1
|
Chen S, Zhao Z, Wang C, Cui F. VUV coupled with low-dose H 2O 2 as pretreatment prior to UF: Performance, mechanisms, DBPs formation and toxicity evaluation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134966. [PMID: 38901255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration (UF) is widely used in drinking water plants; however, membrane fouling is unavoidable. Natural organic matter (NOM) is commonly considered as an important pollutant that causes membrane fouling. Herein, we proposed VUV/H2O2 as a UF pretreatment and used UV/H2O2 for comparison. Compared to UV/H2O2, the VUV/H2O2 system presented superior NOM removal. In the VUV/H2O2 system, the steady-state concentration of HO• was approximately twice that in the UV/H2O2 system, which was ascribed to the promoting effect of the 185 nm photons. Specifically, 185 nm photons promoted HO• generation by decomposing mainly H2O at a low H2O2 dose or by decomposing mainly H2O2 at a high H2O2 dose. The VUV/H2O2 pretreatment also demonstrated better membrane fouling mitigation performance than did UV/H2O2. An increase in the H2O2 dose promoted HO• generation, thereby enhancing the performance of NOM degradation and membrane fouling alleviation and shifting the major membrane fouling mechanism from cake filtration to standard blocking. The VUV/H2O2 (0.60 mM) pretreatment effectively reduced disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation during chlorine disinfection. Additionally, the oxidant H2O2 affected the membrane surface morphology and performance but had no evident effect on the mechanical properties. In actual water treatment, the VUV/H2O2 pretreatment exhibited better performance than the UV/H2O2 pretreatment in easing membrane fouling, ameliorating water quality, and reducing DBPs formation and acute toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China; School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Chuang Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, PR China
| | - Fuyi Cui
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen S, Sheng X, Zhao Z, Cui F. Chemical-free vacuum ultraviolet irradiation as ultrafiltration membrane pretreatment technique: Performance, mechanisms and DBPs formation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119785. [PMID: 38081086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Membrane fouling induced by natural organic matter (NOM) has seriously affected the further extensive application of ultrafiltration (UF). Herein, a simple, green and robust vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) technology was adopted as pretreatment before UF and ultraviolet (UV) technology was used for comparison. The results showed that control effect of VUV pretreatment on membrane fouling was better than that of UV pretreatment, as evidenced by the increase of normalized flux from 0.27 to 0.38 and 0.73 after 30 min UV or VUV pretreatment, respectively. This is related to the fact that VUV pretreatment exhibited stronger NOM degradation ability than UV pretreatment owing to the formation of HO•. The steady-state concentration of HO• was calculated as 3.04 × 10-13 M and the cumulative exposure of HO• reached 5.52 × 10-10 M s after 30 min of VUV irradiation. And the second-order rate constant between NOM and HO• was determined as 1.36 × 104 L mg-1 s-1. Furthermore, fluorescence EEM could be applied to predict membrane fouling induced by humic-enriched water. Standard blocking and cake filtration were major fouling mechanisms. Moreover, extension of UV pretreatment time increased the disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation, the DBPs concentration was enhanced from 322.36 to 1187.80 μg/L after 210 min pretreatment. However, VUV pretreatment for 150 min reduced DBPs content to 282.57 μg/L, and DBPs content continued to decrease with the extension of pretreatment time, revealing that VUV pretreatment achieved effective control of DBPs. The variation trend of cytotoxicity and health risk of DBPs was similar to that of DBPs concentration. In summary, VUV pretreatment exhibited excellent effect on membrane fouling alleviation, NOM degradation and DBPs control under a certain pretreatment time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Xin Sheng
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China.
| | - Fuyi Cui
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiao H, Chen Z, Ding J, Zhang N, Ye Z, Xiao Z, Wang S, Xie P, Chen Y. Effective and low-toxicity: A membrane cleaning method using peroxymonosulfate catalytic chlorination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132827. [PMID: 37879274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
In chemical membrane cleaning, the challenge is to efficiently remove irreversible fouling while minimizing the impact on membrane materials. Particularly, traditional hypochlorite cleaning will further lead to the generation of toxic halogenated by-products. To address these issues, a combined system composed of peroxymonosulfate and chloride (PMS/Cl-) was applied to clean irreversible-humic-acid-fouled polyethersulfone (PES) membranes. After fouled membranes were soaked for 1 h in a PMS/Cl- solution (10 mM/15 mM) at 25 °C under neutral conditions, 94% flux recovery and 96% resistance removal were realized. Surface properties of virgin and cleaned membranes were very similar, confirming the effectiveness of the PMS/Cl- solution in removing irreversible foulants. The stability of membrane separation performance during multiple fouling and cleaning cycles further confirmed the minimal impact on membrane materials. Rapid diminution of the peaks centered in the region of fulvic-like and humic-like components, monitored under 3D-fluorescence for the cleaning solution, was attributed to PMS-catalyzed chlorination, thereby revealing the primary foulant detachment mechanism. Crucially, the approach exhibited lower toxicity than hypochlorite, as evidenced by reduced halogenated by-products and lower acute toxicity to Photobacterium phosphoreum T3. Overall, this novel cleaning system is promising for the efficient and environmentally friendly removal of irreversible organic foulants in practical water-treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoliang Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water & Wastewater Treatment (MOHURD), Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Water Quality Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhuqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiaqi Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water & Wastewater Treatment (MOHURD), Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Water Quality Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Yangtze River Basin Ecological Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Yangtze River Basin Ecological Environment Supervision and Administration Bureau, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Wuhan 430010, China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water & Wastewater Treatment (MOHURD), Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Water Quality Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhimin Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water & Wastewater Treatment (MOHURD), Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Water Quality Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhonghua Xiao
- Hubei Industrial Construction Group Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430076, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water & Wastewater Treatment (MOHURD), Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Water Quality Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Pengchao Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water & Wastewater Treatment (MOHURD), Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Water Quality Safety and Pollution Control, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao F, Zhou Z. Coupling pretreatment of ultraviolet/ferrate (UV/Fe(vi)) for improving the ultrafiltration of natural surface water. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1360-1366. [PMID: 38174279 PMCID: PMC10763611 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05582e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a high-potential technology for purifying natural surface water; however, the problem of membrane fouling has limited its widespread application. Herein, ultraviolet (UV)-activated ferrate (Fe(vi)) was used to purify natural surface water and improve the performance of the UF membrane. The combination of UV and Fe(vi) could generate active species (Fe(v), Fe(iv), ˙OH and O2˙-) to degrade pollutants, while the in situ produced Fe(iii) had the effect of coagulation. With the above action, pollutants were removed, and the pollution load of natural surface water was reduced. After treatment with the UV/Fe(vi) system, dissolved organic carbon was reduced by 49.38%, while UV254 was reduced by 45.00%. The removal rate was further increased to 54.88% and 51.67% after UF treatment. In addition, the fluorescent organics were reduced by 44.22%, and the molecular weight of the organics became smaller. In the stage of UF, the terminal J/J0 was increased from 0.61 to 0.92, and the membrane fouling resistance was decreased by 85.94%. The analysis of the membrane fouling mechanism indicates that the role of cake filtration was weakened among all the mechanisms. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that less pollutants were accumulated on the membrane surface, and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the membrane pore blockage was relieved. In summary, the UV/Fe(vi) co-treatment process proposed in this study can significantly improve the purification efficiency of the UF systems in natural surface water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuwang Zhao
- School of Energy and Environment, Zhong Yuan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450007 China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- College of Architecture & Civil Engineering, Faculty of Urban Construction, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen S, Zhao Z, Cui F, Liu B. Comparative study of UV/chlorine and VUV/chlorine as ultrafiltration membrane pretreatment techniques: Performance, mechanisms and DBPs formation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132249. [PMID: 37567139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fouling, primarily resulting from natural organic matter (NOM) widely existing in water sources, has always been a chief hindrance for the prevalent application of ultrafiltration (UF). Thus, vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)/chlorine process was proposed as a strategy for UF membrane fouling control and ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine process was used for comparison. VUV/chlorine process exhibited more excellent performance on NOM removal than UV/chlorine process. [HO•]ss and [Cl•]ss were calculated as 1.26 × 10-13 and 3.06 × 10-14 M, respectively, and ClO• might not exist under the conditions of 0.08 mM chlorine and 30 min VUV irradiation. [HO•]ss, [Cl•]ss and [ClO•]ss were not available and the formation of reactive radicals was unsustainable in UV/chlorine system. Moreover, VUV/chlorine pretreatment also showed better performance on the reversible and irreversible membrane fouling control than UV/chlorine pretreatment. The dominated fouling mechanism in the final stage of filtration was cake filtration. Additionally, the amount of detected disinfection by-products (DBPs) in VUV/chlorine system was significantly lower than that in UV/chlorine system. During subsequent chlorination disinfection, the yield of DBPs with VUV/chorine pretreatment was higher than that with UV/chlorine pretreatment. VUV/chlorine pretreatment could effectively control DBPs formation when the pretreatment time was extended to 120 min. In summary, VUV/chlorine system presented a most excellent performance on membrane fouling control, NOM degradation and DBPs control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China.
| | - Fuyi Cui
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Bingyan Liu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu B, Jun Y, Zhao C, Zhou C, Zhu T, Shao S. Using Fe(II)/Fe(VI) activated peracetic acid as pretreatment of ultrafiltration for secondary effluent treatment: Water quality improvement and membrane fouling mitigation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120533. [PMID: 37659184 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a technology commonly used to treat secondary effluents in wastewater reuse; however, it faces two main challenges: 1) membrane fouling and 2) inadequate nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and organic micropollutants (OMPs) removal. To address these two issues, in this study, we applied peracetic acid (PAA), Fe(VI)/PAA, and Fe(II)/PAA as UF pretreatments. The results showed that the most effective pretreatment was Fe(II)/200 μM PAA, which reduced the total fouling resistance by 90.2%. In comparison, the reduction was only 29.7% with 200 μM PAA alone and 64.3% with Fe(VI)/200 μM PAA. Fe(II)/200 μM PAA could effectively remove fluorescent components and hydrophobic organics in effluent organic matter (EfOM), and enhance the repulsive force between foulants and membrane (according to XDLVO analysis), and consequently, mitigate pore blocking and delay cake layer formation. Regarding pollutant removal, Fe(II)/200 μM PAA effectively degraded OMPs (>85%) and improved P removal by 58.2% via in-situ Fe(Ⅲ) co-precipitation. The quencher and probe experiments indicated that FeIVO2+, •OH, and CH3C(O)OO•/CH3C(O)O• all played important roles in micropollutant degradation with Fe(II)/PAA. Interestingly, PAA oxidation produced highly biodegradable products such as acetic acid, which significantly elevated the BOD5 level and increased the BOD5/total nitrogen (BOD5/TN) ratio from 0.8 to 8.6, benefiting N removal with subsequent denitrification. Overall, the Fe(II)/PAA process exhibits great potential as a UF pretreatment to control membrane fouling and improve water quality during secondary effluent treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yin Jun
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Changrong Zhao
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Chu Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Senlin Shao
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ali I, Tan X, Li J, Peng C, Wan P, Naz I, Duan Z, Ruan Y. Innovations in the Development of Promising Adsorbents for the Remediation of Microplastics and Nanoplastics - A Critical Review. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119526. [PMID: 36577257 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics and nanoplastics are being assumed as emerging toxic pollutants owing to their unique persistent physicochemical attributes, chemical stability, and nonbiodegradable nature. Owing to their possible toxicological impacts (not only on aquatic biota but also on humans), scientific communities are developing innovative technologies to remove microplastics and nanoplastics from polluted waters. Various technologies, including adsorption, coagulation, photocatalysis, bioremediation, and filtration, have been developed and employed to eliminate microplastics and nanoplastics. Recently, adsorption technology has been getting great interest in capturing microplastics and nanoplastics and achieving excellent removal performance. Therefore, this review is designed to discuss recent innovations in developing promising adsorbents for the remediation of microplastics and nanoplastics from wastewater and natural water. The developed adsorbents have been classified into four main classes: sponge/aerogel-based, metal-based, biochar-based, and other developed adsorbents, and their performance efficiencies have been critically examined. Further, the influence of various pertinent factors, including adsorbents' characteristics, microplastics/nanoplastics' characteristics, solution pH, reaction temperature, natural organic matter, and co-existing/interfering ions on the removal performance of advanced adsorbents, have been critically assessed. Importantly, the particle application of the developed adsorbents in removing microplastics and nanoplastics from natural water has been elucidated. In addition, barriers to market penetration of the developed adsorbents are briefly discussed to help experts transfer adsorption-based technology from laboratory-scale to commercial applications. Finally, the current knowledge gaps and future recommendations are highlighted to assist scientific communal for improving adsorption-based technologies to battle against microplastics and nanoplastics pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiao Tan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Juying Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Changsheng Peng
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Shenzhen Water Planning & Design Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518001, China.; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Water Affairs Big Data and Water Ecology, Shenzhen, 518001, China
| | - Iffat Naz
- Department of Biology, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)
| | - Zhipeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yinlan Ruan
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Velo-Gala I, Farré MJ, Radjenovic J, Gernjak W. Influence of water matrix components on the UV/chlorine process and its reactions mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 218:114945. [PMID: 36463999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The UV/chlorine system has become an attractive alternative Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) for the removal of recalcitrant pollutants in the last decade due to the simultaneous formation of chlorine and hydroxyl radicals. However, there is no consensus regarding the results and trends obtained in previous micropollutant removal studies by AOPs, highlighting the complexity of the UV/chlorine process and the need for further research. This study investigates the degradation of acetaminophen (ACTP) by UV/chlorine and the effects of the water matrix in the reaction kinetics. In particular, the effects of natural organic matter (NOM), alkalinity and mineral salts on the kinetics and reactive species were elucidated. The complexity of the system was revealed by the analysis of the radical generation and transformation in different water matrices, applying the kinetic modelling approach to complement the scavenger tests. The higher kinetic rates of ACTP at alkaline pH provided new insights into the chlorine reactions under UV radiation, where secondary and tertiary reactive oxygen species including ozone were proven to play the major role in degradation. On the contrary, at acidic pH, reaction kinetic modelling demonstrated that ClO• radical occurs at high concentrations in the order of 10-10 M, being therefore the main oxidant, followed by other chlorine radicals. It is noteworthy that at alkaline pH the presence of typical inorganic ions such as carbonate had little impact on ACTP degradation, contrary to the observed reduction of degradation rates at acidic pH. The expected detrimental effect of the NOM in AOPs was also evidenced, although the use of chlorine as radical source reduces the relevance of the inner filter effect in comparison to UV/H2O2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Velo-Gala
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Jaén. Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
| | - María J Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Spain
| | - Jelena Radjenovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Y, Zhang X, Ngo HH, Guo W, Long T, Wen H, Zhang D. Combination of magnetic biochar beads and peroxymonosulfate pretreatment process for mitigating ultrafiltration membrane fouling caused by typical natural organic matters in water. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
10
|
Plastic and Waste Tire Pyrolysis Focused on Hydrogen Production—A Review. HYDROGEN 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrogen3040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we compare hydrogen production from waste by pyrolysis and bioprocesses. In contrast, the pyrolysis feed was limited to plastic and tire waste unlikely to be utilized by biological decomposition methods. Recent risks of pyrolysis, such as pollutant emissions during the heat decomposition of polymers, and high energy demands were described and compared to thresholds of bioprocesses such as dark fermentation. Many pyrolysis reactors have been adapted for plastic pyrolysis after successful investigation experiences involving waste tires. Pyrolysis can transform these wastes into other petroleum products for reuse or for energy carriers, such as hydrogen. Plastic and tire pyrolysis is part of an alternative synthesis method for smart polymers, including semi-conductive polymers. Pyrolysis is less expensive than gasification and requires a lower energy demand, with lower emissions of hazardous pollutants. Short-time utilization of these wastes, without the emission of metals into the environment, can be solved using pyrolysis. Plastic wastes after pyrolysis produce up to 20 times more hydrogen than dark fermentation from 1 kg of waste. The research summarizes recent achievements in plastic and tire waste pyrolysis development.
Collapse
|
11
|
Li K, Xu W, Wen G, Zhou Z, Han M, Zhang S, Huang T. Aging of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration membrane due to ozone exposure in water treatment: Evolution of membrane properties and performance. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136520. [PMID: 36152832 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pre-ozonation is an effective pretreatment tactic for mitigating fouling of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane in water and wastewater treatment, but the compatibility of polymeric UF membranes with residual ozone remains unclear. In this study, effects of long-term ozone exposure on properties and performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) UF membrane reinforced by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layer were systematically investigated. The exposure intensities were designed to simulate ozone exposure at 0.1 mg/L for 0.5-5 years. Chemical composition analysis suggested that the hydrophilic additives, such as possibly polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), was gradually degraded and released from the membrane, whereas the PVDF matrix exhibited fairly good ozone resistance. Ozonation resulted in increase of pore size and decrease of surface hydrophilicity, which can be attributed to oxidation and dislodgement of hydrophilic additives. Accordingly, long-term ozonation led to moderate changes in performance factors, including increase of membrane permeability by 34%, decrease of retention ability by 21.8%, increase of organic fouling propensity. It is worth noting that membrane tensile strength suffered substantial decrease after ozonation, probably due to ozonation of the PET support layer. Overall, it seems that the PVDF functional layer exhibited good ozone resistance, but the PET support layer was the Achilles' heel of the reinforced PVDF membrane for integrating with pre-ozonation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China.
| | - Weihua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Gang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Min Han
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Shujia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Security Assurance of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mitigation Mechanism of Membrane Fouling in MnFeOx Functionalized Ceramic Membrane Catalyzed Ozonation Process for Treating Natural Surface Water. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9110372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to efficiently remove NOMs in natural surface water and alleviate membrane pollution at the same time, a flat microfiltration ceramic membrane (CM) was modified with MnFeOX (Mn-Fe-CM), and a coagulation–precipitation–sand filtration pretreatment coupled with an in situ ozonation-ceramic membrane filtration system (Pretreatment/O3/Mn-Fe-CM) was constructed for this study. The results show that the removal rates of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA) and NH4+-N by the Pretreatment/O3/Mn-Fe-CM system were 51.1%, 67.9% and 65.71%, respectively. Macromolecular organic compounds such as aromatic proteins and soluble microbial products (SMPs) were also effectively removed. The working time of the membrane was about twice that in the Pretreatment/CM system without the in situ ozone oxidation, which was measured by the change in transmembrane pressure, proving that membrane fouling was significantly reduced. Finally, based on the SEM, AFM and other characterization results, it was concluded that the main mitigation mechanisms of membrane fouling in the Pretreatment/O3/Mn-Fe-CM system was as follows: (1) pretreatment could remove part of DOC and SUVA to reduce their subsequent entrapment on a membrane surface; (2) a certain amount of shear force generated by O3 aeration can reduce the adhesion of pollutants; (3) the loaded MnFeOX with a higher catalytic ability produced a smoother active layer on the surface of the ceramic membrane, which was conducive in reducing the contact among Mn-Fe-CM, O3 and pollutants, thus increasing the proportion of reversible pollution and further reducing the adhesion of pollutants; (4) Mn-Fe-CM catalyzed O3 to produce ·OH to degrade the pollutants adsorbed on the membrane surface into smaller molecular organic matter, which enabled them pass through the membrane pores, reducing their accumulation on the membrane surface.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gao Z, Chen Q, Song X, Wang J, Cai W. Microbial Responses to Various Types of Chemical Regents during On-Line Cleaning of UF Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:920. [PMID: 36295679 PMCID: PMC9606962 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration is widely used to treat various environmental waters, and on-line membrane cleaning with various chemical reagents is frequently employed to sustain the filtration flux. However, the residue of cleaning agents in the ultrafiltration system is unavoidable, which may affect microbiological properties and biofilm formation during the next-round filtration. By investigating the changes in microbial characteristics, and their biofouling behaviors after exposure to HCl, NaOH, NaClO, citric acid (CA), and sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS), this study fills a knowledge gap in microbial responses to various types of chemical cleaning agents in an ultrafiltration system. The result shows that HCl, NaOH, and NaClO affect the bacterial properties and subsequent attachment on the membrane surface, while CA and SDS have no obvious influence on microorganisms. Specifically, HCl, NaOH, and NaClO reduce the hydrophobicity and mean size of suspended microorganisms, increase the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) release, and trigger intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, resulting in the death of a large quantity of microorganisms. Due to the self-protecting strategy, plenty of living cells aggregate on the membrane surface and form a cake layer with a stratified structure, causing more severe membrane biofouling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qiuying Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xiaolan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weiwei Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gao Z, Zhao ZP, Cai W. Chemically induced alteration in PAC characteristics and its influences on PAC/UF water treatment: Implications for on-line membrane cleaning with NaClO. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Goh PS, Kang HS, Ismail AF, Khor WH, Quen LK, Higgins D. Nanomaterials for microplastic remediation from aquatic environment: Why nano matters? CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134418. [PMID: 35351478 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of microplastics in aquatic environment is regarded as a serious threat to ecosystem especially to aquatic environment. Microplastic pollution associated problems including their bioaccumulation and ecological risks have become a major concern of the public and scientific community. The removal of microplastics from their discharge points is an effective way to mitigate the adverse effects of microplastic pollution, hence has been the central of the research in this realm. Presently, most of the commonly used water or wastewater treatment technologies are capable of removing microplastic to certain extent, although they are not intentionally installed for this reason. Nevertheless, recognizing the adverse effects posed by microplastic pollution, more efforts are still desired to enhance the current microplastic removal technologies. With their structural multifunctionalities and flexibility, nanomaterials have been increasingly used for water and wastewater treatment to improve the treatment efficiency. Particularly, the unique features of nanomaterials have been harnessed in synthesizing high performance adsorbent and photocatalyst for microplastic removal from aqueous environment. This review looks into the potentials of nanomaterials in offering constructive solutions to resolve the bottlenecks and enhance the efficiencies of the existing materials used for microplastic removal. The current efforts and research direction of which studies can dedicate to improve microplastic removal from water environment with the augmentation of nanomaterial-enabled strategies are discussed. The progresses made to date have witnessed the benefits of harnessing the structural and dimensional advantages of nanomaterials to enhance the efficiency of existing microplastic treatment processes to achieve a more sustainable microplastic cleanup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Goh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - H S Kang
- Marine Technology Centre, Institute for Vehicle System & Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - A F Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - W H Khor
- Marine Technology Centre, Institute for Vehicle System & Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - L K Quen
- Mechanical Precision Engineering Department, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - D Higgins
- The Ocean Cleanup Interception B.V., 3014, JH Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mitigation of an anion exchange membrane fouling by coupling electrodialysis to anodic oxidation. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Effect of modified microbial flocculant on membrane fouling alleviation in a hybrid aerobic granular sludge membrane system for wastewater reuse. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
18
|
Liu W, Yang K, Qu F, Liu B. A moderate activated sulfite pre-oxidation on ultrafiltration treatment of algae-laden water: Fouling mitigation, organic rejection, cell integrity and cake layer property. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
19
|
Alleviation of Ultrafiltration Membrane Fouling by ClO2 Pre-Oxidation: Fouling Mechanism and Interface Characteristics. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12010078. [PMID: 35054604 PMCID: PMC8779104 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to alleviate membrane fouling and improve removal efficiency, a series of pretreatment technologies were applied to the ultrafiltration process. In this study, ClO2 was used as a pre-oxidation strategy for the ultrafiltration (UF) process. Humic acid (HA), sodium alginate (SA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were used as three typical organic model foulants, and the mixture of the three substances was used as a representation of simulated natural water. The dosages of ClO2 were 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/L, with 90 min pre-oxidation. The results showed that ClO2 pre-oxidation at low doses (1–2 mg/L) could alleviate the membrane flux decline caused by humus, polysaccharides, and simulated natural water, but had a limited alleviating effect on the irreversible resistance of the membrane. The interfacial free energy analysis showed that the interaction force between the membrane and the simulated natural water was also repulsive after the pre-oxidation, indicating that ClO2 pre-oxidation was an effective way to alleviate cake layer fouling by reducing the interaction between the foulant and the membrane. In addition, ClO2 oxidation activated the hidden functional groups in the raw water, resulting in an increase in the fluorescence value of humic analogs, but had a good removal effect on the fluorescence intensity of BSA. Furthermore, the membrane fouling fitting model showed that ClO2, at a low dose (1 mg/L), could change the mechanism of membrane fouling induced by simulated natural water from standard blocking and cake layer blocking to critical blocking. Overall, ClO2 pre-oxidation was an efficient pretreatment strategy for UF membrane fouling alleviation, especially for the fouling control of HA and SA at low dosages.
Collapse
|
20
|
Sokhandan F, Homayoonfal M, Hajheidari M. Sodium alginate coating: A strategy to fabricate a membrane surface resistant against sodium alginate fouling. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
Bai L, Liu Z, Wang H, Li G, Liang H. Fe(II)-activated peroxymonosulfate coupled with nanofiltration removes natural organic matter and sulfamethoxazole in natural surface water: Performance and mechanisms. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
22
|
Sheng D, Bu L, Zhu S, Wu Y, Wang J, Zhou S. Organic chloramines formation from algal organic matters: Insights from Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117746. [PMID: 34678699 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Release of algal organic matter (AOM) from algae poses great threats to drinking water safety. As organic nitrogen in AOM is relatively higher compared to natural organic matter (NOM), the organic chloramine formation during chlorination cause overestimation of effective chlorine, which may lead to a biological risk. This study compared the organic chloramine formation from AOM and NOM, and confirmed that AOM tend to form more organic chloramines during chlorination. Furthermore, it was found that hydrophilic fraction and high molecular weight (>100 kDa) fraction of AOM generated major organic chloramines due to a high content of protein. Based on the results of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), Spearman's rank correlation was used to analyze the relationship between molecular composition of AOM and organic chloramine formation. Notably, molecules with high correlation to organic chloramine formation located in a triangle region of van Krevelen diagram, which is a typical area of peptides. Therefore, it indicates that the precursors of organic chloramine in AOM are mainly proteins/peptides, and appropriate treatment processes (e.g., biological treatment or membrane filtration) should be addressed to effectively remove the precursors before chlorination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Miao R, Zhou Y, Wang P, Lu W, Li P, Li X, Wang L. A comparison of effect mechanisms of chlorination and ozonation on the interfacial forces of protein at membrane surfaces and the implications for membrane fouling control. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
24
|
Zhang Y, Wang T, Meng J, Lei J, Zheng X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Cao X, Li X, Qiu X, Xue J. A novel conductive composite membrane with polypyrrole (PPy) and stainless-steel mesh: Fabrication, performance, and anti-fouling mechanism. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|