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Ahmed MMM, Chen KY, Tsao FY, Hsieh YC, Liu YT, Tzou YM. Promotion of phosphate release from humic acid-iron hydroxide coprecipitates in the presence of citric acid. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117517. [PMID: 37914010 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (P) resources are expected to be depleted within a century. Therefore, promoting balanced phosphorus fertilizer use and understanding phosphorus dynamics in soils containing iron (III), organic acids, and iron (III)-organic molecule particulates is crucial. This study investigated the sorption of citric acid onto humic acid-iron hydr(o)xide coprecipitate (HAFHCP) and the reciprocal effects of citric acid and P sorption on HAFHCP with different C/Fe ratios. The results showed that the maximum sorption capacity (MSC) of citric acid on HAFHCP decreased with increasing C/Fe ratios in the HAFHCP. The P sorption on HAFHCP pre-sorbed with citric acids (denoted as C-P) decreased by 50% compared with that of the MSC on FH. However, citric acids could only reduce P sorption by 20% when P was pre-sorbed on HAFHCP (denoted as P-C). The results suggested that upon the formation of HAFHCP, citric acids might increase P availability, especially in the C-P system. Although citric acids initially inhibited P sorption on HAFHCP in the P-C system, P sorption increased with prolonged reaction time. The exposures of new sorption sites upon dissolution of Fe from HAFHCP by citric acids or/and the formations of Fe bridge between P and organic domains of HAFHCP might contribute to these results. Additionally, a number of large HAFHCP aggregates became smaller while sorbing P due to the increasing electric repulsion on the surfaces of FH, enabling the subsequent dissolutions of more Fe by citric acids from HAFHCP in the P-C system. By integrating these innovative and sustainable strategies, the recycling and reuse of P can be optimized, thereby minimizing the reliance on synthetic fertilizers and mitigating environmental impacts. This approach fosters the efficient utilization of phosphorus resources, improves soil fertility, and enhances the overall resilience of agricultural systems and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M M Ahmed
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yue Chen
- Professional Bachelor Program of Farm Management, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 600355, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Tsao
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Hsieh
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yu-Ting Liu
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan; Innovation and Development Centre of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Min Tzou
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan; Innovation and Development Centre of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
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Xia L, Vangansbeke A, Lauryssen F, Smolders E. Screening redox stability of iron rich by-products for effective phosphate immobilisation in freshwater sediments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 337:117728. [PMID: 36940601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) rich by-products can be added to lake or river sediments to immobilise phosphate (PO4) and lower eutrophication risks. These Fe materials differ in mineralogy and specific surface area, hence differing in PO4 sorption capacity and stability under reducing conditions. This study was set up to identify key properties of these amendments in their capacity to immobilise PO4 in sediments. Eleven Fe rich by-products, collected from drinking water treatment plants and acid mine drainage, were characterised. The PO4 adsorption to these by-products was first determined under aerobic conditions and the solid-liquid distribution coefficient KD for PO4 correlated strongly to oxalate extractable Fe content. A static sediment-water incubation test was subsequently used to evaluate the redox stability of these by-products. The reductive processes gradually released Fe to solution and more Fe was release from the amended than from the control sediments. The total Fe release to solution was positively related to ascorbate reducible Fe fractions in the by-products, suggesting that such fractions indicate potential loss of P retention capacity on the long term. The final PO4 concentration in the overlying water was 5.6 mg P L-1 in the control and was successfully lowered by factor 30-420 depending on the by-product. The factor by which solution PO4 was reduced in Fe treatments increased with increasing KD determined under aerobic conditions. This study suggests that efficient by-products to trap P in sediments are characterised by a high oxalate Fe content and a low reducible Fe fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xia
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Arne Vangansbeke
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florian Lauryssen
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Smolders
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Xia L, van Dael T, Bergen B, Smolders E. Phosphorus immobilisation in sediment by using iron rich by-product as affected by water pH and sulphate concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:160820. [PMID: 36526189 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) rich by-product from drinking water treatment plants can be added to rivers and lakes to immobilise phosphorus (P) in sediment and lower eutrophication risks. This study was set up to investigate the P immobilisation efficiency of an Fe rich by-product as affected by the pH and sulphate (SO4) concentration in the overlying water. Both factors are known to inhibit long-term P immobilisation under anoxic conditions. A static sediment-water incubation was conducted at varying buffered water pH values (6, 7 and 8) and different initial SO4 concentrations (0-170 mg SO4 L-1) with or without Fe rich by-product amendment to the sediment. In the unamended sediment, the P release to the overlying water was highest, and up to 6 mg P L-1, at lowest water pH due to higher reductive dissolution of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides. The Fe rich by-product amendment to the sediment largely reduced P release from sediment by factors 50-160 depending on pH, with slightly lowest immobilisation at highest pH 8, likely because of pH dependent P sorption. The total sulphur (S) concentrations in the overlying water reduced during incubation. The P release in unamended sediments increased from 2.7 mg L-1 to 4.2 mg L-1 with higher initial SO4 concentrations, suggesting sulphide formation during incubation and FeS precipitation that facilitates release of P. However, no such SO4 effects were found where Fe rich by-product was applied that lowered P release to <0.1 mg L-1 illustrating high stability of immobilised P in amended sediments. This study suggests that Fe rich by-product is efficient for P immobilisation but that loss of Fe in low pH water may lower its long-term effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xia
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Toon van Dael
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Bergen
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Smolders
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Barcala V, Jansen S, Gerritse J, Mangold S, Voegelin A, Behrends T. Phosphorus adsorption on iron-coated sand under reducing conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2023; 52:74-87. [PMID: 36368314 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitigation measures are needed to prevent large loads of phosphate originating in agriculture from reaching surface waters. Iron-coated sand (ICS) is a residual product from drinking water production. It has a high phosphate adsorption capacity and can be placed around tile drains, taking no extra space, which increases the farmers' acceptance. The main concern regarding the use of ICS filters below groundwater level is that limited oxygen supply and high organic matter concentrations may lead to the reduction and dissolution of iron (hydr)oxides present and the release of previously adsorbed phosphate. This study aimed to investigate phosphate adsorption on ICS at the onset of iron reduction. First, we investigated whether simultaneous metal reduction and phosphate adsorption were relevant at two field sites in the Netherlands that use ICS filters around tile drains. Second, the onset of microbially mediated reduction of ICS in drainage water was mimicked in complementary laboratory microcosm experiments by varying the intensity of reduction through controlling the oxygen availability and the concentration of degradable organic matter. After 3 yr, ICS filters in the field removed phosphorus under low redox conditions. Over 45 d, the microbial reduction of manganese and iron oxides did not lead to phosphate release, confirming field observations. Electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy did not evince systematic structural or compositional changes; only under strongly reducing conditions did iron sulfides form in small percentages in the outer layer of the iron coating. Our results suggest that detrimental effects only become relevant after long periods of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Barcala
- Inland Water Systems, Deltares, Daltonlaan 600, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dep. of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht Univ., 8 Princetonlaan, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Jansen
- Deltares, Unit Subsurface and Groundwater Systems, Daltonlaan 600, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Gerritse
- Deltares, Unit Subsurface and Groundwater Systems, Daltonlaan 600, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Mangold
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andreas Voegelin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Behrends
- Dep. of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht Univ., 8 Princetonlaan, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Pap S, Zhang H, Bogdan A, Elsby DT, Gibb SW, Bremner B, Taggart MA. Pilot-scale phosphate recovery from wastewater to create a fertiliser product: An integrated assessment of adsorbent performance and quality. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 228:119369. [PMID: 36434975 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication and the predicted limited future availability of rock phosphate has triggered the increased development of phosphorus (P) recovery technologies, however, for remote regions, recovery solutions are still limited. Here, we report on a novel pilot-scale technology (FILTRAFLOTM-P reactor) to recover phosphate (PO43-) from wastewater effluent through a filtration/adsorption process in a rural setting. This unit employs enhanced gravitational filtration through adsorption media (here, a novel KOH deacetylated crab carapace based chitosan-calcite material (CCM)) with continuous self-backwashing. Trials were designed to assess how the FILTRAFLOTM-P unit would operate under 'real' conditions (both at low and high PO43- levels), and to ascertain the effectiveness of the adsorbent to recover phosphate from final effluent. High removal was achieved at low phosphate concentrations, bringing the residual effluent PO43- level below 1 mg/L (EU limit for sensitive water bodies), while phosphate was efficiently harvested (at more than 50%) at higher PO43- levels. Surface microprecipitation and inner-sphere complexation were postulated as the main PO43- adsorption mechanisms through XRD, XPS and EDX elemental mapping. Further, a quality assessment of the P-enriched CCM (which could be used as a potential soil amendment) was undertaken to consider elemental composition, microbiological assessment and quantification of organic micropollutants. Quality analysis indicated ∼2.5% P2O5 present, trace levels (well below legislative limits) of heavy metals and extremely low levels of organic pollutants (e.g., PCBs, pharmaceuticals). No detectable levels of target bacterial pathogens were observed. Pot trials showed that ryegrass cultivated with the addition of the CCM adsorbent achieved higher plant dry matter and P concentration when compared to unfertilised controls, with a slow-release kinetic pattern. This study showed that CCM used with the FILTRAFLOTM-P pilot reactor has high potential to recover phosphate from effluents and encourage resource recovery via bio-based management of waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabolc Pap
- Environmental Research Institute, UHI North Highland, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, Scotland KW14 7JD, UK.
| | - Huiyi Zhang
- Environmental Research Institute, UHI North Highland, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, Scotland KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Aleksandra Bogdan
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Derek T Elsby
- Environmental Research Institute, UHI North Highland, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, Scotland KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Stuart W Gibb
- Environmental Research Institute, UHI North Highland, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, Scotland KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Barbara Bremner
- Environmental Research Institute, UHI North Highland, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, Scotland KW14 7JD, UK
| | - Mark A Taggart
- Environmental Research Institute, UHI North Highland, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, Scotland KW14 7JD, UK
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Zhang R, Wang L, Hussain Lakho F, Yang X, Depuydt V, Igodt W, Quan Le H, Rousseau DP, Van Hulle S. Iron oxide coated sand (IOS): Scale-up analysis and full-scale application for phosphorus removal from goat farm wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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