1
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Das A, Kumaran S, Ravi Sankar HS, Premkumar JR, Sundararaju B. A Dual Cobalt-Photoredox Catalytic Approach for Asymmetric Dearomatization of Indoles with Aryl Amides via C-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406195. [PMID: 38896502 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we unveil a novel method for the asymmetric dearomatization of indoles under cobalt/photoredox catalysis. By strategically activating C-H bonds of amides and subsequent migratory insertion of π-bonds present in indole as reactive partner, we achieve syn-selective tetrahydro-5H-indolo[2,3-c]isoquinolin-5-one derivatives with excellent yields and enantiomeric excesses of up to >99 %. The developed method operates without a metal oxidant, relying solely on oxygen as the oxidant and employing an organic dye as a photocatalyst under irradiation. Control experiments and stoichiometric studies elucidate the reversible nature of the enantiodetermining C-H activation step, albeit not being rate-determining. This study not only expands the horizon of cobalt-catalyzed asymmetric C-H bond functionalization, but also showcases the potential synergy between cobalt and photoredox catalysis in enabling asymmetric synthesis of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Das
- Department of chemistry, Indian Institution of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India-, 208 016
| | - Subramani Kumaran
- Department of chemistry, Indian Institution of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India-, 208 016
| | | | - J Richard Premkumar
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Bishop Heber College, Tiruchirappalli, 620017, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Basker Sundararaju
- Department of chemistry, Indian Institution of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India-, 208 016
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2
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Dethe DH, Singh P, Joshi A, Biswas P. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Interrupted Transfer Hydrogenation: An Approach for Reductive Functionalization of Quinolinium and Napthyridinium Salts. J Org Chem 2024; 89:13167-13178. [PMID: 39258458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Until now, a myriad of effective approaches have emerged for the functionalization of N-heteroaryl C-H bonds. In contrast, dearomatization and construction of fused heterocycles from activated heteroarenes is still a subject to explore. In this work, we present a refined approach for both dearomatization of N-heteroarenes and the synthesis of fused heterocycles from activated heteroarenes ruthenium catalysis using paraformaldehyde along with additive and base. Notably, quinolinium salts with a hydrogen at the C-4 position yield a methoxymethyl-substituted fused cyclic product through the Thorpe Ingold effect. An innovative aspect of this research is the dual functionality of paraformaldehyde as both a hydride donor and electrophile, utilizing readily available feedstock chemicals. A broad range of electron withdrawing and donating substituents was tolerable under standardized reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatraya H Dethe
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Prabhakar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Asha Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Proshanta Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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3
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Zhang WW, Feng Z, You SL, Zheng C. Electrophile-Arene Affinity: An Energy Scale for Evaluating the Thermodynamics of Electrophilic Dearomatization Reactions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11487-11501. [PMID: 39077910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Rational design and development of organic reactions are lofty goals in synthetic chemistry. Quantitative description of the properties of molecules and reactions by physical organic parameters plays an important role in this regard. In this Article, we report an energy scale, namely, electrophile-arene affinity (EAA), for evaluating the thermodynamics of electrophilic dearomatization reactions, a class of important transformations that can rapidly build up molecular complexity and structural diversity by converting planar aromatic compounds into three-dimensional cyclic molecules. The acquisition of EAA data can be readily achieved by theoretically calculating the enthalpy changes (ΔH) of the hypothetical reactions of various (cationic) electrophiles with aromatic systems (taking the 1-methylnaphthalen-2-olate ion as an example in this study). Linear correlations are found between the calculated ΔH values and established physical organic parameters such as the percentage of buried volume %VBur (steric effect), Hammett's σ or Brown's σ+ (electronic effect), and Mayr's E (reaction kinetics). Careful analysis of the ΔH values leads to the rational design of a dearomative alkynylation reaction using alkynyl hypervalent iodonium reagents as the electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wen Zhang
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zuolijun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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4
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Wang MY, Zeng WL, Chen L, Yuan YF, Li W. Umpolung-Enabled Divergent Dearomative Carbonylations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403917. [PMID: 38818640 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Although dearomative functionalizations enable the direct conversion of flat aromatics into precious three-dimensional architectures, the case for simple arenes remains largely underdeveloped owing to the high aromatic stabilization energy. We herein report a dearomative sequential addition of two nucleophiles to arene π-bonds through umpolung of chromium-arene complexes. This mode enables divergent dearomative carbonylation reactions of benzene derivatives by tolerating various nucleophiles in combination with alcohols or amines under CO-gas-free conditions, thus providing modular access to functionalized esters or amides. The tunable synthesis of 1,3- or 1,4-cyclohexadienes as well as the construction of carbon quaternary centers further highlight the versatility of this dearomatization. Diverse late-stage modifications and derivatizations towards synthetically challenging and bioactive molecules reveal the synthetic utility. A possible mechanism was proposed based on control experiments and intermediate tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei-Long Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu-Fei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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5
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Natarajan P, Chatterjee A, J SJS, Peruncheralathan S. Unexpected dearomatization of N-protected 5-aminopyrazoles at ambient temperature: a simple route to highly functionalized pyrazolines. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:6288-6293. [PMID: 39041174 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00879k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
We present a new strategy for the dearomatized hydroxylation of 5-aminopyrazoles using a hypervalent iodine reagent at room temperature. This method produces a series of 4-hydroxy-5-iminopyrazolines with good to excellent yields within 2 hours. Additionally, we demonstrate a domino reaction for the synthesis of 4-hydroxy-pyrazolones. Mechanistic studies indicate that the dearomatization proceeds through a cationic intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Natarajan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Khurda - 752050, India.
| | - Arpita Chatterjee
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Khurda - 752050, India.
| | - Siddharth Jaya Sajeevan J
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Khurda - 752050, India.
| | - Saravanan Peruncheralathan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Khurda - 752050, India.
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6
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Li H, Li Y, Chen J, Lu L, Wang P, Hu J, Ma R, Gao Y, Yi H, Li W, Lei A. Scalable and Selective Electrochemical Hydrogenation of Polycyclic Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407392. [PMID: 39031667 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The reduction of aromatic compounds constitutes a fundamental and ongoing area of investigation. The selective reduction of polycyclic aromatic compounds to give either fully or partially reduced products remains a challenge, especially in applications to complex molecules at scale. Herein, we present a selective electrochemical hydrogenation of polycyclic arenes conducted under mild conditions. A noteworthy achievement of this approach is the ability to finely control both the complete and partial reduction of specific aromatic rings within polycyclic arenes by judiciously varying the reaction solvents. Mechanistic investigations elucidate the pivotal role played by in situ proton generation and interface regulation in governing reaction selectivity. The reductive electrochemical conditions show a very high level of functional-group tolerance. Furthermore, this methodology represents an easily scalable reduction (demonstrated by the reduction of 1 kg scale starting material) using electrochemical flow chemistry to give key intermediates for the synthesis of specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jiaye Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jingcheng Hu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Rui Ma
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Gao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Wu Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, P.R. China
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7
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Davis CW, Zhang Y, Li Y, Martinelli M, Zhang J, Ungarean C, Galer P, Liu P, Sarlah D. Copper-Catalyzed Dearomative 1,2-Hydroamination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407281. [PMID: 38779787 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic olefin hydroamination reactions are some of the most atom-economical transformations that bridge readily available starting materials-olefins and high-value-added amines. Despite significant advances in this field over the last two decades, the formal hydroamination of nonactivated aromatic compounds remains an unsolved challenge. Herein, we report the extension of olefin hydroamination to aromatic π-systems by using arenophile-mediated dearomatization and Cu-catalysis to perform 1,2-hydroamination on nonactivated arenes. This strategy was applied to a variety of substituted arenes and heteroarenes to provide general access to structurally complex amines. We conducted DFT calculations to inform mechanistic understanding and rationalize unexpected selectivity trends. Furthermore, we developed a practical, scalable desymmetrization to deliver enantioenriched dearomatized products and enable downstream synthetic applications. We ultimately used this dearomative strategy to efficiently synthesize a collection of densely functionalized small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Yanrong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Jingyang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chad Ungarean
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Petra Galer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - David Sarlah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, LOM 27100, IT
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8
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Chauhan S, Swamy KCK. Phosphine vs DBU-Catalyzed Annulation Reactions of β'-Acetoxy Allenoates with Acyl-Tethered Benzothiazole Bisnucleophiles: (4 + 3) or (4 + 1) vs (3 + 3) Annulation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10816-10830. [PMID: 39007762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative annulation reaction of acyl-tethered benzothiazole bisnucleophiles with β'-acetoxy allenoates by switching the Lewis base is developed. The DBU-catalyzed reaction gives benzothiazole-fused 1,4-dihydropyridine carboxylates by (3 + 3) annulation chemoselectively. By contrast, the PR3-catalyzed reaction gives benzothiazole-fused azepines by (4 + 3) annulation and cyclopentene carboxylates by (4 + 1) annulation; the ratio of the latter two products depends on the solvent. A possible rationale for the difference in the reactivity, based on the 1,4/1,5-addition of the 2-acyl-tethered benzothiazole to the key phosphonium intermediate, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Chauhan
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - K C Kumara Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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9
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Natarajan P, Subramaniam SV, Peruncheralathan S. Organocatalytic Dearomatization of 5-Aminopyrazoles: Synthesis of 4-Hydroxypyrazolines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10258-10271. [PMID: 38989804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization is a fundamental chemical reaction that affords complex three-dimensional heterocyclic frameworks. We disclose the first organocatalytic dearomatization of 5-aminopyrazoles, which yields a range of structurally diversified C4-hydroxylated pyrazolines with yields of ≤95% in <1.5 h at room temperature. This catalytic process is achieved using in situ-generated hypervalent iodine. The method also yields a spirolactone via an intramolecular dearomatization process. Furthermore, we demonstrate that substrate-directed reduction of the resulting iminopyrazoline leads to 4,5-difunctionalized pyrazoline as a single diastereomer. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds through a dearomatized cationic intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Natarajan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Khurda 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Subhashini V Subramaniam
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Khurda 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Saravanan Peruncheralathan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, an OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Khurda 752050, Odisha, India
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10
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Chen Z, Song G, Qi L, Gunasekar R, Aïssa C, Robertson C, Steiner A, Xue D, Xiao J. Reductive Transamination of Pyridinium Salts to N-Aryl Piperidines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9352-9359. [PMID: 38872240 PMCID: PMC11232014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Saturated N-heterocycles are found in numerous bioactive natural products and are prevalent in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. While there are many methods for their synthesis, each has its limitations, such as scope and functional group tolerance. Herein, we describe a rhodium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of pyridinium salts to access N-(hetero)aryl piperidines. The reaction proceeds via a reductive transamination process, involving the initial formation of a dihydropyridine intermediate via reduction of the pyridinium ion with HCOOH, which is intercepted by water and then hydrolyzed. Subsequent reductive amination with an exogenous (hetero)aryl amine affords an N-(hetero)aryl piperidine. This reductive transamination method thus allows for access of N-(hetero)aryl piperidines from readily available pyridine derivatives, expanding the toolbox of dearomatization and skeletal editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Geyang Song
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education
and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Leiming Qi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | | | - Christophe Aïssa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Craig Robertson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Alexander Steiner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Dong Xue
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education
and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
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11
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Ji P, Duan K, Li M, Wang Z, Meng X, Zhang Y, Wang W. Photochemical dearomative skeletal modifications of heteroaromatics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6600-6624. [PMID: 38817197 PMCID: PMC11181993 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization has emerged as a powerful tool for rapid construction of 3D molecular architectures from simple, abundant, and planar (hetero)arenes. The field has evolved beyond simple dearomatization driven by new synthetic technology development. With the renaissance of photocatalysis and expansion of the activation mode, the last few years have witnessed impressive developments in innovative photochemical dearomatization methodologies, enabling skeletal modifications of dearomatized structures. They offer truly efficient and useful tools for facile construction of highly complex structures, which are viable for natural product synthesis and drug discovery. In this review, we aim to provide a mechanistically insightful overview on these innovations based on the degree of skeletal alteration, categorized into dearomative functionalization and skeletal editing, and to highlight their synthetic utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Kuaikuai Duan
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Menglong Li
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
| | - Yueteng Zhang
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
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12
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Powderly M, Roseau M, Frison G, Hammami R, Chausset-Boissarie L, Harrowven D, Legros J, Chataigner I. Controlling Diastereoselectivity in Dearomatizing Diels-Alder Reactions of Nitroarenes with 2-Trimethylsilyloxycyclohexadiene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303697. [PMID: 38619531 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative Diels-Alder cycloadditions between nitroarenes and 2-trimethylsilyloxycyclohexadiene are carried out under high pressure at room temperature in the absence of any chemical promoter. Reactions are performed with different arenes, including the highly aromatic naphthalenes and quinolines. They lead to 3D-scaffolds with exquisite exo-diastereoselectivity. The exo approach is characterized by lower distortion of the substrates in a late TS and by more favorable orbital interactions presumably between the nitro group and the dienic part, explaining the stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Powderly
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3 M FR 3038, 76000, Rouen, France
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | - Mélanie Roseau
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3 M FR 3038, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Gilles Frison
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, LCT, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Rayhane Hammami
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3 M FR 3038, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Laetitia Chausset-Boissarie
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3 M FR 3038, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - David Harrowven
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | - Julien Legros
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3 M FR 3038, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Chataigner
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3 M FR 3038, 76000, Rouen, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, LCT, F-75005, Paris, France
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13
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Shimose A, Ishigaki S, Sato Y, Nogami J, Toriumi N, Uchiyama M, Tanaka K, Nagashima Y. Dearomative Construction of 2D/3D Frameworks from Quinolines via Nucleophilic Addition/Borate-Mediated Photocycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202403461. [PMID: 38803130 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative construction of multiply-fused 2D/3D frameworks, composed of aromatic two-dimensional (2D) rings and saturated three-dimensional (3D) rings, from readily available quinolines has greatly contributed to drug discovery. However, dearomative cycloadditions of quinolines in the presence of photocatalysts usually afford 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline (THQ)-based polycycles, and dearomative access to 1,2,3,4-THQ-based structures remains limited. Herein, we present a chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective dearomative transformation of quinolines into 1,2,3,4-THQ-based 6-6-4-membered rings without any catalyst, through a combination of nucleophilic addition and borate-mediated [2+2] photocycloaddition. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that the photoexcited borate complex, generated from quinoline, organolithium, and HB(pin), accelerates the cycloaddition and suppresses the rearomatization that usually occurs in conventional photocycloaddition. Based on our mechanistic analysis, we also developed further photoinduced cycloadditions affording other types of 2D/3D frameworks from isoquinoline and phenanthrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuha Shimose
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Shiho Ishigaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yu Sato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Juntaro Nogami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Toriumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ken Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagashima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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14
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Liu DH, Ma J. Recent Advances in Dearomative Partial Reduction of Benzenoid Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402819. [PMID: 38480464 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative partial reduction is an extraordinary approach for transforming benzenoid arenes and has been well-known for many decades, as exemplified by the dehydrogenation of Birch reduction and the hydroarylation of Crich addition. Despite its remarkable importance in synthesis, this field has experienced slow progress over the last half-century. However, a revival has been observed with the recent introduction of electrochemical and photochemical methods. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent advancements in dearomative partial reduction of benzenoid arenes, including dihydrogenation, hydroalkylation, arylation, alkenylation, amination, borylation and others. Further, the intriguing utilization of dearomative partial reduction in the synthesis of natural products is also emphasized. It is anticipated that this Minireview will stimulate further progress in arene dearomative transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Hai Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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15
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Lu H, Zhang Y, Wang XH, Zhang R, Xu PF, Wei H. Carbon-nitrogen transmutation in polycyclic arenol skeletons to access N-heteroarenes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3772. [PMID: 38704373 PMCID: PMC11069502 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing skeletal editing tools is not a trivial task, and realizing the corresponding single-atom transmutation in a ring system without altering the ring size is even more challenging. Here, we introduce a skeletal editing strategy that enables polycyclic arenols, a highly prevalent motif in bioactive molecules, to be readily converted into N-heteroarenes through carbon-nitrogen transmutation. The reaction features selective nitrogen insertion into the C-C bond of the arenol frameworks by azidative dearomatization and aryl migration, followed by ring-opening, and ring-closing (ANRORC) to achieve carbon-to-nitrogen transmutation in the aromatic framework of the arenol. Using widely available arenols as N-heteroarene precursors, this alternative approach allows the streamlined assembly of complex polycyclic heteroaromatics with broad functional group tolerance. Finally, pertinent transformations of the products, including synthesis complex biheteroarene skeletons, were conducted and exhibited significant potential in materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Hao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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16
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Liu DH, Pflüger PM, Outlaw A, Lückemeier L, Zhang F, Regan C, Rashidi Nodeh H, Cernak T, Ma J, Glorius F. Late-Stage Saturation of Drug Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11866-11875. [PMID: 38621677 PMCID: PMC11066876 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The available methods of chemical synthesis have arguably contributed to the prevalence of aromatic rings, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, or pyridine, in modern pharmaceuticals. Many such sp2-carbon-rich fragments are now easy to synthesize using high-quality cross-coupling reactions that click together an ever-expanding menu of commercially available building blocks, but the products are flat and lipophilic, decreasing their odds of becoming marketed drugs. Converting flat aromatic molecules into saturated analogues with a higher fraction of sp3 carbons could improve their medicinal properties and facilitate the invention of safe, efficacious, metabolically stable, and soluble medicines. In this study, we show that aromatic and heteroaromatic drugs can be readily saturated under exceptionally mild rhodium-catalyzed hydrogenation, acid-mediated reduction, or photocatalyzed-hydrogenation conditions, converting sp2 carbon atoms into sp3 carbon atoms and leading to saturated molecules with improved medicinal properties. These methods are productive in diverse pockets of chemical space, producing complex saturated pharmaceuticals bearing a variety of functional groups and three-dimensional architectures. The rhodium-catalyzed method tolerates traces of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or water, meaning that pharmaceutical compound collections, which are typically stored in wet DMSO, can finally be reformatted for use as substrates for chemical synthesis. This latter application is demonstrated through the late-stage saturation (LSS) of 768 complex and densely functionalized small-molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Hai Liu
- Frontiers
Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory
for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Philipp M. Pflüger
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andrew Outlaw
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lukas Lückemeier
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fuhao Zhang
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Clinton Regan
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hamid Rashidi Nodeh
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tim Cernak
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jiajia Ma
- Frontiers
Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory
for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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17
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Mykura R, Sánchez-Bento R, Matador E, Duong VK, Varela A, Angelini L, Carbajo RJ, Llaveria J, Ruffoni A, Leonori D. Synthesis of polysubstituted azepanes by dearomative ring expansion of nitroarenes. Nat Chem 2024; 16:771-779. [PMID: 38273027 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of functionalized nitrogen heterocycles is integral to discovering, manufacturing and evolving high-value materials. The availability of effective strategies for heterocycle synthesis often biases the frequency of specific ring systems over others in the core structures of bioactive leads. For example, while the six- and five-membered piperidine and pyrrolidine are widespread in medicinal chemistry libraries, the seven-membered azepane is essentially absent and this leaves open a substantial area of three-dimensional chemical space. Here we report a strategy to prepare complex azepanes from simple nitroarenes by photochemical dearomative ring expansion centred on the conversion of the nitro group into a singlet nitrene. This process is mediated by blue light, occurs at room temperature and transforms the six-membered benzenoid framework into a seven-membered ring system. A following hydrogenolysis provides the azepanes in just two steps. We have demonstrated the utility of the strategy with the synthesis of several azepane analogues of piperidine drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Mykura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Esteban Matador
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Sevilla and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Vincent K Duong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ana Varela
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rodrigo J Carbajo
- In Silico Discovery, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., Toledo, Spain
| | - Josep Llaveria
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., Toledo, Spain
| | - Alessandro Ruffoni
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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18
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Lei J, Xu ZG. Reaction strategies for the meta-selective functionalization of pyridine through dearomatization. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10861-5. [PMID: 38647989 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The pyridine moiety is a crucial structural component in various pharmaceuticals. While the direct ortho- and para-functionalization of pyridines is relatively straightforward, the meta-selective C-H functionalization remains a significant challenge. This review highlights dearomatization strategies as a key area of interest in expanding the application of meta-C-H functionalization of pyridines. Dearomatization enables the meta-functionalization through various catalytic methods that directly generate dearomatization products, and some products can be rearomatized back to pyridine derivatives. Furthermore, this article also covers the dearomatization of multiple positions of pyridine in the synthesis of polycyclic compounds. It offers a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in dearomatization at different positions of pyridine, aiming to provide a valuable resource for researchers in this field. It also highlights the advantages and limitations of existing technologies, aiming to inform a broader audience about this important field and foster its future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lei
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
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19
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Zhu M, Gao YJ, Huang XL, Li M, Zheng C, You SL. Photo-induced intramolecular dearomative [5 + 4] cycloaddition of arenes for the construction of highly strained medium-sized-rings. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2462. [PMID: 38503749 PMCID: PMC10951311 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Medium-sized-ring compounds have been recognized as challenging synthetic targets in organic chemistry. Especially, the difficulty of synthesis will be augmented if an E-olefin moiety is embedded. Recently, photo-induced dearomative cycloaddition reactions that proceed via energy transfer mechanism have witnessed significant developments and provided powerful methods for the organic transformations that are not easily realized under thermal conditions. Herein, we report an intramolecular dearomative [5 + 4] cycloaddition of naphthalene-derived vinylcyclopropanes under visible-light irradiation and a proper triplet photosensitizer. The reaction affords dearomatized polycyclic molecules possessing a nine-membered-ring with an E-olefin moiety in good yields (up to 86%) and stereoselectivity (up to 8.8/1 E/Z). Detailed computational studies reveal the origin behind the favorable formation of the thermodynamically less stable isomers. Diverse derivations of the dearomatized products have also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Jun Gao
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Lun Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Muzi Li
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shu-Li You
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, China.
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Bhatt T, Natte K. Transfer Hydrogenation of N- and O-Containing Heterocycles Including Pyridines with H 3N-BH 3 Under the Catalysis of the Homogeneous Ruthenium Precatalyst. Org Lett 2024; 26:866-871. [PMID: 38270139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we report a transfer hydrogenation protocol that utilizes borane-ammonia (H3N-BH3) as the hydrogen source and a commercially available RuCl3·xH2O precatalyst for the selective aromatic reduction of quinolines, quinoxalines, pyridines, pyrazines, indoles, benzofurans, and furan derivatives to form the corresponding alicyclic heterocycles in good to excellent isolated yields. Applications of this straightforward protocol include the efficient preparation of useful key pharmaceutical intermediates, such as donepezil and flumequine, including a biologically active compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Bhatt
- Laboratory for Sustainable Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502 285, Telangana, India
| | - Kishore Natte
- Laboratory for Sustainable Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502 285, Telangana, India
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21
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Adak S, Braley SE, Brown MK. Photochemical Reduction of Quinolines with γ-Terpinene. Org Lett 2024; 26:401-405. [PMID: 38169485 PMCID: PMC11027786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The saturation of aromatic scaffolds is valuable for the synthesis of complex rings. Herein, we demonstrate a process for photochemical dearomative reduction of quinolines. The process involves capture of a quinoline excited state with γ-terpinene. Importantly, the reaction is chemoselective as other easily reduced functionalities such as halogens or alkenes do not undergo reduction. The mechanism of the reaction has also been investigated. Finally, the generality of the approach towards other substrates is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Adak
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Sarah E Braley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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22
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Mondal R, Agbaria M, Cohen O, Nairoukh Z. Brook Rearrangement as Trigger for Dearomatization Reaction: Synthesis of Non-Aromatic N-Heterocycles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303588. [PMID: 37930139 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The [1,2]-Brook rearrangement stands as a potent technique for constructing complex molecules. In this study, we showcase its power in the dearomatization of aromatic N-heterocycles. Through a concise four-step process that integrates lithiation, nucleophilic addition, Brook rearrangement and dearomatization reaction, we demonstrate a versatile strategy for generating diverse non-aromatic N-heterocycles which exhibit ambident reactivities. Various acyl silanes, halo-pyridines, and quinolines have been explored within this context. The synthetic utility of this methodology is demonstrated through the construction of complex architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Mondal
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Mohamed Agbaria
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Orit Cohen
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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23
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Song TT, Mei YK, Liu Y, Wang XY, Guo SY, Ji DW, Wan B, Yuan W, Chen QA. Construction of Bridged Benzazepines via Photo-Induced Dearomatization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314304. [PMID: 38009446 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Bridged benzazepine scaffolds, possessing unique structural and physicochemical activities, are widespread in various natural products and drugs. The construction of these skeletons often requires elaborate synthetic effort with low efficiency. Herein, we develop a simple and divergent approach for constructing various bridged benzazepines by a photocatalytic intermolecular dearomatization of naphthalene derivatives with readily available α-amino acids. The bridged motif is created via a cascade sequence involving photocatalytic 1,4-hydroaminoalkylation, alkene isomerization and cyclization. Interestingly, the diastereoselectivity can be regulated through different reaction modes in the cyclization step. Moreover, aminohydroxylation and its further bromination have also been demonstrated to access highly functionalized bridged benzazepines. Preliminary mechanistic studies have been performed to get insights into the mechanism. This method provides a divergent synthetic approach for construction of highly functionalized bridged benzazepines, which have been otherwise difficult to access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Song
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yong-Kang Mei
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shi-Yu Guo
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ji
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Boshun Wan
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qing-An Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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24
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Hu M, Ding H, DeSnoo W, Tantillo DJ, Nairoukh Z. The Construction of Highly Substituted Piperidines via Dearomative Functionalization Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315108. [PMID: 37860947 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles play a vital role in pharmaceuticals and natural products, with the six-membered aromatic and aliphatic architectures being commonly used. While synthetic methods for aromatic N-heterocycles are well-established, the synthesis of their aliphatic functionalized analogues, particularly piperidine derivatives, poses a significant challenge. In that regard, we propose a stepwise dearomative functionalization reaction for the construction of highly decorated piperidine derivatives with diverse functional handles. We also discuss challenges related to site-selectivity, regio- and diastereoselectivity, and provide insights into the reaction mechanism through mechanistic studies and density functional theory computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hu
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Hao Ding
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - William DeSnoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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25
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Tang L, Xiao Y, Wu F, Zhou JL, Xu TT, Feng JJ. Silver-Catalyzed Dearomative [2π+2σ] Cycloadditions of Indoles with Bicyclobutanes: Access to Indoline Fused Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310066. [PMID: 37822277 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (BCHs) are becoming ever more important in drug design and development as bridged scaffolds that provide underexplored chemical space, but are difficult to access. Here a silver-catalyzed dearomative [2π+2σ] cycloaddition strategy for the synthesis of indoline fused BCHs from N-unprotected indoles and bicyclobutane precursors is described. The strain-release dearomative cycloaddition operates under mild conditions, tolerating a wide range of functional groups. It is capable of forming BCHs with up to four contiguous quaternary carbon centers, achieving yields of up to 99 %. In addition, a scale-up experiment and the synthetic transformations of the cycloadducts further highlighted the synthetic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Tong-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
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26
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Liu TX, Wang X, Xia S, Chen M, Li M, Yang P, Ma N, Hu Z, Yang S, Zhang G, Wang GW. Dearomative Ring-Fused Azafulleroids and Carbazole-Derived Metallofullerenes: Reactivity Dictated by Encapsulation in a Fullerene Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313074. [PMID: 37789646 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report divergent additions of 2,2'-diazidobiphenyls to C60 and Sc3 N@Ih -C80 . In stark contrast to that of the previously reported bis-azide additions, the unexpected cascade reaction leads to the dearomative formation of azafulleroids 2 fused with a 7-6-5-membered ring system in the case of C60 . In contrast, the corresponding reaction with Sc3 N@Ih -C80 switches to the C-H insertion pathway, thereby resulting in multiple isomers, including a carbazole-derived [6,6]-azametallofulleroid 3 and a [5,6]-azametallofulleroid 4 and an unusual 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2-c]carbazole-derived metallofullerene 5, whose molecular structures have been unambiguously determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Among them, the addition type of 5 is observed for the first time in all reported additions of azides to fullerenes. Furthermore, unexpected isomerizations from 3 to 5 and from 4 to 5 have been discovered, providing the first examples of the isomerization of an azafulleroid to a carbazole-derived fullerene rather than an aziridinofullerene. In particular, the isomerism of the [5,6]-isomer 4 to the [5,6]-isomer 5 is unprecedented in fullerene chemistry, contradicting the present understanding that isomerization generally occurs between [5,6]- and [6,6]-isomers. Control experiments have been carried out to rationalize the reaction mechanism. Furthermore, representative azafulleroids have been applied in organic solar cells, thereby resulting in improved power conversion efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Xin Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Shilu Xia
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Muqing Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Panting Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Nana Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Wu Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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27
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Tan EYK, Mat Lani AS, Sow W, Liu Y, Li H, Chiba S. Dearomatization of (Hetero)arenes through Photodriven Interplay between Polysulfide Anions and Formate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309764. [PMID: 37582050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The facile construction of C(sp3 )-rich carbo- and heterocyclic compounds is a pivotal synthetic strategy to foster contemporary drug discovery programs. The downstream dearomatization of readily accessible two-dimensional (2D) planar arenes represents a direct pathway towards accessing three-dimensional (3D) aliphatic scaffolds. Here, we demonstrate that polysulfide anions are capable of catalyzing a dearomatization process of substituted naphthalenes, indoles, and other related heteroaromatic compounds in the presence of potassium formate and methanol under visible light irradiation. The developed protocol exhibits broad functional group tolerance, operational simplicity, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, representing a practical and sustainable synthetic tool for the arene dearomatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Yew Kun Tan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Amirah S Mat Lani
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Wayne Sow
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Haoyu Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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28
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Mikhael M, Alektiar SN, Yeung CS, Wickens ZK. Translating Planar Heterocycles into Three-Dimensional Analogs by Photoinduced Hydrocarboxylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303264. [PMID: 37199340 PMCID: PMC10524292 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The rapid preparation of complex three-dimensional (3D) heterocyclic scaffolds is a key challenge in modern medicinal chemistry. Despite the increased probability of clinical success for small molecule therapeutic candidates with increased 3D complexity, new drug targets remain dominated by flat molecules due to the abundance of coupling reactions available for their construction. In principle, heteroarene hydrofunctionalization reactions offer an opportunity to transform readily accessible planar molecules into more three-dimensionally complex analogs through the introduction of a single molecular vector. Unfortunately, dearomative hydrofunctionalization reactions remain limited. Herein, we report a new strategy to enable the dearomative hydrocarboxylation of indoles and related heterocycles. This reaction represents a rare example of a heteroarene hydrofunctionalization that meets the numerous requirements for broad implementation in drug discovery. The transformation is highly chemoselective, broad in scope, operationally simple, and readily amenable to high-throughput experimentation (HTE). Accordingly, this process will allow existing libraries of heteroaromatic compounds to be translated into diverse 3D analogs and enable exploration of new classes of medicinally relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Mikhael
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Sara N. Alektiar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Charles S. Yeung
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
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29
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Yoshida Y, Takeuchi H, Nakagawa K, Fujii T, Arichi N, Oishi S, Ohno H, Inuki S. Construction of a Bicyclo[2.2.2]octene Skeleton via a Visible-Light-Mediated Radical Cascade Reaction of Amino Acid Derivatives with N-(2-Phenyl)benzoyl Groups. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37366566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Bridged polycyclic ring systems constitute the core structures of numerous natural products and biologically active molecules. We found that simple biphenyl substrates derived from amino acids participate in a radical cascade reaction under visible light irradiation in the presence of [Ir{dF(CF3)ppy}2(dtbpy)]PF6 to enable the direct construction of bicyclo[2.2.2]octene structures. Isotopic labeling experiments suggested that intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer is involved in the cascade processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Haruka Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiki Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Norihito Arichi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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30
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Bera N, Lenka BS, König B, Sarkar D. Riboflavin Photocatalyzed Dearomative Spiro-Etherification of Naphthols. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37356110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c03037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The dearomative spiro-etherification of naphthols is achieved using catalytic amounts of riboflavin tetracetate (RFTA) as a photosensitizer and molecular oxygen as a terminal oxidizing agent under blue light (440 nm) irradiation in the presence of acid. The presence of acid increases the photooxidation power of RFTA and facilitates the dearomatization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabakumar Bera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Bhabani Sankar Lenka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Burkhard König
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmazie, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Debayan Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
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31
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Zhang WY, Wang HC, Wang Y, Zheng C, You SL. Enantioselective Dearomatization of Indoles via SmI 2-Mediated Intermolecular Reductive Coupling with Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10314-10321. [PMID: 37126434 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Samarium diiodide (SmI2) mediated reductive coupling reactions are powerful methods for the construction of carbon-carbon bond in organic synthesis. Despite the extensive development in recent decades, successful examples of the corresponding asymmetric reactions remained scarce, probably due to the involvement of highly reactive radical intermediates. In this Article, we report an enantioselective dearomatization of indoles via SmI2-mediated intermolecular reductive coupling with ketones. The utilization of samarium reductant supported by chiral tridentate aminodiol ligands allows the facile synthesis of indoline molecules bearing two contiguous stereogenic centers in high yields (up to 99%) and stereoselectivity (up to 99:1 er and >20:1 dr). Combined experimental and computational investigations suggested that parallel single-electron transfer to each substrate from the chiral samarium reductant allows the radical-radical recombination in an enantioselective manner, which is a unique mechanistic scenario in SmI2-mediated reductive coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hu-Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai 200032, China
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32
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Aleksiev M, García Mancheño O. Enantioselective dearomatization reactions of heteroarenes by anion-binding organocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3360-3372. [PMID: 36790499 PMCID: PMC10019134 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc07101k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic asymmetric dearomatization of heteroaromatic compounds has received considerable attention in the last few years, since it allows for a fast expansion of the chemical space by converting relatively simple, flat molecules into complex, three dimensional structures with added value. Among different approaches, remarkable progress has been recently achieved by the development of organocatalytic dearomatization methods. In particular, the anion-binding catalysis technology has emerged as a potent alternative to metal catalysis, which together with the design of novel, tunable anion-receptor motifs, has provided new entries for the enantioselective dearomatization of heteroarenes through a chiral contact ion pair formation by activation of the electrophilic reaction partner. In this feature, we provide an overview of the different methodologies and advances in anion-binding catalyzed dearomatization reactions of different heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Aleksiev
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36/40, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Olga García Mancheño
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36/40, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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33
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Azpilcueta-Nicolas CR, Meng D, Edelmann S, Lumb JP. Dearomatization of Biaryls through Polarity Mismatched Radical Spirocyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215422. [PMID: 36454656 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions involving radical cyclizations can facilitate the synthesis of complex polycyclic systems that find applications in medicinal chemistry and natural product synthesis. Here we employ redox-neutral photocatalysis to affect a radical spirocyclization that transforms biaryls into spirocyclic cyclohexadienones under mild reaction conditions. In a departure from previously reported methods, our work demonstrates the polarity mismatched addition of a nucleophilic radical to an electron rich arene, and allows the regioselective synthesis of 2,4- or 2,5-cyclohexadienones with broad functional group tolerance. By transforming biaryls into spirocycles, our methodology accesses underexplored three-dimensional chemical space, and provides an efficient means of creating quaternary spirocenters that we apply to the first synthesis of the cytotoxic plant metabolite denobilone A.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek Meng
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Simon Edelmann
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jean-Philip Lumb
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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34
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Chen S, Pillitteri S, Fron E, Van Meervelt L, Van der Eycken EV, Sharma UK. Visible-Light-Induced Cascade Difunctionalization of Indoles Enabled by the Synergy of Photoredox and Photoexcited Ketones: Direct Access to Alkylated Pyrrolophenanthridones. Org Lett 2022; 24:9386-9391. [PMID: 36525615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a methodology to construct polycyclic pyrrolophenanthridones with an (amino)alkyl side chain that involves visible-light-induced decarboxylative radical addition for the intermolecular dearomatization of indoles and subsequent photoinduced C(sp2)-X bond activation via photoexcited ketones for an intramolecular cyclization cascade. Carboxylic acids serve both as a radical source toward indole dearomatization and as reductants to initiate an electron transfer with photoexcited N-acylindole derivatives in the reaction toward pyrrolophenantridone skeletons, which occurs under mild reaction conditions with good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Chen
- Laboratory for Organic and Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Serena Pillitteri
- Laboratory for Organic and Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eduard Fron
- Core Facility for Advanced Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Meervelt
- Biomolecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,People's Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street 6, RU-117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Upendra K Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic and Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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35
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Sekiguchi Y, Pang JH, Ng JS, Chen J, Watanabe K, Takita R, Chiba S. Base-Induced Dehydrogenative and Dearomative Transformation of 1-Naphthylmethylamines to 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene-1-carbonitriles. JACS AU 2022; 2:2758-2764. [PMID: 36590271 PMCID: PMC9795570 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Solvothermal treatment of 1-naphthylmethylamine with potassium hydride (KH) or n-butyllithium (n-BuLi)-potassium t-butoxide (t-BuOK) in THF induces unusual two consecutive β-hydride eliminations to form 1-naphthonitrile and KH. The freshly generated KH is hydridic enough to undergo dearomative hydride addition to the resultant 1-naphthonitrile regioselectively at the C4 position to afford α-cyano benzylic carbanion, which could be functionalized by a series of electrophiles, liberating the corresponding 1,4-dihydronaphthalene-1-carbonitriles having a quaternary carbon center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Sekiguchi
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jia Hao Pang
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jia Sheng Ng
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jiahua Chen
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryo Takita
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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36
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Kratena N, Marinic B, Donohoe TJ. Recent advances in the dearomative functionalisation of heteroarenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:14213-14225. [PMID: 36545133 PMCID: PMC9749106 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04638e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dearomatisation reactions of (hetero)arenes have been widely employed as efficient methods to obtain highly substituted saturated cyclic compounds for over a century. In recent years, research in this area has shifted towards effecting additional C-C bond formation during the overall dearomative process. Moving away from classical hydrogenation-based strategies a wide range of reagents were found to be capable of initiating dearomatisation through nucleophilic addition (typically a reduction) or photochemically induced radical addition. The dearomatisation process gives rise to reactive intermediates which can be intercepted in an intra- or intermolecular fashion to deliver products with significantly increased molecular complexity when compared to simple dearomatisation. In this Perspective recent examples and strategies for the dearomative functionalisation of heteroaromatic systems will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kratena
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Bruno Marinic
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Timothy J Donohoe
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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37
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Abstract
Covering: 2011 to 2022The natural world is a prolific source of some of the most interesting, rare, and complex molecules known, harnessing sophisticated biosynthetic machinery evolved over billions of years for their production. Many of these natural products represent high-value targets of total synthesis, either for their desirable biological activities or for their beautiful structures outright; yet, the high sp3-character often present in nature's molecules imparts significant topological complexity that pushes the limits of contemporary synthetic technology. Dearomatization is a foundational strategy for generating such intricacy from simple materials that has undergone considerable maturation in recent years. This review highlights the recent achievements in the field of dearomative methodology, with a focus on natural product total synthesis and retrosynthetic analysis. Disconnection guidelines and a three-phase dearomative logic are described, and a spotlight is given to nature's use of dearomatization in the biosynthesis of various classes of natural products. Synthetic studies from 2011 to 2021 are reviewed, and 425 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaroslav D Boyko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - David Sarlah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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38
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Ito T, Harada S, Homma H, Okabe A, Nemoto T. Mechanistic Investigation on Dearomative Spirocyclization of Arenes with α-Diazoamide under Boron Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shingo Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Haruka Homma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Ayaka Okabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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39
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Wang W, Cai Y, Guo R, Brown MK. Synthesis of complex bicyclic scaffolds by intermolecular photosensitized dearomative cycloadditions of activated alkenes and naphthalenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13582-13587. [PMID: 36507189 PMCID: PMC9682912 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04789f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid buildup of molecular complexity from simple precursors is a key goal in organic chemistry. One strategy to achieve this is through a dearomative cycloaddition wherein a 2D arene and alkene is converted to a 3D structure. In many cases this type of reactivity has been achieved with photochemistry. Despite the prospect of such a reaction, most known variants are intramolecular, which greatly limits the scope of chemical space that can be accessed. Intermolecular variants are known but are generally limited to heterocyclic systems such as indoles or quinolines. Herein, a method for intermolecular dearomative cycloaddition of simple naphthalenes with alkenes is presented. The reactions operate by a photoinduced sensitization of the arene. The bridged bicyclic products are generated with control of regiochemistry and function for a range of alkenes. In addition, the products can serve as useful intermediates as demonstrated in the synthesis of a biologically active benzazapine analog. Mechanistic studies are also included, which support reaction via a triplet excited state and that the selectivity can be rationalized by spin-density calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University800 E. Kirkwood AveBloomingtonIN 47405USA
| | - Yanyao Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University800 E. Kirkwood AveBloomingtonIN 47405USA
| | - Renyu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University800 E. Kirkwood AveBloomingtonIN 47405USA
| | - M. Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University800 E. Kirkwood AveBloomingtonIN 47405USA
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40
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Guan F, Zhou R, Ren X, Guo Z, Wang C, Zhou CY. Asymmetric dearomative cyclopropanation of naphthalenes to construct polycyclic compounds. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13015-13019. [PMID: 36425492 PMCID: PMC9669881 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04509e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic asymmetric dearomatization (CADA) reactions is an important synthetic method for constructing enantioenriched complex cyclic systems from simple aromatic feedstocks. However, the CADA reactions of nonactivated arenes, such as naphthalenes and benzenes, have been far less explored than those of electronically activated arenes, such as phenols, naphthols and indoles. Herein, we disclose an asymmetric dearomative cyclopropanation of naphthalenes for the rapid construction of polycyclic compounds. With chiral dirhodium carboxylate as a catalyst, the dearomative cyclopropanation proceeded smoothly under mild conditions and afforded benzonorcaradiene-containing tetracycles in good yield and high enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee). Three stereogenic centers, including two all-carbon quaternary centers, were created in the dearomatization reaction. Moreover, a variety of functional groups are well-tolerated in the reaction. The products could be readily converted into other complex polycycles while maintaining the high ee value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Guan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Ren
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology Shanxi 030024 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Guo
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology Shanxi 030024 People's Republic of China
| | - Chengming Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Ying Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 People's Republic of China
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41
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Kelly CB, Milligan JA, Tilley LJ, Sodano TM. Bicyclobutanes: from curiosities to versatile reagents and covalent warheads. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11721-11737. [PMID: 36320907 PMCID: PMC9580472 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03948f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique chemistry of small, strained carbocyclic systems has long captivated organic chemists from a theoretical and fundamental standpoint. A resurgence of interest in strained carbocyclic species has been prompted by their potential as bioisosteres, high fraction of sp3 carbons, and limited appearance in the patent literature. Among strained ring systems, bicyclo[1.1.0]butane (BCB) stands apart as the smallest bicyclic carbocycle and is amongst the most strained carbocycles known. Despite the fact that BCBs have been synthesized and studied for well over 50 years, they have long been regarded as laboratory curiosities. However, new approaches for preparing, functionalizing, and using BCBs in "strain-release" transformations have positioned BCBs to be powerful synthetic workhorses. Further, the olefinic character of the bridgehead bond enables BCBs to be elaborated into various other ring systems and function as covalent warheads for bioconjugation. This review will discuss the recent developments in the synthesis and functionalization of BCBs as well as the applications of these strained rings in synthesis and drug discovery. An overview of the properties and the historical context of this interesting structure will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Kelly
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen Research & Development LLC 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477 USA
| | - John A Milligan
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University 4201 Henry Avenue Philadelphia PA 19144 USA
| | - Leon J Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, Stonehill College 320 Washington Street Easton MA 02357 USA
| | - Taylor M Sodano
- Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development LLC 1400 McKean Road, Spring House PA 19477 USA
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42
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Dearomative Aminocarbonylation of Arenes via Bifunctional Coordination to Chromium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210312. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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43
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Lee D, Love A, Mansouri Z, Waldron Clarke TH, Harrowven DC, Jefferson-Loveday R, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. High-Productivity Single-Pass Electrochemical Birch Reduction of Naphthalenes in a Continuous Flow Electrochemical Taylor Vortex Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2674-2684. [PMID: 36158467 PMCID: PMC9486933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a single-pass electrochemical Birch reduction carried out in a small footprint electrochemical Taylor vortex reactor with projected productivities of >80 g day-1 (based on 32.2 mmol h-1), using a modified version of our previously reported reactor [Org. Process Res. Dev. 2021, 25, 7, 1619-1627], consisting of a static outer electrode and a rapidly rotating cylindrical inner electrode. In this study, we used an aluminum tube as the sacrificial outer electrode and stainless steel as the rotating inner electrode. We have established the viability of using a sacrificial aluminum anode for the electrochemical reduction of naphthalene, and by varying the current, we can switch between high selectivity (>90%) for either the single ring reduction or double ring reduction with >80 g day-1 projected productivity for either product. The concentration of LiBr in solution changes the fluid dynamics of the reaction mixture investigated by computational fluid dynamics, and this affects equilibration time, monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We show that the concentrations of electrolyte (LiBr) and proton source (dimethylurea) can be reduced while maintaining high reaction efficiency. We also report the reduction of 1-aminonaphthalene, which has been used as a precursor to the API Ropinirole. We find that our methodology produces the corresponding dihydronaphthalene with excellent selectivity and 88% isolated yield in an uninterrupted run of >8 h with a projected productivity of >100 g day-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren
S. Lee
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Ashley Love
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Zakaria Mansouri
- Department
of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Toby H. Waldron Clarke
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - David C. Harrowven
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Richard Jefferson-Loveday
- Department
of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Stephen J. Pickering
- Department
of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Michael W. George
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
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44
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Wang MY, Wu CJ, Zeng WL, Jiang X, Li W. Dearomative Aminocarbonylation of Arenes via Bifunctional Coordination to Chromium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Wang
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry 38 Zheda Road, Xihu District 310027 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Cheng-Jie Wu
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry 38 Zheda Road, Xihu District 310027 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Wei-Long Zeng
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry 38 Zheda Road, Xihu District 310027 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Xu Jiang
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry 38 Zheda Road, Xihu District 310027 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Wei Li
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry 38 Zheda Road, Xihu District 310027 Hangzhou CHINA
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45
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Hu M, Liu Y, Liang Y, Dong T, Kong L, Bao M, Wang ZX, Peng B. Dearomative di- and trifunctionalization of aryl sulfoxides via [5,5]-rearrangement. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4719. [PMID: 35953490 PMCID: PMC9372148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic [5,5]-rearrangement can in principle be an ideal protocol to access dearomative compounds. However, the lack of competent [5,5]-rearrangement impedes the advance of the protocol. In this Article, we showcase the power of [5,5]-rearrangement recently developed in our laboratory for constructing an intriguing dearomative sulfonium specie which features versatile and unique reactivities to perform nucleophilic 1,2- and 1,4-addition and cyclization, thus achieving dearomative di- and trifunctionalization of easily accessible aryl sulfoxides. Impressively, the dearomatization products can be readily converted to sulfur-removed cyclohexenones, naphthalenones, bicyclic cyclohexadienones, and multi-substituted benzenes. Mechanistic studies shed light on the key intermediates and the remarkable chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivities of the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Hu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yuchen Liang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Taotao Dong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Lichun Kong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Bo Peng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.
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46
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Ji P, Davies CC, Gao F, Chen J, Meng X, Houk KN, Chen S, Wang W. Selective skeletal editing of polycyclic arenes using organophotoredox dearomative functionalization. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4565. [PMID: 35931700 PMCID: PMC9355940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions that lead to destruction of aromatic ring systems often require harsh conditions and, thus, take place with poor selectivities. Selective partial dearomatization of fused arenes is even more challenging but can be a strategic approach to creating versatile, complex polycyclic frameworks. Herein we describe a general organophotoredox approach for the chemo- and regioselective dearomatization of structurally diverse polycyclic aromatics, including quinolines, isoquinolines, quinoxalines, naphthalenes, anthracenes and phenanthrenes. The success of the method for chemoselective oxidative rupture of aromatic moieties relies on precise manipulation of the electronic nature of the fused polycyclic arenes. Mechanistic studies show that the addition of a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agent helps favor the dearomatization pathway over the more thermodynamically downhill aromatization pathway. We show that this strategy can be applied to rapid synthesis of biologically valued targets and late-stage skeletal remodeling en route to complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Cassondra C Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Xiang Meng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA.
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA.
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47
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Shi Q, Liao Z, Liu Z, Wen J, Li C, He J, Deng J, Cen S, Cao T, Zhou J, Zhu S. Divergent synthesis of benzazepines and bridged polycycloalkanones via dearomative rearrangement. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4402. [PMID: 35906217 PMCID: PMC9338057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31920-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The dearomative functionalization of aromatic compounds represents a fascinating but challenging transformation, as it typically needs to overcome a great kinetic barrier. Here, a catalyst-free dearomative rearrangement of o-nitrophenyl alkyne is successfully established by leveraging the remote oxygen transposition and a weak N-O bond acceleration. This reaction features high atom-, step- and redox-economy, which provides a divergent entry to a series of biologically important benzazepines and bridged polycycloalkanones. The reaction is proposed to proceed through a tandem oxygen transfer cyclization/(3 + 2) cycloaddition/(homo-)hetero-Claisen rearrangement reaction. The resulting polycyclic system is richly decorated with transformable functionalities, such as carbonyl, imine and diene, which enables diversity-oriented synthesis of alkaloid-like polycyclic framework. The dearomative functionalization of aromatic compounds represents a challenging transformation, as it typically needs to overcome a great kinetic barrier. Here, the authors disclose a weak-bond-accelerated, catalyst-free dearomative [3,3]-rearrangement of o-nitrophenyl alkyne for the divergent synthesis of benzazepines and bridged polycycloalkanones via remote oxygen transposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhehui Liao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiajia Wen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiamin He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiazhen Deng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tongxiang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Shifa Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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48
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Kischkewitz M, Marinic B, Kratena N, Lai Y, Hepburn HB, Dow M, Christensen KE, Donohoe TJ. Evolution of the Dearomative Functionalization of Activated Quinolines and Isoquinolines: Expansion of the Electrophile Scope. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204682. [PMID: 35560761 PMCID: PMC9321684 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein we disclose a mild protocol for the reductive functionalisation of quinolinium and isoquinolinium salts. The reaction proceeds under transition-metal-free conditions as well as under rhodium catalysis with very low catalyst loadings (0.01 mol %) and uses inexpensive formic acid as the terminal reductant. A wide range of electrophiles, including enones, imides, unsaturated esters and sulfones, β-nitro styrenes and aldehydes are intercepted by the in situ formed enamine species forming a large variety of substituted tetrahydro(iso)quinolines. Electrophiles are incorporated at the C-3 and C-4 position for quinolines and isoquinolines respectively, providing access to substitution patterns which are not favoured in electrophilic or nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Finally, this reactivity was exploited to facilitate three types of annulation reactions, giving rise to complex polycyclic products of a formal [3+3] or [4+2] cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kischkewitz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Bruno Marinic
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Nicolas Kratena
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Yonglin Lai
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Hamish B. Hepburn
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Mark Dow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & DevelopmentOperations, AstraZenecaMacclesfieldSK10 2NAUK
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Timothy J. Donohoe
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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49
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Kischkewitz M, Marinic B, Kratena N, Lai Y, Hepburn HB, Dow M, Christensen KE, Donohoe TJ. Evolution of the Dearomative Functionalization of Activated Quinolines and Isoquinolines: Expansion of the Electrophile Scope. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202204682. [PMID: 38505668 PMCID: PMC10946825 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Herein we disclose a mild protocol for the reductive functionalisation of quinolinium and isoquinolinium salts. The reaction proceeds under transition-metal-free conditions as well as under rhodium catalysis with very low catalyst loadings (0.01 mol %) and uses inexpensive formic acid as the terminal reductant. A wide range of electrophiles, including enones, imides, unsaturated esters and sulfones, β-nitro styrenes and aldehydes are intercepted by the in situ formed enamine species forming a large variety of substituted tetrahydro(iso)quinolines. Electrophiles are incorporated at the C-3 and C-4 position for quinolines and isoquinolines respectively, providing access to substitution patterns which are not favoured in electrophilic or nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Finally, this reactivity was exploited to facilitate three types of annulation reactions, giving rise to complex polycyclic products of a formal [3+3] or [4+2] cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kischkewitz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Bruno Marinic
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Nicolas Kratena
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Yonglin Lai
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Hamish B. Hepburn
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Mark Dow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & DevelopmentOperations, AstraZenecaMacclesfieldSK10 2NAUK
| | - Kirsten E. Christensen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Timothy J. Donohoe
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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50
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Chu WD, Liang TT, Ni H, Dong ZH, Shao Z, Liu Y, He CY, Bai R, Liu QZ. Palladium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Asymmetric Dearomative Annulation of Phenols with Vinyl Cyclopropanes. Org Lett 2022; 24:4865-4870. [PMID: 35775729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the Pd(0)-catalyzed intermolecular asymmetric dearomative [3 + 2] annulation of phenols with vinyl cyclopropanes via in situ generated ortho-quinone methide intermediates. A series of highly functionalized spiro-[5,6] bicycles which bear three contiguous stereogenic centers including one all-carbon quaternary were obtained with excellent stereoselectivities. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the reactions were controlled by thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Dao Chu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, No. 1, Shida Road, Nanchong 637002, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Tian Liang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, No. 1, Shida Road, Nanchong 637002, P. R. China
| | - Hao Ni
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hong Dong
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, No. 1, Shida Road, Nanchong 637002, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, No. 1, Shida Road, Nanchong 637002, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Yu He
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, No. 1, Shida Road, Nanchong 637002, P. R. China
| | - Ruopeng Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Quan-Zhong Liu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, No. 1, Shida Road, Nanchong 637002, P. R. China
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