1
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Varga C, Simon-Stőger L. FT-IR combined with oscillatory rheology: How to evaluate chemical structure of ester derivatives of MA-containing compatibilizers. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28948. [PMID: 38601537 PMCID: PMC11004813 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ester derivatives of experimental olefin-maleic anhydride copolymers synthesized at the University of Pannonia have been investigated by both classical and instrumental analytical methods that contribute to a deeper understanding of how that type of additives functions as compatibilizers for plastics and rubbers. Titration-based acid and saponification numbers have provided limited information about the chemical structure of the experimental copolymer compounds. A prompt, precise and low-cost method or combination of methods has been required to access to the ratio of the various derivatives not only straight after esterification but also for quality control during long-term storage considering the even stricter sustainability aspects either. Reproduction and scaling-up synthesises can be also followed by the combined measuring techniques of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and oscillatory rheometry. Structural changes occurred in the additives could be followed through monitoring their Ester Indices (EI) during the measurement, which can be connected also to the long-term properties. Experimental additives (AD) like AD-1 and AD-2 types with lower EI values of 21.5 % and 32.1 %, respectively, resulted in higher upper limits of the linear viscoelastic (LVE) range (15 % and 10 %). Conversely, the higher EI values of AD-3 and AD-4 led to significantly lower or even immeasurable upper limits of the LVE range. Additives with solid behaviour showed slight dependence on frequency above the crossover point that indicated strong connections disappearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Varga
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, 10. Egyetem Str., Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Lilla Simon-Stőger
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, 10. Egyetem Str., Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
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2
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Cheng Y, Pan Z, Tang L, Huang Y, Yang W. Fabrication of Eco-Friendly Hydrolyzed Ethylene-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer-Avermectin Nanoemulsion with High Stability, Adhesion Property, pH, and Temperature-Responsive Releasing Behaviors. Molecules 2024; 29:1148. [PMID: 38474660 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, novel amphiphilic polymer emulsifiers for avermectin (Avm) were synthesized facilely via the hydrolysis of ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymer (EMA) with different agents, and their structures were confirmed by various techniques. Then, water-based Avm-nanoemulsions were fabricated with the emulsifiers via phase inversion emulsification process, and superior emulsifier was selected via the emulsification effects. Using the superior emulsifier, an optimal Avm-nanoemulsion (defined as Avm@HEMA) with satisfying particle size of 156.8 ± 4.9 nm, encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 69.72 ± 4.01% and drug loading capacity (DLC) of 54.93 ± 1.12% was constructed based on response surface methodology (RSM). Owing to the emulsifier, the Avm@HEMA showed a series of advantages, including high stability, ultraviolet resistance, low surface tension, good spreading and high affinity to different leaves. Additionally, compared to pure Avm and Avm-emulsifiable concentrate (Avm-EC), Avm@HEMA displayed a controlled releasing feature. The encapsulated Avm was released quite slowly at normal conditions (pH 7.0, 25 °C or 15 °C) but could be released at an accelerated rate in weak acid (pH 5.5) or weak alkali (pH 8.5) media or at high temperature (40 °C). The drug releasing profiles of Avm@HEMA fit the Korsmeyer-Peppas model quite well at pH 7.0 and 25 °C (controlled by Fickian diffusion) and at pH 7.0 and 10 °C (controlled by non-Fickian diffusion), while it fits the logistic model under other conditions (pH 5.5 and 25 °C, pH 8.5 and 25 °C, pH 7.0 and 40 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zeyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanbin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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3
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Lee B, Kharal G, Sreenan B, Lin C, Zeng R, Fox CA, Ellison P, Ryan RO, Brett PJ, AuCoin D, Zhu X. Alkaline surface treatment and time-resolved reading of mn-doped nanocrystal signal transducer for enhanced bioassay sensitivity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115840. [PMID: 37956553 PMCID: PMC10841627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Mn-doped semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) with high brightness, long lifetimes, and low-energy excitation are emerging for time-resolved luminescence biosensing/imaging. Following our previous work on Mn-doped NCs, in this work we developed poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA)-encapsulated Mn-doped AgZnInS/ZnS NCs as signal transducers for immunoassay of capsular polysaccharide (CPS), a surface antigen and also a biomarker of Burkholderia pseudomallei which causes a fatal disease called melioidosis. To enhance the assay sensitivity, a surface treatment for PSMA-encapsulated NCs (NC-probes) was performed to promote the presence of carboxyl groups that help conjugate more anti-CPS antibodies to the surface of NC-probes and thus enhance bioassay signals. Meanwhile, time-resolved reading on the luminescence of NC-probes was adopted to minimize the assay background autofluorescence. Both strategies essentially enhance the assay signal-to-background ratio (or equivalently the assay sensitivity) by increasing the signal and decreasing the background, respectively. Through performing and comparing immunoassays with different NC-probes (with and without surface treatment) and different signal reading methods (time-resolved reading and non-time-resolved reading), it was proven that the immunoassay adopting surface-treated NC-probes and time-resolved reading achieved a lower limit-of-detection (LOD) than the ones adopting non-surface-treated NC-probes or non-time-resolved reading. Moreover, the achieved LOD is comparable to the LOD of immunoassay using enzyme horseradish peroxidase as a signal transducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Lee
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - Gita Kharal
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Benjamin Sreenan
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Claire Lin
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Ruosheng Zeng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Colin A Fox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Patricia Ellison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Robert O Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Paul J Brett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, NV, USA
| | - David AuCoin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, NV, USA
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
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4
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Varga C. FT-IR measurement as a simple tool for following formation of acidic functional groups in maleic anhydride containing polymers. MethodsX 2023; 11:102453. [PMID: 37920869 PMCID: PMC10618756 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Titration is a measurement for maleic-anhydride containing polymers with significant chemicals consumption, time and human resource requirement meanwhile all the carbonyl groups have to be supposed to be in the cyclic form but it is not always the situation. Core of the FT-IR method has been determination of carbonyl groups in various chemical environments. The FT-IR method is developed to obtain more precise and prompt results about anhydride rings in the copolymer chain than with titration in the whole coupling number range with minimal chemicals consumption. Quantitatively apprising FT-IR results peaks of carbonyl groups have been considered since those yield well-isolated and high intensity peaks in the spectrum. Two distinct methods have been adopted for integration of areas under the selected stretching vibrations. Not all the anhydrides have been supposed to be in ring form in the copolymers but partially in acidic form that can be only taken into account by double counting during titration instead of the correctly single counting. FT-IR spectrum has been feasible for tracing that progress but titration isn't. Moreover, if difference between acid number from titration and FT-IR methods based on the chemical structure is high compatibilizing additive synthesis requires excess of reagents.•A method enabling the identification of carbonyl groups in maleic-anhydride containing polymers in various chemical environment without chemical consumption.•The method is based on the calculation of functional group ratios applying the integrated area of selected absorption peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Varga
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, 10. Egyetem str., Veszprém 8200, Hungary
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5
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Neville GM, Morrison KA, Shilliday ER, Doutch J, Dalgliesh R, Price GJ, Edler KJ. The effect of polymer end-group on the formation of styrene - maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs). SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:8507-8518. [PMID: 37889133 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01180a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of block copolymers comprising styrene and maleic acid (SMA) has been prepared using RAFT polymerisation. RAFT often results in a large hydrophobic alkylthiocarbonylthio end group and this work examines its effect on the solution behaviour of the copolymers. SMA variants with, and without, this end group were synthesised and their behaviour compared with a commercially-available random copolymer of similar molecular weight. Dynamic light scattering and surface tension measurements found the RAFT-copolymers preferentially self-assembled into higher-order aggregates in aqueous solution. Small angle neutron scattering using deuterated styrene varients add support to the accepted model that these agreggates comprise a solvent-protected styrenic core with an acid-rich shell. Replacing the hydrophobic RAFT end group with a more hydrophilic nitrile caused differences in the resulting surface activity, attributed to the ability of the adjoining styrene homoblock to drive aggregation. Each of the copolymers formed SMALP nanodiscs with DMPC lipids, which were found to encapsulate a model membrane protein, gramicidin. However, end group variation affected solubilisition of DPPC, a lipid with a higher phase transition temperature. When using RAFT-copolymers terminated with a hydrophobic group, swelling of the bilayer and greater penetration of the homoblock into the nanodisc core occurred with increasing homoblock length. Conversely, commercial and nitrile-terminated RAFT-copolymers produced nanodisc sizes that stayed constant, instead indicating interaction at the edge of the lipid patch. The results highlight how even minor changes to the copolymer can modify the amphiphilic balance between regions, knowledge useful towards optimising copolymer structure to enhance and control nanodisc formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Neville
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kerrie A Morrison
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Ella R Shilliday
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - James Doutch
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Robert Dalgliesh
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Gareth J Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karen J Edler
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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6
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Wenzel B, Schmid M, Teodoro R, Moldovan RP, Lai TH, Mitrach F, Kopka K, Fischer B, Schulz-Siegmund M, Brust P, Hacker MC. Radiofluorination of an Anionic, Azide-Functionalized Teroligomer by Copper-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2095. [PMID: 37513105 PMCID: PMC10385230 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis, radiofluorination and purification of an anionic amphiphilic teroligomer developed as a stabilizer for siRNA-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP-NPs). As the stabilizing amphiphile accumulates on nanoparticle surfaces, the fluorine-18-labeled polymer should enable to track the distribution of the CaP-NPs in brain tumors by positron emission tomography after application by convection-enhanced delivery. At first, an unmodified teroligomer was synthesized with a number average molecular weight of 4550 ± 20 Da by free radical polymerization of a defined composition of methoxy-PEG-monomethacrylate, tetradecyl acrylate and maleic anhydride. Subsequent derivatization of anhydrides with azido-TEG-amine provided an azido-functionalized polymer precursor (o14PEGMA-N3) for radiofluorination. The 18F-labeling was accomplished through the copper-catalyzed cycloaddition of o14PEGMA-N3 with diethylene glycol-alkyne-substituted heteroaromatic prosthetic group [18F]2, which was synthesized with a radiochemical yield (RCY) of about 38% within 60 min using a radiosynthesis module. The 18F-labeled polymer [18F]fluoro-o14PEGMA was obtained after a short reaction time of 2-3 min by using CuSO4/sodium ascorbate at 90 °C. Purification was performed by solid-phase extraction on an anion-exchange cartridge followed by size-exclusion chromatography to obtain [18F]fluoro-o14PEGMA with a high radiochemical purity and an RCY of about 15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wenzel
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmid
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, 04317 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Teodoro
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rareş-Petru Moldovan
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thu Hang Lai
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Mitrach
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, 04317 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technical University Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Fischer
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Peter Brust
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael C Hacker
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, 04317 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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7
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Laws TS, Mei H, Terlier T, Verduzco R, Stein GE. Tailoring the Wettability and Substrate Adherence of Thin Polymer Films with Surface-Segregating Bottlebrush Copolymer Additives. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:7201-7211. [PMID: 37172215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We developed "reactive" bottlebrush polymers based on styrene (S) and t-butyl acrylate (tBA) as additives for polystyrene (PS) coatings. The bottlebrush polymers spontaneously bloom to both the air and substrate interfaces during solution casting. While neat PS films are hydrophobic and poorly adhere to the native oxide on clean silicon wafers, the hydrophilicity and substrate adherence of bottlebrush-incorporating PS films can be tailored through the thermally activated deprotection of tBA to produce acrylic acid (AA) and acrylic anhydride (AH). A critical design parameter is the manner by which tBA is incorporated into the bottlebrush: When the bottlebrush side chains are copolymers of S and tBA, the extent of deprotection is extremely low, even after prolonged thermal annealing at elevated temperature. However, when the bottlebrush contains a mixture of poly(t-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) and PS side chains, nearly all tBA is converted to AA and AH. Consequently, using the "mixed-chain" bottlebrush design with thermal processing and appropriate conditioning, the water contact angle is reduced from over 90° on unmodified PS down to 75° on bottlebrush-incorporating PS films, and the substrate adherence is improved in proportion to the extent of tBA deprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis S Laws
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Hao Mei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Tanguy Terlier
- SIMS Laboratory, Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Gila E Stein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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8
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Workman CE, Cawthon B, Brady NG, Bruce BD, Long BK. Effects of Esterified Styrene-Maleic Acid Copolymer Degradation on Integral Membrane Protein Extraction. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4749-4755. [PMID: 36219772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The detergent-free extraction of integral membrane proteins using styrene-maleic acid copolymers (SMAs) has shown promise as a potentially effective technique to isolate proteins in a more native-like conformation. As the field continues to develop, the protein selectivity and extraction efficiency of many analogues of traditional SMAs are being investigated. Recently, we discovered that the monoesterification of SMAs with alkoxy ethoxylate sidechains drastically affects the bioactivity of these copolymers in the extraction of photosystem I from the cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus. However, subsequent investigations also revealed that the conditions under which these esterified SMA polymer analogues are prepared, purified, and stored can alter the structure of the alkoxy ethoxylate-functionalized SMA and perturb the protein extraction process. Herein, we demonstrate that the basic conditions required to solubilize SMA analogues may lead to deleterious saponification side reactions, cleaving the sidechains of an esterified SMA and dramatically decreasing its efficacy for protein extraction. We found that this process is highly dependent on temperature, with polymer samples being prepared and stored at lower temperatures exhibiting significantly fewer saponification side reactions. Furthermore, the effects of small-molecule impurities and exposure to light were also investigated, both of which are shown to have significant effects on the polymer structure and/or protein extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron E Workman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Bridgie Cawthon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Nathan G Brady
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Barry D Bruce
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Brian K Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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9
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Khaojanta T, Kalaithong W, Somsunan R, Punyamoonwongsa P, Mahomed A, Topham PD, Tighe BJ, Molloy R. Synthesis and characterization of block copolymers of styrene‐maleic acid with acrylamide and
N
,
N
‐dimethylacrylamide. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thidarat Khaojanta
- Polymer Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Wichaya Kalaithong
- Polymer Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Runglawan Somsunan
- Polymer Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
| | | | - Anisa Mahomed
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, Aston University Birmingham UK
| | - Paul D. Topham
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, Aston University Birmingham UK
| | - Brian J. Tighe
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, Aston University Birmingham UK
| | - Robert Molloy
- Polymer Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
- Materials Science Research Center, Faculty of Science Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand
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10
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Kopf AH, Lijding O, Elenbaas BOW, Koorengevel MC, Dobruchowska JM, van Walree CA, Killian JA. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Library of Alternating Amphipathic Copolymers to Solubilize and Study Membrane Proteins. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:743-759. [PMID: 34994549 PMCID: PMC8924871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Amphipathic copolymers
such as poly(styrene-maleic acid) (SMA)
are promising tools for the facile extraction of membrane proteins
(MPs) into native nanodiscs. Here, we designed and synthesized a library
of well-defined alternating copolymers of SMA analogues in order to
elucidate polymer properties that are important for MP solubilization
and stability. MP extraction efficiency was determined using KcsA
from E. coli membranes, and general solubilization
efficiency was investigated via turbidimetry experiments on membranes
of E. coli, yeast mitochondria, and synthetic
lipids. Remarkably, halogenation of SMA copolymers dramatically improved
solubilization efficiency in all systems, while substituents on the
copolymer backbone improved resistance to Ca2+. Relevant
polymer properties were found to include hydrophobic balance, size
and positioning of substituents, rigidity, and electronic effects.
The library thus contributes to the rational design of copolymers
for the study of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian H Kopf
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Odette Lijding
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Barend O W Elenbaas
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn C Koorengevel
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Justyna M Dobruchowska
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A van Walree
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Antoinette Killian
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Broadbent L, Depping P, Lodé A, Vaitsopoulou A, Hardy D, Ayub H, Mitchell-White J, Kerr ID, Goddard AD, Bill RM, Rothnie AJ. Detergent-Free Membrane Protein Purification Using SMA Polymer. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2507:389-404. [PMID: 35773594 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2368-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the big challenges for the study of structure and function of membrane proteins is the need to extract them from the membrane. Traditionally this was achieved using detergents which disrupt the membrane and form a micelle around the protein, but this can cause issues with protein function and/or stability. In 2009 an alternative approach was reported, using styrene maleic acid (SMA) copolymer to extract small discs of lipid bilayer encapsulated by the polymer and termed SMALPs (SMA lipid particles). Since then this approach has been shown to work for a range of different proteins from many different expression systems. It allows the extraction and purification of a target protein while maintaining a lipid bilayer environment. Recently this has led to several new high-resolution structures and novel insights to function. As with any method there are some limitations and issues to be aware of. Here we describe a standard protocol for preparation of the polymer and its use for membrane protein purification, and also include details of typical challenges that may be encountered and possible ways to address those.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Broadbent
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peer Depping
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexis Lodé
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - David Hardy
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hoor Ayub
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - James Mitchell-White
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian D Kerr
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alan D Goddard
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Roslyn M Bill
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alice J Rothnie
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
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12
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Dimitrova VS, Song S, Karagiaridi A, Marand A, Pinkett HW. Detergent Alternatives: Membrane Protein Purification Using Synthetic Nanodisc Polymers. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2507:375-387. [PMID: 35773593 PMCID: PMC9361707 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2368-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of styrene maleic acid (SMA) and diisobutylene maleic acid (DIBMA) copolymers provides an alternative to traditional detergent extraction of integral membrane proteins. By inserting into the membrane, these polymers can extract membrane proteins along with lipids in the form of native nanodiscs made by poly(styrene co-maleic anhydride) derivatives. Unlike detergent solubilization, where membrane proteins may lose annular lipids necessary for proper folding and stability, native nanodiscs allow for proteins to reside in the natural lipid environment. In addition, polymer-based nanodiscs can be purified using common chromatography methods similar to protocols established with detergent solubilization purification. Here we describe the solubilization screening and purification of an integral membrane protein using several commercial copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saemee Song
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Anika Marand
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Heather W Pinkett
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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13
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Abdul Rahim NA, Ariff ZM, Abd Jalil J, Ariffin A. Flow characteristics of degraded polypropylene-co-ethylene kaolin composite extruded at different temperatures and extrusion cycles using single-screw extruder. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2021; 30:1201-1210. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-021-00969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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14
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Brown CJ, Trieber C, Overduin M. Structural biology of endogenous membrane protein assemblies in native nanodiscs. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 69:70-77. [PMID: 33915422 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The advent of amphiphilic copolymers enables integral membrane proteins to be solubilized into stable 10-30 nm native nanodiscs to resolve their multisubunit structures, post-translational modifications, endogenous lipid bilayers, and small molecule ligands. This breakthrough has positioned biological membrane:protein assemblies (memteins) as fundamental functional units of cellular membranes. Herein, we review copolymer design strategies and methods for the characterization of transmembrane proteins within native nanodiscs by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), transmission electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, surface plasmon resonance, and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanelle J Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Catharine Trieber
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Michael Overduin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada.
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15
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Cunningham RD, Kopf AH, Elenbaas BOW, Staal BB, Pfukwa R, Killian JA, Klumperman B. Iterative RAFT-Mediated Copolymerization of Styrene and Maleic Anhydride toward Sequence- and Length-Controlled Copolymers and Their Applications for Solubilizing Lipid Membranes. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3287-3300. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Randy D. Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Adrian H. Kopf
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Barend O. W. Elenbaas
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan B.P. Staal
- BASF SE, RAA/AC, E210, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67056, Germany
| | - Rueben Pfukwa
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - J. Antoinette Killian
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Bert Klumperman
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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16
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Subramanian B, Agarwal T, Roy A, Parida S, Kundu B, Maiti TK, Basak P, Guha SK. Synthesis and characterization of PCL-DA:PEG-DA based polymeric blends grafted with SMA hydrogel as bio-degradable intrauterine contraceptive implant. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111159. [PMID: 32806299 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Presently available long-acting reversible female contraceptive implants are said to be an effective way of preventing unintended pregnancy. Unacceptable side effects attributed by these contraceptive implants act as a major drawback for the practitioners. These problems pave the way for the development of a new form of long-acting non-hormonal female contraceptive implant, especially in the developing countries. PCL-DA: PEG-DA polymeric scaffold is grafted with Styrene Maleic Anhydride (SMA) based hydrogel, and their physicochemical, thermal and biological parameters are being explored for developing a bio-degradable form of the non-hormonal intrauterine contraceptive implant. With the fixed ratio of PEG-DA: PCL-DA polymer, SMA hydrogel was added at four different concentrations to determine the optimum concentration of SMA hydrogel for the development of a promising long-acting biodegradable intrauterine contraceptive implant. Structural elucidation of the polymers was confirmed using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic analyses. The physiochemical characterization report suggests that SMA hydrogel interacts with the PCL-DA: PEG-DA polymeric scaffold through intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction. The in-vitro spermicidal activity of the polymeric scaffold increases when the concentration of SMA based hydrogel in the polymer samples is increased without showing any significant toxicological effects. From the study results, it may be concluded that SMA hydrogel grafted PCL-DA: PEG-DA scaffold can be developed as intra-uterine biodegradable non-hormonal female contraceptive implant due to its excellent bio-compatibility and spermicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneshwaran Subramanian
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India; School of Bio-Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700098, India
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Arpita Roy
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Sheetal Parida
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Biswanath Kundu
- Bioceramics and coating division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Piyali Basak
- School of Bio-Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700098, India
| | - Sujoy K Guha
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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17
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Ravula T, Kim J, Lee DK, Ramamoorthy A. Magnetic Alignment of Polymer Nanodiscs Probed by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1258-1265. [PMID: 31961695 PMCID: PMC7414804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability of amphipathic polymers to self-assemble with lipids and form nanodiscs has been a boon for the field of functional reconstitution of membrane proteins. In a field dominated by detergent micelles, a unique feature of polymer nanodiscs is their much-desired ability to align in the presence of an external magnetic field. Magnetic alignment facilitates the application of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and aids in the measurement of residual dipolar couplings via well-established solution NMR spectroscopy. In this study, we comprehensively investigate the magnetic alignment properties of styrene maleimide quaternary ammonium (SMA-QA) polymer-based nanodiscs by using 31P and 14N solid-state NMR experiments under static conditions. The results reported herein demonstrate the spontaneous magnetic alignment of large-sized (≥20 nm diameter) SMA-QA nanodiscs (also called as macro-nanodiscs) with the lipid bilayer normal perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. Consequently, the orientation of macro-nanodiscs is further shown to flip the alignment axis parallel to the magnetic field direction upon the addition of a paramagnetic lanthanide salt. These results demonstrate the use of SMA-QA polymer nanodiscs for solid-state NMR applications including structural studies on membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirupathi Ravula
- Biophysics Program and Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1055 , United States
| | - JaeWoong Kim
- Department of Fine Chemistry , Seoul National University of Science and Technology , Seoul 01811 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kuk Lee
- Department of Fine Chemistry , Seoul National University of Science and Technology , Seoul 01811 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics Program and Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1055 , United States
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18
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Factors influencing the solubilization of membrane proteins from Escherichia coli membranes by styrene–maleic acid copolymers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Overduin M, Esmaili M. Structures and Interactions of Transmembrane Targets in Native Nanodiscs. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 24:943-952. [PMID: 31242812 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219857691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane proteins function within a continuous layer of biologically relevant lipid molecules that stabilizes their structures and modulates their activities. Structures and interactions of biological membrane-protein complexes or "memteins" can now be elucidated using native nanodiscs made by poly(styrene co-maleic anhydride) derivatives. These linear polymers contain a series of hydrophobic and polar subunits that gently fragment membranes into water-soluble discs with diameters of 5-50 nm known as styrene maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs). High-resolution structures of memteins that include endogenous lipid ligands and posttranslational modifications can be resolved without resorting to synthetic detergents or artificial lipids. The resulting ex situ structures better recapitulate the in vivo situation and can be visualized by methods including cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Recent progress including 3D structures of biological bilayers illustrates how polymers and native nanodiscs expose previously inaccessible membrane assemblies at atomic resolution and suggest ways in which the SMALP system could be exploited for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Overduin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mansoore Esmaili
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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20
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Hrib J, Chylikova Krumbholcova E, Duskova-Smrckova M, Hobzova R, Sirc J, Hruby M, Michalek J, Hodan J, Lesny P, Smucler R. Hydrogel Tissue Expanders for Stomatology. Part II. Poly(styrene-maleic anhydride) Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071087. [PMID: 31247964 PMCID: PMC6680895 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-inflating soft tissue expanders represent a valuable modality in reconstructive surgery. For this purpose, particularly synthetic hydrogels that increase their volume by swelling in aqueous environment are used. The current challenge in the field is to deliver a material with a suitable protracted swelling response, ideally with an induction period (for sutured wound healing) followed by a linear increase in volume lasting several days for required tissue reconstruction. Here, we report on synthesis, swelling, thermal, mechanical and biological properties of novel hydrogel tissue expanders based on poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) copolymers covalently crosslinked with p-divinylbenzene. The hydrogels exerted hydrolysis-driven swelling response with induction period over the first two days with minimal volume change and gradual volume growth within 30 days in buffered saline solution. Their final swollen volume reached more than 14 times the dry volume with little dependence on the crosslinker content. The mechanical coherence of samples during swelling and in their fully swollen state was excellent, the compression modulus of elasticity being between 750 and 850 kPa. In vitro cell culture experiments and in vivo evaluation in mice models showed excellent biocompatibility and suitable swelling responses meeting thus the application requirements as soft tissue expanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Hrib
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Radka Hobzova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Sirc
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hruby
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Michalek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Hodan
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Lesny
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U nemocnice 2094/1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Smucler
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Katerinska 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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