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Jiang T, Wu W, Ma M, Hu Y, Li R. Occurrence and distribution of emerging contaminants in wastewater treatment plants: A globally review over the past two decades. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175664. [PMID: 39173760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants are pervasive in aquatic environments globally, encompassing pharmaceuticals, personal care products, steroid hormones, phenols, biocides, disinfectants and various other compounds. Concentrations of these contaminants are detected ranging from ng/L to μg/L. Even at trace levels, these contaminants can pose significant risks to ecosystems and human health. This article systematically summarises and categorizes data on the concentrations of 54 common emerging contaminants found in the influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants across various geographical regions: North America, Europe, Oceania, Africa, and Asia. It reviews the occurrence and distribution of these contaminants, providing spatial and causal analyses based on data from these regions. Notably, the maximum concentrations of the pollutants observed vary significantly across different regions. The data from Africa, in particular, show more frequent detection of pharmaceutical maxima in wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycles in River Basins, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China; College of Water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China
| | - Wenyong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycles in River Basins, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China; College of Water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China.
| | - Meng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycles in River Basins, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycles in River Basins, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ruoxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycles in River Basins, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China
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Shao Y, Li S, Li T, Wei X, Tian Y, Yang Z, Li X. Degradation of emerging contaminants in synthetic hydrolyzed urine by UV/peracetic acid: Free radical chemistry, and toxicity analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 359:124557. [PMID: 39019306 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The ecological impact of emerging contaminants (ECs) in aquatic environments has raised concerns, particularly with regards to urine as a significant source of such contaminants in wastewater. The current investigation used the UV/Peracetic Acid (UV/PAA) processes, an innovative advanced oxidation technology, to effectively separate two emerging pollutants from urine at its source, namely, ciprofloxacin (CIP) and bisphenol A(BPA). The research findings demonstrate that the presence of the majority of characteristic ions has minimal impact on the degradation of ECs. However, in synthetic hydrolyzed urine, only NH4+ inhibits the degradation of two types of ECs, with a more pronounced effect observed on CIP degradation compared to BPA.The impact of halogen ions, specifically Cl- and I-, on the degradation of CIP in synthetic hydrolyzed urine was a complex phenomenon. When these two halogen ions are present individually, the generation of reactive halogen species (RHS) within the system enhances the degradation of CIP. However, when both types of ions coexist, the formation of diatomic radical species partially inhibits degradation. In terms of BPA degradation, while the production of reactive chlorine species (RCS) to some extent hinders the reaction rate, the generation of reactive iodine species (RIS) promotes the overall process. CIP undergoes fragmentation of the piperazine and quinoline rings, decarboxylation, defluorination reactions, as well as substitution reactions, leading to the formation of products with simplified structures. The degradation of BPA occurs gradually through hydroxyl and halogen substitution as well as isopropyl cleavage. The preliminary toxicity analysis confirmed that the presence of halogen ions in urine resulted in the formation of halogenated products in two types of ECs, albeit with an overall reduction in toxicity. The UV/PAA processes was considered to be an effective and relatively safe approach for the separation of ECs in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- Environment Affairs Office of National Wangcheng Economic and Technological Development Zone, Changsha, 410299, PR China
| | - Xue Wei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yang Tian
- Hunan Hongsheng Environmental Protection Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Changsh, 410021, PR China
| | - Zhengqing Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
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Adedipe DT, Chen C, Lai RWS, Xu S, Luo Q, Zhou GJ, Boxall A, Brooks BW, Doblin MA, Wang X, Wang J, Leung KMY. Occurrence and potential risks of pharmaceutical contamination in global Estuaries: A critical review and analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 192:109031. [PMID: 39321536 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Input of pollutants to estuaries is one of the major threats to marine biodiversity and fishery resources, and pharmaceuticals are one of the most important contaminants of emerging concern in aquatic ecosystems. To synthesize pharmaceutical pollution levels in estuaries over the past 20 years from a global perspective, this review identified 3229 individual environmental occurrence data for 239 pharmaceuticals across 91 global estuaries distributed in 26 countries. The highest cumulative weighted average concentration level (WACL) of all detected pharmaceuticals in estuarine water was observed in Africa (145,461.86 ng/L), with 30 pharmaceuticals reported. North America (24,316.39 ng/L) was ranked second in terms of WACL, followed by South America (20,784.13 ng/L), Asia (5958.38 ng/L), Europe (4691.23 ng/L), and Oceania (2916.32 ng/L). Carbamazepine, diclofenac, and paracetamol were detected in all continents. A total of 41 functional categories of pharmaceuticals were identified, and analgesics, antibiotics, and stimulants were amongst the most ubiquitous groups in estuaries worldwide. Although many pharmaceuticals were observed to present lower than or equal to moderate ecological risk, 34 pharmaceuticals were identified with high or very high ecological risks in at least one continent. Pharmaceutical pollution in estuaries was positively correlated with regional unemployment and poverty ratios, but negatively correlated with life expectancy and GDP per capita. There are some limitations that may affect this synthesis, such as comparability of the sampling and pretreatment methodology, differences in the target pharmaceuticals for monitoring, and potentially limited number and diversity of estuaries covered, which prompt us to standardize methods for monitoring these pharmaceutical contaminants in future global studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demilade T Adedipe
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Racliffe Weng Seng Lai
- Department of Ocean Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Shaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Alistair Boxall
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Martina A Doblin
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Juying Wang
- National Marine Environment Monitoring Center, Liaoning, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Dreyer S, Marcu D, Keyser S, Bennett M, Maree L, Koeppel K, Abernethy D, Petrik L. Factors in the decline of the African penguin: Are contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) a potential new age stressor? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 206:116688. [PMID: 39029148 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
The African penguin is currently experiencing a significant decline, with just over 10,000 breeding pairs left. A substantial body of research reflects the impacts of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) on the marine environment, with wastewater treatment plants reported as one of the main sources of CEC release. In South Africa, CECs were identified contaminating the marine environment and bioaccumulating in several marine species. Approximately 70 % of all African penguin colonies breed in close proximity to cities and/or harbors in South Africa. Currently, the impact of CECs as a stressor upon the viability of African penguin populations is unknown. Based on the search results there was a clear lack of information on CECs' bioaccumulation and impact on the African penguin. This narrative review will thus focus on the prevalent sources and types of CECs and examine the reported consequences of constant exposure in seabirds, particularly African penguins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dreyer
- Animal Production Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - Daniel Marcu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Shannen Keyser
- Comparative Spermatology Laboratory, Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Monique Bennett
- Comparative Spermatology Laboratory, Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Liana Maree
- Comparative Spermatology Laboratory, Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Katja Koeppel
- Animal Production Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Darrell Abernethy
- Aberystwyth School of Veterinary Science, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie Petrik
- Environmental and Nano Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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Manyepa P, Gani KM, Seyam M, Banoo I, Genthe B, Kumari S, Bux F. Removal and risk assessment of emerging contaminants and heavy metals in a wastewater reuse process producing drinkable water for human consumption. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142396. [PMID: 38777194 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study focuses on the removal and risk assessment of twenty emerging contaminants (ECs) and heavy metals in a REMIX water treatment plant (RWTP) that produces drinking water from combination of wastewater reuse and desalination. The membrane biological reactor (MBR) exhibit removal rates exceeding 95% of pharmaceuticals like acetaminophen, trimethoprim, diclofenac, naproxen, and emtricitabine. The efficiency of brackish reverse osmosis (BWRO) in removing ECs is highlighted, showing substantial efficacy with reduction rates of 99.5%, 75.5%, and 51.2% for sulfamethoxazole, venlafaxine, and benzotriazole, respectively. The advanced oxidation process based on Fenton process reveals removal (>95%) of emtricitabine, efavirenz, and carbamazepine. The study confirms that the combination of treatment units within the RWTP effectively removes heavy metals (>90%), complying with acceptable limits. Risk quotient (RQ) calculations indicate the efficiency of the RWTP in EC removal, serving as benchmarks for public acceptance of reclaimed water. In the context of heavy metals, the study concludes negligible cancer risks associated with reclaimed water consumption over a lifetime. Quantitative structure-activity relationship and occurrence, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (OPBT) models were used to assess EC risk. The study screened and identified potential persistant, bio accumulating and toxic PBT ECs. Critical control points (CCPs) in the RWTP are identified, with brackish and seawater reverse osmosis (BWRO and SWRO) and advanced oxidation process (AOP) recognized as pivotal in hazard management. The study provides valuable insights on the removal of ECs and heavy metals in a wastewater reuse process and demonstrates potential of adopted process configuration in supplying safe drinking water from wastewater recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Manyepa
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Khalid Muzamil Gani
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mahomed Seyam
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Ismail Banoo
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Bettina Genthe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellensbosch, Svate Bag X1 Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Netshithothole R, Madikizela LM. Occurrence of Selected Pharmaceuticals in the East London Coastline Encompassing Major Rivers, Estuaries, and Seawater in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:283-293. [PMID: 38910866 PMCID: PMC11191719 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.4c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence of ibuprofen, naproxen, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and efavirenz in water resources (river, estuarine, and sea waters) of the East London coastline, South Africa. These pharmaceuticals were previously reported to be dominant in wastewater and inland rivers of South Africa. Hence, it is important to monitor their occurrence in the coastal and marine environment. The pharmaceuticals of interest were extracted with a solid-phase extraction method and analyzed by using a liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry instrument. The analytical method was validated by spiking the environmental samples with a mixture of pharmaceuticals at two concentration levels (5 and 15 μg L-1). The analytical method yielded acceptable recoveries ranging from 75 to 107%, with method quantitation limits from 0.16 to 9.44 ng of L-1. All five targeted pharmaceuticals were detected in seawater samples, with ibuprofen recording the highest concentration of 90 ng L-1. However, it was efavirenz and sulfamethoxazole with the highest concentrations of 572 and 60 ng L-1, respectively, in the Gonubie River that showed high ecotoxicological risks toward the aquatic organisms. There were no risks associated with the occurrence of other targeted pharmaceuticals. The suspect screening showed the occurrence of 57 additional pharmaceuticals in samples, with antibiotics being more dominant. The results of the present study demonstrate a need to perform a more robust investigation on the occurrence of a wide range of pharmaceuticals along the South African coasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronewa Netshithothole
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Water
Sustainability, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa
| | - Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Water
Sustainability, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa
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Guo K, Liu Y, Peng J, Qi W, Liu H. Chlorination of antiviral drug ribavirin: Kinetics, nontargeted identification, and concomitant toxicity evolution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 467:133478. [PMID: 38359766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Residual antiviral drugs in wastewater may increase the risk of generating transformation products (TPs) during wastewater treatment. Therefore, chlorination behavior and toxicity evolution are essential to understand the secondary ecological risk associated with their TPs. Herein, chlorination kinetics, transformation pathways, and secondary risks of ribavirin (RBV), one of the most commonly used broad-spectrum antivirals, were investigated. The pH-dependent second-order rate constants k increased from 0.18 M-1·s-1 (pH 5.8) to 1.53 M-1·s-1 (pH 8.0) due to neutral RBV and ClO- as dominant species. 12 TPs were identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry in a nontargeted approach, of which 6 TPs were reported for the first time, and their chlorination pathways were elucidated. The luminescence inhibition rate of Vibrio fischeri exposed to chlorinated RBV solution was positively correlated with initial free active chlorine, probably due to the accumulation of toxic TPs. Quantitative structure-activity relationship prediction identified 7 TPs with elevated toxicity, concentrating on developmental toxicity and bioconcentration factors, which explained the increased toxicity of chlorinated RBV. Overall, this study highlights the urgent need to minimize the discharge of toxic chlorinated TPs into aquatic environments and contributes to environmental risk control in future pandemics and regions with high consumption of antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehui Guo
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianfeng Peng
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weixiao Qi
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Detzlhofer A, Grechhamer C, Madikizela L, Himmelsbach M, Mlynek F, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. Uptake, translocation, and metabolization of amitriptyline, lidocaine, orphenadrine, and tramadol by cress and pea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:19649-19657. [PMID: 38363510 PMCID: PMC10927770 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The uptake, translocation, and metabolization of four widely used drugs, amitriptyline, orphenadrine, lidocaine, and tramadol, were investigated in a laboratory study. Cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) were employed as model plants. These plants were grown in tap water containing the selected pharmaceuticals at concentrations ranging from 0.010 to 10 mg L-1, whereby the latter concentration was employed for the (tentative) identification of drug-related metabolites formed within the plant. Thereby, mainly phase I metabolites were detected. Time-resolved uptake studies, with sampling after 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 days, revealed that all four pharmaceuticals were taken up by the roots and further relocated to plant stem and leaves. Also in these studies, the corresponding phase I metabolites could be detected, and their translocation from root to stem (pea only) and finally leaves could be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Detzlhofer
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian Grechhamer
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Lawrence Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Roodepoort, 1710, South Africa
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical and General Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
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Selwe KP, Sallach JB, Dessent CEH. Nontargeted Screening of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Glen Valley Wastewater Treatment Plant, Botswana. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:52-61. [PMID: 37877782 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern about the prevalence and impact of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). The environmental monitoring of CECs has, however, been limited in low- and middle-income countries due to the lack of advanced analytical instrumentation locally. In the present study we employed a nontargeted and suspect screening workflow via liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to identify known and unknown pollutants in the Glen Valley wastewater treatment plant, Botswana, complemented by analysis of groundwater samples. The present study represents the first HRMS analysis of CECs in water samples obtained in Botswana. Suspect screening of 5942 compounds qualitatively identified 28 compounds, including 26 pharmaceuticals and two illicit drugs (2-ethylmethcathinone and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol). Nontargeted analysis tentatively identified the presence of 34 more compounds including (5ξ)-12,13-dihydroxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-7-one, 12-aminododecanoic acid, atenolol acid, brilliant blue, cyclo leucylprolyl, decanophenone, DL-carnitine, N,N'-dicyclohexylurea, N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole, NP-003672, and 24 polyethylene glycol polymers. The highest number of detections were in influent wastewater (26 CECs) followed by effluent wastewater (10 CECs) and, lastly, groundwater (4 CECs). Seventeen CECs detected in the influent water were not detected in the effluent waters, suggesting reduced emissions due to wastewater treatment. Two antiretroviral compounds (abacavir and tenofovir) were detected in the influent and effluent sources. This suggests that wastewater treatment plants are a major pathway of chemical pollution to the environment in Botswana and will help inform prioritization efforts for monitoring and remediation that is protective of these key ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:52-61. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgato P Selwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - J Brett Sallach
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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Subramanian A, Saravanan M, Rajasekhar B, Chakraborty S, Sivagami K, Tamizhdurai P, Mangesh VL, Selvaraj M, Kumar NS, Al-Fatesh AS. Comparative risk assessment studies estimating the hazard posed by long-term consumption of PPCPs in river water. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114169. [PMID: 37940032 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the risk due to Emerging Contaminants (ECs), present in Indian rivers - Ganga (650 million inhabitants), Yamuna (57 million inhabitants), and Musi (7,500,000 inhabitants), 13 ECs in total, have been used for risk assessment studies. Their concentrations (e.g., Fluconazole: 236950 μg/l, Ciprofloxacin: 31000 μg/l, Caffeine: 21.57 μg/l, etc.) were higher than the threshold concentrations for safe consumption (e.g. Fluconazole allowable level is 3.8 μg/l, and Ciprofloxacin allowable level is 0.51 μg/l). Three different pathways of emerging contaminants (ECs) transfer (oral water ingestion, oral fish ingestion, and dermal water contact) have been considered and the study is carried out in 2 ways: (i) deterministic and (ii) probabilistic approaches (using Monte Carlo iterative methods with 10000 simulations) with the aid of a software - Risk (version 7.5). The risk value, quantified by Hazard Quotient (HQ) is higher than the allowable limit of 1 for several compounds in the three rivers like Fluconazole (HQ = 18276.713), Ciprofloxacin (HQ = 278.675), Voriconazole (HQ = 14.578), Cetirizine (HQ = 1006.917), Moxifloxacin (HQ = 8.076), Caffeine (HQ = 55.150), and Ibuprofen (HQ = 9.503). Results show that Fluconazole and Caffeine pose the maximum risk in the rivers via the "oral pathway" that allows maximum transfer of the ECs present in the river (93% and 82% contribution to total risk). The risk values vary from nearly 25 times to 19000 times the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) threshold limit of 1 (e.g., Caffeine Infant Risk = 25.990 and Fluconazole Adult Risk = 18276.713). The most susceptible age group, from this study, is "Adults" (19-70 years old), who stand the chance of experiencing the adverse health hazards associated with prolonged over-exposure to the ECs present in the river waters. Musi has the maximum concentration of pollutants and requires immediate remediation measures. Further, both methods indicate that nearly 60-70% of the population in all the three study areas are at risk of developing health hazards associated with over-exposure to ECs regularly, making the areas inhabitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Subramanian
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Mridula Saravanan
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Bokam Rajasekhar
- Research Associate, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Samarshi Chakraborty
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Krishanasamy Sivagami
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
| | - Perumal Tamizhdurai
- Department of Chemistry, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College (Autonomous) (Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai), 833, Gokul Bagh, E.V.R. Periyar Road, Arumbakkam, Chennai, 600 106, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - V L Mangesh
- Department of Marine Engineering, Indian Maritime University, 600119, India
| | - Manickam Selvaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Centre for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, PO Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadavala Siva Kumar
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S Al-Fatesh
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Shafi M, Jan R, Gani KM. Selection of priority emerging contaminants in surface waters of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139976. [PMID: 37657704 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The challenge of emerging contaminants (ECs) in global surface water bodies and particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, is evident from the literature. The complexity arises from the high costs involved in EC analysis and the extensive list of ECs, which complicates the selection of essential compounds for scientific and regulatory investigations. Consequently, monitoring programs often include ECs that may have minimal significance within a region and do not pose known or suspected ecological or human health risks. This study aims to address this issue by employing a multi-risk assessment approach to identify priority ECs in the surface waters of the aforementioned countries. Through an analysis of occurrence levels and frequency data gathered from published literature, an optimized risk quotient (RQ) was derived. The findings reveal a priority list of 38 compounds that exhibit potential environmental risks and merit consideration in future water quality monitoring programs. Furthermore, the majority of antibiotics in India (12 out of 17) and Pakistan (7 out of 17) exhibit a risk quotient for antimicrobial resistance selection (RQAMR) greater than 1, highlighting the need for devising effective strategies to mitigate the escalation of antibiotic resistance in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozim Shafi
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu, and Kashmir, 190006, India; Environmental Engineering and Management, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Ruby Jan
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu, and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Khalid Muzamil Gani
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Jammu, and Kashmir, 190006, India.
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12
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Githaiga KB, Njuguna SM, Bargul JL, Liu F, Gituru RW, Yan X. Decadal Assessment of Microplastics, Pharmaceuticals, and Pesticides as Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Kenya's Surface Waters: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:2105-2118. [PMID: 37377343 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Studies investigating microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in surface water sources in Kenya are reviewed. Contaminants of emerging concern are chemicals that have recently been discovered that may pose a threat to the environment, aquatic life, and human life. Microplastics in surface waters range from 1.56 to as high as 4520 particles/m3 , with high concentrations recorded in coastal waters. The dominant microplastics are fibers, fragments, and films, with foams, granules, and pellets making up only a small percentage. The main source of pharmaceuticals in water sources is not wastewater-treatment plants but rather raw untreated sewage because high concentrations are found near informal settlements with poor sewage connectivity. Antibiotics are detected in the range of the limit of quantification to 320 μg/L, with sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and ciprofloxacin being the most abundant antibiotics. The high frequency of detection is attributed to the general misuse of antibiotics in the country. A health risk assessment indicated that only ciprofloxacin and acetaminophen posed noncarcinogenic health risks in the Ndarugo River and Mombasa periurban creeks, respectively. Similarly, the detection of antiretroviral drugs, mainly lamivudine, nevirapine, and zidovudine, is associated with human immunodeficiency virus prevalence in Kenya. In the Lake Naivasha, Nairobi River, and Lake Victoria basins, frequently detected organochloride pesticides (OCPs) are methoxychlor, alachlor, endrin, dieldrin, endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), γ-HCH, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), some of which occur above permissible concentrations. The presence of DDT in some sites translates to illegal use or historical application. The majority of individual OCPs posed no noncarcinogenic health risk, except dieldrin and aldrin which had a hazard quotient >1 in two sites. Therefore, more surveying and regular monitoring in different regions in Kenya concerning CECs is essential to determine the spatial variability and effective measures to be taken to reduce pollution. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2105-2118. © 2023 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Babu Githaiga
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Samwel Maina Njuguna
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Fan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Xue Yan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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13
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Gwenzi W, Marumure J, Makuvara Z, Simbanegavi TT, Njomou-Ngounou EL, Nya EL, Kaetzl K, Noubactep C, Rzymski P. The pit latrine paradox in low-income settings: A sanitation technology of choice or a pollution hotspot? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163179. [PMID: 37003330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pit latrines are widely promoted to improve sanitation in low-income settings, but their pollution and health risks receive cursory attention. The present narrative review presents the pit latrine paradox; (1) the pit latrine is considered a sanitation technology of choice to safeguard human health, and (2) conversely, pit latrines are pollution and health risk hotspots. Evidence shows that the pit latrine is a 'catch-all' receptacle for household disposal of hazardous waste, including; (1) medical wastes (COVID-19 PPE, pharmaceuticals, placenta, used condoms), (2) pesticides and pesticide containers, (3) menstrual hygiene wastes (e.g., sanitary pads), and (4) electronic wastes (batteries). Pit latrines serve as hotspot reservoirs that receive, harbour, and then transmit the following into the environment; (1) conventional contaminants (nitrates, phosphates, pesticides), (2) emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals and personal care products, antibiotic resistance), and (3) indicator organisms, and human bacterial and viral pathogens, and disease vectors (rodents, houseflies, bats). As greenhouse gas emission hotspots, pit latrines contribute 3.3 to 9.4 Tg/year of methane, but this could be an under-estimation. Contaminants in pit latrines may migrate into surface water, and groundwater systems serving as drinking water sources and pose human health risks. In turn, this culminates into the pit latrine-groundwater-human continuum or connectivity, mediated via water and contaminant migration. Human health risks of pit latrines, a critique of current evidence, and current and emerging mitigation measures are presented, including isolation distance, hydraulic liners/ barriers, ecological sanitation, and the concept of a circular bioeconomy. Finally, future research directions on the epidemiology and fate of contaminants in pit latrines are presented. The pit latrine paradox is not meant to downplay pit latrines' role or promote open defaecation. Rather, it seeks to stimulate discussion and research to refine the technology to enhance its functionality while mitigating pollution and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universität Kassel, Steinstraße 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Off Old Great Zimbabwe Road, P.O. Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Off Old Great Zimbabwe Road, P.O. Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare P.O. Box MP 167, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Esther Laurentine Nya
- Faculty of Arts, Letters and Social Sciences, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 644, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Korbinian Kaetzl
- Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universität Kassel, Steinstraße 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany.
| | - Chicgoua Noubactep
- Centre for Modern Indian Studies (CeMIS), University of Göttingen, Waldweg 26, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Applied Geology, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany; School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Fo Cheng Xi Road 8, 211100 Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland.
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14
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Parker KH, Bishop JM, Serieys LEK, Mateo R, Camarero PR, Leighton GRM. A heavy burden: Metal exposure across the land-ocean continuum in an adaptable carnivore. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121585. [PMID: 37040831 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Urbanisation and associated anthropogenic activities release large quantities of toxic metals and metalloids into the environment, where they may bioaccumulate and threaten both wildlife and human health. In highly transformed landscapes, terrestrial carnivores may be at increased risk of exposure through biomagnification. We quantified metallic element and metalloid exposure in blood of caracals (Caracal caracal), an adaptable felid inhabiting the rapidly urbanising, coastal metropole of Cape Town, South Africa. Using redundancy analysis and mixed-effect models, we explored the influence of demography, landscape use, and diet on the concentration of 11 metals and metalloids. Although species-specific toxic thresholds are lacking, arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr) were present at potentially sublethal levels in several individuals. Increased use of human-transformed landscapes, particularly urban areas, roads, and vineyards, was significantly associated with increased exposure to aluminium (Al), cobalt (Co) and lead (Pb). Foraging closer to the coast and within aquatic food webs was associated with increased levels of mercury (Hg), selenium (Se) and arsenic, where regular predation on seabirds and waterbirds likely facilitates transfer of metals from aquatic to terrestrial food webs. Further, several elements were linked to lower haemoglobin levels (chromium, mercury, manganese, and zinc) and elevated levels of infection-fighting cells (mercury and selenium). Our results highlight the importance of anthropogenic activities as major environmental sources of metal contamination in terrestrial wildlife, including exposure across the land-ocean continuum. These findings contribute towards the growing evidence suggesting cities are particularly toxic areas for wildlife. Co-exposure to a suite of metal pollutants may threaten the long-term health and persistence of Cape Town's caracal population in unexpected ways, particularly when interacting with additional known pollutant and pathogen exposure. The caracal is a valuable sentinel for assessing metal exposure and can be used in pollution monitoring programmes to mitigate exposure and promote biodiversity conservation in human-dominated landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H Parker
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa (iCWild), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline M Bishop
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa (iCWild), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laurel E K Serieys
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa (iCWild), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Panthera, New York, NY, USA; Cape Leopard Trust, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC-CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo R Camarero
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC-CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gabriella R M Leighton
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa (iCWild), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
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15
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Azzouz A, Kumar V, Hejji L, Kim KH. Advancements in nanomaterial-based aptasensors for the detection of emerging organic pollutants in environmental and biological samples. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108156. [PMID: 37084799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The combination of nanomaterials (NMs) and aptamers into aptasensors enables highly specific and sensitive detection of diverse pollutants. The great potential of aptasensors is recognized for the detection of diverse emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) in different environmental and biological matrices. In addition to high sensitivity and selectivity, NM-based aptasensors have many other advantages such as portability, miniaturization, facile use, and affordability. This work showcases the recent advances achieved in the design and fabrication of NM-based aptasensors for monitoring EOPs (e.g., hormones, phenolic contaminants, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals). On the basis of their sensing mechanisms, the covered aptasensing systems are classified as electrochemical, colorimetric, PEC, fluorescence, SERS, and ECL. Special attention has been paid to the fabrication processes, analytical achievements, and sensing mechanisms of NM-based aptasensors. Further, the practical utility of aptasensing approaches has also been assessed based on their basic performance metrics (e.g., detection limits, sensing ranges, and response times).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmonaim Azzouz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002 Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Vanish Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Lamia Hejji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002 Tetouan, Morocco; Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Linares, University of Jaén, Campus Científico-Tecnológico, Cinturón Sur s/n, 23700 Linares, Jaén, Spain
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
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16
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Madikizela LM, Pakade VE. Trends in removal of pharmaceuticals in contaminated water using waste coffee and tea-based materials with their derivatives. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10857. [PMID: 36973862 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of large amounts of pharmaceuticals into the environmental waters is well-documented in literature with their occurrence reported in all different water matrices accessible to humans and animals. At the same time, the increasing consumption of coffee and tea-based beverages results in the generation of solid waste, which is mostly disposed-off in the environment. To minimize environmental pollution, coffee and tea-based materials have been proposed as suitable options to remove pharmaceuticals in environmental waters. Therefore, this article provides a critical review on the preparation and applications of coffee and tea-based materials in removing pharmaceuticals from contaminated water. In this context, most studies in literature focused on the applications of these materials as adsorbents, while only limited work on their role in degradation of pharmaceuticals is discussed. The successful application in adsorption studies is attributed to high surface areas of adsorbents and the ability to easily modify the adsorbent surfaces by incorporating functional groups that provide additional oxygen atoms, which promote easy interactions with pharmaceuticals. Hence, the adsorption mechanisms are mostly described by hydrogen bonding, electrostatic and π-π interactions with sample pH playing a dominant role in the adsorption process. Overall, the present article focused on the developments, trends and future research direction on the preparations and applications of coffee and tea-based materials for efficient removal of pharmaceuticals in water. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Review of tea and coffee wastes application for removal of pharmaceuticals in water Key applications in adsorption and degradation of pharmaceuticals in water Removal mostly explained by hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and π-π interactions Trends, gaps, and future research to be explored are reviewed and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Vusumzi Emmanuel Pakade
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemistry, Private Bag X 021, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
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17
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Jiang J, An Z, Li M, Huo Y, Zhou Y, Xie J, He M. Comparison of ribavirin degradation in the UV/H 2O 2 and UV/PDS systems: Reaction mechanism, operational parameter and toxicity evaluation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023; 11:109193. [PMID: 36569264 PMCID: PMC9767663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2022.109193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Residues in surface water of ribavirin, which used extensively during the COVID-19 pandemic, have become an emerging issue due to its adverse impact on the environment and human health. UV/H2O2 and UV/peroxydisulfate (PDS) have different degradation effects on ribavirin, and the same operational parameter have different effects on the two processes. In this study, the reaction mechanism and degradation efficiency for ribavirin were studied to compare the differences under UV/H2O2 and UV/PDS processes. We calculated the total rate constants of ribavirin with HO• and SO4 •- in the liquid phase as 2.73 × 108 and 9.39 × 105 M-1s-1. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation results showed that HO• and SO4 •- react more readily with ribavirin via H-abstraction (HAA). The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring is difficult to undergo ring-opening degradation. The UV/PDS process was more stable and performed better than the UV/H2O2 for the ribavirin degradation when the same molar oxidant dosage was applied. HO• plays an extremely important role in the degradation of ribavirin by UV/PDS. The reason for this phenomenon is the combination of the higher yield of HO• produced in the UV/PDS process and the faster reaction rate of ribavirin with HO•. The UV/H2O2 process is more sensitive to pH than UV/PDS. Alkaline condition can significantly inhibit the ribavirin degradation. The effects of natural organic matter (NOM) and ribavirin concentration were also compared. Eventually, the toxicity prediction of the product showed that the opening-ring products were more toxic than the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zexiu An
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Mingxue Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yanru Huo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Ju Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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18
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Astuti MP, Notodarmojo S, Priadi CR, Padhye LP. Contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Indonesia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21512-21532. [PMID: 36272003 PMCID: PMC9938049 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23567-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study provides the first set of quantitative data on the occurrence and fate of a wide range of contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) in Indonesia's largest wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The WWTP employs waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) as the secondary treatment before discharging the effluent to the Citarum River. Fourteen out of twenty-two monitored CECs were detected in the wastewater influent, and seven were present in the effluent, with a total concentration of 29.8 ± 0.4 µg/L and 0.5 ± 0.0 µg/L, respectively. The occurrence of the CECs in this study was found to be well correlated with their possible use and known detection in surface waters in Indonesia. Caffeine (CAF) at 12.2 ± 0.1 µg/L, acetaminophen (ACT) at 9.1 ± 0.1 µg/L, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) at 5.0 ± 0.1 µg/L, ibuprofen (IBU) at 2.3 ± 0.0 µg/L, and triclosan (TCS) at 470 ± 64 ng/L were discovered as the five most prevalent CECs, followed by bisphenol A (BPA), trimethoprim (TMP), Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), sulfamethazine (SMZ), carbamazepine (CBZ), fluoxetine (FLX), benzotriazole (BTA), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and metformin (METF). Biodegradable CECs (SMX, SMZ, ACT, IBU, TCS, BPA, CAF, DEET, and TMP) were efficiently removed (83-100%) by the WSP. In contrast, recalcitrant CECs achieved poor removal efficiencies (e.g., FLX at 24%), and for others, treatment processes even resulted in elevated concentrations in the effluent (CBZ by 85%, TCEP by 149%, and BTA by 92%). The CECs' influent concentrations were determined to pose a moderate aquatic cumulative risk, while no such risk was associated with their effluent concentrations. The study demonstrates the importance of conventional WWTPs in reducing the concentrations of CECs to minimize their aquatic contamination risk. The findings are relevant for countries, such as Indonesia, with limited resources for advanced centralized wastewater treatments, and which are exploring the efficacy of centralized WSP against the existing decentralized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryani Paramita Astuti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Environmental Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, President University, Cikarang, Indonesia
| | - Suprihanto Notodarmojo
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Cindy Rianti Priadi
- Environmental Engineering Study Program, Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, University of Indonesia (UI), Depok, Indonesia
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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19
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Xiao Y, Fang F, Tang J, Wang Y, He Y, Xi B, Tan W, Yuan Y, Yu T. Response of bacterial communities and function to dissolved organic matters in groundwater contaminated by landfill leachate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:12428-12440. [PMID: 36112290 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22841-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The migration and transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) caused by landfill leachate leakage affected the phylogenetic development of bacterial communities in groundwater around the landfill. Previous studies mainly focused on the hydrochemical properties of DOM in groundwater contaminated by landfill leachate and the relationships between groundwater quality parameters and bacterial communities. However, the changes in DOM components and bacterial communities caused by landfill leachate leakage and their correlations remained unclear. In this work, we analyzed the evolution characteristics of DOM and identified the bacterial communities and their corresponding functions in groundwater around the landfill. The results showed that DOM content in groundwater increased after the diffusion of landfill leachate to groundwater. Significant differences in characteristics between DOM components were presented at different locations in the landfill leachate plume due to the physical dilution and bacterial degradation of DOM. One of the obvious manifestations was the tendency of humic acid-like substances to accumulate at downstream points. Samples from the contaminated aquifer had higher diversity and abundance of bacterial communities than those in the uncontaminated aquifer. Anaerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria played predominant roles in contaminated groundwater, due to the input of organic matter, nitrate, and ammonia nitrogen. Redundancy analysis indicated that the content of fulvic acid-like DOM had a conspicuous impact on the composition of bacterial communities in the polluted groundwater. Vogesella were the dominant bacteria at the genus level in groundwater around the landfill. Furthermore, Vogesella were significant for microbial utilization and played an important role in the production of fulvic acid-like DOM. These results indicated that landfill leachate pollution posed a potential threat to the structure and function of bacterial communities in groundwater, and provided a basis for exploring the interaction between DOM composition and bacterial communities in groundwater plume contaminated by landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- College of Energy and Environment, Shenbei New District, Shenyang Aerospace University, No. 37 Daoyi Southstreet, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Fei Fang
- Global Environmental Studies, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-Cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
| | - Jun Tang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yue He
- Beijing Guozhong Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 102211, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- College of Energy and Environment, Shenbei New District, Shenyang Aerospace University, No. 37 Daoyi Southstreet, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Tingqiao Yu
- International Education College, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, 102442, China
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Shehu Z, Nyakairu GWA, Tebandeke E, Odume ON. Overview of African water resources contamination by contaminants of emerging concern. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158303. [PMID: 36030854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review look at several classes of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in conventional and non-conventional water resources across the African continent's five regions. According to the review, pharmaceuticals, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, personal care products, pesticides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds, and microplastics were found in conventional and non-conventional water resources. Most conventional water resources, such as rivers, streams, lakes, wells, and boreholes, are used as drinking water sources. Non-conventional water sources, such as treated wastewater (effluents), are used for domestic and agricultural purposes. However, CECs remain part of the treated wastewater, which is being discharged to surface water or used for agriculture. Thus, wastewater (effluent) is the main contributor to the pollution of other water resources. For African countries, the prevalence of rising emerging pollutants in water poses a severe environmental threat. There are different adverse effects of CECs, including the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, ecotoxicological effects, and several endocrine disorders. Therefore, this needs the urgent attention of the African Union, policymakers, Non-Governmental Organizations, and researchers to come together and tackle the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaccheus Shehu
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Chemistry, Gombe State University, P.M. B. 127, Gombe, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel Tebandeke
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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21
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Mheidli N, Malli A, Mansour F, Al-Hindi M. Occurrence and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in surface waters of the Middle East and North Africa: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158302. [PMID: 36030863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds in surface water are perceived as contaminants of emerging concern due to their impacts on the aquatic environment and human health. The risk associated with these compounds has not been quantified in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). This review identified that 210 pharmaceutical compounds have been analyzed in MENA water compartments between 2008 and 2022. In fact, 151 of these substances were detected in at least one of 13 MENA countries where occurrence studies had been conducted. Antibiotics claimed the highest number of pharmaceuticals detected with concentrations ranging between 0.03 and 66,400 ng/L (for Thiamphenicol and Spiramycin respectively). To investigate whether any of these compounds exert an ecological, human health, or antibiotic resistance risk, a screening-level risk assessment was performed in surface water matrices using maximum, median, and minimum concentrations. 39 and 8 detected pharmaceuticals in MENA surface waters posed a possible risk on aquatic ecosystems and human health respectively. Extremely high risk quotients (>1000) for six pharmaceuticals (17β estradiol, spiramycin, diclofenac, metoprolol, ethinylestradiol, and carbamazepine) were enumerated based on maximal concentrations implying an alarming risk on aquatic toxicity. Moreover, hormones posed the highest possible risk on human health whether ingested through drinking water or fish (e.g., 17β-estradiol had a health risk quotient of 2880 for children). Spiramycin showed a high risk of antibiotic resistance with a risk quotient of 133. This review serves as a basis for future prioritization studies and regulatory guidelines in the MENA region to minimize the risks of the identified compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan Mheidli
- Baha and Walid Bassatne Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Energy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Malli
- Baha and Walid Bassatne Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Energy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Fatima Mansour
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mahmoud Al-Hindi
- Baha and Walid Bassatne Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Energy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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22
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DeLay K, Lin EZ, Koelmel JP, Bornman R, Obida M, Chevrier J, Godri Pollitt KJ. Personal air pollutant exposure monitoring in South African children in the VHEMBE birth cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107524. [PMID: 36260950 PMCID: PMC9982749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The burden of disease associated with environmental exposures disproportionately impacts residents of low- and middle-income countries. Children living in rural regions of these countries may experience higher exposure to insecticides from indoor residual spraying used for malaria control and household air pollution. This study evaluated environmental exposures of children living in a rural region of South Africa. Quantifying exposure levels and identifying characteristics that are associated with exposure in this geographic region has been challenging due to limitations with available monitoring techniques. Wearable passive samplers have recently been shown to be a convenient and reliable tool for assessing personal exposures. In this study, a passive sampler wristband, known as Fresh Air wristband, was worn by 49 children (five-years of age) residing in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The study leveraged ongoing research within the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies, and their Environment (VHEMBE) birth cohort. A wide range of chemicals (35 in total) were detected using the wristbands, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides, phthalates, and organophosphate esters (OPEs) flame retardants. Higher concentrations of PAHs were observed among children from households that fell below the food poverty threshold, did not have access to electric cookstoves/burners, or reported longer times of cooking or burning materials during the sampling period. Concentrations of p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDT were also found to be elevated for children from households falling below the food poverty threshold as well as for children whose households were sprayed for malaria control within the previous 1.5 years. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using passive sampler wristbands as a non-invasive method for personal exposure assessment of children in rural regions of South Africa to complex mixtures environmental contaminants derived from a combination of sources. Future studies are needed to further identify and understand the effects of airborne environmental contaminants on childhood development and strategies to mitigate exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayley DeLay
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elizabeth Z Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jeremy P Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Riana Bornman
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Muvhulawa Obida
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Mares-Carbajal FJ, Espinosa-Arzate MC, Ramírez-Montoya LA, Pat-Espadas AM, Ramírez JE, Rangel-Mendez JR, Ascacio-Valdes JA, Aguilar CN, Mijaylova P, Buitrón G, Cervantes FJ. Biocatalyst developed with recovered iron-rich minerals enhances the biotransformation of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs in anaerobic bioreactors. JOURNAL OF WATER PROCESS ENGINEERING 2022; 50:103337. [PMID: 36407934 PMCID: PMC9663753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of the SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs, ribavirin and tenofovir, was studied in methanogenic bioreactors. The role of iron-rich minerals, recovered from a metallurgic effluent, on the biotransformation process was also assessed. Enrichment of anaerobic sludge with recovered minerals promoted superior removal efficiency for both antivirals (97.4 % and 94.7 % for ribavirin and tenofovir, respectively) as compared to the control bioreactor lacking minerals, which achieved 58.5 % and 37.9 % removal for the same drugs, respectively. Further analysis conducted by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy revealed several metabolites derived from the biotransformation of both antivirals. Interestingly, tracer analysis with 13CH4 revealed that anaerobic methane oxidation coupled to Fe(III) reduction occurred in the enriched bioreactor, which was reflected in a lower content of methane in the biogas produced from this system, as compared to the control bioreactor. This treatment proposal is suitable within the circular economy concept, in which recovered metals from an industrial wastewater are applied in bioreactors to create a biocatalyst for promoting the biotransformation of emerging pollutants. This strategy may be appropriate for the anaerobic treatment of wastewaters originated from hospitals, as well as from the pharmaceutical and chemical sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Mares-Carbajal
- Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Engineering Institute, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - M Carolina Espinosa-Arzate
- Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Engineering Institute, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Luis A Ramírez-Montoya
- Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Engineering Institute, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Aurora M Pat-Espadas
- CONACYT-UNAM Instituto de Geología, Estación Regional del Noroeste (ERNO), Luis D. Colosio y Madrid, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - J Ernesto Ramírez
- Unidad Académica de Ingeniería I, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - J René Rangel-Mendez
- División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4 Sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Juan A Ascacio-Valdes
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Investigación en Alimentos (DIA-UAdeC), Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Cristóbal N Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Investigación en Alimentos (DIA-UAdeC), Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Petia Mijaylova
- Subcoordinación de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales, Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Paseo Cuauhnáhuac 8532, Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Germán Buitrón
- Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Engineering Institute, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Cervantes
- Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Engineering Institute, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico
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Oluwalana AE, Musvuugwa T, Sikwila ST, Sefadi JS, Whata A, Nindi MM, Chaukura N. The screening of emerging micropollutants in wastewater in Sol Plaatje Municipality, Northern Cape, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120275. [PMID: 36167166 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although pollutants pose environmental and human health risks, the majority are not routinely monitored and regulated. Organic pollutants emanate from a variety of sources, and can be classified depending on their chemistry and environmental fate. Classification of pollutants is important because it informs fate processes and apposite removal technologies. The occurrence of emerging contaminants (ECs) in water bodies is a source of environmental and human health concern globally. Despite being widely reported, data on the occurrence of ECs in South Africa are scarce. Specifically, ECS in wastewater in the Northern Cape in South Africa are understudied. In this study, various ECs were screened in water samples collected from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the province. The ECs were detected using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry following Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction. The main findings were: (1) there is a wide variety of ECs in the WWTPs, (2) physico-chemical properties such as pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, and dissolved organic content showed reduced values in the outlet compared to the inlet which confirms the presence of less contaminants in the treated wastewater, (3) specific ultraviolet absorbance of less than 2 was observed in the WWTPs samples, suggesting the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) that is predominantly non-humic in nature, (4) most of the ECs were recalcitrant to the treatment processes, (5) pesticides, recreational drugs, and analgesics constitute a significant proportion of pollutants in wastewater, and (6) NOM removal ranged between 35 and 90%. Consequently, a comprehensive database of ECs in wastewater in Sol Plaatje Municipality was created. Since the detected ECs pose ecotoxicological risks, there is a need to monitor and quantify ECs in WWTPs. These data are useful in selecting suitable monitoring and control strategies at WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola E Oluwalana
- Risk and Vulnerability Science Centre. Sol Plaatje University, Private Bag X5008, Kimberley, 8300, South Africa; Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Sol Plaatje University, Private Bag X5008, Kimberley, 8300, South Africa
| | - Tendai Musvuugwa
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Sciences. Sol Plaatje University, Private Bag X5008, Kimberley, 8300, South Africa
| | - Stephen T Sikwila
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Sol Plaatje University, Private Bag X5008, Kimberley, 8300, South Africa
| | - Jeremia S Sefadi
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Sol Plaatje University, Private Bag X5008, Kimberley, 8300, South Africa
| | - Albert Whata
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Sol Plaatje University, Private Bag X5008, Kimberley, 8300, South Africa
| | - Mathew M Nindi
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Sol Plaatje University, Private Bag X5008, Kimberley, 8300, South Africa.
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25
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Kim SH, Tanaka M, Lee MH, Watanabe T. Enhanced decomposition of caffeine by water plasma combined with mist generator: Effect of operational parameter and decomposition pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136056. [PMID: 35973502 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water plasma coupled with mist generator was introduced to perform the decomposition of caffeine (CAF) wastewater. The mist-shaped water molecule was directly used for plasma-forming gas with no additional gas. The influence of arc current on the decomposition of CAF was elucidated in detail. With the increase of input power from 0.8 to 1.1 kW according to arc current, the removal efficiency of total organic carbon (TOC) and CAF increased, reaching 91.1 and 99.8% at 9.5 A, respectively. H2, CO, CO2, and N2 were major effluent gaseous species, of which the H2 generation was more than 40% for all conditions. The concentration of nitrate in the effluent liquids was the highest at 9.5 A due to a higher oxidation environment. The H, O, and OH as reactive species formed via the dissociation of water molecules were demonstrated, and the plasma temperatures were at over 5000 K. The detailed decomposition pathway was deduced based on eleven intermediate products identified in this process. Electron impact and hydroxyl radical were found to take leading roles in the decomposition of CAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ho Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Manabu Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Myeong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Marine Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Dong Sam-Dong, Yong Do-ku, Busan, 49112, South Korea
| | - Takayuki Watanabe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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26
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Barasarathi J, Abdullah PS, Uche EC. Application of magnetic carbon nanocomposite from agro-waste for the removal of pollutants from water and wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135384. [PMID: 35724716 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution has significant impact on water usage, and various contaminants, such as organic and inorganic compounds, heavy metals, dyes, pharmaceuticals compounds, pathogens and radioactive compounds, are implicated. The quest for globalisation, structural developments and other related anthropogenic activities promote the release of contaminants that induce water pollution. Hence, treatment and remediation options that can remove pollutants from watercourses and wastewater have been developed. Applied nanotechnology using carbon nanocomposites has recently drawn attention because it has the advantages of low preparation cost, high surface area, pore volume and environmental stability. Magnetic carbon nanocomposites usually exhibit excellent performance in adsorbing contaminants from aqueous solutions, and thus expanding the use of nanotechnology in water treatment is of great importance. Therefore, this review explores the geographical outlook of water pollution, sources of water pollution and types of contaminants found in water and discusses the use of carbon nanocomposites as an emerging sustainable technology for water pollutant removal. The various properties of carbon-based composites influence the extent of pollutant adsorption during water treatment processes. Most carbon-based nanocomposites are generated from biomass produced by agro-waste materials. Magnetic activated carbon nanocomposites produced from walnut shells and rice husk waste can remove 78% of Cd(II) from contaminated aqueous systems. Magnetic nanocomposites from peanut shell, tea waste, curcumin nanoparticles, sunflower head waste, rice husk, hydrophyte biomass, palm waste and sugarcane bagasse facilitate hydrothermal carbonisation, chemical precipitation, co-precipitation, chemical activation, calcination and fast pyrolysis. These nanocomposites have benefitted wastewater treatment by increasing efficiency in removing pharmaceutical, dye and organic contaminants, such as promazine, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, rhodamine 6G, methyl blue, phenol and phenanthrene. Hence, this review discusses the relatively low costs, good biocompatibility, large surface-to-volume ratio, magnetic separation capability and reusability carbon materials and highlights the advantages of using magnetic carbon nanocomposites in the removal of contaminants from water or wastewater through adsorption mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanthi Barasarathi
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences (FHLS), Inti International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | | | - Emenike Chijioke Uche
- Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Canada; Natural and Applied Sciences, Hezekiah University, Umudi, Nigeria.
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The mechanisms involved into the inhibitory effects of ionic liquids chemistry on adsorption performance of ciprofloxacin onto inorganic minerals. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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F.G.M. Cimirro N, Lima EC, Cunha MR, Thue PS, Grimm A, dos Reis GS, Rabiee N, Reza Saeb M, Keivanimehr F, Habibzadeh S. Removal of diphenols using pine biochar. Kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamics, and mechanism of uptake. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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29
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Meléndez-Marmolejo J, Díaz de León-Martínez L, Galván-Romero V, Villarreal-Lucio S, Ocampo-Pérez R, Medellín-Castillo NA, Padilla-Ortega E, Rodríguez-Torres I, Flores-Ramírez R. Design and application of molecularly imprinted polymers for adsorption and environmental assessment of anti-inflammatory drugs in wastewater samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45885-45902. [PMID: 35149949 PMCID: PMC8853052 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been synthesized using separately diclofenac, naproxen, and ibuprofen as templates with three different polymerization approaches. Two functional monomers, methacrylic acid (MAA) and 2-vinylpyridine (2-VP), were tested and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was used as crosslinker; also, template-free polymers (NIPs) were synthesized. It was found that the MIP with the highest retention percentage for diclofenac was the one prepared by the emulsion approach and with MAA (98.3%); for naproxen, the one prepared by the bulk polymerization with MAA (99%); and for ibuprofen, the one synthesized by bulk with 2-VP (97.7%). These three MIPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric test, Fourier transform infrared, specific area measurements, and surface charge. It was found that the emulsion method allowed particle size control, while the bulk method gave heterogeneous particles. The three evaluated MIPs exhibited thermal stability up to 300 °C, and it was observed that 2-VP confers greater stability to the material. From the BET analysis, it was demonstrated that the MIPs and NIPs evaluated are mesoporous materials with a pore size between 10 and 20 nm. In addition, the monomer influenced the surface charge of the material, since the MAA conferred an acidic point of zero charge (PZC), while the 2-VP conferred a PZC of basic character. Through adsorption isotherms, it was determined that there is a higher adsorption capacity of the MIPs at acidic pH following a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Finally, the MIPs were used to determine the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) understudy in San Luis Potosí, México, wastewater, finding concentrations of 0.642, 0.985, and 0.403 mg L-1 for DCF, NPX, and IBP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Meléndez-Marmolejo
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente Y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente Y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Vanessa Galván-Romero
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente Y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Samantha Villarreal-Lucio
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente Y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Raúl Ocampo-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78260, México
| | - Nahum A Medellín-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación Y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, 78290, México
| | - Erika Padilla-Ortega
- Centro de Investigación Y Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78260, México
| | - Israel Rodríguez-Torres
- Instituto de Metalurgia-Facultad de Ingeniería, UASLP, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación Para La Innovación Y Aplicación de La Ciencia Y La Tecnología (CIACyT), UASLP, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México.
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30
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Ortúzar M, Esterhuizen M, Olicón-Hernández DR, González-López J, Aranda E. Pharmaceutical Pollution in Aquatic Environments: A Concise Review of Environmental Impacts and Bioremediation Systems. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:869332. [PMID: 35558129 PMCID: PMC9087044 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.869332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of emerging contaminants in the environment, such as pharmaceuticals, is a growing global concern. The excessive use of medication globally, together with the recalcitrance of pharmaceuticals in traditional wastewater treatment systems, has caused these compounds to present a severe environmental problem. In recent years, the increase in their availability, access and use of drugs has caused concentrations in water bodies to rise substantially. Considered as emerging contaminants, pharmaceuticals represent a challenge in the field of environmental remediation; therefore, alternative add-on systems for traditional wastewater treatment plants are continuously being developed to mitigate their impact and reduce their effects on the environment and human health. In this review, we describe the current status and impact of pharmaceutical compounds as emerging contaminants, focusing on their presence in water bodies, and analyzing the development of bioremediation systems, especially mycoremediation, for the removal of these pharmaceutical compounds with a special focus on fungal technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Ortúzar
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Edificio Departamental, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maranda Esterhuizen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Finland and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe, Saarbrücken, Germany.,University of Manitoba, Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Darío Rafael Olicón-Hernández
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús González-López
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elisabet Aranda
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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31
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Electrospun carbon nanofibres: Preparation, characterization and application for adsorption of pollutants from water and air. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Parida VK, Sikarwar D, Majumder A, Gupta AK. An assessment of hospital wastewater and biomedical waste generation, existing legislations, risk assessment, treatment processes, and scenario during COVID-19. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 308:114609. [PMID: 35101807 PMCID: PMC8789570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hospitals release significant quantities of wastewater (HWW) and biomedical waste (BMW), which hosts a wide range of contaminants that can adversely affect the environment if left untreated. The COVID-19 outbreak has further increased hospital waste generation over the past two years. In this context, a thorough literature study was carried out to reveal the negative implications of untreated hospital waste and delineate the proper ways to handle them. Conventional treatment methods can remove only 50%-70% of the emerging contaminants (ECs) present in the HWW. Still, many countries have not implemented suitable treatment methods to treat the HWW in-situ. This review presents an overview of worldwide HWW generation, regulations, and guidelines on HWW management and highlights the various treatment techniques for efficiently removing ECs from HWW. When combined with advanced oxidation processes, biological or physical treatment processes could remove around 90% of ECs. Analgesics were found to be more easily removed than antibiotics, β-blockers, and X-ray contrast media. The different environmental implications of BMW have also been highlighted. Mishandling of BMW can spread infections, deadly diseases, and hazardous waste into the environment. Hence, the different steps associated with collection to final disposal of BMW have been delineated to minimize the associated health risks. The paper circumscribes the multiple aspects of efficient hospital waste management and may be instrumental during the COVID-19 pandemic when the waste generation from all hospitals worldwide has increased significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kumar Parida
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Divyanshu Sikarwar
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Abhradeep Majumder
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Gupta
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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Okoye CO, Okeke ES, Okoye KC, Echude D, Andong FA, Chukwudozie KI, Okoye HU, Ezeonyejiaku CD. Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs) and pesticides in African water systems: A need for timely intervention. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09143. [PMID: 35345397 PMCID: PMC8956874 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of emerging contaminants (ECs) such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs) and pesticides in the aquatic environment has raised serious concerns about their adverse effects on aquatic species and humans. Because of their toxicity and bioactive nature, PPCPs and pesticides have more potential to impair water systems than any other contaminants, causing several adverse effects, including antibiotic resistance, reproductive impairment, biomagnification, bioaccumulation, etc. Over 35 publications from Africa have reported on the occurrence and fate of PPCPs and pesticides in African water systems with little or no data on remediation and control. As a result, adequate intervention strategies are needed for regulating the persistence of PPCPs and pesticides in African water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Obinwanne Okoye
- Ecology and Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Nigeria
- Biofuels Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Corresponding author.
| | - Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
- Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Nigeria
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kingsley Chukwuebuka Okoye
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
- Entomology Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Nigeria
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Echude
- Ecology and Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Nigeria
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Felix Attawal Andong
- Ecology and Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley Ikechukwu Chukwudozie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Nigeria
- Organization of African Academic Doctors (OAAD), Off Kamiti Road, 25305000100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Henrietta Ukamaka Okoye
- Social Policy Unit, Department of Public Administration and Local Government, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Nigeria
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Madikizela LM, Nuapia YB, Chimuka L, Ncube S, Etale A. Target and Suspect Screening of Pharmaceuticals and their Transformation Products in the Klip River, South Africa, using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:437-447. [PMID: 34888926 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In spite of recent reports about the presence of pharmaceuticals in African water bodies, their prevalence has still not been sufficiently quantified. The few available studies have mostly focused on a limited number of pharmaceuticals. In the present study, a suspect screening of 92 compounds (mainly pharmaceuticals and their transformation products) along the Klip River, South Africa was conducted, followed by target monitoring of 21 of the detected pharmaceuticals. The experimental approach was based on solid-phase extraction followed by analysis with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). The results revealed 47 pharmaceuticals, 31 of which were detected for the first time in South African waters. Seven detected pharmaceuticals (propyphenazole, sulfamerazine, levamisole, tryptophan, dibucaine, albuterol, and fenpropimorph) are not approved medications in South Africa. Six pharmaceutical metabolites were detected for the first time in South Africa. Pharmaceuticals with the highest concentrations in river water were flumequine (0.257 µg L-1 ), oxolinic acid (0.355 µg L-1 ), and acetaminophen (0.432 µg L-1 ). Oxolinic acid presented the highest hazard quotient, 48.6, indicating a risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms. Hazard quotients for other pharmaceuticals were below 1, except that of flumequine, which reached 1.285. These results suggest a need for further research into the fate of pharmaceuticals in surface waters, and a quantification of the risks associated with the identified drugs because they are likely to accumulate in the tissues of fish/aquatic organisms, thus affecting humans. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:437-447. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Madikizela
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yannick B Nuapia
- School of Animal, Plant, & Environmental Science, Medicinal Plants, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Somandla Ncube
- Department of Chemistry, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa, South Africa
| | - Anita Etale
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Global Change Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Selwe KP, Thorn JPR, Desrousseaux AOS, Dessent CEH, Sallach JB. Emerging contaminant exposure to aquatic systems in the Southern African Development Community. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:382-395. [PMID: 35020964 PMCID: PMC9304188 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The growing production and use of chemicals and the resultant increase in environmental exposure is of particular concern in developing countries where there is rapid industrialization and population growth but limited information on the occurrence of emerging contaminants. Advances in analytical techniques now allow for the monitoring of emerging contaminants at very low concentrations with the potential to cause harmful ecotoxicological effects. Therefore, we provide the first critical assessment of the current state of knowledge about chemical exposure in waters of the Southern African Developmental Community (SADC). We achieved this through a comprehensive literature review and the creation of a database of chemical monitoring data. Of the 59 articles reviewed, most (n = 36; 61.0%) were from South Africa, and the rest were from Botswana (n = 6; 10.2%), Zimbabwe (n = 6; 10.2%), Malawi (n = 3; 5.1%), Mozambique (n = 3; 5.1%), Zambia (n = 2; 3.4%), Angola (n = 1; 1.7%), Madagascar (n = 1; 1.7%), and Tanzania (n = 1; 1.7%). No publications were found from the remaining seven SADC countries. Emerging contaminants have only been studied in South Africa and Botswana. The antiretroviral drug ritonavir (64.52 µg/L) was detected at the highest average concentration, and ibuprofen (17 times) was detected most frequently. Despite being the primary water source in the region, groundwater was understudied (only 13 studies). High emerging contaminant concentrations in surface waters indicate the presence of secondary sources of pollution such as sewage leakage. We identify research gaps and propose actions to assess and reduce chemical pollution to enable the SADC to address the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 3.9, to reduce the deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and contamination. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:382-395. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgato P. Selwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
| | - Jessica P. R. Thorn
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
- African Climate and Development InitiativeUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | | | | | - J. Brett Sallach
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
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Emerging Pollutants in Moroccan Wastewater: Occurrence, Impact, and Removal Technologies. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9727857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth of anthropogenic activities in recent decades has resulted in the appearance of numerous new chemical compounds in the environment, known as “emerging pollutants” (EPs) or “contaminants of emerging concern” (CECs). Although partially or not yet regulated or monitored, there is growing research interest in these EPs among the scientific community because of their bioaccumulation, persistence, and adverse effects. Among these, endocrine disruptors, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals can have harmful impacts on human health and the ecosystem. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies are not effective in removing these contaminants, allowing them to be released into the receiving environment. In order to improve the understanding of emerging pollutants, this review discusses the source, occurrence, and impacts of bisphenol A, atrazine, amoxicillin, and paracetamol as model molecules of emerging environmental pollutants, an issue that remains underrepresented in Morocco. Then, treatment methods for EPs are reviewed, including adsorption, advanced oxidation processes, biodegradation, and hybrid treatment. It is proposed that adsorption and photocatalysis can be used as simple, effective, and environmentally friendly technologies for their removal. Thus, we summarize some of the adsorbent and photocatalyst materials applied in recent work to control these pollutants. Towards the end of this paper, the development of inexpensive and locally available (Morocco) materials to remove these compounds from wastewater is considered.
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Liu X, Hong Y, Ding S, Jin W, Dong S, Xiao R, Chu W. Transformation of antiviral ribavirin during ozone/PMS intensified disinfection amid COVID-19 pandemic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148030. [PMID: 34091342 PMCID: PMC8154182 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), large amounts of antivirals were consumed and released into wastewater, posing risks to the ecosystem and human health. Ozonation is commonly utilized as pre-oxidation process to enhance the disinfection of hospital wastewater during COVID-19 spread. In this study, the transformation of ribavirin, antiviral for COVID-19, during ozone/PMS‑chlorine intensified disinfection process was investigated. •OH followed by O3 accounted for the dominant ribavirin degradation in most conditions due to higher reaction rate constant between ribavirin and •OH vs. SO4•- (1.9 × 109 vs. 7.9 × 107 M-1 s-1, respectively). During the O3/PMS process, ribavirin was dehydrogenated at the hydroxyl groups first, then lost the amide or the methanol group. Chloride at low concentrations (e.g., 0.5- 2 mg/L) slightly accelerated ribavirin degradation, while bromide, iodide, bicarbonate, and dissolved organic matter all reduced the degradation efficiency. In the presence of bromide, O3/PMS process resulted in the formation of organic brominated oxidation by-products (OBPs), the concentration of which increased with increasing bromide dosage. However, the formation of halogenated OBPs was negligible when chloride or iodide existed. Compared to the O3/H2O2 process, the concentration of brominated OBPs was significantly higher after ozonation or the O3/PMS process. This study suggests that the potential risks of the organic brominated OBPs should be taken into consideration when ozonation and ozone-based processes are used to enhance disinfection in the presence of bromide amid COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuntao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shengkun Dong
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Secondary Effects of Hypochlorite Treatment on the Emerging Pollutant Candesartan: The Formation of Degradation Byproducts and Their Toxicological Profiles. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113422. [PMID: 34198752 PMCID: PMC8200957 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have reported the frequent detection of antihypertensive agents such as sartans (olmesartan, valsartan, irbesartan and candesartan) in the influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and in the superficial waters of rivers and lakes in both Europe and North America. In this paper, the degradation pathway for candesartan (CAN) was investigated by simulating the chlorination process that is normally used to reduce microbial contamination in a WWTP. Twelve isolated degradation byproducts (DPs), four of which were isolated for the first time, were separated on a C-18 column by employing a gradient HPLC method, and their structures were identified by combining nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry and comparing the results with commercial standards. On the basis of these results, a mechanism of formation starting from the parent drug is proposed. The ecotoxicity of CAN and its DPs was studied by conducting a battery of ecotoxicity tests; bioassays were performed using Aliivibrio fischeri (bacterium), Daphnia magna (planktonic crustacean) and Raphidocelis subcapitata (alga). The ecotoxicity results shed new light on the increased toxicity of DPs compared with the parent compound.
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