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Mak WY, He Q, Yang W, Xu N, Zheng A, Chen M, Lin J, Shi Y, Xiang X, Zhu X. Application of MIDD to accelerate the development of anti-infectives: Current status and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 214:115447. [PMID: 39277035 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
This review examines the role of model-informed drug development (MIDD) in advancing antibacterial and antiviral drug development, with an emphasis on the inclusion of host system dynamics into modeling efforts. Amidst the growing challenges of multidrug resistance and diminishing market returns, innovative methodologies are crucial for continuous drug discovery and development. The MIDD approach, with its robust capacity to integrate diverse data types, offers a promising solution. In particular, the utilization of appropriate modeling and simulation techniques for better characterization and early assessment of drug resistance are discussed. The evolution of MIDD practices across different infectious disease fields is also summarized, and compared to advancements achieved in oncology. Moving forward, the application of MIDD should expand into host system dynamics as these considerations are critical for the development of "live drugs" (e.g. chimeric antigen receptor T cells or bacteriophages) to address issues like antibiotic resistance or latent viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yao Mak
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203 Shanghai, China; Clinical Research Centre (Penang General Hospital), Institute for Clinical Research, National Institute of Health, Malaysia
| | - Qingfeng He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Aole Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203 Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203 Shanghai, China.
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2
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Fortelny N, Farlik M, Fife V, Gorki AD, Lassnig C, Maurer B, Meissl K, Dolezal M, Boccuni L, Ravi Sundar Jose Geetha A, Akagha MJ, Karjalainen A, Shoebridge S, Farhat A, Mann U, Jain R, Tikoo S, Zila N, Esser-Skala W, Krausgruber T, Sitnik K, Penz T, Hladik A, Suske T, Zahalka S, Senekowitsch M, Barreca D, Halbritter F, Macho-Maschler S, Weninger W, Neubauer HA, Moriggl R, Knapp S, Sexl V, Strobl B, Decker T, Müller M, Bock C. JAK-STAT signaling maintains homeostasis in T cells and macrophages. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:847-859. [PMID: 38658806 PMCID: PMC11065702 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Immune cells need to sustain a state of constant alertness over a lifetime. Yet, little is known about the regulatory processes that control the fluent and fragile balance that is called homeostasis. Here we demonstrate that JAK-STAT signaling, beyond its role in immune responses, is a major regulator of immune cell homeostasis. We investigated JAK-STAT-mediated transcription and chromatin accessibility across 12 mouse models, including knockouts of all STAT transcription factors and of the TYK2 kinase. Baseline JAK-STAT signaling was detected in CD8+ T cells and macrophages of unperturbed mice-but abrogated in the knockouts and in unstimulated immune cells deprived of their normal tissue context. We observed diverse gene-regulatory programs, including effects of STAT2 and IRF9 that were independent of STAT1. In summary, our large-scale dataset and integrative analysis of JAK-STAT mutant and wild-type mice uncovered a crucial role of JAK-STAT signaling in unstimulated immune cells, where it contributes to a poised epigenetic and transcriptional state and helps prepare these cells for rapid response to immune stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Fortelny
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Victoria Fife
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Dorothea Gorki
- Research Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Lassnig
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Maurer
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Meissl
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlies Dolezal
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Boccuni
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mojoyinola Joanna Akagha
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anzhelika Karjalainen
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen Shoebridge
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Asma Farhat
- Research Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Mann
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rohit Jain
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shweta Tikoo
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Zila
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Esser-Skala
- Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Sitnik
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Penz
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anastasiya Hladik
- Research Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Suske
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Zahalka
- Research Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Senekowitsch
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniele Barreca
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Halbritter
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Macho-Maschler
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi A Neubauer
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- Research Division of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Animal Breeding and Genetics and VetBiomodels, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Singvogel K, Schittek B. Dormancy of cutaneous melanoma. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:88. [PMID: 38419052 PMCID: PMC10903048 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Many cancer-related deaths including melanoma result from metastases that develop months or years after the initial cancer therapy. Even the most effective drugs and immune therapies rarely eradicate all tumor cells. Instead, they strongly reduce cancer burden, permitting dormant cancer cells to persist in niches, where they establish a cellular homeostasis with their host without causing clinical symptoms. Dormant cancers respond poorly to most drugs and therapies since they do not proliferate and hide in niches. It therefore remains a major challenge to develop novel therapies for dormant cancers. In this review we focus on the mechanisms regulating the initiation of cutaneous melanoma dormancy as well as those which are involved in reawakening of dormant cutaneous melanoma cells. In recent years the role of neutrophils and niche components in reawakening of melanoma cells came into focus and indicate possible future therapeutic applications. Sophisticated in vitro and in vivo melanoma dormancy models are needed to make progress in this field and are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Singvogel
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D -72076 , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D -72076 , Tübingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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4
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Lotfalizadeh N, Sadr S, Morovati S, Lotfalizadeh M, Hajjafari A, Borji H. A potential cure for tumor-associated immunosuppression by Toxoplasma gondii. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e1963. [PMID: 38109851 PMCID: PMC10850000 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, immunotherapy has become very hopeful for cancer therapy. Cancer treatment through immunotherapy has excellent specificity and less toxicity than conventional chemoradiotherapy. Pathogens have been used in cancer immunotherapy for a long time. The current study aims to evaluate the possibility of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) as a probable treatment for cancers such as melanoma, breast, ovarian, lung, and pancreatic cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Nonreplicating type I uracil auxotrophic mutants of T. gondii can stimulate immune responses against tumors by reverse immunosuppression at the cellular level. T. gondii can be utilized to research T helper 1 (Th1) cell immunity in intracellular infections. Avirulent T. gondii uracil auxotroph vaccine can change the tumor's immunosuppression and improve the production of type 1 helper cell cytokines, i.e., Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and activate tumor-related Cluster of Differentiation 8 (CD8+) T cells to identify and destroy cancer cells. The T. gondii profilin protein, along with T. gondii secreted proteins, have been found to exhibit promising properties in the treatment of various cancers. These proteins are being studied for their potential to inhibit tumor growth and enhance the effectiveness of cancer therapies. Their unique mechanisms of action make them valuable candidates for targeted interventions in ovarian cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, and lung cancer treatments. CONCLUSION In summary, the study underscores the significant potential of harnessing T. gondii, including its diverse array of proteins and antigens, particularly in its avirulent form, as a groundbreaking approach in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Lotfalizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Soheil Sadr
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Solmaz Morovati
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Mohammadhassan Lotfalizadeh
- Board Certificate Oral and Maxillofacial RadiologistNorth Khorasan University of Medical Sciences (NKUMS)BojnurdIran
| | - Ashkan Hajjafari
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineIslamic Azad University, Science and Research BranchTehranIran
| | - Hassan Borji
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
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5
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Mishchenko TA, Turubanova VD, Gorshkova EN, Krysko O, Vedunova MV, Krysko DV. Glioma: bridging the tumor microenvironment, patient immune profiles and novel personalized immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1299064. [PMID: 38274827 PMCID: PMC10809268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1299064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor, characterized by a consistently high patient mortality rate and a dismal prognosis affecting both survival and quality of life. Substantial evidence underscores the vital role of the immune system in eradicating tumors effectively and preventing metastasis, underscoring the importance of cancer immunotherapy which could potentially address the challenges in glioma therapy. Although glioma immunotherapies have shown promise in preclinical and early-phase clinical trials, they face specific limitations and challenges that have hindered their success in further phase III trials. Resistance to therapy has been a major challenge across many experimental approaches, and as of now, no immunotherapies have been approved. In addition, there are several other limitations facing glioma immunotherapy in clinical trials, such as high intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity, an inherently immunosuppressive microenvironment, the unique tissue-specific interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral immune system, the existence of the blood-brain barrier, which is a physical barrier to drug delivery, and the immunosuppressive effects of standard therapy. Therefore, in this review, we delve into several challenges that need to be addressed to achieve boosted immunotherapy against gliomas. First, we discuss the hurdles posed by the glioma microenvironment, particularly its primary cellular inhabitants, in particular tumor-associated microglia and macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid cells, which represent a significant barrier to effective immunotherapy. Here we emphasize the impact of inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) on the migration of Th17 cells into the tumor microenvironment, converting it into an immunologically "hot" environment and enhancing the effectiveness of ongoing immunotherapy. Next, we address the challenge associated with the accurate identification and characterization of the primary immune profiles of gliomas, and their implications for patient prognosis, which can facilitate the selection of personalized treatment regimens and predict the patient's response to immunotherapy. Finally, we explore a prospective approach to developing highly personalized vaccination strategies against gliomas, based on the search for patient-specific neoantigens. All the pertinent challenges discussed in this review will serve as a compass for future developments in immunotherapeutic strategies against gliomas, paving the way for upcoming preclinical and clinical research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A. Mishchenko
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Victoria D. Turubanova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Neuroscience Research Institute, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Gorshkova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Olga Krysko
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria V. Vedunova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnologies, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitri V. Krysko
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Chandra V, Li L, Le Roux O, Zhang Y, Howell RM, Rupani DN, Baydogan S, Miller HD, Riquelme E, Petrosino J, Kim MP, Bhat KPL, White JR, Kolls JK, Pylayeva-Gupta Y, McAllister F. Gut epithelial Interleukin-17 receptor A signaling can modulate distant tumors growth through microbial regulation. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:85-100.e6. [PMID: 38157865 PMCID: PMC11238637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Microbes influence cancer initiation, progression and therapy responsiveness. IL-17 signaling contributes to gut barrier immunity by regulating microbes but also drives tumor growth. A knowledge gap remains regarding the influence of enteric IL-17-IL-17RA signaling and their microbial regulation on the behavior of distant tumors. We demonstrate that gut dysbiosis induced by systemic or gut epithelial deletion of IL-17RA induces growth of pancreatic and brain tumors due to excessive development of Th17, primary source of IL-17 in human and mouse pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, as well as B cells that circulate to distant tumors. Microbial dependent IL-17 signaling increases DUOX2 signaling in tumor cells. Inefficacy of pharmacological inhibition of IL-17RA is overcome with targeted microbial ablation that blocks the compensatory loop. These findings demonstrate the complexities of IL-17-IL-17RA signaling in different compartments and the relevance for accounting for its homeostatic host defense function during cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhi Chandra
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Le Li
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Olivereen Le Roux
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rian M Howell
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dhwani N Rupani
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Seyda Baydogan
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Haiyan D Miller
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Erick Riquelme
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Respiratory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joseph Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael P Kim
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Krishna P L Bhat
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jay K Kolls
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yuliya Pylayeva-Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Florencia McAllister
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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Jiang S, Ma W, Ma C, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Zhang J. An emerging strategy: probiotics enhance the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy via mediating the gut microbiome. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2341717. [PMID: 38717360 PMCID: PMC11085971 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2341717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and progression of tumors are often accompanied by disruptions in the gut microbiota. Inversely, the impact of the gut microbiota on the initiation and progression of cancer is becoming increasingly evident, influencing the tumor microenvironment (TME) for both local and distant tumors. Moreover, it is even suggested to play a significant role in the process of tumor immunotherapy, contributing to high specificity in therapeutic outcomes and long-term effectiveness across various cancer types. Probiotics, with their generally positive influence on the gut microbiota, may serve as effective agents in synergizing cancer immunotherapy. They play a crucial role in activating the immune system to inhibit tumor growth. In summary, this comprehensive review aims to provide valuable insights into the dynamic interactions between probiotics, gut microbiota, and cancer. Furthermore, we highlight recent advances and mechanisms in using probiotics to improve the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy. By understanding these complex relationships, we may unlock innovative approaches for cancer diagnosis and treatment while optimizing the effects of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiming Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Wenyao Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Chenchen Ma
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
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8
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Osuka A, Shigeno A, Matsuura H, Onishi S, Yoneda K. Systemic immune response of burns from the acute to chronic phase. Acute Med Surg 2024; 11:e976. [PMID: 38894736 PMCID: PMC11184575 DOI: 10.1002/ams2.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses that occur following burn injury comprise a series of reactions that are activated in response to damaged autologous tissues, followed by removal of damaged tissues and foreign pathogens such as invading bacteria, and tissue repair. These immune responses are considered to be programmed in living organisms. Developments of modern medicine have led to the saving of burned patients who could not be cured previously; however, the programmed response is no longer able to keep up, and various problems have arisen. This paper describes the mechanism of immune response specific to burn injury and the emerging concept of persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Osuka
- Department of Trauma, Critical Care Medicine and Burn CenterJapan Community Health Care Organization Chukyo HospitalNagoyaJapan
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Ayami Shigeno
- Department of Trauma, Critical Care Medicine and Burn CenterJapan Community Health Care Organization Chukyo HospitalNagoyaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuura
- Department of Trauma, Critical Care Medicine and Burn CenterJapan Community Health Care Organization Chukyo HospitalNagoyaJapan
- Osaka Prefectural Nakakawachi Emergency and Critical Care CenterOsakaJapan
| | - Shinya Onishi
- Department of Trauma, Critical Care Medicine and Burn CenterJapan Community Health Care Organization Chukyo HospitalNagoyaJapan
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoneda
- Department of Trauma, Critical Care Medicine and Burn CenterJapan Community Health Care Organization Chukyo HospitalNagoyaJapan
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical MedicineOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
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9
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Zheng K, Wei Z, Li W. Ecological insights into hematopoiesis regulation: unraveling the influence of gut microbiota. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2350784. [PMID: 38727219 PMCID: PMC11093038 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2350784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota constitutes a vast ecological system within the human body, forming a mutually interdependent entity with the host. In recent years, advancements in molecular biology technologies have provided a clearer understanding of the role of the gut microbiota. They not only influence the local immune status and metabolic functions of the host's intestinal tract but also impact the functional transformation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through the gut-blood axis. In this review, we will discuss the role of the gut microbiota in influencing hematopoiesis. We analyze the interactions between HSCs and other cellular components, with a particular emphasis on the direct functional regulation of HSCs by the gut microbiota and their indirect influence through cellular components in the bone marrow microenvironment. Additionally, we propose potential control targets for signaling pathways triggered by the gut microbiota to regulate hematopoietic function, filling crucial knowledge gaps in the development of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Zheng
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhifeng Wei
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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10
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Leal AS, Hung PY, Chowdhury AS, Liby KT. Retinoid X Receptor agonists as selective modulators of the immune system for the treatment of cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 252:108561. [PMID: 37952906 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Upon heterodimerizing with other nuclear receptors, retinoid X receptors (RXR) act as ligand-dependent transcription factors, regulating transcription of critical signaling pathways that impact numerous hallmarks of cancer. By controlling both inflammation and immune responses, ligands that activate RXR can modulate the tumor microenvironment. Several small molecule agonists of these essential receptors have been synthesized. Historically, RXR agonists were tested for inhibition of growth in cancer cells, but more recent drug discovery programs screen new molecules for inhibition of inflammation or activation of immune cells. Bexarotene is the first successful example of an effective therapeutic that molecularly targets RXR; this drug was approved to treat cutaneous T cell lymphoma and is still used as a standard of care treatment for this disease. No additional RXR agonists have yet achieved FDA approval, but several promising novel compounds are being developed. In this review, we provide an overview of the multiple mechanisms by which RXR signaling regulates inflammation and tumor immunity. We also discuss the potential of RXR-dependent immune cell modulation for the treatment or prevention of cancer and concomitant challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Leal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Pei-Yu Hung
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Afrin Sultana Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America.
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11
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Sharma S, Sharma H, Gogoi H. Bacterial immunotherapy: is it a weapon in our arsenal in the fight against cancer? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1277677. [PMID: 38090593 PMCID: PMC10711065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding the genetic basis of cancer have driven alternative treatment approaches. Recent findings have demonstrated the potential of bacteria and it's components to serve as robust theranostic agents for cancer eradication. Compared to traditional cancer therapies like surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, bacteria mediated tumor therapy has exhibited superior cancer suppressing property which is attributed a lot to it's tumor proliferating and accumulating characteristics. Genetically modified bacteria has reduced inherent toxicity and enhanced specificity towards tumor microenvironment. This anti- tumor activity of bacteria is attributed to its toxins and other active components from the cell membrane, cell wall and spores. Furthermore, bacterial genes can be regulated to express and deliver cytokines, antibodies and cancer therapeutics. Although there is less clinical data available, the pre- clinical research clearly indicates the feasibility and potential of bacteria- mediated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Himani Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Himanshu Gogoi
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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12
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He T, Shi Y, Kou X, Shen M, Liang X, Li X, Wu R, You Y, Wu Q, Gong C. Antigenicity and adjuvanticity co-reinforced personalized cell vaccines based on self-adjuvanted hydrogel for post-surgical cancer vaccination. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122218. [PMID: 37393695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccine-based postsurgical immunotherapy is emerging as a promising approach in patients following surgical resection for inhibition of tumor recurrence. However, low immunogenicity and insufficient cancer antigens limit the widespread application of postoperative cancer vaccines. Here, we propose a "trash to treasure" cancer vaccine strategy to enhance postsurgical personalized immunotherapy, in which antigenicity and adjuvanticity of purified surgically exfoliated autologous tumors (with whole antigen repertoire) were co-reinforced. In the antigenicity and adjuvanticity co-reinforced personalized vaccine (Angel-Vax), polyriboinosinic: polyribocytidylic acid (pIC) and tumor cells that have undergone immunogenic death are encapsulated in a self-adjuvanted hydrogel formed by cross-linking of mannan and polyethyleneimine. Angel-Vax exhibits an enhanced capacity on antigen-presenting cells stimulation and maturation compared to its individual components in vitro. Immunization with Angel-Vax provokes an efficient systemic cytotoxic T-cell immune response, contributing to the satisfied prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in mice. Furthermore, when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), Angel-Vax effectively prevented postsurgical tumor recurrence, as evidenced by an increase in median survival of approximately 35% compared with ICI alone. Unlike the cumbersome preparation process of postoperative cancer vaccines, the simple and feasible approach herein may represent a general strategy for various kinds of tumor cell-based antigens in the inhibition of postsurgical tumor relapse by reinforced immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yiling Shi
- Operating Room, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Kou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Meiling Shen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xiuqi Liang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Xinchao Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Yanjie You
- Department of Gastroenterology, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750002, PR China
| | - Qinjie Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Changyang Gong
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
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13
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Xia Y, Lu S, Huo C, Fan L, Lin M, Huang J. Non cancer causes of death after gallbladder cancer diagnosis: a population-based analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13746. [PMID: 37612302 PMCID: PMC10447554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortality from non cancer causes in patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC) still unclear. This study evaluated the causes and risk factors of non cancer death during different follow-up periods after GBC diagnosis. Non cancer causes of death for GBC patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2017 in Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database were analyzed and standardized mortality rates (SMR) for each non cancer death were calculated. Predictors for non cancer death were identified through multivariate competing risk analysis. A total 11,927 GBC patients were identified for further analysis, 9393 died during follow up. The largest proportion of non cancer deaths occurred > 3 years after diagnosis (39.4%). Most common non cancer cause were cardiovascular disease (43.3%), followed by other cause of death (34.4%) and infectious diseases (8.6%). Compared with US general population, GBC patients has higher risk of death from disease of heart (SMR, 1.58; 95%CI, 1.41-1.75), septicemia (SMR,3.21; 95%CI, 2.27-4.40), diabetes mellitus (SMR,1.97; 95%CI, 1.43-2.63), alone with other causes. Non cancer causes accounted for a significant proportion of deaths during the follow-up period after GBC diagnosis. The risk of non cancer death is higher in GBC patients than in the general population. Our study provides comprehensive assessment of death from non cancer cause in GBC patients, which has important implications for health management in GBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Shuangshuang Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Huo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China.
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14
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Awan UA, Khattak AA, Ahmed N, Guo X, Akhtar S, Kamran S, Yongjing Z, Liu J, Khan S. An updated systemic review and meta-analysis on human papillomavirus in breast carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1219161. [PMID: 37711194 PMCID: PMC10498127 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1219161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast Cancer (BC) stands out as the widely prevalent malignancy among all the types of cancer affecting women worldwide. There is significant evidence that the pathogenicity of BC may be altered by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection; however, conclusive data are not yet available. Methods By searching five databases, including EMBASE, IBECS, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, a thorough systematic analysis was conducted on the prevalence of HPV in BC patients from 1990 to June 30, 2022. After applying extensive eligibility criteria, we selected 74 publications for further analysis based on the prevalence of HPV infections in breast tissues. All of the data were analyzed using a random-effects meta-analysis, Cochran Q test and I2 statistic were used to calculate the heterogeneity of the prevalence among these studies using subgroup analysis. Variations in the HPV prevalence estimates in different subgroups were evaluated by subgroup meta-analysis. Results In total, 3156 studies were initially screened, resulting in 93 full-text studies reviewed, with 74 meeting inclusion criteria. Among a total of 7156 BC biopsies, the pool prevalence of HPV was 25.6% (95% CI= 0.24-0.33, τ2 = 0.0369 with significant heterogeneity between estimates (I 2 = 97% and p< 0.01). Consequently, 45 studies with available controls were further studied, and the prevalence of HPV in case-control studies was 26.2% with overall odds 5.55 (95% CI= 3.67-8.41, I 2 = 38%, τ2 = 1.4878, p< 0.01). Further subgroup analysis of HPV revealed HPV-16 had a maximum prevalence of 9.6% (95% CI= 3.06-11.86, I 2 = 0%, τ2 = 0.6111, p< 0.01). Among different geographical regions, Europe reported the maximum prevalence of HPV, i.e., 39.2% (95% CI=1.29-7.91, I 2 = 18%, τ2 = 1.2911, p< 0.01). Overall distribution showed HPV-18 was a frequent HPV subtype reported in Australia. Conclusion Current study provides a global estimate of HPV prevalence in BC patients and demonstrates a significant association between this virus and BC etiology. Nevertheless, we recommend further investigation into the underlying mechanism is essential to validate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ayub Awan
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ali Khattak
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Noman Ahmed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Xingyi Guo
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sohail Akhtar
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shehrish Kamran
- Department of Pathology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center (SKMCH&RC), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zhao Yongjing
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Children’s Infection and Immunity, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Suliman Khan
- Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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15
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Chen M, Kim B, Jarvis MI, Fleury S, Deng S, Nouraein S, Butler S, Lee S, Chambers C, Hodges HC, Szablowski JO, Suh J, Veiseh O. Immune profiling of adeno-associated virus response identifies B cell-specific targets that enable vector re-administration in mice. Gene Ther 2023; 30:429-442. [PMID: 36372846 PMCID: PMC10183056 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-based gene therapies can be applied to a wide range of diseases. AAV expression can last for months to years, but vector re-administration may be necessary to achieve life-long treatment. Unfortunately, immune responses against these vectors are potentiated after the first administration, preventing the clinical use of repeated administration of AAVs. Reducing the immune response against AAVs while minimizing broad immunosuppression would improve gene delivery efficiency and long-term safety. In this study, we quantified the contributions of multiple immune system components of the anti-AAV response in mice. We identified B-cell-mediated immunity as a critical component preventing vector re-administration. Additionally, we found that IgG depletion alone was insufficient to enable re-administration, suggesting IgM antibodies play an important role in the immune response against AAV. Further, we found that AAV-mediated transduction is improved in µMT mice that lack functional IgM heavy chains and cannot form mature B-cells relative to wild-type mice. Combined, our results suggest that B-cells, including non-class switched B-cells, are a potential target for therapeutics enabling AAV re-administration. Our results also suggest that the µMT mice are a potentially useful experimental model for gene delivery studies since they allow repeated dosing for more efficient gene delivery from AAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Boram Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria I Jarvis
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Samantha Fleury
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shuyun Deng
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shirin Nouraein
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan Butler
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sangsin Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Courtney Chambers
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H Courtney Hodges
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jerzy O Szablowski
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, George R. Brown School of Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junghae Suh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Omid Veiseh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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16
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Majumdar A, Shah MR, Park JJ, Narayanan N, Kaye KS, Bhatt PJ. Challenges and Opportunities in Antimicrobial Stewardship among Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant and Oncology Patients. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030592. [PMID: 36978459 PMCID: PMC10044884 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial stewardship programs play a critical role in optimizing the use of antimicrobials against pathogens in the era of growing multi-drug resistance. However, implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs among the hematopoietic stem cell transplant and oncology populations has posed challenges due to multiple risk factors in the host populations and the infections that affect them. The consideration of underlying immunosuppression and a higher risk for poor outcomes have shaped therapeutic decisions for these patients. In this multidisciplinary perspective piece, we provide a summary of the current landscape of antimicrobial stewardship, unique challenges, and opportunities for unmet needs in these patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Majumdar
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Mansi R. Shah
- Division of Blood Disorders, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | | | - Navaneeth Narayanan
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Rutgers-Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Keith S. Kaye
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Pinki J. Bhatt
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Rutgers-Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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17
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Maynard CL. The Microbiota in Immunity and Inflammation. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-8165-1.00022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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18
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Fernandes MR, Aggarwal P, Costa RGF, Cole AM, Trinchieri G. Targeting the gut microbiota for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:703-722. [PMID: 36253536 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota modulates the efficacy and toxicity of cancer therapy, most notably immunotherapy and its immune-related adverse effects. The poor response to immunotherapy in patients treated with antibiotics supports this influential role of the microbiota. Until recently, results pertaining to the identification of the microbial species responsible for these effects were incongruent, and relatively few studies analysed the underlying mechanisms. A better understanding of the taxonomy of the species involved and of the mechanisms of action has since been achieved. Defined bacterial species have been shown to promote an improved response to immune-checkpoint inhibitors by producing different products or metabolites. However, a suppressive effect of Gram-negative bacteria may be dominant in some unresponsive patients. Machine learning approaches trained on the microbiota composition of patients can predict the ability of patients to respond to immunotherapy with some accuracy. Thus, interest in modulating the microbiota composition to improve patient responsiveness to therapy has been mounting. Clinical proof-of-concept studies have demonstrated that faecal microbiota transplantation or dietary interventions might be utilized clinically to improve the success rate of immunotherapy in patients with cancer. Here, we review recent advances and discuss emerging strategies for microbiota-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam R Fernandes
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Poonam Aggarwal
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raquel G F Costa
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alicia M Cole
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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19
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Saeed M, Shoaib A, Kandimalla R, Javed S, Almatroudi A, Gupta R, Aqil F. Microbe-based therapies for colorectal cancer: Advantages and limitations. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:652-665. [PMID: 34020027 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading global causes of death in both men and women. Colorectal cancer (CRC) alone accounts for ∼10 % of total new global cases and poses an over 4% lifetime risk of developing cancer. Recent advancements in the field of biotechnology and microbiology concocted novel microbe-based therapies to treat various cancers, including CRC. Microbes have been explored for human use since centuries, especially for the treatment of various ailments. The utility of microbes in cancer therapeutics is widely explored, and various bacteria, fungi, and viruses are currently in use for the development of cancer therapeutics. The human gut hosts about 100 trillion microbes that release their metabolites in active, inactive, or dead conditions. Microbial secondary metabolites, proteins, immunotoxins, and enzymes are used to target cancer cells to induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and death. Various approaches, such as dietary interventions, the use of prebiotics and probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation have been used to modulate the gut microbiota in order to prevent or treat CRC pathogenesis. The present review highlights the role of the gut microbiota in CRC precipitation, the potential mechanisms and use of microorganisms as CRC biomarkers, and strategies to modulate microbiota for the prevention and treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ambreen Shoaib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghuram Kandimalla
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Shamama Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Qassim 51431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesh Gupta
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Farrukh Aqil
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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20
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Aghamajidi A, Farhangnia P, Pashangzadeh S, Damavandi AR, Jafari R. Tumor-promoting myeloid cells in the pathogenesis of human oncoviruses: potential targets for immunotherapy. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:327. [PMID: 36303138 PMCID: PMC9608890 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncoviruses, known as cancer-causing viruses, are typically involved in cancer progression by inhibiting tumor suppressor pathways and uncontrolled cell division. Myeloid cells are the most frequent populations recruited to the tumor microenvironment (TME) and play a critical role in cancer development and metastasis of malignant tumors. Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated dendritic cells (TADCs), and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) exert different states from anti-tumorigenic to pro-tumorigenic phenotypes in TME. Although their role in the anti-tumorigenic state is well introduced, their opposing roles, pro-tumorigenic activities, such as anti-inflammatory cytokine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, should not be ignored since they result in inflammation, tumor progression, angiogenesis, and evasion. Since the blockade of these cells had promising results against cancer progression, their inhibition might be helpful in various cancer immunotherapies. This review highlights the promoting role of tumor-associated myeloid cells (TAMCs) in the pathophysiology of human virus tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Aghamajidi
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooya Farhangnia
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Pashangzadeh
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirmasoud Rayati Damavandi
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Students’ Scientific Research Center, Exceptional Talents Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- grid.412763.50000 0004 0442 8645Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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21
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Xia Y, Yang R, Zhu J, Wang H, Li Y, Fan J, Fu C. Engineered nanomaterials trigger abscopal effect in immunotherapy of metastatic cancers. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:890257. [PMID: 36394039 PMCID: PMC9643844 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.890257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in cancer treatment, metastatic cancer is still the main cause of death in cancer patients. At present, the treatment of metastatic cancer is limited to palliative care. The abscopal effect is a rare phenomenon in which shrinkage of metastatic tumors occurs simultaneously with the shrinkage of a tumor receiving localized treatment, such as local radiotherapy or immunotherapy. Immunotherapy shows promise for cancer treatment, but it also leads to consequences such as low responsiveness and immune-related adverse events. As a promising target-based approach, intravenous or intratumoral injection of nanomaterials provides new opportunities for improving cancer immunotherapy. Chemically modified nanomaterials may be able to trigger the abscopal effect by regulating immune cells. This review discusses the use of nanomaterials in killing metastatic tumor cells through the regulation of immune cells and the prospects of such nanomaterials for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Xia
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruohan Yang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianshu Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hengyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiawei Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changfeng Fu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Changfeng Fu,
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22
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Wurster S, Watowich SS, Kontoyiannis DP. Checkpoint inhibitors as immunotherapy for fungal infections: Promises, challenges, and unanswered questions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1018202. [PMID: 36389687 PMCID: PMC9640966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1018202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic fungal infections have high mortality in patients with severe immune dysfunction. Growing evidence suggests that the immune environment of invasive fungal infections and cancers share common features of immune cell exhaustion through activation of immune checkpoint pathways. This observation gave rise to several preclinical studies and clinical case reports describing blockade of the Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 immune checkpoint pathways as an adjunct immune enhancement strategy to treat opportunistic fungal infections. The first part of this review summarizes the emerging evidence for contributions of checkpoint pathways to the immunopathology of fungal sepsis, opportunistic mold infections, and dimorphic fungal infections. We then review the potential merits of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as an antifungal immunotherapy, including the incomplete knowledge of the mechanisms involved in both immuno-protective effects and toxicities. In the second part of this review, we discuss the limitations of the current evidence and the many unknowns about ICIs as an antifungal immune enhancement strategy. Based on these gaps of knowledge and lessons learned from cancer immunology studies, we outline a research agenda to determine a "sweet spot" for ICIs in medical mycology. We specifically discuss the importance of more nuanced animal models, the need to study ICI-based combination therapy, potential ICI resistance, the role of the immune microenvironment, and the impact of ICIs given as part of oncological therapies on the natural immunity to various pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wurster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie S. Watowich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Spirin P, Shyrokova E, Vedernikova V, Lebedev T, Prassolov V. Emetine in Combination with Chloroquine Induces Oncolytic Potential of HIV-1-Based Lentiviral Particles. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182829. [PMID: 36139404 PMCID: PMC9497060 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine and Emetine are drugs used to treat human parasitic infections. In addition, it has been shown that these drugs have an antiviral effect. Both drugs were also found to cause a suppressive effect on the growth of cancer cells of different origins. Here, using the replication-deficient HIV-1-based lentiviral vector particles, we evaluated the ability of the combination of these drugs to reduce viral transduction efficiency. We showed that these drugs act synergistically to decrease cancer cell growth when added in combination with medium containing lentiviral particles. We found that the combination of these drugs with lentiviral particles decreases the viability of treated cells. Taken together, we state the oncolytic potential of the medium containing HIV-1-based particles provoked by the combination of Chloroquine and Emetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Spirin
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Shyrokova
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, Institutskiy per. 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Valeria Vedernikova
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, Institutskiy per. 9, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Timofey Lebedev
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Prassolov
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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24
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Insight into the potential candidate genes and signaling pathways involved in lymphoma disease in dogs using a comprehensive whole blood transcriptome analysis. Gene 2022; 838:146735. [PMID: 35835403 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoma is one of the most prevalent hematological cancers, accounting for 15-20 % of new cancer diagnoses in dogs. Therefore, this study aims to explore the important genes and pathways involved in canine lymphoma progression and understand the underlying molecular mechanisms using RNA sequencing. In this study, RNAs acquired from seven pairs of lymphoma and non-lymphoma blood samples were sequenced from different breeds of dogs. Sequencing reads were preprocessed, aligned with the reference genome, assembled and expressions were estimated through bioinformatics approaches. At a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05 and fold change (FC) ≥ 1.5, a total of 625 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between lymphoma and non-lymphoma samples, including 347 up-regulated DEGs such as SLC38A11, SCN3A, ZIC5 etc. and 278 down-regulated DEGs such as LOC475937, CSMD1, KRT14 etc. GO enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were highly enriched for molecular function of ATP binding and calcium ion binding, cellular process of focal adhesion, and biological process of immune response, and defense response to virus. Similarly, KEGG pathways analysis revealed 11 significantly enriched pathways such as ECM-receptor interaction, cell cycle, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, ABC transporters etc. In the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, CDK1 was found to be a top hub gene with highest degree of connectivity. Three modules selected from the PPI network showed that canine lymphoma was highly associated with cell cycle, ECM-receptor interaction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway. Overall, our findings highlighted new candidate therapeutic targets for further testing in canine lymphoma and facilitate the understanding of molecular mechanism of lymphoma's progression in dogs.
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25
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Nguyen TT, Shin DH, Sohoni S, Singh SK, Rivera-Molina Y, Jiang H, Fan X, Gumin J, Lang FF, Alvarez-Breckenridge C, Godoy-Vitorino F, Zhu L, Zheng WJ, Zhai L, Ladomersky E, Lauing KL, Alonso MM, Wainwright DA, Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J. Reshaping the tumor microenvironment with oncolytic viruses, positive regulation of the immune synapse, and blockade of the immunosuppressive oncometabolic circuitry. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004935. [PMID: 35902132 PMCID: PMC9341188 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncolytic viruses are considered part of immunotherapy and have shown promise in preclinical experiments and clinical trials. Results from these studies have suggested that tumor microenvironment remodeling is required to achieve an effective response in solid tumors. Here, we assess the extent to which targeting specific mechanisms underlying the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment optimizes viroimmunotherapy. METHODS We used RNA-seq analyses to analyze the transcriptome, and validated the results using Q-PCR, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. Viral activity was analyzed by replication assays and viral titration. Kyn and Trp metabolite levels were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation was analyzed by examination of promoter activity. Therapeutic efficacy was assessed by tumor histopathology and survival in syngeneic murine models of gliomas, including Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-/- mice. Flow cytometry was used for immunophenotyping and quantification of cell populations. Immune activation was examined in co-cultures of immune and cancer cells. T-cell depletion was used to identify the role played by specific cell populations. Rechallenge experiments were performed to identify the development of anti-tumor memory. RESULTS Bulk RNA-seq analyses showed the activation of the immunosuppressive IDO-kynurenine-AhR circuitry in response to Delta-24-RGDOX infection of tumors. To overcome the effect of this pivotal pathway, we combined Delta-24-RGDOX with clinically relevant IDO inhibitors. The combination therapy increased the frequency of CD8+ T cells and decreased the rate of myeloid-derived suppressor cell and immunosupressive Treg tumor populations in animal models of solid tumors. Functional studies demonstrated that IDO-blockade-dependent activation of immune cells against tumor antigens could be reversed by the oncometabolite kynurenine. The concurrent targeting of the effectors and suppressors of the tumor immune landscape significantly prolonged the survival in animal models of orthotopic gliomas. CONCLUSIONS Our data identified for the first time the in vivo role of IDO-dependent immunosuppressive pathways in the resistance of solid tumors to oncolytic adenoviruses. Specifically, the IDO-Kyn-AhR activity was responsible for the resurface of local immunosuppression and resistance to therapy, which was ablated through IDO inhibition. Our data indicate that combined molecular and immune therapy may improve outcomes in human gliomas and other cancers treated with virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T Nguyen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sagar Sohoni
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sanjay K Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yisel Rivera-Molina
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuejun Fan
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joy Gumin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Frederick F Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Lisha Zhu
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Biomedical Informatics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - W Jim Zheng
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Biomedical Informatics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lijie Zhai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Erik Ladomersky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristen L Lauing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marta M Alonso
- Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Program of Solid Tumors, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
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26
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Anbalakan K, Chew KM, Loh JK, Sim D, Lai SH, Teo Loon Yee L. Contemporary review of heart transplant immunology and immunosuppressive therapy. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20101058221138840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Survival after heart transplantation (HT) has improved considerably since the first HT was performed in 1967 in Cape Town, South Africa. Understanding immunology behind organ rejection has paved way for advances in the assessment of pre-transplant compatibility, development of newer and more specific immunosuppressive drugs, and management of rejection. Objectives Unlike medical therapy for heart failure, transplant protocols vary considerably between different centers. These variations in protocols generally reflect unique population characteristics and the availability of resources. This review article aims to provide a consolidated update on contemporary cardiac transplant medicine. We also aim to highlight local practice and its difference from our international counterparts. Methods A literature search was performed on Pubmed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify trials and review articles that discussed heart transplant immunology and protocols. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplant (ISHLT) guidelines were also reviewed. We focused on risk factors, prevention strategies, and treatment of cardiac rejection. Results A total of 48 articles were selected to provide a comprehensive overview of the contemporary practice of cardiac transplant immunosuppressive therapy. Comparisons were made with local data and practice protocols to highlight key differences. Conclusion Heart transplant covers a small subset of cardiac patients and much of the evidence is derived from empirical observations and retrospective analysis. This accounts for the heterogeneity in care and treatment protocols. More studies are needed to select best practices from around the world to further improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julian K Loh
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Sim
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siang Hui Lai
- Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Dujon AM, Boutry J, Tissot S, Lemaître JF, Boddy AM, Gérard AL, Alvergne A, Arnal A, Vincze O, Nicolas D, Giraudeau M, Telonis-Scott M, Schultz A, Pujol P, Biro PA, Beckmann C, Hamede R, Roche B, Ujvari B, Thomas F. Cancer Susceptibility as a Cost of Reproduction and Contributor to Life History Evolution. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.861103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is one of the most energetically demanding life-history stages. As a result, breeding individuals often experience trade-offs, where energy is diverted away from maintenance (cell repair, immune function) toward reproduction. While it is increasingly acknowledged that oncogenic processes are omnipresent, evolving and opportunistic entities in the bodies of metazoans, the associations among reproductive activities, energy expenditure, and the dynamics of malignant cells have rarely been studied. Here, we review the diverse ways in which age-specific reproductive performance (e.g., reproductive aging patterns) and cancer risks throughout the life course may be linked via trade-offs or other mechanisms, as well as discuss situations where trade-offs may not exist. We argue that the interactions between host–oncogenic processes should play a significant role in life-history theory, and suggest some avenues for future research.
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28
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Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths among Cancer Patients Who Are under Chemotherapy at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital Oncology Clinic, Northwest Ethiopia. J Cancer Epidemiol 2022; 2022:4484183. [PMID: 35480628 PMCID: PMC9038382 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4484183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In developing countries, environmental and personal hygiene is playing a great role in the increasing of intestinal helminth infection. In countries with limited resources and poor hygiene practices, there is a substantial overlap of intestinal helminthic and chronic infections like HIV, TB, and cancer. Intestinal helminths like Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm cause malnutrition and induce a type-2 immune response that could worsen the severity and clinical outcomes of patients with cancer. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminths among cancer patients who are under chemotherapy. Methodology. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in volunteer cancer patients. Clinical information were collected from study participants using a structured questioner. Stool sample was collected for parasitological examination. Formol-ether concentration technique was done, and then, two microscopic slides were prepared. Examination was done by two laboratory technicians for the detection of helminths. SPSS version 22 was used for data analysis, and simple descriptive statistical analysis was done for data presentation. Result The total study participants were 41, of these 31 (75.6%) were females and 10 (24.4%) were male. Breast cancer and colonic cancer were the highest proportion with the others, 43.9% and 17.1%, respectively. The prevalence of intestinal parasites were 7/41 (17%). Hookworm 3/41(7.3%), Ascaris lumbricoides 3/41(7.3%), and Hymenolepis nana 1/41(2.4%) are the isolated parasite. Conclusions and Recommendations. The prevalence of intestinal helminths in cancer is lower than HIV and DM in the study area. However, the prevalence in these cancer patients is still high and needs deworming and health education for the better management of these cancer patients.
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29
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Divyashree M, Prakash SK, Aditya V, Aljabali AA, Alzahrani KJ, Azevedo V, Góes-Neto A, Tambuwala MM, Barh D. Bugs as drugs: neglected but a promising future therapeutic strategy in cancer. Future Oncol 2022; 18:1609-1626. [PMID: 35137604 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective cancer treatment is an urgent need due to the rising incidence of cancer. One of the most promising future strategies in cancer treatment is using microorganisms as cancer indicators, prophylactic agents, immune activators, vaccines or vectors in antitumor therapy. The success of bacteria-mediated chemotherapy will be dependent on the balance of therapeutic benefit and the control of bacterial infection in the body. Additionally, protozoans and viruses have the potential to be used in cancer therapy. This review summarizes how these microorganisms interact with tumor microenvironments and the challenges of a 'bugs as drugs' approach in cancer therapy. Several standpoints are discussed, such as bacteria as vectors for gene therapy that shuttle therapeutic compounds into tumor tissues, their intrinsic antitumor activities and their combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Bug-based cancer therapy is a two-edged sword and we need to find the opportunities by overcoming the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithoor Divyashree
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education & Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to be University), Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Shama K Prakash
- K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Vankadari Aditya
- Nitte University Centre for Science Education & Research (NUCSER), NITTE (Deemed to be University), Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Alaa Aa Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University-Faculty of Pharmacy, Irbid, 566, Jordan
| | - Khalid J Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Genetics, Ecology & Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular & Computational Biology of Fungi Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Debmalya Barh
- Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Genetics, Ecology & Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP, 31270-901, Brazil.,Institute of Integrative Omics & Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur WB, 721172, India
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30
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Usman M, Hameed Y, Ahmad M, Jalil Ur Rehman, Ahmed H, Hussain MS, Asif R, Murtaza MG, Jawad MT, Iqbal MJ. Breast Cancer Risk and Human Papillomavirus Infection: A Bradford Hill Criteria Based Evaluation. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:e200122200389. [PMID: 35048811 DOI: 10.2174/1573401318666220120105931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and human breast cancer (BC) has already been thoroughly studied worldwide with contradictory findings. Although the researchers have tried to minimize the conflict using statistical meta-analysis, because of its shortcomings, there is still a need to evaluate the correlation between HPV and BC using any additional method. OBJECTIVES This study was launched to investigate the correlation between HPV and BC through the application of Bradford Hill criteria postulates. METHODS Population-wide studies associating HPV with BC were searched using the PubMed database. Then, the information of HPV burden in BC, normal/benign samples was analyzed, and ultimately Bradford Hill criteria postulates were applied on the collected evidence to explore the relationship between HPV and BC. In addition, to make the outcomes more authentic, we also reviewed the methodologies of previous studies to address the propensity of false results. RESULTS After a careful evaluation of the obtained data against major Bradford Hill criteria postulates, it was noted that all these postulates including strength, consistency, biological gradient, temporality, plausibility, experiment, specificity, and analogy were not fulfilled. CONCLUSION The results of the present study have failed to establish a casual association between HPV and BC rather suggested HPV as a cause-effective agent or at least a co-participant in the pathogenesis of BC. The weakness of association especially the low level of consistency across studies, and the lack of specificity of effect, there is a need for more experiments concerning Bradford Hill criteria postulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Hameed
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Mukhtiar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Jalil Ur Rehman
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Qarshi University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamad Ahmed
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Safdar Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Asif
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
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31
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Ong CY, Abdalkareem EA, Khoo BY. Functional roles of cytokines in infectious disease associated colorectal carcinogenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:1529-1535. [PMID: 34981335 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infection processes induce various soluble factors that are carcinogens in humans; therefore, research into the soluble factors of chronic disease released from cells that have been infected with parasites is warranted. Parasitic infections in host cells release high levels of IFNγ. Studies have hypothesised that parasitosis-associated carcinogenesis might be analogous to colorectal cancers developed from inflammatory bowel diseases, whereby various cytokines and chemokines are secreted during chronic inflammation. IL-18 and IL-21 are other factors that might be involved in the development of colorectal cancer in schistosomiasis patients and patients with other infections. IL-21 has profound effects on tumour growth and immunosurveillance of colitis-associated tumourigenesis, thereby emphasising its involvement in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. The prominent role of IL-21 in antitumour effects greatly depends on the enhanced cytolytic activity of NK cells and the pathogenic role of IL-21, which is often associated with enhanced risks of cancer and chronic inflammatory processes. As IL-15 is also related to chronic disease, it is believed to also play a role in the antitumour effect of colorectal carcinogenesis. IL-15 generates and maintains long-term CD8+ T cell immunity against T. gondii to control the infection of intracellular pathogens. The lack of IL-15 in mice contributes to the downregulation of the IFNγ-producing CD4+ T cell response against acute T. gondii infection. IL-15 induces hyperplasia and supports the progressive growth of colon cancer via multiple functions. The limited role of IL-15 in the development of NK and CD8+ T cells suggests that there may be other cytokines compensating for the loss of the IL-15 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Yi Ong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, H53, Jalan Inovasi, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Eshtiyag Abdalla Abdalkareem
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, H53, Jalan Inovasi, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine Research Institute (TMRI), 1304, El-Gaser Street, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Boon Yin Khoo
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, H53, Jalan Inovasi, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
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Guo F, Das JK, Kobayashi KS, Qin QM, A Ficht T, Alaniz RC, Song J, Figueiredo PD. Live attenuated bacterium limits cancer resistance to CAR-T therapy by remodeling the tumor microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e003760. [PMID: 34987022 PMCID: PMC8734016 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by the activation of immune checkpoints, which limit the ability of immune cells to attack the growing cancer. To overcome immune suppression in the clinic, antigen-expressing viruses and bacteria have been developed to induce antitumor immunity. However, the safety and targeting specificity are the main concerns of using bacteria in clinical practice as antitumor agents. In our previous studies, we have developed an attenuated bacterial strain (Brucella melitensis 16M ∆vjbR, henceforth Bm∆vjbR) for clinical use, which is safe in all tested animal models and has been removed from the select agent list by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this study, we demonstrated that Bm∆vjbR homed to tumor tissue and improved the TME in a murine model of solid cancer. In addition, live Bm∆vjbR promoted proinflammatory M1 polarization of tumor macrophages and increased the number and activity of CD8+ T cells in the tumor. In a murine colon adenocarcinoma model, when combined with adoptive transfer of tumor-specific carcinoembryonic antigen chimeric antigen receptor CD8+ T cells, tumor cell growth and proliferation was almost completely abrogated, and host survival was 100%. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the live attenuated bacterial treatment can defeat cancer resistance to chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy by remodeling the TME to promote macrophage and T cell-mediated antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Guo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77802, USA
| | - Jugal K Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77802, USA
| | - Koichi S Kobayashi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77802, USA
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Qing-Ming Qin
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77802, USA
| | - Thomas A Ficht
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Robert C Alaniz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77802, USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77802, USA
| | - Paul De Figueiredo
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77802, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Elhadi M, Khaled A, Msherghi A. Infectious diseases as a cause of death among cancer patients: a trend analysis and population-based study of outcome in the United States based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:72. [PMID: 34972537 PMCID: PMC8719405 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among cancer patients. We aimed to determine the incidence of infectious diseases as a cause of death among cancer patients and analyze the trends and risk factors associated with mortality. Methods In total, 151,440 cancer patients who died from infectious diseases in the US diagnosed between 1973 and 2014 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program were enrolled. A trend analysis of annual cancer deaths caused by infectious diseases was conducted. Cox proportional hazards model and survival decision tree model were performed. Result The most common infectious diseases were pneumonia and influenza (n = 72,133), parasitic and other infectious (n = 47,310) diseases, and septicemia (n = 31,119). The patients’ mean age was 66.33 years; majority of them were male (62%). The overall incidence from 1973 to 2014 showed an insignificant decrease (annual percentage change = − 0.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = − 2.2–1.7, P = 0.8). Parasitic and other infectious diseases, including HIV (standardized incidence ratio [SIR] = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.69–1.84), had the highest incidence, followed by septicemia (SIR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.81–0.88), tuberculosis (SIR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.51–0.99), and pneumonia (SIR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.61–0.64). Based on the Cox regression analysis, old black male patients with intrahepatic tumor or acute leukemia of different grades, except the well-differentiated grade, had the highest risk of dying from infectious diseases. Conclusion Infectious diseases remain the major cause of morbidity and mortality among cancer patients. Early recognition of risk factors and timely intervention may help mitigate the negative consequences on patients’ quality of life and prognosis, improving the prognosis and preventing early death from infection, which is preventable in most cases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13027-021-00413-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Elhadi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, 13275, Libya.
| | - Ala Khaled
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, 13275, Libya
| | - Ahmed Msherghi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, 13275, Libya
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Mohindroo C, Hasanov M, Rogers JE, Dong W, Prakash LR, Baydogan S, Mizrahi JD, Overman MJ, Varadhachary GR, Wolff RA, Javle MM, Fogelman DR, Lotze MT, Kim MP, Katz MHG, Pant S, Tzeng CWD, McAllister F. Antibiotic use influences outcomes in advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients. Cancer Med 2021; 10:5041-5050. [PMID: 34250759 PMCID: PMC8335807 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies defined a potentially important role of the microbiome in modulating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and responses to therapies. We hypothesized that antibiotic usage may predict outcomes in patients with PDAC. We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of patients with resectable or metastatic PDAC seen at MD Anderson Cancer from 2003 to 2017. Demographic, chemotherapy regimen and antibiotic use, duration, type, and reason for indication were recorded. A total of 580 patients with PDAC were studied, 342 resected and 238 metastatic patients, selected retrospectively from our database. Antibiotic use, for longer than 48 hrs, was detected in 209 resected patients (61%) and 195 metastatic ones (62%). On resectable patients, we did not find differences in overall survival (OS) or progression‐free survival (PFS), based on antibiotic intake. However, in the metastatic cohort, antibiotic consumption was associated with a significantly longer OS (13.3 months vs. 9.0 months, HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.34–0.7, p = 0.0001) and PFS (4.4 months vs. 2 months, HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.34–0.68, p = <0.0001). In multivariate analysis, the impact of ATB remained significant for PFS (HR 0.59, p = 0.005) and borderline statistically significant for OS (HR 0.69, p = 0.06). When we analyzed by chemotherapy regimen, we found that patients who received gemcitabine‐based chemotherapy as first‐line therapy (n = 118) had significantly prolonged OS (HR 0.4, p 0.0013) and PFS (HR 0.55, p 0.02) if they received antibiotics, while those receiving 5FU‐based chemotherapy (n = 98) had only prolonged PFS (HR 0.54, p = 0.03). Antibiotics‐associated modulation of the microbiome is associated with better outcomes in patients with metastatic PDAC. We have analyzed the effect of antibiotics’ intake on two cohorts of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, resectable, and metastatic. We have found that on the metastatic cohort, antibiotics use was significantly associated with better outcomes, particularly, on patients that received gemcitabine based‐chemotherapy as the first line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirayu Mohindroo
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Merve Hasanov
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jane E Rogers
- Pharmacy Clinical Programs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wenli Dong
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Laura R Prakash
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Seyda Baydogan
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan D Mizrahi
- Department of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael J Overman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gauri R Varadhachary
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert A Wolff
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Milind M Javle
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David R Fogelman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael P Kim
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew H G Katz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shubham Pant
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Investigation Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ching-Wei D Tzeng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Florencia McAllister
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Hatta MNA, Mohamad Hanif EA, Chin SF, Neoh HM. Pathogens and Carcinogenesis: A Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:533. [PMID: 34203649 PMCID: PMC8232153 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a global health problem associated with genetics and unhealthy lifestyles. Increasingly, pathogenic infections have also been identified as contributors to human cancer initiation and progression. Most pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) associated with human cancers are categorized as Group I human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC. These pathogens cause carcinogenesis via three known mechanisms: persistent infection that cause inflammation and DNA damage, initiation of oncogene expression, and immunosuppression activity of the host. In this review, we discuss the carcinogenesis mechanism of ten pathogens, their implications, and some future considerations for better management of the disease. The pathogens and cancers described are Helicobacter pylori (gastric cancer), Epstein-Barr virus (gastric cancer and lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C viruses (liver cancer), Aspergillus spp. (liver cancer), Opisthorchis viverrine (bile duct cancer), Clonorchis sinensis (bile duct cancer), Fusobacterium nucleatum (colorectal cancer), Schistosoma haematobium (bladder cancer); Human Papillomavirus (cervical cancer), and Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpes Virus (Kaposi's sarcoma).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hui-min Neoh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Ya’acob Latiff, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.N.A.H.); (E.A.M.H.); (S.-F.C.)
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36
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Li ZY, Chen SY, Weng MH, Yen GC. Ursolic acid restores sensitivity to gemcitabine through the RAGE/NF-κB/MDR1 axis in pancreatic cancer cells and in a mouse xenograft model. J Food Drug Anal 2021; 29:262-274. [PMID: 35696208 PMCID: PMC9261828 DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine (GEM) is a first-line drug for pancreatic cancer therapy, but GEM resistance is easily developed in patients. Growing evidence suggests that cancer chemoprevention and suppression are highly associated with dietary phytochemical and microbiota composition. Ursolic acid (UA) has anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects; however, its role in improving cancer drug resistance in vivo remains unclear. In this study, the aim was to explore the role of UA in managing drug resistance-associated molecular mechanisms and the influence of gut microbiota. The in vitro results showed that receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB/p65), and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) protein levels were significantly increased in GEM-resistant pancreatic cancer cells (named MIA PaCa-2 GEMR) compared to MIA PaCa-2 cells. Downregulation of RAGE, pP65, and MDR1 protein expression not only was observed following UA treatment but also was seen in MIA PaCa-2 GEMR cells after transfection with a RAGE siRNA. Remarkably, the enhanced effects of UA coupled with GEM administration dramatically suppressed the RAGE/NF-κB/MDR1 cascade and consequently inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth. Moreover, UA could increase alpha diversity and regulate the composition of gut microbiota, especially in Ruminiclostridium 6. Taken together, these results provide the first direct evidence of MDR1 attenuation and chemosensitivity enhancement through inhibition of the RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo, implying that UA may be used as an adjuvant for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ming-Hong Weng
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227,
Taiwan
| | - Gow-Chin Yen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227,
Taiwan
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37
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Mughal MJ, Kwok HF. Multidimensional role of bacteria in cancer: Mechanisms insight, diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic potential. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:1026-1044. [PMID: 34119644 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The active role of bacteria in oncogenesis has long been a topic of debate. Although, it was speculated to be a transmissible cause of cancer as early as the 16th-century, yet the idea about the direct involvement of bacteria in cancer development has only been explored in recent decades. More recently, several studies have uncovered the mechanisms behind the carcinogenic potential of bacteria which are inflammation, immune evasion, pro-carcinogenic metabolite production, DNA damage and genomic instability. On the other side, the recent development on the understanding of tumor microenvironment and technological advancements has turned this enemy into an ally. Studies using bacteria for cancer treatment and detection have shown noticeable effects. Therapeutic abilities of bioengineered live bacteria such as high specificity, selective cytotoxicity to cancer cells, responsiveness to external signals and control after ingestion have helped to overcome the challenges faced by conventional cancer therapies and highlighted the bacterial based therapy as an ideal approach for cancer treatment. In this review, we have made an effort to compile substantial evidence to support the multidimensional role of bacteria in cancer. We have discussed the multifaceted role of bacteria in cancer by highlighting the wide impact of bacteria on different cancer types, their mechanisms of actions in inducing carcinogenicity, followed by the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of bacteria in cancers. Moreover, we have also highlighted the existing gaps in the knowledge of the association between bacteria and cancer as well as the limitation and advantage of bacteria-based therapies in cancer. A better understanding of these multidimensional roles of bacteria in cancer can open up the new doorways to develop early detection strategies, prevent cancer, and develop therapeutic tactics to cure this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jameel Mughal
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau; MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau.
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Abstract
The immune tumor microenvironment (TME) of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a crucial contributor to disease biology, making it an important target for therapeutic intervention. The diversity of immune cell populations within various subsets of CRC has led to the discovery that immune characterization of the TME has both prognostic and predictive value for patients. The convergence of improved molecular and cellular characterization of CRC along with the widespread use of immunotherapy in solid tumors has led to a revolution in the approach to clinical care. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which target key immune checkpoints, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), have demonstrated remarkable clinical activity in microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) CRCs and are now used in routine practice. The observation that MSI-H cancers are highly infiltrated with immune cells and carry a high neoantigen load led to the successful targeting of these cancers with immunotherapy. More recently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a PD-1 inhibitor for microsatellite stable (MSS) cancers with high tumor mutation burden. However, the anti-tumor activity of immunotherapy is rare in the majority of CRC. While immune cell characterization does provide prognostic value in these patients, these observations have not yet led to therapeutic interventions. By delineating factors that predict efficacy, resistance, and therapeutic targets, ongoing research will inform the development of effective combination strategies for the vast majority of MSS CRC and immunotherapy-resistant MSI-H cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Agarwal
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dung T Le
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Patrick M Boland
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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39
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Wei X, Zhang L, Zhang R, Wu R, Petitte JN, Hou Y, Si D, Ahmad B, Guo H, Zhang M, Cheng Q, Tong Y. Targeting the TLR2 Receptor With a Novel Thymopentin-Derived Peptide Modulates Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:620494. [PMID: 34122400 PMCID: PMC8191578 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune systems act in concert to protect us from infectious agents and other harmful substances. As a state of temporary or permanent immune dysfunction, immunosuppression can make an organism more susceptible to infection, organ injury, and cancer due to damage to the immune system. It takes a long time to develop new immunomodulatory agents to prevent and treat immunosuppressive diseases, with slow progress. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonists have been reported as potential immunomodulatory candidates due to their effective activation of immune responses. It has been demonstrated that thymopentin (TP5) could modulate immunity by binding to the TLR2 receptor. However, the fairly short half-life of TP5 greatly reduces its pharmacological potential for immunosuppression therapy. Although peptide cathelicidin 2 (CATH2) has a long half-life, it shows poor immunomodulatory activity and severe cytotoxicity, which seriously hampers its clinical development. Peptide hybridization is an effective approach for the design and engineering of novel functional peptides because hybrid peptides combine the advantages and benefits of various native peptides. In this study, to overcome all these challenges faced by the parental peptides, six hybrid peptides (CaTP, CbTP, CcTP, TPCa, TPCb, and TPCc) were designed by combining the full-length TP5 with different active fragments of CATH2. CbTP, the most potent TLR2 agonist among the six hybrid peptides, was effectively screened through in silico analysis and in vitro experiments. The CbTP peptide exhibited lower cytotoxicity than either CATH2 or TP5. Furthermore, the immunomodulatory effects of CbTP were confirmed in a CTX-immunosuppressed mouse model, which showed that CbTP has increased immunopotentiating activity and physiological stability compared to the parental peptides. CbTP successfully inhibited immunosuppression and weight loss, increased immune organ indices, and improved CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets. In addition, CbTP significantly increased the production of the cytokine TNF-α and IL-6, and the immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, and IgG. The immunoenhancing effects of CbTP were attributed to its TLR2-binding activity, promoting the formation of the TLR2 cluster, the activation of the TLR2 receptor, and thus activation of the downstream MyD88-NF-кB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubiao Wei
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rujuan Wu
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - James N Petitte
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Yanfei Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dayong Si
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Baseer Ahmad
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Henan Guo
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Manyi Zhang
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yucui Tong
- Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Amere Subbarao S. Cancer vs. SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammation, overlapping functions, and pharmacological targeting. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:343-366. [PMID: 33723711 PMCID: PMC7959277 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an intrinsic defence mechanism triggered by the immune system against infection or injury. Chronic inflammation allows the host to recover or adapt through cellular and humoral responses, whereas acute inflammation leads to cytokine storms resulting in tissue damage. In this review, we present the overlapping outcomes of cancer inflammation with virus-induced inflammation. The study emphasises how anti-inflammatory drugs that work against cancer inflammation may work against the inflammation caused by the viral infection. It is established that the cytokine storm induced in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection contributes to disease-associated mortality. While cancer remains the second among the diseases associated with mortality worldwide, cancer patients' mortality rates are often observed upon extended periods after illness, usually ranging from months to years. However, the mortality rates associated with COVID-19 disease are robust. The cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection appeared to be responsible for the multi-organ failure and increased mortality rates. Since both cancer and COVID-19 disease share overlapping inflammatory mechanisms, repurposing some anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs for COVID-19 may lower mortality rates. Here, we review some of these inflammatory mechanisms and propose some potential chemotherapeutic agents to intervene in them. We also discuss the repercussions of anti-inflammatory drugs such as glucocorticoids and hydroxychloroquine with zinc or antiviral drugs such as ivermectin and remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm. In this review, we emphasise on various possibilities to reduce SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm.
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Mu Y, McManus DP, Hou N, Cai P. Schistosome Infection and Schistosome-Derived Products as Modulators for the Prevention and Alleviation of Immunological Disorders. Front Immunol 2021; 12:619776. [PMID: 33692793 PMCID: PMC7937812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.619776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths, comprising the flatworms (tapeworms and flukes) and nematodes (roundworms), have plagued humans persistently over a considerable period of time. It is now known that the degree of exposure to these and other pathogens inversely correlates with the incidence of both T helper 1 (Th1)-mediated autoimmunity and Th2-mediated allergy. Accordingly, there has been recent increased interest in utilizing active helminth worm infections and helminth-derived products for the treatment of human autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and to alleviate disease severity. Indeed, there is an accumulating list of novel helminth derived molecules, including proteins, peptides, and microRNAs, that have been shown to exhibit therapeutic potential in a variety of disease models. Here we consider the blood-dwelling schistosome flukes, which have evolved subtle immune regulatory mechanisms that promote parasite survival but at the same time minimize host tissue immunopathology. We review and discuss the recent advances in using schistosome infection and schistosome-derived products as therapeutics to treat or mitigate human immune-related disorders, including allergic asthma, arthritis, colitis, diabetes, sepsis, cystitis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Mu
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nan Hou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Cai
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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42
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Zhang L, Wei X, Zhang R, Mozdziak PE, Si D, Ahmad B, Cheng Q, Tong Y. Design and Immunological Evaluation of a Hybrid Peptide as a Potent TLR2 Agonist by Structure-Based Virtual Screening. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:620370. [PMID: 33644058 PMCID: PMC7905067 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.620370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity is a versatile defensive response that is involved in protecting against disease by identifying and destroying self and non-self harmful substances. As a state of temporary or permanent immune dysfunction, immunosuppression can make an organism more susceptible to infection, organ injury, and cancer due to damage to the immune system. It has taken a long time to develop new immunomodulatory agents to prevent and treat immunosuppressive diseases. In recent years, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonists have been reported to have profound effects on the immune system, and they are regarded as potent immunomodulatory candidates. TP5 and LL-37, the potent immunomodulatory agents, have been reported to produce a robust innate immune response by binding to TLR2. However, their development has been weakened by several concerns, such as potential cytotoxicity, weak physiological stability and poor immunomodulatory activity. To overcome these challenges, hybridization has been proposed. Therefore, six hybrid peptides (LTPa, LTPb, LTPc, TPLa, TPLb, and TPLc) were designed by combining the full-length TP5 with a characteristic fragment of LL-37 that included LL-37 (13-36), LL-37 (17-29), and LL-37 (13-31). LTPa, the most potent TLR2 agonist, was simply and effectively screened by molecular docking and in vitro experiments. Furthermore, the immunomodulatory effects of LTPa were confirmed by a CTX-immunosuppressed murine model, which demonstrated that LTPa successfully inhibit immunosuppression, increased immune organ indices, enhanced DC maturation, regulated T lymphocyte subsets, and increased cytokine and Ig contents. Our study also revealed that the immunomodulatory effects of LTPa are associated with binding to TLR2, forming TLR2 clusters, and activating the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xubiao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Prestage Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Rijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Paul E Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Dayong Si
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Baseer Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yucui Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Chen F, Zhang Y, Sucgang R, Ramani S, Corry D, Kheradmand F, Creighton CJ. Meta-analysis of host transcriptional responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection reveals their manifestation in human tumors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2459. [PMID: 33510359 PMCID: PMC7844278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A deeper understanding of the molecular biology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the host response to the virus, is urgently needed. Commonalities exist between the host immune response to viral infections and cancer. Here, we defined transcriptional signatures of SARS-CoV-2 infection involving hundreds of genes common across lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (A549, Calu-3) and normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE), with additional signatures being specific to one or both adenocarcinoma lines. Cross-examining eight transcriptomic databases, we found that host transcriptional responses of lung adenocarcinoma cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection shared broad similarities with host responses to multiple viruses across different model systems and patient samples. Furthermore, these SARS-CoV-2 transcriptional signatures were manifested within specific subsets of human cancer, involving ~ 20% of cases across a wide range of histopathological types. These cancer subsets show immune cell infiltration and inflammation and involve pathways linked to the SARS-CoV-2 response, such as immune checkpoint, IL-6, type II interferon signaling, and NF-κB. The cell line data represented immune responses activated specifically within the cancer cells of the tumor. Common genes and pathways implicated as part of the viral host response point to therapeutic strategies that may apply to both SARS-CoV-2 and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengju Chen
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Richard Sucgang
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - David Corry
- Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VA, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VA, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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44
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Boukhaled GM, Harding S, Brooks DG. Opposing Roles of Type I Interferons in Cancer Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 16:167-198. [PMID: 33264572 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-031920-093932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is tasked with identifying malignant cells to eliminate or prevent cancer spread. This involves a complex orchestration of many immune cell types that together recognize different aspects of tumor transformation and growth. In response, tumors have developed mechanisms to circumvent immune attack. Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are a class of proinflammatory cytokines produced in response to viruses and other environmental stressors. IFN-Is are also emerging as essential drivers of antitumor immunity, potently stimulating the ability of immune cells to eliminate tumor cells. However, a more complicated role for IFN-Is has arisen, as prolonged stimulation can promote feedback inhibitory mechanisms that contribute to immune exhaustion and other deleterious effects that directly or indirectly permit cancer cells to escape immune clearance. We review the fundamental and opposing functions of IFN-Is that modulate tumor growth and impact immune function and ultimately how these functions can be harnessed for the design of new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle M Boukhaled
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shane Harding
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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45
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SOX1 Is a Backup Gene for Brain Neurons and Glioma Stem Cell Protection and Proliferation. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2634-2642. [PMID: 33481176 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Failed neuroprotection leads to the initiation of several diseases. SOX1 plays many roles in embryogenesis, oncogenesis, and male sex determination, and can promote glioma stem cell proliferation, invasion, and migration due to its high expression in glioblastoma cells. The functional versatility of the SOX1 gene in malignancy, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease, as well as its adverse effects on dopaminergic neurons, makes it an interesting research focus. Hence, we collate the most important discoveries relating to the neuroprotective effects of SOX1 in brain cancer and propose hypothesis worthy of SOX1's role in the survival of senescent neuronal cells, its roles in fibroblast cell proliferation, and cell fat for neuroprotection, and the discharge of electrical impulses for homeostasis. Increase in electrical impulses transmitted by senescent cells affects the synthesis of neurotransmitters, which will modify the brain cell metabolism and microenvironment.
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46
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Hussen BM, Ahmadi G, Marzban H, Fard Azar ME, Sorayyayi S, Karampour R, Nahand JS, Hidayat HJ, Moghoofei M. The role of HPV gene expression and selected cellular MiRNAs in lung cancer development. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104692. [PMID: 33301856 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high mortality rate of lung cancer can be justified that strong need to explore new aspect of tumor biology. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been detected as risk factor for the development of lung cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the role of HPV and cellular/miRNAs genes expression in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and development of lung cancer. METHODS In this case-control study, 109 lung cancer tissue and 52 controls were included. We analyzed the presence of HPV infection, its genotypes (in positive samples) and the expression of viral genes (E2, E6 and E7). Also, We examined the expression of celluar factors including (a) p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) (as anti-carcinogenic genes), (b) EMT related genes, (c) selected miRNAs. RESULTS Our results reported 51.4% and 23.1% of HPV genome in tumor tissues and control tissues samples, respectively. There was a significant association between the HPV positive status and lung cancer (OR = 3.26, 95% C.I = 1.47-7.02, P = 0.001). HPV type 16 was the most prevalent genotype in tissues. The expression of p53, RB, TIMP1, CCNG-1, E-cad and PTPN13 were decreased while MMP-2 and N-cad were increased in HPV-positive tumor/control tissues compared to HPV-negative tissues. Also, among miRNAs, let-7, miR-23, miR-34, miR-125, miR-146 were downregulated and miR-20, miR-424 were upregulated in HPV-positve tissues compared to HPV-negative tissues. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that HPV infection and interaction with cellular genes and miRNAs promote EMT which involved in the lung cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Gelavizh Ahmadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Havva Marzban
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Animals, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Saba Sorayyayi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Romina Karampour
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hazha Jamal Hidayat
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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47
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Roy N, Gaikwad M, Bhattacharrya DK, Barah P. Identification of Systems Level Molecular Signatures from Glioblastoma Multiforme Derived Extracellular Vesicles. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:1156-1167. [PMID: 33231813 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most lethal malignancies of the central nervous system characterized by high mortality rate. The complexity of GBM pathogenesis, progression, and prognosis is not fully understood yet. GBM-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry several oncogenic elements that facilitate GBM progression. The purpose of this study was to identify systems level molecular signatures from GBM-derived EVs using integrative analysis of publicly available transcriptomic data generated from plasma and serum samples. The dataset contained 19 samples in total, of which 15 samples were from plasma (11 GBM patients and 4 healthy samples) and 4 samples were from serum (2 GBM and 2 healthy samples). We carried out statistical analysis to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), functional enrichment analysis of the DEGs, protein-protein interaction networks, module analysis, transcription factors and target gene regulatory networks analysis, and identification of hub genes. The differential expression of the identified hub genes were validated with the independent TCGA-GBM dataset. We have identified a few crucial genes and pathways associated with GBM prognosis and therapy resistance. The DEGs identified from plasma were associated with inflammatory processes and viral infection. On the other hand, the hub genes identified from the serum samples were significantly associated with protein ubiquitinylation processes and cytokine signaling regulation. The findings indicate that GBM-derived plasma and serum DEGs may be associated with distinct cellular processes and pathways which facilitate GBM progression. The findings will provide better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of GBM pathogenesis and progression. These results can further be utilized for developing and validating minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic molecular biomarkers for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Roy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Sonitpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Mithil Gaikwad
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Sonitpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Dhruba Kr Bhattacharrya
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Tezpur University, Napaam, Sonitpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Pankaj Barah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Sonitpur, Assam, 784028, India.
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48
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Igarashi Y, Sasada T. Cancer Vaccines: Toward the Next Breakthrough in Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:5825401. [PMID: 33282961 PMCID: PMC7685825 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5825401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Until now, three types of well-recognized cancer treatments have been developed, i.e., surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy; these either remove or directly attack the cancer cells. These treatments can cure cancer at earlier stages but are frequently ineffective for treating cancer in the advanced or recurrent stages. Basic and clinical research on the tumor microenvironment, which consists of cancerous, stromal, and immune cells, demonstrates the critical role of antitumor immunity in cancer development and progression. Cancer immunotherapies have been proposed as the fourth cancer treatment. In particular, clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, in various cancer types represents a major breakthrough in cancer therapy. Nevertheless, accumulating data regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrate that these are not always effective but are instead only effective in limited cancer populations. Indeed, several issues remain to be solved to improve their clinical efficacy; these include low cancer cell antigenicity and poor infiltration and/or accumulation of immune cells in the cancer microenvironment. Therefore, to accelerate the further development of cancer immunotherapies, more studies are necessary. In this review, we will summarize the current status of cancer immunotherapies, especially cancer vaccines, and discuss the potential problems and solutions for the next breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Igarashi
- Kanagawa Cancer Center, Research Institute, Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Kanagawa Cancer Center, Research Institute, Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Japan
- Kanagawa Cancer Center, Cancer Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Japan
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Sun N, Teng A, Zhao Y, Liu H, Tu J, Jia Q, Wang Q. Immunological and anticancer activities of seleno-ovalbumin (Se-OVA) on H22-bearing mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:657-665. [PMID: 32634513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ovalbumin is the main protein component of egg white. Selenium is one of the essential trace elements. In our research, ovalbumin was modified into seleno-ovalbumin. After seleno-modification, the FTIR spectrum of seleno-ovalbumin appeared two new absorption peaks which belonged to the characteristic absorption peaks of Se-O and SeO. Seleno-ovalbumin could reduce the damage of cancer to immune organs, improve the proliferation capacities of T and B lymphocytes, enhance the NK cells cytotoxicity and increase the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages of H22-bearing mice. Besides, Se-OVA could block the cell cycle of solid tumors cells in G0/G1 phase and accelerate the apoptosis of solid tumors cells through mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naxin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Anguo Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yana Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Huiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Jianqiu Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Qi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
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50
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Kuryk L, Bertinato L, Staniszewska M, Pancer K, Wieczorek M, Salmaso S, Caliceti P, Garofalo M. From Conventional Therapies to Immunotherapy: Melanoma Treatment in Review. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103057. [PMID: 33092131 PMCID: PMC7589099 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Here, we review the current state of knowledge in the field of cancer immunotherapy, focusing on the scientific rationale for the use of oncolytic viruses, checkpoint inhibitors and their combination to combat melanomas. Attention is also given to the immunological aspects of cancer therapy and the shift from conventional therapy towards immunotherapy. This review brings together information on how immunotherapy can be applied to support other cancer therapies in order to maximize the efficacy of melanoma treatment and improve clinical outcomes. Abstract In this review, we discuss the use of oncolytic viruses and checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy in melanoma, with a particular focus on combinatory therapies. Oncolytic viruses are promising and novel anti-cancer agents, currently under investigation in many clinical trials both as monotherapy and in combination with other therapeutics. They have shown the ability to exhibit synergistic anticancer activity with checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy, radiotherapy. A coupling between oncolytic viruses and checkpoint inhibitors is a well-accepted strategy for future cancer therapies. However, eradicating advanced cancers and tailoring the immune response for complete tumor clearance is an ongoing problem. Despite current advances in cancer research, monotherapy has shown limited efficacy against solid tumors. Therefore, current improvements in virus targeting, genetic modification, enhanced immunogenicity, improved oncolytic properties and combination strategies have a potential to widen the applications of immuno-oncology (IO) in cancer treatment. Here, we summarize the strategy of combinatory therapy with an oncolytic vector to combat melanoma and highlight the need to optimize current practices and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kuryk
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.W.)
- Clinical Science, Targovax Oy, Saukonpaadenranta 2, 00180 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Laura Bertinato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Monika Staniszewska
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pancer
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Magdalena Wieczorek
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.W.)
| | - Stefano Salmaso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Paolo Caliceti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Mariangela Garofalo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (M.G.)
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