1
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Wirsing S, Hänsel M, Craciunescu L, Belova V, Schreiber F, Broch K, Engels B, Tegeder P. Adsorption Structures Affecting the Electronic Properties and Photoinduced Charge Transfer at Perylene-Based Molecular Interfaces. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300386. [PMID: 37428120 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Perylene-based organic semiconductors are widely used in organic electronic devices. Here, we studied the ultrafast excited state dynamics after optical excitation at interfaces between the electron donor (D) diindenoperylene (DIP) and the electron acceptor (A) dicyano-perylene-bis(dicarboximide) (PDIR-CN2 ) using femtosecond time-resolved second harmonic generation (SHG) in combination with large scale quantum chemical calculations. Thereby, we varied in bilayer structures of DIP and PDIR-CN2 the interfacial molecular geometry. For an interfacial configuration which contains a edge-on geometry but also additional face-on domains an optically induced charge transfer (CT) is observed, which leads to a pronounced increase of the SHG signal intensity due to electric field induced second harmonic generation. The interfacial CT state decays within 7.5±0.7 ps, while the creation of hot CT states leads to a faster decay (5.3±0.2 ps). For the bilayer structures with mainly edge-on geometries interfacial CT formation is suppressed since π-π overlap perpendicular to the interface is missing. Our combined experimental and theoretical study provides important insights into D/A charge transfer properties, which is needed for the understanding of the interfacial photophysics of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Wirsing
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marc Hänsel
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luca Craciunescu
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Belova
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71, avenue des Martyrs CS 40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Petra Tegeder
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Carreras A, Casanova D. Simple evaluation of dynamic disorder effects on exciton transport. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:044112. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0078406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Carreras
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
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3
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Hammer S, Zeiser C, Deutsch M, Engels B, Broch K, Pflaum J. Spatial Anisotropy of Charge Transfer at Perfluoropentacene-Pentacene (001) Single-Crystal Interfaces and its Relevance for Thin Film Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:53547-53556. [PMID: 33167608 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Archetypal donor-acceptor (D-A) interfaces composed of perfluoropentacene (PFP) and pentacene (PEN) are examined for charge transfer (CT) state formation and energetics as a function of their respective molecular configuration. To exclude morphological interference, our structural as well as highly sensitive differential reflectance spectroscopy studies were carried out on PFP thin films epitaxially grown on PEN(001) single-crystal facets. Whereas the experimental data supported by complementary theoretical calculations confirm the formation of a strong CT state in the case of a cofacial PFP-PEN stacking, CT formation is energetically less favorable and thus absent for the corresponding head-to-tail configuration as disclosed for the first time. In view of technological implementations, the knowledge gained on the single-crystal references is transferred to thin-film diodes composed of either stacked PFP/PEN bilayers or mixed PFP:PEN heterojunction interfaces. As demonstrated, their electronic and electroluminescent behavior can be consistently described by the absence or presence of interfacial CT states. Thus, our results hint at the thorough design of D-A interfaces to achieve the highest device performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hammer
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Zeiser
- Institute for Applied Physics, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marian Deutsch
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institute for Applied Physics, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Experimental Physics VI, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, Magdalene-Schoch-Straße 3, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Lyskov I, Anda A, Wong YX, Tilley AJ, Hall CR, Thia J, Russo SP, Wong WWH, Cole JH, Smith TA. Bilirubin analogues as model compounds for exciton coupling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15567-15572. [PMID: 32613218 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01421d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of phycobilin analogues have been investigated in terms of coupled excitonic systems. These compounds consist of a monomer, a tetrapyrrole structurally similar to bilirubin (bR), and two conjugated bR analogues. Spectroscopic and computational methods have been used to investigate the degree of interchromophore coupling. We find the synthesised bR analogue shows stronger excitonic coupling than bR, owing to a different molecular geometry. The excitonic coupling in the conjugated molecules can be controlled by modifying the bridge side-group. New computed energy levels for bR using the DFT/MRCI method are also presented, which improve on published values and re-assign the character of excited singlet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Lyskov
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, Australia
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5
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Liu W, Canola S, Köhn A, Engels B, Negri F, Fink RF. A model hamiltonian tuned toward high level ab initio
calculations to describe the character of excitonic states in perylenebisimide aggregates. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:1979-1989. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlan Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis and Applications & College of Chemistry; Chongqing Normal University; Chongqing 401331 China
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Auf der Morgenstelle 18; University of Tübingen; 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Sofia Canola
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Auf der Morgenstelle 18; University of Tübingen; 72076 Tübingen Germany
- Universitá di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica 'G. Ciamician'; Via F. Selmi 2, Bologna 40126 Italy
| | - Andreas Köhn
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42; University of Würzburg; 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Fabrizia Negri
- Universitá di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica 'G. Ciamician'; Via F. Selmi 2, Bologna 40126 Italy
| | - Reinhold F. Fink
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Auf der Morgenstelle 18; University of Tübingen; 72076 Tübingen Germany
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6
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Sobakinskaya E, Schmidt am Busch M, Renger T. Theory of FRET "Spectroscopic Ruler" for Short Distances: Application to Polyproline. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:54-67. [PMID: 29189003 PMCID: PMC5767878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is an important mechanism for the estimation of intermolecular distances, e.g., in fluorescent labeled proteins. The interpretations of FRET experiments with standard Förster theory relies on the following approximations: (i) a point-dipole approximation (PDA) for the coupling between transition densities of the chromophores, (ii) a screening of this coupling by the inverse optical dielectric constant of the medium, and (iii) the assumption of fast isotropic sampling over the mutual orientations of the chromophores. These approximations become critical, in particular, at short intermolecular distances, where the PDA and the screening model become invalid and the variation of interchromophore distances, and not just orientations, has a critical influence on the excitation energy transfer. Here, we present a quantum chemical/electrostatic/molecular dynamics (MD) method that goes beyond all of the above approximations. The Poisson-TrEsp method for the ab initio/electrostatic calculation of excitonic couplings in a dielectric medium is combined with all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to calculate FRET efficiencies. The method is applied to analyze single-molecule experiments on a polyproline helix of variable length labeled with Alexa dyes. Our method provides a quantitative explanation of the overestimation of FRET efficiencies by the standard Förster theory for short interchromophore distances for this system. A detailed analysis of the different levels of approximation that connect the present Poisson-TrEsp/MD method with Förster theory reveals error compensation effects, between the PDA and the neglect of correlations in interchromophore distances and orientations on one hand and the neglect of static disorder in orientations and interchromophore distances on the other. Whereas the first two approximations are found to decrease the FRET efficiency, the latter two overcompensate this decrease and are responsible for the overestimation of the FRET efficiency by Förster theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Sobakinskaya
- Institut für Theoretische
Physik, Johannes Kepler Universität
Linz, Altenberger Str.
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Marcel Schmidt am Busch
- Institut für Theoretische
Physik, Johannes Kepler Universität
Linz, Altenberger Str.
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Renger
- Institut für Theoretische
Physik, Johannes Kepler Universität
Linz, Altenberger Str.
69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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7
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Plötz PA, Megow J, Niehaus T, Kühn O. Spectral densities for Frenkel exciton dynamics in molecular crystals: A TD-DFTB approach. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:084112. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4976625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Per-Arno Plötz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Strasse 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörg Megow
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Niehaus
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Oliver Kühn
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert Einstein Strasse 23-24, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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8
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Spiegel JD, Lyskov I, Kleinschmidt M, Marian CM. Charge-transfer contributions to the excitonic coupling matrix element in BODIPY-based energy transfer cassettes. Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Engels B, Engel V. The dimer-approach to characterize opto-electronic properties of and exciton trapping and diffusion in organic semiconductor aggregates and crystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:12604-12619. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01599b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the recently developed dimer approach which seems to include all main effects determining the photo-physics of organic semiconductor aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Engels
- Universität Würzburg
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Am Hubland
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Volker Engel
- Universität Würzburg
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Am Hubland
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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10
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Spiegel JD, Fulle S, Kleinschmidt M, Gohlke H, Marian CM. Failure of the IDA in FRET Systems at Close Inter-Dye Distances Is Moderated by Frequent Low κ2 Values. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:8845-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b05754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Fulle
- BioMed X Innovation Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Liu W, Lunkenheimer B, Settels V, Engels B, Fink RF, Köhn A. A general ansatz for constructing quasi-diabatic states in electronically excited aggregated systems. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:084106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4929352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlan Liu
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH, Speyerer St. 4, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Lunkenheimer
- InnovationLab GmbH, Speyerer St. 4, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Settels
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-St. 42, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-St. 42, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Reinhold F. Fink
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Köhn
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH, Speyerer St. 4, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Spiegel JD, Kleinschmidt M, Larbig A, Tatchen J, Marian CM. Quantum-Chemical Studies on Excitation Energy Transfer Processes in BODIPY-Based Donor-Acceptor Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:4316-27. [PMID: 26575926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BODIPY-based excitation energy transfer (EET) cassettes are experimentally extensively studied and serve as excellent model systems for the investigation of photophysical processes, since they occur in any photosynthetic system and in organic photovoltaics. In the present work, the EET rates in five BODIPY-based EET cassettes in which anthracene serves as the donor have been determined, employing the monomer transition density approach (MTD) and the ideal dipole approximation (IDA). To this end, a new computer program has been devised that calculates the direct and exchange contributions to the excitonic coupling (EC) matrix element from transition density matrices generated by a combined density functional and multireference configuration interaction (DFT/MRCI) calculation for the monomers. EET rates have been calculated according to Fermi's Golden Rule from the EC and the spectral overlap, which was obtained from the calculated vibrationally resolved emission and absorption spectra of donor and acceptor, respectively. We find that the direct contribution to the EC matrix element is dominant in the studied EET cassettes. Furthermore, we show that the contribution of the molecular linker to the EET rate cannot be neglected. In our best fragment model, the molecular linker is attached to the donor moiety. For cassettes in which the transition dipole moments of donor and acceptor are oriented in parallel manner, our results confirm the experimental findings reported by Kim et al. [J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 20-27]. In cassettes with a perpendicular orientation of the donor and acceptor transition dipole moments, dynamic effects turn out to be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dominik Spiegel
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Kleinschmidt
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Larbig
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatchen
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de los Andes , Car. 1 No. 18A-12, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Christel M Marian
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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13
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Kim I, Parker SM, Shiozaki T. Orbital Optimization in the Active Space Decomposition Model. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:3636-42. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inkoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shane M. Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Toru Shiozaki
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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14
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Parker SM, Shiozaki T. Quasi-diabatic States from Active Space Decomposition. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:3738-44. [DOI: 10.1021/ct5004753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane M. Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Toru Shiozaki
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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15
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Roca-Sanjuán D, Galván IF, Giussani A, Lindh R. A theoretical analysis of the intrinsic light-harvesting properties of xanthopterin. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Plötz PA, Niehaus T, Kühn O. A new efficient method for calculation of Frenkel exciton parameters in molecular aggregates. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:174101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4871658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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17
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Stehr V, Fink RF, Engels B, Pflaum J, Deibel C. Singlet Exciton Diffusion in Organic Crystals Based on Marcus Transfer Rates. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:1242-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ct500014h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Stehr
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Reinhold F. Fink
- Institut
für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Deibel
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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18
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Stehr V, Engels B, Deibel C, Fink RF. Anisotropy of singlet exciton diffusion in organic semiconductor crystals from ab initio approaches. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:024503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4858464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Schmidt TC, Paasche A, Grebner C, Ansorg K, Becker J, Lee W, Engels B. QM/MM investigations of organic chemistry oriented questions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 351:25-101. [PMID: 22392477 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
About 35 years after its first suggestion, QM/MM became the standard theoretical approach to investigate enzymatic structures and processes. The success is due to the ability of QM/MM to provide an accurate atomistic picture of enzymes and related processes. This picture can even be turned into a movie if nuclei-dynamics is taken into account to describe enzymatic processes. In the field of organic chemistry, QM/MM methods are used to a much lesser extent although almost all relevant processes happen in condensed matter or are influenced by complicated interactions between substrate and catalyst. There is less importance for theoretical organic chemistry since the influence of nonpolar solvents is rather weak and the effect of polar solvents can often be accurately described by continuum approaches. Catalytic processes (homogeneous and heterogeneous) can often be reduced to truncated model systems, which are so small that pure quantum-mechanical approaches can be employed. However, since QM/MM becomes more and more efficient due to the success in software and hardware developments, it is more and more used in theoretical organic chemistry to study effects which result from the molecular nature of the environment. It is shown by many examples discussed in this review that the influence can be tremendous, even for nonpolar reactions. The importance of environmental effects in theoretical spectroscopy was already known. Due to its benefits, QM/MM can be expected to experience ongoing growth for the next decade.In the present chapter we give an overview of QM/MM developments and their importance in theoretical organic chemistry, and review applications which give impressions of the possibilities and the importance of the relevant effects. Since there is already a bunch of excellent reviews dealing with QM/MM, we will discuss fundamental ingredients and developments of QM/MM very briefly with a focus on very recent progress. For the applications we follow a similar strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Schmidt
- Institut für Phys. und Theor. Chemie, Emil-Fischer-Strasse 42, Campus Hubland Nord, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Lee D, Greenman L, Sarovar M, Whaley KB. Ab Initio Calculation of Molecular Aggregation Effects: A Coumarin-343 Case Study. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:11072-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jp405152h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Loren Greenman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mohan Sarovar
- Scalable
and Secure Systems Research, Sandia National Laboratories, MS 9158, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - K. Birgitta Whaley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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21
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König C, Neugebauer J. Exciton Coupling Mechanisms Analyzed with Subsystem TDDFT: Direct vs Pseudo Exchange Effects. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:3480-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin König
- Theoretische Organische
Chemie, Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster,
Germany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Theoretische Organische
Chemie, Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster,
Germany
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22
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d'Agostino S, Grepioni F, Braga D, Moreschi D, Fattori V, Delchiaro F, Di Motta S, Negri F. Exciton coupling in molecular salts of 2-(1,8-naphthalimido)ethanoic acid and cyclic amines: modulation of the solid-state luminescence. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce41651h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ottiger P, Leutwyler S, Köppel H. Vibrational quenching of excitonic splittings in H-bonded molecular dimers: the electronic Davydov splittings cannot match experiment. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:174308. [PMID: 22583231 DOI: 10.1063/1.4705119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The S(1)/S(2) state exciton splittings of symmetric doubly hydrogen-bonded gas-phase dimers provide spectroscopic benchmarks for the excited-state electronic couplings between UV chromophores. These have important implications for electronic energy transfer in multichromophoric systems ranging from photosynthetic light-harvesting antennae to photosynthetic reaction centers, conjugated polymers, molecular crystals, and nucleic acids. We provide laser spectroscopic data on the S(1)/S(2) excitonic splitting Δ(exp) of the doubly H-bonded o-cyanophenol (oCP) dimer and compare to the splittings of the dimers of (2-aminopyridine)(2), [(2AP)(2)], (2-pyridone)(2), [(2PY)(2)], (benzoic acid)(2), [(BZA)(2)], and (benzonitrile)(2), [(BN)(2)]. The experimental S(1)/S(2) excitonic splittings are Δ(exp) = 16.4 cm(-1) for (oCP)(2), 11.5 cm(-1) for (2AP)(2), 43.5 cm(-1) for (2PY)(2), and <1 cm(-1) for (BZA)(2). In contrast, the vertical S(1)/S(2) energy gaps Δ(calc) calculated by the approximate second-order coupled cluster (CC2) method for the same dimers are 10-40 times larger than the Δ(exp) values. The qualitative failure of this and other ab initio methods to reproduce the exciton splitting Δ(exp) arises from the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation, which implicitly assumes the strong-coupling case and cannot be employed to evaluate excitonic splittings of systems that are in the weak-coupling limit. Given typical H-bond distances and oscillator strengths, the majority of H-bonded dimers lie in the weak-coupling limit. In this case, the monomer electronic-vibrational coupling upon electronic excitation must be accounted for; the excitonic splittings arise between the vibronic (and not the electronic) transitions. The discrepancy between the BO-based splittings Δ(calc) and the much smaller experimental Δ(exp) values is resolved by taking into account the quenching of the BO splitting by the intramolecular vibronic coupling in the monomer S(1) ← S(0) excitation. The vibrational quenching factors Γ for the five dimers (oCP)(2), (2AP)(2), (2AP)(2), (BN)(2), and (BZA)(2) lie in the range Γ = 0.03-0.2. The quenched excitonic splittings Γ[middle dot]Δ(calc) are found to be in very good agreement with the observed splittings Δ(exp). The vibrational quenching approach predicts reliable Δ(exp) values for the investigated dimers, confirms the importance of vibrational quenching of the electronic Davydov splittings, and provides a sound basis for predicting realistic exciton splittings in multichromophoric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ottiger
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Heid CG, Ottiger P, Leist R, Leutwyler S. The S1/S2 exciton interaction in 2-pyridone·6-methyl-2-pyridone: Davydov splitting, vibronic coupling, and vibronic quenching. J Chem Phys 2012; 135:154311. [PMID: 22029317 DOI: 10.1063/1.3652759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The excitonic splitting between the S(1) and S(2) electronic states of the doubly hydrogen-bonded dimer 2-pyridone[middle dot]6-methyl-2-pyridone (2PY·6M2PY) is studied in a supersonic jet, applying two-color resonant two-photon ionization (2C-R2PI), UV-UV depletion, and dispersed fluorescence spectroscopies. In contrast to the C(2h) symmetric (2-pyridone)(2) homodimer, in which the S(1) ← S(0) transition is symmetry-forbidden but the S(2) ← S(0) transition is allowed, the symmetry-breaking by the additional methyl group in 2PY·6M2PY leads to the appearance of both the S(1) and S(2) origins, which are separated by Δ(exp) = 154 cm(-1). When combined with the separation of the S(1) ← S(0) excitations of 6M2PY and 2PY, which is δ = 102 cm(-1), one obtains an S(1)/S(2) exciton coupling matrix element of V(AB, el) = 57 cm(-1) in a Frenkel-Davydov exciton model. The vibronic couplings in the S(1)/S(2) ← S(0) spectrum of 2PY·6M2PY are treated by the Fulton-Gouterman single-mode model. We consider independent couplings to the intramolecular 6a(') vibration and to the intermolecular σ(') stretch, and obtain a semi-quantitative fit to the observed spectrum. The dimensionless excitonic couplings are C(6a(')) = 0.15 and C(σ(')) = 0.05, which places this dimer in the weak-coupling limit. However, the S(1)/S(2) state exciton splittings Δ(calc) calculated by the configuration interaction singles method (CIS), time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TD-HF), and approximate second-order coupled-cluster method (CC2) are between 1100 and 1450 cm(-1), or seven to nine times larger than observed. These huge errors result from the neglect of the coupling to the optically active intra- and intermolecular vibrations of the dimer, which lead to vibronic quenching of the purely electronic excitonic splitting. For 2PY·6M2PY the electronic splitting is quenched by a factor of ~30 (i.e., the vibronic quenching factor is Γ(exp) = 0.035), which brings the calculated splittings into close agreement with the experimentally observed value. The 2C-R2PI and fluorescence spectra of the tautomeric species 2-hydroxypyridine·6-methyl-2-pyridone (2HP·6M2PY) are also observed and assigned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia G Heid
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
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König C, Neugebauer J. Quantum chemical description of absorption properties and excited-state processes in photosynthetic systems. Chemphyschem 2011; 13:386-425. [PMID: 22287108 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The theoretical description of the initial steps in photosynthesis has gained increasing importance over the past few years. This is caused by more and more structural data becoming available for light-harvesting complexes and reaction centers which form the basis for atomistic calculations and by the progress made in the development of first-principles methods for excited electronic states of large molecules. In this Review, we discuss the advantages and pitfalls of theoretical methods applicable to photosynthetic pigments. Besides methodological aspects of excited-state electronic-structure methods, studies on chlorophyll-type and carotenoid-like molecules are discussed. We also address the concepts of exciton coupling and excitation-energy transfer (EET) and compare the different theoretical methods for the calculation of EET coupling constants. Applications to photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes and reaction centers based on such models are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin König
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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27
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28
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You ZQ, Hsu CP. The fragment spin difference scheme for triplet-triplet energy transfer coupling. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:074105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3467882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zhao HM, Pfister J, Settels V, Renz M, Kaupp M, Dehm VC, Würthner F, Fink RF, Engels B. Understanding Ground- and Excited-State Properties of Perylene Tetracarboxylic Acid Bisimide Crystals by Means of Quantum Chemical Computations. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:15660-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja902512e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Pfister
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Volker Settels
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Renz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Volker C. Dehm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Reinhold F. Fink
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Beljonne D, Curutchet C, Scholes GD, Silbey RJ. Beyond Förster resonance energy transfer in biological and nanoscale systems. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:6583-99. [PMID: 19331333 DOI: 10.1021/jp900708f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
After photoexcitation, energy absorbed by a molecule can be transferred efficiently over a distance of up to several tens of angstroms to another molecule by the process of resonance energy transfer, RET (also commonly known as electronic energy transfer, EET). Examples of where RET is observed include natural and artificial antennae for the capture and energy conversion of light, amplification of fluorescence-based sensors, optimization of organic light-emitting diodes, and the measurement of structure in biological systems (FRET). Forster theory has proven to be very successful at estimating the rate of RET in many donor-acceptor systems, but it has also been of interest to discover when this theory does not work. By identifying these cases, researchers have been able to obtain, sometimes surprising, insights into excited-state dynamics in complex systems. In this article, we consider various ways that electronic energy transfer is promoted by mechanisms beyond those explicitly considered in Forster RET theory. First, we recount the important situations when the electronic coupling is not accurately calculated by the dipole-dipole approximation. Second, we examine the related problem of how to describe solvent screening when the dipole approximation fails. Third, there are situations where we need to be careful about the separability of electronic coupling and spectral overlap factors. For example, when the donors and/or acceptors are molecular aggregates rather than individual molecules, then RET occurs between molecular exciton states and we must invoke generalized Forster theory (GFT). In even more complicated cases, involving the intermediate regime of electronic energy transfer, we should consider carefully nonequilibrium processes and coherences and how bath modes can be shared. Lastly, we discuss how information is obscured by various forms of energetic disorder in ensemble measurements and we outline how single molecule experiments continue to be important in these instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center for Research on Molecular Electronics and Photonics, University of Mons-Hainaut, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons Belgium
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Serrano-Pérez JJ, Olaso-González G, Merchán M, Serrano-Andrés L. Singlet oxygen generation in PUVA therapy studied using electronic structure calculations. Chem Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wong CY, Curutchet C, Tretiak S, Scholes GD. Ideal dipole approximation fails to predict electronic coupling and energy transfer between semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:081104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3088846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Fink RF, Seibt J, Engel V, Renz M, Kaupp M, Lochbrunner S, Zhao HM, Pfister J, Würthner F, Engels B. Exciton Trapping in π-Conjugated Materials: A Quantum-Chemistry-Based Protocol Applied to Perylene Bisimide Dye Aggregates. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:12858-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja804331b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold F. Fink
- Institute für Organische, Physikalische and Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Seibt
- Institute für Organische, Physikalische and Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Volker Engel
- Institute für Organische, Physikalische and Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Renz
- Institute für Organische, Physikalische and Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institute für Organische, Physikalische and Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute für Organische, Physikalische and Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hong-Mei Zhao
- Institute für Organische, Physikalische and Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Pfister
- Institute für Organische, Physikalische and Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institute für Organische, Physikalische and Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute für Organische, Physikalische and Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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