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Rouhani A, Newton RA, Al Souki KS, Quattrini G, Gusiatin MZ. A 6-year review status on soil pollution in coal mining areas from Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:392. [PMID: 39177675 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Coal is an essential component in achieving the goal of fulfilling the energy demands of the world. Nevertheless, the extensive practice of coal mining has resulted in environmental contamination through the release of both organic and inorganic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic compounds and potentially toxic elements, into various mediums, notably soil. The escalating coal-mining activities across Europe have amplified the concentration of specific elements in the soil. Therefore, a thorough and meticulous assessment of these environmental impacts is imperative to furnish policymakers, industries, and communities with valuable insights, facilitating the formulation and adoption of effective mitigation strategies. Considering the results of studies from 2018 to 2023, this review thoroughly evaluates the current state of soil pollution in the coal mining areas of Europe, focusing on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially toxic elements. By analyzing the acquired data, this study aims to evaluate the levels of contamination by these pollutants in soils. The findings reveal that low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons dominate the polycyclic aromatic compounds present, while potentially toxic elements including Zn, Pb, Mn, and Cr emerge as major contributors to soil contamination in coal mining areas from Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmannan Rouhani
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 15, 400 96, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic.
| | - Robert Ato Newton
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 15, 400 96, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Karim Suhail Al Souki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Pasteurova 15, 400 96, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Giacomo Quattrini
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 12, D3A60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mariusz Z Gusiatin
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
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Yu D, Guo X, Wang A, Wu Z, Shi J. Simulation and parameter determination of the net sorption of phenanthrene by sediment particles. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 278:116440. [PMID: 38733806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ocean is affected by the sorption-desorption process of sediment particles. This process is determined by the concentration of PAHs in seawater, water temperature, and organic matter content of sediment particles. Quantitative relationships between the net sorption rates (=the difference of sorption and desorption rates) and these factors have not been established yet and used in PAH transport models. In this study, phenanthrene was chosen as the representative of PAHs. Three groups of experimental data were collected to address the dependence of the net sorption processes on the initial concentration, water temperature, and organic carbon content representing organic matter content. One-site and two-compartment mass-transfer models were tested to represent the experimental data using various parameters. The results showed that the two-compartment mass-transfer model performed better than the one-site mass-transfer model. The parameters of the two-compartment mass-transfer model include the sorption rate coefficients kafand kas (L g-1 min-1), and the desorption rate coefficients kdf and kds (min-1). The parameters at different temperatures and organic carbon contents were obtained by numerical simulations. Linear relationships were obtained between the parameters and water temperature, as well as organic carbon content. kaf, kas and kdf decreased linearly, while kds increased linearly with temperature. kaf, kas and kdf increased linearly, while kds decreased linearly with organic carbon content. The r2 values between the simulation results based on the relationships and the experimental results reached 0.96-0.99, which supports the application of the model to simulate sorption-desorption processes at different water temperatures and organic carbon contents in a realistic ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577,Japan
| | - Aobo Wang
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong 264025, China
| | - Zhaosen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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3
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Zhang Y, Frimpong AJ, Tang J, Olayode IO, Kyei SK, Owusu-Ansah P, Agyeman PK, Fayzullayevich JV, Tan G. An explicit review and proposal of an integrated framework system to mitigate the baffling complexities induced by road dust-associated contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123957. [PMID: 38631446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Road dust-associated contaminants (RD-AC) are gradually becoming a much thornier problem, as their monotonous correlations render them carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. While many studies have examined the harmful effects of road dust on both humans and the environment, few studies have considered the co-exposure risk and gradient outcomes given the spatial extent of RD-AC. In this spirit, this paper presents in-depth elucidation into the baffling complexities induced by both major and emerging contaminants of road dust through a panorama-to-profile up-to-date review of diverse studies unified by the goal of advancing innovative methods to mitigate these contaminants. The paper thoroughly explores the correlations between RD-AC and provides insights to understand their potential in dispersing saprotrophic microorganisms. It also explores emerging challenges and proposes a novel integrated framework system aimed at thermally inactivating viruses and other pathogenic micro-organisms commingled with RD-AC. The main findings are: (i) the co-exposure risk of both major and emerging contaminants add another layer of complexity, highlighting the need for more holistic framework strategies, given the geospatial morphology of these contaminants; (ii) road dust contaminants show great potential for extended prevalence and severity of viral particles pollution; (iii) increasing trend of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in road dust, with studies conducted solely in China thus far; and (iv) substantial hurdle exists in acquiring data concerning acute procedural distress and long-term co-exposure risk to RD-ACs. Given the baffling complexities of RD-ACs, co-exposure risk and the need for innovative mitigation strategies, the study underscore the significance of establishing robust systems for deep road dust contaminants control and future research efforts while recognizing the interconnectivity within the contaminants associated with road dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Zhang
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China; Suizhou-WUT Industrial Research Institute, Suizhou Economic Development Zone, Zengdu District, Suizhou City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Alex Justice Frimpong
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China; Suizhou-WUT Industrial Research Institute, Suizhou Economic Development Zone, Zengdu District, Suizhou City, Hubei Province, China; Department of Automotive and Agricultural Mechanization Engineering, Kumasi Technical University, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jingning Tang
- National Special Purpose Vehicle Product Quality Inspection and Testing Center, Suizhou City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Isaac Oyeyemi Olayode
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sampson Kofi Kyei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kumasi Technical University, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Prince Owusu-Ansah
- Department of Automotive and Agricultural Mechanization Engineering, Kumasi Technical University, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Philip Kwabena Agyeman
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China; Suizhou-WUT Industrial Research Institute, Suizhou Economic Development Zone, Zengdu District, Suizhou City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jamshid Valiev Fayzullayevich
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China; Suizhou-WUT Industrial Research Institute, Suizhou Economic Development Zone, Zengdu District, Suizhou City, Hubei Province, China; School of Automobile and Automotive Economy, Tashkent State Transport University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Gangfeng Tan
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China; Suizhou-WUT Industrial Research Institute, Suizhou Economic Development Zone, Zengdu District, Suizhou City, Hubei Province, China.
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Qigang N, Afra A, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Turki Jalil A, Mohammadi MJ, Gatea MA, Efriza, Asban P, Mousavi SK, Kanani P, Mombeni Kazemi F, Hormati M, Kiani F. The effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biomarkers on cardiovascular diseases. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 0:reveh-2023-0070. [PMID: 37775307 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2023-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) are part of particulate matter (PM), which is produced from incomplete combustion of organic matter. Biomarkers mean biological indicators, molecules that indicate a normal or abnormal process in the body and may be a sign of a condition or disease. Studies show that PAHs increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases through processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation and atherosclerosis. The present study focused on the evaluation of health effects PAHs biomarkers on cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In this narrative study, data were collected from databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of science and Google Scholar in the period 1975-2023. After screening, duplicate and irrelevant articles were removed. Finally, 68 articles related to the effect of PAHs on CVD were included in the study. In addition to the articles found through the search in databases, another 18 articles from the references of the selected articles were included. According to the finding in during the biotransformation of PAH, a number of metabolites are made, such as phenols, diols, quinones, and epoxides. Phenolic isomers have the highest percentage and biomarkers used for their detection include 2-OHNAP used to trace naphthalene from heating processed food, 3-OHPHEN used to trace phenanthrene from diesel, 2-OHFLU used to trace fluorene and 1-OHPYR used to trace pyrene from cigarette and hookah smoke. According to the result, increasing blood pressure and heart rate and causing atherosclerosis are the main complications due to exposure to PAH metabolite on cardiovascular system. The most important agents that causes this affects including increased homocysteine, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), serum biomarkers of C-reactive protein, and triglycerides. Result this study showed that cardiovascular diseases risk is increased by exposure to PAH biomarkers from smoking, car emissions, occupational exposure, and incinerators. Therefore, strict controls should be implemented for sources of PAH production and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nie Qigang
- Physician Department of the Health Team of the 32152 Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, The Health Team of the 32152 Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Arghavan Afra
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Research group in educational statistics (GIEE), National University of Education (UNAE), Azogues, Ecuador
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - M Abdulfadhil Gatea
- Technical Engineering Department College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Efriza
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Health, Fort De Kock University, Bukittinggi, Indonesia
| | - Parisa Asban
- Student of Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyede Kosar Mousavi
- Student of Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Parnia Kanani
- Student of Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mombeni Kazemi
- Student of Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hormati
- Student of Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kiani
- Student of Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Wang Z, Liu YJ, Yang L, Yang ZZ, Zhang AN, Li ZH, Liu Z. Distribution, sources, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Kaokaowusu river sediments near a coal industrial zone. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:6853-6867. [PMID: 36566469 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically analyzed the contents, compositions, and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river sediments near an important energy and chemical base in northwest China. In addition, their possible adverse effects on the ecology and human health were assessed. The PAH concentrations in this study area ranged from 2641.28 to 16783.72 (ng/g dw). PAHs of medium molecular weight (3-ring and 4-ring) showed the largest proportion, followed by PAHs of higher molecular weight (5-ring and 6-ring). The results of molecular diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis revealed that PAHs in the region have complex sources, with incomplete combustion of local fossil fuels and traffic exhaust factors being the main sources. The total toxic equivalent concentration of PAHs varied from 10.05 to 760.26 ng/g, and according to the sediment quality guidelines, PAHs have high potential ecological risk in the lower reaches of the river. The mean effect range-median quotient for the region was 0.46, and the combined ecological risk was at moderate to high levels (21% probability of toxicity). The lifetime carcinogenic risks for adults and children exposed to PAHs were 2.95 × 10-3 and 1.87 × 10-2, respectively, which are much higher than the limit of 10-4, indicating moderate to high potential cancer risks. Therefore, the local government should consider taking some environmental remediation measures. This study can provide theoretical support for pollution prevention measures and ecological restoration strategies for rivers in resource-rich areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yong Jun Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Zhuang Zhuang Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Ai Ning Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Zhi Hua Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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Azam S, Kurashov V, Golbeck JH, Bhattacharyya S, Zheng S, Liu S. Comparative 6+studies of environmentally persistent free radicals on nano-sized coal dusts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163163. [PMID: 37003338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Coal dust is the major hazardous pollutant in the coal mining environment. Recently environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) were identified as one of the key characteristics which could impart toxicity to the particulates released into the environment. The present study used Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to analyze the characteristics of EPFRs present in different types of nano-size coal dust. Further, it analyzed the stability of the free radicals in the respirable nano-size coal dust and compared their characteristics in terms of EPR parameters (spin counts and g-values). It was found that free radicals in coal are remarkably stable (can remain intact for several months). Also, Most of the EPFRs in the coal dust particles are either oxygenated carbon centered or a mixture of carbon and oxygen-centered free radicals. EPFRs concentration in the coal dust was found to be proportional to the carbon content of coal. The characteristic g-values were found to be inversely related to the carbon content of coal dust. The spin concentrations in the lignite coal dust were between 3.819 and 7.089 μmol/g, whereas the g-values ranged from 2.00352 to 2.00363. The spin concentrations in the bituminous coal dust were between 11.614 and 25.562 μmol/g, whereas the g-values ranged from 2.00295 to 2.00319. The characteristics of EPFRs present in coal dust identified by this study are similar to the EPFRs, which were found in other environmental pollutants such as combustion-generated particulates, PM2.5, indoor dust, wildfires, biochar, haze etc., in some of the previous studies. Considering the toxicity analysis of environmental particulates containing EPFRs similar to those identified in the present study, it can be confidently hypothesized that the EPFRs in the coal dust might play a major role in modulating the coal dust toxicity. Hence, it is recommended that future studies should analyze the role of EPFR-loaded coal dust in mediating the inhalation toxicity of coal dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Azam
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, G(3) Center and Energy Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Vasily Kurashov
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - John H Golbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sekhar Bhattacharyya
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, G(3) Center and Energy Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Siyang Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 15213, USA
| | - Shimin Liu
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, G(3) Center and Energy Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Di Fiore C, De Cristofaro A, Nuzzo A, Notardonato I, Ganassi S, Iafigliola L, Sardella G, Ciccone M, Nugnes D, Passarella S, Torino V, Petrarca S, Di Criscio D, Ievoli R, Avino P. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and plasticizers residues: role of bees and honey as bioindicators of environmental contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:44234-44250. [PMID: 36683105 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals, and plasticizer residues are continuously released into the environment. The use of living organisms, such as Apis mellifera L. and honey, is advantageous as bioindicator of the environmental health status, instead of traditional monitoring methods, showing the ability to record spatial and temporal pollutant variations. The PAHs and heavy metal presence were determined in two sampling years (2017 and 2018) in five different locations in the Molise region (Italy), characterized by different pollution levels. During 2017, most PAHs in all samples were lower than limit of detection (LOD), while in 2018, their mean concentration in bee and honey samples was of 3 μg kg-1 and 35 μg kg-1, respectively. For heavy metals, lower values were detected in 2017 (Be, Cd, and V below LOD), while in 2018, the mean concentrations were higher, 138 μg kg-1 and 69 μg kg-1, in bees and honey, respectively. Honey has been used as indicator of the presence of phthalate esters and bisphenol A in the environment. The satisfactory results confirmed that both bees and honey are an important tool for environmental monitoring. The chemometric analysis highlighted the differences in terms of pollutant concentration and variability in the different areas, validating the suitability of these matrices as bioindicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Di Fiore
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio De Cristofaro
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Angelo Nuzzo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Ivan Notardonato
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Sonia Ganassi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Luigi Iafigliola
- Istituto Comprensivo "Dante Alighieri", Via Marconi 19,-I-86025, Ripalimosani, Italy
| | | | | | - Davide Nugnes
- Arpa Molise, Via Petrella 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Sergio Passarella
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Valentina Torino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Sonia Petrarca
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Dalila Di Criscio
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ievoli
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Ferrara, Via Voltapaletto 11, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
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