>10 to the total concentration of EPFRs cannot be neglected, especially in the non-heating season. The International Commission on Radiological Protection model and the specific factors of the Chinese population were applied to evaluate the inhalation exposure risk of EPFRs. The results indicated that the exposure levels of EPFRs to the upper respiratory tract were much higher. The daily exposure dose of EPFRs suggested the inhalation exposure risk of 3-4 years old was higher than other age groups. In summary, these finding provided new insights for the full range particle size distribution and the inhalation exposure risk of EPFRs, which improved our understanding on the environmental fate and the health risk of EPFRs in atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ming Jia
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - De-Qi Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China.
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Meng Y, Li R, Cui L, Wang Z, Fu H. Phosphorus emission from open burning of major crop residues in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132568. [PMID: 34656626 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning has been recognized as an important primary source of atmospheric phosphorus (P), but the measurements of P from biomass burning particles are lacking. In this work, emission factors of different P forms, including total P (TP), total dissolved P (TDP), dissolved inorganic P (DIP) and dissolved organic P (DOP), in emission particles from four types of crop residues burning were measured in a number of chamber experiments. Based on the measured emission factors and the amount of crop residue burned, a high-resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) emission inventory of P for China during 2011-2015 was firstly developed. The emission factors of TP, DIP and DOP were 0.23, 0.06 and 0.13 g/kg, 0.57, 0.17 and 0.27 g/kg, 0.52, 0.15 and 0.27 g/kg, 0.43, 0.13 and 0.25 g/kg for wheat, corn, soybean and rice straw burning, respectively. The total emissions of TP, TDP, DIP, and DOP from the four types of crop straw open burning were 72.0 × 103 ± 6.7 × 103 Tons, 56.3 × 103 ± 5.5 × 103, 20.9 × 103 ± 2.0 × 103 and 35.4 × 104 ± 3.4 × 103 Tons, respectively. TDP dominated the TP fraction, indicating that biomass burning was the important source of bioavailable P. The high P emission areas were mainly distributed in the Northeast and North China Plain, where were the main grain production areas in China, while P emission in economically developed areas such as Beijing and Shanghai and western areas such as Tibet and Qinghai was lower. Affected by the harvesting periods of crops, high P emissions peaked in March, April, June and October. The results herein can provide a dataset for modeling research in calculating the contribution of biomass burning sources to atmospheric P; therefore reduce uncertainties in estimating atmospheric P deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Lulu Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Zimeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, PR China.
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Li W, Duan F, Zhao Q, Song W, Cheng Y, Wang X, Li L, He K. Investigating the effect of sources and meteorological conditions on wintertime haze formation in Northeast China: A case study in Harbin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149631. [PMID: 34467910 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heavy haze pollution has occurred frequently in the past few years in Northeast China during winters, which was distinct from other regions in China because of the particular meteorological conditions. In this study, we analyzed the temporal variation, source appointment, and influencing factors of PM2.5 from December 1, 2018 to February 28, 2019 in Harbin. The results showed obvious differences between the non-haze and haze periods. The source appointment based on a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer showed that coal combustion, vehicle emissions, biomass burning, and secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs) were the major contributors of PM2.5. It is interesting that from the non-haze to the haze period, contributions of coal combustion and SIAs increased (from 20.2% to 27.3%, and from 17.3% to 18.9%, respectively) while other sources decreased or increased little. It indicated the primary pollutants from heating supply were the most important contributor to haze formation due to the low temperature. Furthermore, from levels I (0 < PM2.5 ≤ 75 μg m-3) to III (115 < PM2.5 ≤ 150 μg m-3), SIAs increased from 15.3% to 19.4% (increased 4.1%), while coal combustion from 23.7% to 27.1% and increased 3.4%. It implied clearly that SIAs played a comparable role in the early stage of the evolution of haze episode as that of coal combustion. Combining data on prevailing winds and results of potential source contribution function indicated that PM2.5 during the haze period was primarily influenced by the air masses originating from the southwestern areas via regional transport. A positive correlation was observed between relative humidity (RH) and haze pollution when RH ≥ 60%, indicating that hygroscopic growth may be the principal factor promoting secondary formation. CAPSULE: Coal combustion was the most important source in Harbin due to the low temperature, and secondary aerosols promoted the early stage of the haze evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Qing Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsing-huan smart source (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Weiwei Song
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Environment Monitoring Center, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lei Li
- Environment Monitoring Center, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Wang Y, Sun Y, Zhang Z, Cheng Y. Spatiotemporal variation and source analysis of air pollutants in the Harbin-Changchun (HC) region of China during 2014-2020. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 8:100126. [PMID: 36157001 PMCID: PMC9488001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2021.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the characteristics of air pollution and specific pollution periods within the Harbin-Changchun (HC) metropolitan area during 2014-2020. Regarding annual, seasonal, and monthly variations of the six pollutants, the change trend in 11 cities of HC showed strong consistency in spatial distribution. The western cities (Songyuan, Daqing, and Siping) were vulnerable to dust storms from Inner Mongolia. The concentrations of all air pollutants, except O3-8h, showed downward fluctuation trends from 2014 to 2018 and remained stable from 2018 to 2020 in terms of annual variations. The inter-annual trend of significant reductions in SO2 and SO2/PM2.5 during the heating period indicated that strict emission reduction measures posed by the government were highly successful. The ratio of PM2.5/SO2 was used to identify open biomass burning (OBB), which showed a double peak (October-November (Oct-Nov), March-April (Mar-Apr)). The burning prohibition shifted the OBB from Oct-Nov to Mar-Apr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Youwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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Cheng Y, Yu QQ, Liu JM, Zhu S, Zhang M, Zhang H, Zheng B, He KB. Model vs. observation discrepancy in aerosol characteristics during a half-year long campaign in Northeast China: The role of biomass burning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116167. [PMID: 33280910 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Complex air pollutant sources and distinct meteorological conditions resulted in unique wintertime haze pollution in the Harbin-Changchun (HC) metropolitan area, China's only national-level city cluster located in the severe cold climate region. In this study, field observation and air quality modeling were combined to investigate fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution during a six-month long heating season in HC's central city (Harbin). The model significantly underpredicted PM2.5 and organic carbon (by up to ∼230 μg/m3 and 110 μgC/m3, respectively, in terms of daily average) when levoglucosan concentrations were above 0.5 μg/m3. Based on a synthesis of levoglucosan concentrations and fire counts, the large gaps were attributed to underestimation of open burning emissions by the model. However, the model tended to overpredict elemental carbon (more significantly at higher NO2), likely pointing to an overestimation of vehicle emissions. With increasing levoglucosan, the difference between observed and simulated nitrate (nitrateobs ‒ nitratemod, i.e., Δnitrate) showed a transition from negative to positive values. The positive Δnitrate were attributed to underprediction of the open-burning related nitrate, whereas the negative Δnitrate were likely caused by overprediction of nitrate from other sources (presumably vehicle emissions). The dependence of Δnitrate on levoglucosan indicated that with stronger impact of open burning, the overprediction effect was gradually offset and finally overwhelmed. Influence of open burning on sulfate formation was evident as well, but less apparent compared to nitrate. This study illustrates how the uncertainties in open burning emissions will influence PM2.5 simulation, on not only primary components but also secondary species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Qin-Qin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jiu-Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Shengqiang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Laboratoire des Sciences Du Climat et de L'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ke-Bin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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