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Kaur G, Sohanur Rahman M, Shaikh S, Panda K, Chinnapaiyan S, Santiago Estevez M, Xia L, Unwalla H, Rahman I. Emerging roles of senolytics/senomorphics in HIV-related co-morbidities. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 228:116179. [PMID: 38556028 PMCID: PMC11410549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is known to cause cellular senescence and inflammation among infected individuals. While the traditional antiretroviral therapies (ART) have allowed the once fatal infection to be managed effectively, the quality of life of HIV patients on prolonged ART use is still inferior. Most of these individuals suffer from life-threatening comorbidities like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and diabetes, to name a few. Interestingly, cellular senescence is known to play a critical role in the pathophysiology of these comorbidities as well. It is therefore important to understand the role of cellular senescence in the disease progression and co-morbidity development in HIV-infected individuals. In this respect, use of senolytic/senomorphic drugs as combination therapy with ART would be beneficial for HIV patients. This review provides a critical analysis of the current literature to determine the potential and efficacy of using senolytics/senotherapeutics in managing HIV infection, latency, and associated co-morbidities in humans. The various classes of senolytics have been studied in detail to focus on their potential to combat against HIV infections and associated pathologies with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Md Sohanur Rahman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sadiya Shaikh
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kingshuk Panda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Srinivasan Chinnapaiyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Maria Santiago Estevez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Li Xia
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hoshang Unwalla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Fert A, Richard J, Raymond Marchand L, Planas D, Routy JP, Chomont N, Finzi A, Ancuta P. Metformin facilitates viral reservoir reactivation and their recognition by anti-HIV-1 envelope antibodies. iScience 2024; 27:110670. [PMID: 39252967 PMCID: PMC11381840 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) positively regulates multiple steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle. We previously reported that a 12-week supplementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with metformin, an indirect mTOR inhibitor used in type-2 diabetes treatment, reduced mTOR activation and HIV transcription in colon-infiltrating CD4+ T cells, together with systemic inflammation in nondiabetic people with HIV-1 (PWH). Herein, we investigated the antiviral mechanisms of metformin. In a viral outgrowth assay performed with CD4+ T cells from ART-treated PWH, and upon infection in vitro with replication-competent and VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1, metformin decreased virion release, but increased the frequency of productively infected CD4lowHIV-p24+ T cells. These observations coincided with increased BST2/tetherin (HIV release inhibitor) and Bcl-2 (pro-survival factor) expression, and improved recognition of productively infected T cells by HIV-1 envelope antibodies. Thus, metformin exerts pleiotropic effects on post-integration steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle and may be used to accelerate viral reservoir decay in ART-treated PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Fert
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Delphine Planas
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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Nichols Doyle R, Yang V, Kayode YI, Damoiseaux R, Taylor HE, Fregoso OI. NSC95397 is a Novel HIV-1 Latency Reversing Agent. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.24.542213. [PMID: 37293110 PMCID: PMC10245985 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.24.542213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The latent viral reservoir represents one of the major barriers of curing HIV-1. Focus on the "kick and kill" approach, in which virus expression is reactivated then cells producing virus are selectively depleted, has led to the discovery of many latency reversing agents (LRAs) that have furthered our understanding of the mechanisms driving HIV-1 latency and latency reversal. Thus far, individual compounds have yet to be robust enough to work as a therapy, highlighting the importance of identifying new compounds that target novel pathways and synergize with known LRAs. In this study, we identified a promising LRA, NSC95397, from a screen of ∼4250 compounds. We validated that NSC95397 reactivates latent viral transcription and protein expression from cells with unique integration events and across different latency models. Co-treating cells with NSC95397 and known LRAs demonstrated that NSC95397 synergizes with different drugs under both standard normoxic and physiological hypoxic conditions. NSC95397 does not globally increase open chromatin, and bulk RNA sequencing revealed NSC95397 does not greatly increase cellular transcription. Instead, NSC95397 downregulates pathways key to metabolism, cell growth, and DNA repair - highlighting the potential of these pathways in regulating HIV-1 latency. Overall, we identified NSC95397 as a novel LRA that does not largely alter global transcription, that shows potential for synergy with known LRAs, and that may act through novel pathways not previously recognized for their ability to modulate HIV-1 latency. Importance One of the largest barriers to curing HIV-1 is the latent viral reservoir - this is when the virus incorporates itself into long-lived cells in the body, ready to reactivate and re-seed infection. Destroying dormant HIV-1 is one potential pathway to a cure, yet no therapeutics have been discovered to work well in patients. In our study, we identified a compound, NSC95397, that can awaken dormant HIV-1 on its own through novel mechanisms not previously linked to HIV-1 latency. Moreover, NSC95397 improves the abilities of previously identified compounds to reactivate latent HIV-1. Thus, our study has identified a compound that can help towards the better understanding of an HIV-1 cure.
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Dias J, Cattin A, Bendoumou M, Dutilleul A, Lodge R, Goulet JP, Fert A, Raymond Marchand L, Wiche Salinas TR, Ngassaki Yoka CD, Gabriel EM, Caballero RE, Routy JP, Cohen ÉA, Van Lint C, Ancuta P. Retinoic acid enhances HIV-1 reverse transcription and transcription in macrophages via mTOR-modulated mechanisms. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114414. [PMID: 38943643 PMCID: PMC11341200 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestinal environment facilitates HIV-1 infection via mechanisms involving the gut-homing vitamin A-derived retinoic acid (RA), which transcriptionally reprograms CD4+ T cells for increased HIV-1 replication/outgrowth. Consistently, colon-infiltrating CD4+ T cells carry replication-competent viral reservoirs in people with HIV-1 (PWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Intriguingly, integrative infection in colon macrophages, a pool replenished by monocytes, represents a rare event in ART-treated PWH, thus questioning the effect of RA on macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that RA enhances R5 but not X4 HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). RNA sequencing, gene set variation analysis, and HIV interactor NCBI database interrogation reveal RA-mediated transcriptional reprogramming associated with metabolic/inflammatory processes and HIV-1 resistance/dependency factors. Functional validations uncover post-entry mechanisms of RA action including SAMHD1-modulated reverse transcription and CDK9/RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)-dependent transcription under the control of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). These results support a model in which macrophages residing in the intestine of ART-untreated PWH contribute to viral replication/dissemination in an mTOR-sensitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dias
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Amélie Cattin
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maryam Bendoumou
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Antoine Dutilleul
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Robert Lodge
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Augustine Fert
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Raymond Marchand
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christ-Dominique Ngassaki Yoka
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Etiene Moreira Gabriel
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ramon Edwin Caballero
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Éric A Cohen
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Pellaers E, Denis A, Debyser Z. New latency-promoting agents for a block-and-lock functional cure strategy. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:95-101. [PMID: 38457209 PMCID: PMC10990034 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Currently, HIV-infected patients are treated with antiretroviral therapy. However, when the treatment is interrupted, viral rebound occurs from latently infected cells. Therefore, scientists aim to develop an HIV-1 cure which eradicates or permanently silences the latent reservoir. RECENT FINDINGS Previously, scientists focused on the shock-and-kill cure strategy, which aims to eradicate the latent reservoir using latency-reactivating agents. Limited success shifts the interest towards the block-and-lock cure approach, which aims to achieve a functional cure by "blocking" HIV-1 transcription and "locking" the provirus in a deep latent state, resistant to treatment-interruption. In this strategy, latency promoting agents are used to induce transcriptional silencing and alter the epigenetics environment at the HIV promotor. SUMMARY For the block-and-lock cure strategy to succeed more investigation into the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of HIV-1 gene expression is necessary to design optimal latency-promoting agents. In this review, we will discuss the latency promoting agents that have been described in literature during the past 2 years (2022-2023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Pellaers
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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Franks SN, Heon-Roberts R, Ryan BJ. CRISPRi: a way to integrate iPSC-derived neuronal models. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:539-551. [PMID: 38526223 PMCID: PMC11088925 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The genetic landscape of neurodegenerative diseases encompasses genes affecting multiple cellular pathways which exert effects in an array of neuronal and glial cell-types. Deconvolution of the roles of genes implicated in disease and the effects of disease-associated variants remains a vital step in the understanding of neurodegeneration and the development of therapeutics. Disease modelling using patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has enabled the generation of key cell-types associated with disease whilst maintaining the genomic variants that predispose to neurodegeneration. The use of CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), alongside other CRISPR-perturbations, allows the modelling of the effects of these disease-associated variants or identifying genes which modify disease phenotypes. This review summarises the current applications of CRISPRi in iPSC-derived neuronal models, such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based screens, and discusses the future opportunities for disease modelling, identification of disease risk modifiers and target/drug discovery in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N.J. Franks
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Rachel Heon-Roberts
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Brent J. Ryan
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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Mbonye U, Karn J. The cell biology of HIV-1 latency and rebound. Retrovirology 2024; 21:6. [PMID: 38580979 PMCID: PMC10996279 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-024-00639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcriptionally latent forms of replication-competent proviruses, present primarily in a small subset of memory CD4+ T cells, pose the primary barrier to a cure for HIV-1 infection because they are the source of the viral rebound that almost inevitably follows the interruption of antiretroviral therapy. Over the last 30 years, many of the factors essential for initiating HIV-1 transcription have been identified in studies performed using transformed cell lines, such as the Jurkat T-cell model. However, as highlighted in this review, several poorly understood mechanisms still need to be elucidated, including the molecular basis for promoter-proximal pausing of the transcribing complex and the detailed mechanism of the delivery of P-TEFb from 7SK snRNP. Furthermore, the central paradox of HIV-1 transcription remains unsolved: how are the initial rounds of transcription achieved in the absence of Tat? A critical limitation of the transformed cell models is that they do not recapitulate the transitions between active effector cells and quiescent memory T cells. Therefore, investigation of the molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 latency reversal and LRA efficacy in a proper physiological context requires the utilization of primary cell models. Recent mechanistic studies of HIV-1 transcription using latently infected cells recovered from donors and ex vivo cellular models of viral latency have demonstrated that the primary blocks to HIV-1 transcription in memory CD4+ T cells are restrictive epigenetic features at the proviral promoter, the cytoplasmic sequestration of key transcription initiation factors such as NFAT and NF-κB, and the vanishingly low expression of the cellular transcription elongation factor P-TEFb. One of the foremost schemes to eliminate the residual reservoir is to deliberately reactivate latent HIV-1 proviruses to enable clearance of persisting latently infected cells-the "Shock and Kill" strategy. For "Shock and Kill" to become efficient, effective, non-toxic latency-reversing agents (LRAs) must be discovered. Since multiple restrictions limit viral reactivation in primary cells, understanding the T-cell signaling mechanisms that are essential for stimulating P-TEFb biogenesis, initiation factor activation, and reversing the proviral epigenetic restrictions have become a prerequisite for the development of more effective LRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Mbonye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Argandona Lopez C, Brown AM. Microglial- neuronal crosstalk in chronic viral infection through mTOR, SPP1/OPN and inflammasome pathway signaling. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1368465. [PMID: 38646526 PMCID: PMC11032048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1368465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-infection of microglia and macrophages (MMs) induces neuronal injury and chronic release of inflammatory stimuli through direct and indirect molecular pathways. A large percentage of people with HIV-associated neurologic and psychiatric co-morbidities have high levels of circulating inflammatory molecules. Microglia, given their susceptibility to HIV infection and long-lived nature, are reservoirs for persistent infection. MMs and neurons possess the molecular machinery to detect pathogen nucleic acids and proteins to activate innate immune signals. Full activation of inflammasome assembly and expression of IL-1β requires a priming event and a second signal. Many studies have demonstrated that HIV infection alone can activate inflammasome activity. Interestingly, secreted phosphoprotein-1 (SPP1/OPN) expression is highly upregulated in the CNS of people infected with HIV and neurologic dysfunction. Interestingly, all evidence thus far suggests a protective function of SPP1 signaling through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1/2) pathway function to counter HIV-neuronal injury. Moreover, HIV-infected mice knocked down for SPP1 show by neuroimaging, increased neuroinflammation compared to controls. This suggests that SPP1 uses unique regulatory mechanisms to control the level of inflammatory signaling. In this mini review, we discuss the known and yet-to-be discovered biological links between SPP1-mediated stimulation of mTOR and inflammasome activity. Additional new mechanistic insights from studies in relevant experimental models will provide a greater understanding of crosstalk between microglia and neurons in the regulation of CNS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Argandona Lopez
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Matsuda K, Maeda K. HIV Reservoirs and Treatment Strategies toward Curing HIV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2621. [PMID: 38473868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly improved the prognosis of individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has transformed from a fatal disease to a treatable chronic infection. Currently, effective and safe anti-HIV drugs are available. Although cART can reduce viral production in the body of the patient to below the detection limit, it cannot eliminate the HIV provirus integrated into the host cell genome; hence, the virus will be produced again after cART discontinuation. Therefore, research into a cure (or remission) for HIV has been widely conducted. In this review, we focus on drug development targeting cells latently infected with HIV and assess the progress including our current studies, particularly in terms of the "Shock and Kill", and "Block and Lock" strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Matsuda
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Fert A, Richard J, Marchand LR, Planas D, Routy JP, Chomont N, Finzi A, Ancuta P. Metformin Enhances Antibody-Mediated Recognition of HIV-Infected CD4 + T-Cells by Decreasing Viral Release. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.15.580166. [PMID: 38464135 PMCID: PMC10925111 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.15.580166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) positively regulates multiple steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle. We previously reported that a 12-weeks supplementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with metformin, an indirect mTOR inhibitor used in type-2 diabetes treatment, reduced mTOR activation and HIV transcription in colon-infiltrating CD4+ T-cells, together with systemic inflammation in nondiabetic people with HIV-1 (PWH). Herein, we investigated the antiviral mechanisms of metformin. In a viral outgrowth assay performed with CD4+ T-cells from ART-treated PWH, and upon infection in vitro with replication-competent and VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1, metformin decreased virion release, but increased the frequency of productively infected CD4lowHIV-p24+ T-cells. These observations coincided with increased BST2/Tetherin (HIV release inhibitor) and Bcl-2 (pro-survival factor) expression, and improved recognition of productively infected T-cells by HIV-1 Envelope antibodies. Thus, metformin exerts pleiotropic effects on post-transcription/translation steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle and may be used to accelerate viral reservoir decay in ART-treated PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Fert
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Laurence Raymond Marchand
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Delphine Planas
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Lead Contact
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11
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Kim J, Bose D, Araínga M, Haque MR, Fennessey CM, Caddell RA, Thomas Y, Ferrell DE, Ali S, Grody E, Goyal Y, Cicala C, Arthos J, Keele BF, Vaccari M, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Hope TJ, Villinger F, Martinelli E. TGF-β blockade drives a transitional effector phenotype in T cells reversing SIV latency and decreasing SIV reservoirs in vivo. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1348. [PMID: 38355731 PMCID: PMC10867093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 persistence during ART is due to the establishment of long-lived viral reservoirs in resting immune cells. Using an NHP model of barcoded SIVmac239 intravenous infection and therapeutic dosing of anti-TGFBR1 inhibitor galunisertib (LY2157299), we confirm the latency reversal properties of in vivo TGF-β blockade, decrease viral reservoirs and stimulate immune responses. Treatment of eight female, SIV-infected macaques on ART with four 2-weeks cycles of galunisertib leads to viral reactivation as indicated by plasma viral load and immunoPET/CT with a 64Cu-DOTA-F(ab')2-p7D3-probe. Post-galunisertib, lymph nodes, gut and PBMC exhibit lower cell-associated (CA-)SIV DNA and lower intact pro-virus (PBMC). Galunisertib does not lead to systemic increase in inflammatory cytokines. High-dimensional cytometry, bulk, and single-cell (sc)RNAseq reveal a galunisertib-driven shift toward an effector phenotype in T and NK cells characterized by a progressive downregulation in TCF1. In summary, we demonstrate that galunisertib, a clinical stage TGF-β inhibitor, reverses SIV latency and decreases SIV reservoirs by driving T cells toward an effector phenotype, enhancing immune responses in vivo in absence of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepanwita Bose
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Muhammad R Haque
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christine M Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rachel A Caddell
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Yanique Thomas
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas E Ferrell
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Syed Ali
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Emanuelle Grody
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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12
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Li Z, Li Z, Cheng X, Wang S, Wang X, Ma S, Lu Z, Zhang H, Zhao W, Chen Z, Yao Y, Zhang C, Chao L, Li W, Fei T. Intrinsic targeting of host RNA by Cas13 constrains its utility. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:177-192. [PMID: 37872368 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Cas13 can be used for the knockdown, editing, imaging or detection of RNA and for RNA-based gene therapy. Here by using RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing, transcriptome profiling, biochemical analysis, high-throughput screening and machine learning, we show that Cas13 can intrinsically target host RNA in mammalian cells through previously unappreciated mechanisms. Different from its known cis/trans RNA-cleavage activity, Cas13 can also cleave host RNA via mechanisms that are transcript-specific, independent of the sequence of CRISPR RNA and dynamically dependent on the conformational state of Cas13, as we show for several Cas13-family effectors encoded in one-vector and two-vector lentiviral systems. Moreover, host genes involved in viral processes and whose transcripts are intrinsically targeted by Cas13 contribute to constraining the lentiviral delivery and expression of Cas13. Our findings offer guidance for the appropriate use of lentiviral Cas13 systems and highlight the need for caution regarding intrinsic RNA targeting in Cas13-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexu Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Zihan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolong Cheng
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Shixin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenchang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhisong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingjia Yao
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Lumen Chao
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Teng Fei
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
- National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry (Northeastern University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China.
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13
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Duggan NN, Dragic T, Chanda SK, Pache L. Breaking the Silence: Regulation of HIV Transcription and Latency on the Road to a Cure. Viruses 2023; 15:2435. [PMID: 38140676 PMCID: PMC10747579 DOI: 10.3390/v15122435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has brought the HIV/AIDS epidemic under control, but a curative strategy for viral eradication is still needed. The cessation of ART results in rapid viral rebound from latently infected CD4+ T cells, showing that control of viral replication alone does not fully restore immune function, nor does it eradicate viral reservoirs. With a better understanding of factors and mechanisms that promote viral latency, current approaches are primarily focused on the permanent silencing of latently infected cells ("block and lock") or reactivating HIV-1 gene expression in latently infected cells, in combination with immune restoration strategies to eliminate HIV infected cells from the host ("shock and kill"). In this review, we provide a summary of the current, most promising approaches for HIV-1 cure strategies, including an analysis of both latency-promoting agents (LPA) and latency-reversing agents (LRA) that have shown promise in vitro, ex vivo, and in human clinical trials to reduce the HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N. Duggan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatjana Dragic
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lars Pache
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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14
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Kime J, Bose D, Arainga M, Haque MR, Fennessey CM, Caddell RA, Thomas Y, Ferrell DE, Ali S, Grody E, Goyal Y, Cicala C, Arthos J, Keele BF, Vaccari M, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Hope TJ, Villinger FJ, Marinelli E. TGF-β blockade drives a transitional effector phenotype in T cells reversing SIV latency and decreasing SIV reservoirs in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.05.556422. [PMID: 38014094 PMCID: PMC10680555 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.05.556422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 persistence during ART is due to the establishment of long-lived viral reservoirs in resting immune cells. Using an NHP model of barcoded SIVmac239 intravenous infection and therapeutic dosing of the anti-TGFBR1 inhibitor galunisertib (LY2157299), we confirmed the latency reversal properties of in vivo TGF-β blockade, decreased viral reservoirs and stimulated immune responses. Eight SIV-infected macaques on suppressive ART were treated with 4 2-week cycles of galunisertib. ART was discontinued 3 weeks after the last dose, and macaques euthanized 6 weeks after ART-interruption(ATI). One macaque did not rebound, while the remaining rebounded between week 2 and 6 post-ATI. Galunisertib led to viral reactivation as indicated by plasma viral load and immunoPET/CT with the 64Cu-DOTA-F(ab')2-p7D3-probe. Half to 1 Log decrease in cell-associated (CA-)SIV DNA was detected in lymph nodes, gut and PBMC, while intact pro-virus in PBMC decreased by 3-fold. No systemic increase in inflammatory cytokines was observed. High-dimensions cytometry, bulk and single-cell RNAseq revealed a shift toward an effector phenotype in T and NK cells. In summary, we demonstrated that galunisertib, a clinical stage TGFβ inhibitor, reverses SIV latency and decreases SIV reservoirs by driving T cells toward an effector phenotype, enhancing immune responses in vivo in absence of toxicity.
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15
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Cossarini F, Aberg JA, Chen BK, Mehandru S. Viral Persistence in the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Barriers to HIV Cure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2023; 40:54-65. [PMID: 37450338 PMCID: PMC10790554 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 40 years after the first reported cases of what then became known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tremendous progress has been achieved in transforming the disease from almost universally fatal to a chronic manageable condition. Nonetheless, the efforts to find a preventative vaccine or a cure for the underlying infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remain largely unsuccessful. Many challenges intrinsic to the virus characteristics and host response need to be overcome for either goal to be achieved. This article will review the obstacles to an effective HIV cure, specifically the steps involved in the generation of HIV latency, focusing on the role of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which has received less attention compared with the peripheral blood, despite being the largest repository of lymphoid tissue in the human body, and a large site for HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cossarini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judith A. Aberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin K. Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehandru
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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16
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Li Z, Deeks SG, Ott M, Greene WC. Comprehensive synergy mapping links a BAF- and NSL-containing "supercomplex" to the transcriptional silencing of HIV-1. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113055. [PMID: 37682714 PMCID: PMC10591912 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Host repressors mediate HIV latency, but how they interactively silence the virus remains unclear. Here, we develop "reiterative enrichment and authentication of CRISPRi targets for synergies (REACTS)" to probe the genome for synergies between HIV transcription repressors. Using eight known host repressors as queries, we identify 32 synergies involving eleven repressors, including BCL7C, KANSL2, and SIRT2. Overexpression of these three proteins reduces HIV reactivation in Jurkat T cells and in CD4 T cells from people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART). We show that the BCL7C-containing BAF complex and the KANSL2-containing NSL complex form a "supercomplex" that increases inhibitory histone acetylation of the HIV long-terminal repeat (LTR) and its occupancy by the short variant of the acetyl-lysine reader Brd4. Collectively, we provide a validated platform for defining gene synergies genome wide, and the BAF-NSL "supercomplex" represents a potential target for overcoming HIV rebound after ART cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichong Li
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Steven G Deeks
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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17
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Jamal I, Paudel A, Thompson L, Abdelmalek M, Khan IA, Singh VB. Sulforaphane prevents the reactivation of HIV-1 by suppressing NFκB signaling. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100341. [PMID: 37663574 PMCID: PMC10469555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite more than 20 years of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), complete eradication of HIV remains a daunting task. While cART has been very effective in limiting new cycles of infection and keeping viral load below detectable levels with partial restoration of immune functions, it cannot provide a cure. Evidently, the interruption of cART leads to a quick rebound of the viral load within a few weeks. These consistent observations have revealed HIV ability to persist as an undetectable latent reservoir in a variety of tissues that remain insensitive to antiretroviral therapies. The 'Block-and-Lock' approach to drive latent cells into deep latency has emerged as a viable strategy to achieve a functional cure. It entails the development of latency-promoting agents with anti-HIV functions. Recent reports have suggested sulforaphane (SFN), an inducer of NRF-2 (nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2)-mediated antioxidative signaling, to possess anti-HIV properties by restricting HIV replication at the early stages. However, the effect of SFN on the expression of integrated provirus remains unexplored. We have hypothesized that SFN may promote latency and prevent reactivation. Our results indicate that SFN can render latently infected monocytes and CD4+ T cells resistant to reactivation. SFN treatments antagonized the effects of known latency reactivating agents, tumor necrosis pactor (TNF-α), and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and caused a significant reduction in HIV transcription, viral RNA copies, and p24 levels. Furthermore, this block of reactivation was found to be mediated by SFN-induced NRF-2 signaling that specifically decreased the activation of NFκB signaling and thus restricted the HIV-1 promoter (5'LTR) activity. Overall, our study provides compelling evidence to highlight the latency-promoting potential of SFN which could be used in the 'Block-and-Lock' approach to achieve an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Jamal
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Anisha Paudel
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Landon Thompson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Michel Abdelmalek
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Irfan A. Khan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Vir B. Singh
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
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18
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Wang YY, Zhen C, Hu W, Huang HH, Li YJ, Zhou MJ, Li J, Fu YL, Zhang P, Li XY, Yang T, Song JW, Fan X, Zou J, Meng SR, Qin YQ, Jiao YM, Xu R, Zhang JY, Zhou CB, Yuan JH, Huang L, Shi M, Cheng L, Wang FS, Zhang C. Elevated glutamate impedes anti-HIV-1 CD8 + T cell responses in HIV-1-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy. Commun Biol 2023; 6:696. [PMID: 37419968 PMCID: PMC10328948 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8 + T cells are essential for long-lasting HIV-1 control and have been harnessed to develop therapeutic and preventive approaches for people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). HIV-1 infection induces marked metabolic alterations. However, it is unclear whether these changes affect the anti-HIV function of CD8 + T cells. Here, we show that PLWH exhibit higher levels of plasma glutamate than healthy controls. In PLWH, glutamate levels positively correlate with HIV-1 reservoir and negatively correlate with the anti-HIV function of CD8 + T cells. Single-cell metabolic modeling reveals glutamate metabolism is surprisingly robust in virtual memory CD8 + T cells (TVM). We further confirmed that glutamate inhibits TVM cells function via the mTORC1 pathway in vitro. Our findings reveal an association between metabolic plasticity and CD8 + T cell-mediated HIV control, suggesting that glutamate metabolism can be exploited as a therapeutic target for the reversion of anti-HIV CD8 + T cell function in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Yuan Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Emergency, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Huang Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Jun Li
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - Ming-Ju Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Long Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - Si-Run Meng
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - Ya-Qin Qin
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Bao Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Hong Yuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China.
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19
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Mataramvura H, Bunders MJ, Duri K. Human immunodeficiency virus and antiretroviral therapy-mediated immune cell metabolic dysregulation in children born to HIV-infected women: potential clinical implications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1182217. [PMID: 37350953 PMCID: PMC10282157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1182217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Commencing lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) immediately following HIV diagnosis (Option B+) has dramatically improved the health of HIV-infected women and their children, with the majority being of HIV-exposed children born uninfected (HEU). This success has led to an increasing population of HIV-infected women receiving ART during pregnancy and children exposed to ART in utero. Nonetheless, a small proportion of children are still infected with HIV (HEI) each year. HEI children suffer from reduced immunocompetence and host-defence, due to CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion, but also dysregulation of other immune cells including CD8+ T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages including B lymphocytes. Furthermore, although HEU children are uninfected, altered immune responses are observed and associated with increased vulnerability to infections. The mechanisms underlying immune dysregulation in HEU children remain poorly described. Building on early studies, emerging data suggests that HIV/ART exposure early in life affects cell metabolic function of HEU children. Prenatal HIV/ART exposure has been associated with dysregulation of mitochondria, including impaired DNA polymerase activity. Furthermore, dysregulation of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) causes a decreased generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in oxidative stress. These altered metabolic processes can affect immune cell viability and immune responses. Recent studies have indicated that immune-metabolic dysregulation may contribute to HIV-associated pathogenesis and clinical observations associated with HIV and ART exposure in HEU/HEI children. Given the critical role metabolic processes in immune cell functioning, immune-metabolic dysregulation in HEU and HEI children may have implications in effective host-defence responses against pathogens, as well as efficacy of standard ART regimens and future novel HIV cure approaches in HEI children. At the same time, targeting metabolic pathways of immune cells may provide safer and novel approaches for HIV cure strategies. Here, we review the current literature investigating immune-metabolic dysregulation in paediatric HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Mataramvura
- Immunology Unit, University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (UZ-FMHS), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Madeleine J. Bunders
- III. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerina Duri
- Immunology Unit, University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (UZ-FMHS), Harare, Zimbabwe
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20
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The Dynamic Linkage between Provirus Integration Sites and the Host Functional Genome Property Alongside HIV-1 Infections Associated with Antiretroviral Therapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020402. [PMID: 36851277 PMCID: PMC9963931 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The HIV-1 latent reservoir harboring replication-competent proviruses is the major barrier in the quest for an HIV-1 infection cure. HIV-1 infection at all stages of disease progression is associated with immune activation and dysfunctional production of proinflammatory soluble factors (cytokines and chemokines), and it is expected that during HIV-1 infection, different immune components and immune cells, in turn, participate in immune responses, subsequently activating downstream biological pathways. However, the functional interaction between HIV-1 integration and the activation of host biological pathways is presently not fully understood. (2) Methods: In this work, I used genes targeted by proviruses from published datasets to seek enriched immunologic signatures and host biological pathways alongside HIV-1 infections based on MSigDb and KEGG over-representation analysis. (3) Results: I observed that different combinations of immunologic signatures of immune cell types and proinflammatory soluble factors appeared alongside HIV-1 infections associated with antiretroviral therapy. Moreover, enriched KEGG pathways were often related to "cancer specific types", "immune system", "infectious disease viral", and "signal transduction". (4) Conclusions: The observations in this work suggest that the gene sets harboring provirus integration sites may define specific immune cells and proinflammatory soluble factors during HIV-1 infections associated with antiretroviral therapy.
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21
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Biological Aging in People Living with HIV on Successful Antiretroviral Therapy: Do They Age Faster? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:42-50. [PMID: 36695947 PMCID: PMC10102129 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the absence of a prophylactic/therapeutic vaccine or cure, the most amazing achievement in the battle against HIV was the discovery of effective, well-tolerated combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The primary research question remains whether PLWH on prolonged successful therapy has accelerated, premature, or accentuated biological aging. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the immunometabolic profile in PLWH, potentially associated with biological aging, and a better understanding of the mechanisms and temporal dynamics of biological aging in PLWH. RECENT FINDINGS Biological aging, defined by the epigenetic alterations analyzed by the DNA methylation pattern, has been reported in PLWH with cART that points towards epigenetic age acceleration. The hastened development of specific clinical geriatric syndromes like cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, cancers, liver diseases, neurocognitive diseases, persistent low-grade inflammation, and a shift toward glutamate metabolism in PLWH may potentiate a metabolic profile at-risk for accelerated aging.
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22
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Chaperone-assisted selective autophagy targets filovirus VP40 as a client and restricts egress of virus particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2210690120. [PMID: 36598950 PMCID: PMC9926251 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210690120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The filovirus VP40 protein directs virion egress, which is regulated either positively or negatively by select VP40-host interactions. We demonstrate that host BAG3 and HSP70 recognize VP40 as a client and inhibit the egress of VP40 virus-like particles (VLPs) by promoting degradation of VP40 via Chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA). Pharmacological inhibition of either the early stage formation of the VP40/BAG3/HSP70 tripartite complex, or late stage formation of autolysosomes, rescued VP40 VLP egress back to WT levels. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master regulator of autophagy, and we found that surface expression of EBOV GP on either VLPs or an infectious VSV recombinant virus, activated mTORC1. Notably, pharmacological suppression of mTORC1 signaling by rapamycin activated CASA in a BAG3-dependent manner to restrict the egress of both VLPs and infectious EBOV in Huh7 cells. In sum, our findings highlight the involvement of the mTORC1/CASA axis in regulating filovirus egress.
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23
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Feng X, Cai Z, Gu Y, Mu T, Yu B, Ma R, Liu J, Wang C, Zhang J. Excavation and characterization of key circRNAs for milk fat percentage in Holstein cattle. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad157. [PMID: 37209411 PMCID: PMC10290504 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk fat percentage is one of the significant indicators governing the price and quality of milk and is regulated by a variety of non-coding RNAs. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) techniques and bioinformatics approaches to explore potential candidate circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulating milk fat metabolism. After analysis, compared with low milk fat percentage (LMF) cows, 309 circRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in high milk fat percentage (HMF) cows. Functional enrichment and pathway analysis revealed that the main functions of the parental genes of differentially expressed circRNAs (DE-circRNAs) were related to lipid metabolism. We selected four circRNAs (Novel_circ_0000856, Novel_circ_0011157, novel_circ_0011944, and Novel_circ_0018279) derived from parental genes related to lipid metabolism as key candidate DE-circRNAs. Their head-to-tail splicing was demonstrated by linear RNase R digestion experiments and Sanger sequencing. However, the tissue expression profiles showed that only Novel_circ_0000856, Novel_circ_0011157, and Novel_circ_0011944 were expressed with high abundance in breast tissue. Based on the subcellular localization found that Novel_circ_0000856, Novel_circ_0011157, and Novel_circ_0011944 mainly function as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in the cytoplasm. Therefore, we constructed their ceRNA regulatory networks, and the five hub target genes (CSF1, TET2, VDR, CD34, and MECP2) in ceRNAs were obtained by CytoHubba and MCODE plugins in Cytoscape, as well as tissue expression profiles analysis of target genes. These genes play a key role as important target genes in lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, and cellular autophagy. The Novel_circ_0000856, Novel_circ_0011157, and Novel_circ_0011944 regulate the expression of hub target genes through interaction with miRNAs and constitute key regulatory networks that may be involved in milk fat metabolism. The circRNAs obtained in this study may act as miRNA sponges and thus influence mammary gland development and lipid metabolism in cows, which improves our understanding of the role of circRNAs in cow lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Feng
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Zhengyun Cai
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yaling Gu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Tong Mu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Baojun Yu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ruoshuang Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Chuanchuan Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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24
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Mbonye U, Kizito F, Karn J. New insights into transcription elongation control of HIV-1 latency and rebound. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:60-71. [PMID: 36503686 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy reduces circulating HIV-1 to undetectable amounts but does not eliminate the virus due to the persistence of a stable reservoir of latently infected cells. The reservoir is maintained both by proliferation of latently infected cells and by reseeding from reactivated cells. A major challenge for the field is to find safe and effective methods to eliminate this source of rebounding HIV-1. Studies on the molecular mechanisms leading to HIV-1 latency and reactivation are being transformed using latency models in primary and patient CD4+ T cells. These studies have revealed the central role played by the biogenesis of the transcription elongation factor P-TEFb (Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b) and its recruitment to proviral HIV-1, for the maintenance of viral latency and the control of viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Mbonye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fredrick Kizito
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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25
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Hsieh E, Janssens DH, Paddison PJ, Browne EP, Henikoff S, OhAinle M, Emerman M. A modular CRISPR screen identifies individual and combination pathways contributing to HIV-1 latency. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011101. [PMID: 36706161 PMCID: PMC9907829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional silencing of latent HIV-1 proviruses entails complex and overlapping mechanisms that pose a major barrier to in vivo elimination of HIV-1. We developed a new latency CRISPR screening strategy, called Latency HIV-CRISPR which uses the packaging of guideRNA-encoding lentiviral vector genomes into the supernatant of budding virions as a direct readout of factors involved in the maintenance of HIV-1 latency. We developed a custom guideRNA library targeting epigenetic regulatory genes and paired the screen with and without a latency reversal agent-AZD5582, an activator of the non-canonical NFκB pathway-to examine a combination of mechanisms controlling HIV-1 latency. A component of the Nucleosome Acetyltransferase of H4 histone acetylation (NuA4 HAT) complex, ING3, acts in concert with AZD5582 to activate proviruses in J-Lat cell lines and in a primary CD4+ T cell model of HIV-1 latency. We found that the knockout of ING3 reduces acetylation of the H4 histone tail and BRD4 occupancy on the HIV-1 LTR. However, the combination of ING3 knockout accompanied with the activation of the non-canonical NFκB pathway via AZD5582 resulted in a dramatic increase in initiation and elongation of RNA Polymerase II on the HIV-1 provirus in a manner that is nearly unique among all cellular promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hsieh
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Derek H. Janssens
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Paddison
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Edward P. Browne
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steve Henikoff
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Molly OhAinle
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Emerman
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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26
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Khetan P, Liu Y, Dhummakupt A, Persaud D. Advances in Pediatric HIV-1 Cure Therapies and Reservoir Assays. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122608. [PMID: 36560612 PMCID: PMC9787749 DOI: 10.3390/v14122608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advances in the field of HIV-1 therapeutics to achieve antiretroviral treatment (ART)-free remission and cure for persons living with HIV-1 are being made with the advent of broadly neutralizing antibodies and very early ART in perinatal infection. The need for HIV-1 remission and cure arises due to the inability of ART to eradicate the major reservoir for HIV-1 in resting memory CD4+ T cells (the latent reservoir), and the strict adherence to lifelong treatment. To measure the efficacy of these cure interventions on reservoir size and to dissect reservoir dynamics, assays that are sensitive and specific to intact proviruses are critical. In this review, we provided a broad overview of some of the key interventions underway to purge the reservoir in adults living with HIV-1 and ones under study in pediatric populations to reduce and control the latent reservoir, primarily focusing on very early treatment in combination with broadly neutralizing antibodies. We also summarized assays currently in use to measure HIV-1 reservoirs and their feasibility and considerations for studies in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Khetan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yufeng Liu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Adit Dhummakupt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Deborah Persaud
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-443-287-3735
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27
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Crater JM, Nixon DF, Furler O’Brien RL. HIV-1 replication and latency are balanced by mTOR-driven cell metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1068436. [PMID: 36467738 PMCID: PMC9712982 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1068436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) relies on host cell metabolism for all aspects of viral replication. Efficient HIV-1 entry, reverse transcription, and integration occurs in activated T cells because HIV-1 proteins co-opt host metabolic pathways to fuel the anabolic requirements of virion production. The HIV-1 viral life cycle is especially dependent on mTOR, which drives signaling and metabolic pathways required for viral entry, replication, and latency. As a central regulator of host cell metabolism, mTOR and its downstream effectors help to regulate the expression of enzymes within the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways along with other metabolic pathways regulating amino acid uptake, lipid metabolism, and autophagy. In HIV-1 pathogenesis, mTOR, in addition to HIF-1α and Myc signaling pathways, alter host cell metabolism to create an optimal environment for viral replication. Increased glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway activity are required in the early stages of the viral life cycle, such as providing sufficient dNTPs for reverse transcription. In later stages, fatty acid synthesis is required for creating cholesterol and membrane lipids required for viral budding. Epigenetics of the provirus fueled by metabolism and mTOR signaling likewise controls active and latent infection. Acetyl-CoA and methyl group abundance, supplied by the TCA cycle and amino acid uptake respectively, may regulate latent infection and reactivation. Thus, understanding and exploring new connections between cellular metabolism and HIV-1 pathogenesis may yield new insights into the latent viral reservoirs and fuel novel treatments and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert L. Furler O’Brien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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28
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Feng X, Cai Z, Mu T, Yu B, Wang Y, Ma R, Liu J, Wang C, Zhang J, Gu Y. CircRNA screening and ceRNA network construction for milk fat metabolism in dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:995629. [PMID: 36439356 PMCID: PMC9684208 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.995629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk fat is one of the main reference elements for evaluating milk quality and is a primary objective trait in dairy cattle breeding. In recent years, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been found to play crucial roles in many biological processes. However, the function and expression profiles of circRNAs in milk fat synthesis in cows are not completely understood. We performed RNA sequencing to analyze the genome-wide expression of circRNA transcripts in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) from cows with extreme differences in milk fat percentage. We identified candidate differential circRNAs associated with milk fat metabolism using functional enrichment analysis and constructed a lipid metabolism-related competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) interactive regulatory network. RESULTS A total of 290 circRNAs were significantly differentially expressed (DE-circRNAs) in high milk fat percentage (HMF) cows compared to that in low milk fat percentage (LMF) cows. Of the 290 circRNAs, 142 were significantly upregulated and 148 were significantly downregulated. Enrichment analysis (Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) identified four DE-circRNAs (circ_0001122, circ_0007367, circ_0018269, and circ_0015179) that potentially regulate milk fat metabolism. Among them, circ_0001122, circ_0007367, and circ_0015179 had relatively high expression levels in cow mammary gland tissue compared to other tissues (heart, liver, kidney, uterus, ovaries, and small intestine) of cows. The regulatory networks circ_0001122:miR-12043:LIPG, circ_0007367:miR-331-3p:CIDEA/PML, and circ_0018269:miR-11989:RORC/HPX are potential networks to explore the mechanism of milk fat regulation. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal the possible role of circRNAs in milk fat metabolism in dairy cows. Several important circRNAs and ceRNAs affecting milk fat synthesis were identified, providing insights into the complex biology of milk fat synthesis as well as a novel theoretical perspective for future research on lactation, milk quality, and breed improvement in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yaling Gu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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29
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Chan YT, Cheong HC, Tang TF, Rajasuriar R, Cheng KK, Looi CY, Wong WF, Kamarulzaman A. Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Glucose Metabolism in HIV-Induced T Cell Exhaustion. Biomedicines 2022; 10:0. [PMID: 36359329 PMCID: PMC9687279 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive decline of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients due to infection-triggered cell exhaustion and cell death is significantly correlated with disease severity and progression into the life-threatening acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) stage. T cell exhaustion is a condition of cell dysfunction despite antigen engagement, characterized by augmented surface expression of immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), which suppress T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and negatively impact the proliferative and effector activities of T cells. T cell function is tightly modulated by cellular glucose metabolism, which produces adequate energy to support a robust reaction when battling pathogen infection. The transition of the T cells from an active to an exhausted state following pathogen persistence involves a drastic change in metabolic activity. This review highlights the interplay between immune checkpoint molecules and glucose metabolism that contributes to T cell exhaustion in the context of chronic HIV infection, which could deliver an insight into the rational design of a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Teng Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Ting Fang Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Reena Rajasuriar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.R.); (A.K.)
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kian-Kai Cheng
- Innovation Centre in Agritechnology (ICA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Pagoh 84600, Malaysia;
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Bioscience, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.R.); (A.K.)
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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30
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Campbell GR, Spector SA. Current strategies to induce selective killing of HIV-1-infected cells. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1273-1284. [PMID: 35707952 PMCID: PMC9613504 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0422-636r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to significant HIV-1 suppression and improvement in immune function, persistent viral reservoirs remain that are refractory to intensified ART. ART poses many challenges such as adherence to drug regimens, the emergence of resistant virus, and cumulative toxicity resulting from long-term therapy. Moreover, latent HIV-1 reservoir cells can be stochastically activated to produce viral particles despite effective ART and contribute to the rapid viral rebound that typically occurs within 2 weeks of ART interruption; thus, lifelong ART is required for continued viral suppression. Several strategies have been proposed to address the HIV-1 reservoir such as reactivation of HIV-1 transcription using latency reactivating agents with a combination of ART, host immune clearance and HIV-1-cytotoxicity to purge the infected cells-a "shock and kill" strategy. However, these approaches do not take into account the multiple transcriptional and translational blocks that contribute to HIV-1 latency or the complex heterogeneity of the HIV-1 reservoir, and clinical trials have thus far failed to produce the desired results. Here, we describe alternative strategies being pursued that are designed to kill selectively HIV-1-infected cells while sparing uninfected cells in the absence of enhanced humoral or adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Campbell
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA,Division of Infectious DiseasesRady Children's HospitalSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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31
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Dai W, Wu F, McMyn N, Song B, Walker-Sperling VE, Varriale J, Zhang H, Barouch DH, Siliciano JD, Li W, Siliciano RF. Genome-wide CRISPR screens identify combinations of candidate latency reversing agents for targeting the latent HIV-1 reservoir. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabh3351. [PMID: 36260688 PMCID: PMC9705157 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abh3351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Reversing HIV-1 latency promotes killing of infected cells and is essential for cure strategies; however, no single latency reversing agent (LRA) or LRA combination have been shown to reduce HIV-1 latent reservoir size in persons living with HIV-1 (PLWH). Here, we describe an approach to systematically identify LRA combinations to reactivate latent HIV-1 using genome-wide CRISPR screens. Screens on cells treated with suboptimal concentrations of an LRA can identify host genes whose knockout enhances viral gene expression. Therefore, inhibitors of these genes should synergize with the LRA. We tested this approach using AZD5582, an activator of the noncanonical nuclear factor κB (ncNF-κB) pathway, as an LRA and identified histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and bromodomain-containing protein 2 (BRD2), part of the bromodomain and extra-terminal motif (BET) protein family targeted by BET inhibitors, as potential targets. Using CD4+ T cells from PLWH, we confirmed synergy between AZD5582 and several HDAC inhibitors and between AZD5582 and the BET inhibitor, JQ1. A reciprocal screen using suboptimal concentrations of an HDAC inhibitor as an LRA identified BRD2 and ncNF-κB regulators, especially BIRC2, as synergistic candidates for use in combination with HDAC inhibition. Moreover, we identified and validated additional synergistic drug candidates in latency cell line cells and primary lymphocytes isolated from PLWH. Specifically, the knockout of genes encoding CYLD or YPEL5 displayed synergy with existing LRAs in inducing HIV mRNAs. Our study provides insights into the roles of host factors in HIV-1 reactivation and validates a system for identifying drug combinations for HIV-1 latency reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Dai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Fengting Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Natalie McMyn
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Bicna Song
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital. 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010,Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University. 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Victoria E. Walker-Sperling
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Joseph Varriale
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Janet D. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital. 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010,Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University. 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010,To whom correspondence should be addressed; ;
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205,To whom correspondence should be addressed; ;
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Yim A, Smith C, Brown AM. Osteopontin/secreted phosphoprotein-1 harnesses glial-, immune-, and neuronal cell ligand-receptor interactions to sense and regulate acute and chronic neuroinflammation. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:224-233. [PMID: 35451082 PMCID: PMC9790650 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) also known by its official gene designation secreted phosphoprotein-1 (SPP1) is a fascinating, multifunctional protein expressed in a number of cell types that functions not only in intercellular communication, but also in the extracellular matrix (ECM). OPN/SPP1 possesses cytokine, chemokine, and signal transduction functions by virtue of modular structural motifs that provide interaction surfaces for integrins and CD44-variant receptors. In humans, there are three experimentally verified splice variants of OPN/SPP1 and CD44's ten exons are also alternatively spiced in a cell/tissue-specific manner, although very little is known about how this is regulated in the central nervous system (CNS). Post-translational modifications of phosphorylation, glycosylation, and localized cleavage by specific proteases in the cells and tissues where OPN/SPP1 functions, provides additional layers of specificity. However, the former make elucidating the exact molecular mechanisms of OPN/SPP1 function more complex. Flexibility in OPN/SPP1 structure and its engagement with integrins having the ability to transmit signals in inside-out and outside-in direction, is likely why OPN/SPP1 can serve as an early detector of inflammation and ongoing tissue damage in response to cancer, stroke, traumatic brain injury, pathogenic infection, and neurodegeneration, processes that impair tissue homeostasis. This review will focus on what is currently known about OPN/SPP1 function in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Yim
- NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Christian Smith
- NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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33
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Mediouni S, Lyu S, Schader SM, Valente ST. Forging a Functional Cure for HIV: Transcription Regulators and Inhibitors. Viruses 2022; 14:1980. [PMID: 36146786 PMCID: PMC9502519 DOI: 10.3390/v14091980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) increases the survival of HIV-infected individuals, yet it is not curative. The major barrier to finding a definitive cure for HIV is our inability to identify and eliminate long-lived cells containing the dormant provirus, termed viral reservoir. When ART is interrupted, the viral reservoir ensures heterogenous and stochastic HIV viral gene expression, which can reseed infection back to pre-ART levels. While strategies to permanently eradicate the virus have not yet provided significant success, recent work has focused on the management of this residual viral reservoir to effectively limit comorbidities associated with the ongoing viral transcription still observed during suppressive ART, as well as limit the need for daily ART. Our group has been at the forefront of exploring the viability of the block-and-lock remission approach, focused on the long-lasting epigenetic block of viral transcription such that without daily ART, there is no risk of viral rebound, transmission, or progression to AIDS. Numerous studies have reported inhibitors of both viral and host factors required for HIV transcriptional activation. Here, we highlight and review some of the latest HIV transcriptional inhibitor discoveries that may be leveraged for the clinical exploration of block-and-lock and revolutionize the way we treat HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediouni
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Shuang Lyu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Susan M. Schader
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Susana T. Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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34
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Lund NC, Kayode Y, McReynolds MR, Clemmer DC, Hudson H, Clerc I, Hong HK, Brenchley JM, Bass J, D'Aquila RT, Taylor HE. mTOR regulation of metabolism limits LPS-induced monocyte inflammatory and procoagulant responses. Commun Biol 2022; 5:878. [PMID: 36028574 PMCID: PMC9412771 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates monocytes via TLR4 and is hypothesized to increase cardiovascular disease risk in persons living with HIV. We tested whether mTOR activity supports LPS-stimulated monocyte production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tissue factor (TF), as it propels the inflammatory response in several immune cell types besides monocytes. However, multi-omics analyses here demonstrate that mTOR activates a metabolic pathway that limits abundance of these gene products in monocytes. Treatment of primary human monocytes with catalytic mTOR inhibitors (mTORi) increased LPS-induced polyfunctional responses, including production of IL-1β, IL-6, and the pro-coagulant, TF. NF-κB-driven transcriptional activity is enhanced with LPS stimulation after mTORi treatment to increase expression of F3 (TF). Moreover, intracellular NAD+ availability is restricted due to decreased salvage pathway synthesis. These results document mTOR-mediated restraint of the LPS-induced transcriptional response in monocytes and a metabolic mechanism informing strategies to reverse enhanced risk of coagulopathy in pro-inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C Lund
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Yetunde Kayode
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Melanie R McReynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Deanna C Clemmer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Hannah Hudson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Isabelle Clerc
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hee-Kyung Hong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joseph Bass
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Richard T D'Aquila
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Harry E Taylor
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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35
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Beliakova-Bethell N, Manousopoulou A, Deshmukh S, Mukim A, Richman DD, Garbis SD, Spina CA. Integrated proteomics and transcriptomics analyses identify novel cell surface markers of HIV latency. Virology 2022; 573:50-58. [PMID: 35714458 PMCID: PMC10427345 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Elimination of the latent HIV cell reservoir may be possible, if the molecular identity of latently infected cells were fully elucidated. We conducted comprehensive molecular profiling, at the protein and RNA levels, of primary T cells latently infected with HIV in vitro. Isobaric labelling quantitative proteomics and RNA sequencing identified 1453 proteins and 618 genes, altered in latently infected cells compared to mock-infected controls (p < 0.05). Biomarker selection was based on results from integrated data analysis. Relative enrichment for latently infected cells was monitored using flow cytometric sorting and the HIV integrant assay. Antibodies against selected proteins, encoded by CEACAM1 and PLXNB2, enabled enrichment of latently infected cells from cell mixtures by 3-10 fold (5.8 average, p < 0.001), comparable to levels obtained with biomarkers reported previously. Individual biomarkers are likely linked to subsets of latently infected cells, and an extended antibody panel will be required to inclusively target the latent HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadejda Beliakova-Bethell
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA; University of California at San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Antigoni Manousopoulou
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Proteas Bioanalytics Inc., BioLabs at the Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | - Amey Mukim
- University of California at San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Douglas D Richman
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA; University of California at San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Spiros D Garbis
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Proteas Bioanalytics Inc., BioLabs at the Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Celsa A Spina
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA; University of California at San Diego, CA, USA
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36
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Chen J, Zhou T, Zhang Y, Luo S, Chen H, Chen D, Li C, Li W. The reservoir of latent HIV. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:945956. [PMID: 35967854 PMCID: PMC9368196 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.945956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of latent reservoir of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is currently the major challenge in curing HIV infection. After HIV infects the human body, the latent HIV is unable to be recognized by the body’s immune system. Currently, the widely adopted antiretroviral therapy (ART) is also unble to eliminate it, thus hindering the progress of HIV treatment. This review discusses the existence of latent HIV vault for HIV treatment, its formation and factors affecting its formation, cell, and tissue localization, methods for detection and removing latent reservoir, to provide a comprehensive understanding of latent HIV vault, in order to assist in the future research and play a potential role in achieving HIV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shumin Luo
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dexi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyun Li
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanyun Li, ; Weihua Li,
| | - Weihua Li
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanyun Li, ; Weihua Li,
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Pedersen SF, Collora JA, Kim RN, Yang K, Razmi A, Catalano AA, Yeh YHJ, Mounzer K, Tebas P, Montaner LJ, Ho YC. Inhibition of a Chromatin and Transcription Modulator, SLTM, Increases HIV-1 Reactivation Identified by a CRISPR Inhibition Screen. J Virol 2022; 96:e0057722. [PMID: 35730977 PMCID: PMC9278143 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00577-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 persistence in latent reservoirs remains a major obstacle to a cure. We postulate that HIV-1 silencing factors suppress HIV-1 reactivation and that inhibition of these factors will increase HIV-1 reactivation. To identify HIV-1 silencing factors, we conducted a genome-wide CRISPR inhibition (CRISPRi) screen using four CRISPRi-ready, HIV-1-d6-GFP-infected Jurkat T cell clones with distinct integration sites. We sorted cells with increased green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression and captured single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) via targeted deep sequencing. We identified 18 HIV-1 silencing factors that were significantly enriched in HIV-1-d6-GFPhigh cells. Among them, SLTM (scaffold attachment factor B-like transcription modulator) is an epigenetic and transcriptional modulator having both DNA and RNA binding capacities not previously known to affect HIV-1 transcription. Knocking down SLTM by CRISPRi significantly increased HIV-1-d6-GFP expression (by 1.9- to 4.2-fold) in three HIV-1-d6-GFP-Jurkat T cell clones. Furthermore, SLTM knockdown increased the chromatin accessibility of HIV-1 and the gene in which HIV-1 is integrated but not the housekeeping gene POLR2A. To test whether SLTM inhibition can reactivate HIV-1 and further induce cell death of HIV-1-infected cells ex vivo, we established a small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown method that reduced SLTM expression in CD4+ T cells from 10 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated, virally suppressed, HIV-1-infected individuals ex vivo. Using limiting dilution culture, we found that SLTM knockdown significantly reduced the frequency of HIV-1-infected cells harboring inducible HIV-1 by 62.2% (0.56/106 versus 1.48/106 CD4+ T cells [P = 0.029]). Overall, our study indicates that SLTM inhibition reactivates HIV-1 in vitro and induces cell death of HIV-1-infected cells ex vivo. Our study identified SLTM as a novel therapeutic target. IMPORTANCE HIV-1-infected cells, which can survive drug treatment and immune cell killing, prevent an HIV-1 cure. Immune recognition of infected cells requires HIV-1 protein expression; however, HIV-1 protein expression is limited in infected cells after long-term therapy. The ways in which the HIV-1 provirus is blocked from producing protein are unknown. We identified a new host protein that regulates HIV-1 gene expression. We also provided a new method of studying HIV-1-host factor interactions in cells from infected individuals. These improvements may enable future strategies to reactivate HIV-1 in infected individuals so that infected cells can be killed by immune cells, drug treatment, or the virus itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah F. Pedersen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jack A. Collora
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rachel N. Kim
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kerui Yang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anya Razmi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Allison A. Catalano
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yang-Hui Jimmy Yeh
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Karam Mounzer
- Philadelphia FIGHT Community Health Centers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pablo Tebas
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Ya-Chi Ho
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Rudd H, Toborek M. Pitfalls of Antiretroviral Therapy: Current Status and Long-Term CNS Toxicity. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070894. [PMID: 35883450 PMCID: PMC9312798 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV can traverse the BBB using a Trojan horse-like mechanism. Hidden within infected immune cells, HIV can infiltrate the highly safeguarded CNS and propagate disease. Once integrated within the host genome, HIV becomes a stable provirus, which can remain dormant, evade detection by the immune system or antiretroviral therapy (ART), and result in rebound viraemia. As ART targets actively replicating HIV, has low BBB penetrance, and exposes patients to long-term toxicity, further investigation into novel therapeutic approaches is required. Viral proteins can be produced by latent HIV, which may play a synergistic role alongside ART in promoting neuroinflammatory pathophysiology. It is believed that the ability to specifically target these proviral reservoirs would be a vital driving force towards a cure for HIV infection. A novel drug design platform, using the in-tandem administration of several therapeutic approaches, can be used to precisely target the various components of HIV infection, ultimately leading to the eradication of active and latent HIV and a functional cure for HIV. The aim of this review is to explore the pitfalls of ART and potential novel therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Rudd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(305)-243-0230
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Crespo R, Rao S, Mahmoudi T. HibeRNAtion: HIV-1 RNA Metabolism and Viral Latency. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:855092. [PMID: 35774399 PMCID: PMC9237370 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.855092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection remains non-curative due to the latent reservoir, primarily a small pool of resting memory CD4+ T cells bearing replication-competent provirus. Pharmacological reversal of HIV-1 latency followed by intrinsic or extrinsic cell killing has been proposed as a promising strategy to target and eliminate HIV-1 viral reservoirs. Latency reversing agents have been extensively studied for their role in reactivating HIV-1 transcription in vivo, although no permanent reduction of the viral reservoir has been observed thus far. This is partly due to the complex nature of latency, which involves strict intrinsic regulation at multiple levels at transcription and RNA processing. Still, the molecular mechanisms that control HIV-1 latency establishment and maintenance have been almost exclusively studied in the context of chromatin remodeling, transcription initiation and elongation and most known LRAs target LTR-driven transcription by manipulating these. RNA metabolism is a largely understudies but critical mechanistic step in HIV-1 gene expression and latency. In this review we provide an update on current knowledge on the role of RNA processing mechanisms in viral gene expression and latency and speculate on the possible manipulation of these pathways as a therapeutic target for future cure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Crespo
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shringar Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Tokameh Mahmoudi,
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40
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Insights into the HIV-1 Latent Reservoir and Strategies to Cure HIV-1 Infection. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:6952286. [PMID: 35664434 PMCID: PMC9157282 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6952286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the first discovery of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in 1983, the targeted treatment, antiretroviral therapy (ART), has effectively limited the detected plasma viremia below a very low level and the technique has been improved rapidly. However, due to the persistence of the latent reservoir of replication-competent HIV-1 in patients treated with ART, a sudden withdrawal of the drug inevitably results in HIV viral rebound and HIV progression. Therefore, more understanding of the HIV-1 latent reservoir (LR) is the priority before developing a cure that thoroughly eliminates the reservoir. HIV-1 spreads through both the release of cell-free particles and by cell-to-cell transmission. Mounting evidence indicates that cell-to-cell transmission is more efficient than cell-free transmission of particles and likely influences the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. This mode of viral transmission also influences the generation and maintenance of the latent reservoir, which represents the main obstacle for curing the infection. In this review, the definition, establishment, and maintenance of the HIV-1 LR, along with the state-of-the-art quantitative approaches that directly quantify HIV-1 intact proviruses, are elucidated. Strategies to cure HIV infection are highlighted. This review will renew hope for a better and more thorough cure of HIV infection for mankind and encourage more clinical trials to achieve ART-free HIV remission.
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Lindqvist B, Jütte BB, Love L, Assi W, Roux J, Sönnerborg A, Tezil T, Verdin E, Svensson JP. T cell stimulation remodels the latently HIV-1 infected cell population by differential activation of proviral chromatin. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010555. [PMID: 35666761 PMCID: PMC9203004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The reservoir of latently HIV-1 infected cells is heterogeneous. To achieve an HIV-1 cure, the reservoir of activatable proviruses must be eliminated while permanently silenced proviruses may be tolerated. We have developed a method to assess the proviral nuclear microenvironment in single cells. In latently HIV-1 infected cells, a zinc finger protein tethered to the HIV-1 promoter produced a fluorescent signal as a protein of interest came in its proximity, such as the viral transactivator Tat when recruited to the nascent RNA. Tat is essential for viral replication. In these cells we assessed the proviral activation and chromatin composition. By linking Tat recruitment to proviral activity, we dissected the mechanisms of HIV-1 latency reversal and the consequences of HIV-1 production. A pulse of promoter-associated Tat was identified that contrasted to the continuous production of viral proteins. As expected, promoter H3K4me3 led to substantial expression of the provirus following T cell stimulation. However, the activation-induced cell cycle arrest and death led to a surviving cell fraction with proviruses encapsulated in repressive chromatin. Further, this cellular model was used to reveal mechanisms of action of small molecules. In a proof-of-concept study we determined the effect of modifying enhancer chromatin on HIV-1 latency reversal. Only proviruses resembling active enhancers, associated with H3K4me1 and H3K27ac and subsequentially recognized by BRD4, efficiently recruited Tat upon cell stimulation. Tat-independent HIV-1 latency reversal of unknown significance still occurred. We present a method for single cell assessment of the microenvironment of the latent HIV-1 proviruses, used here to reveal how T cell stimulation modulates the proviral activity and how the subsequent fate of the infected cell depends on the chromatin context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Lindqvist
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bianca B. Jütte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Luca Love
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Wlaa Assi
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Julie Roux
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tugsan Tezil
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, United States of America
| | - J. Peter Svensson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Fert A, Raymond Marchand L, Wiche Salinas TR, Ancuta P. Targeting Th17 cells in HIV-1 remission/cure interventions. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:580-594. [PMID: 35659433 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of HIV-1, progress has been made in deciphering the viral replication cycle and mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions that has facilitated the implementation of effective antiretroviral therapies (ARTs). Major barriers to HIV-1 remission/cure include the persistence of viral reservoirs (VRs) in long-lived CD4+ T cells, residual viral transcription, and lack of mucosal immunity restoration during ART, which together fuel systemic inflammation. Recently, T helper (Th)17-polarized cells were identified as major contributors to the pool of transcriptionally/translationally competent VRs. In this review, we discuss the functional features of Th17 cells that were elucidated by fundamental immunology studies in the context of autoimmunity. We also highlight recent discoveries supporting the possibility of extrapolating this knowledge toward the identification of new putative Th17-targeted HIV-1 remission/cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Fert
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Raymond Marchand
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
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Ta TM, Malik S, Anderson EM, Jones AD, Perchik J, Freylikh M, Sardo L, Klase ZA, Izumi T. Insights Into Persistent HIV-1 Infection and Functional Cure: Novel Capabilities and Strategies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:862270. [PMID: 35572626 PMCID: PMC9093714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.862270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although HIV-1 replication can be efficiently suppressed to undetectable levels in peripheral blood by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), lifelong medication is still required in people living with HIV (PLWH). Life expectancies have been extended by cART, but age-related comorbidities have increased which are associated with heavy physiological and economic burdens on PLWH. The obstacle to a functional HIV cure can be ascribed to the formation of latent reservoir establishment at the time of acute infection that persists during cART. Recent studies suggest that some HIV reservoirs are established in the early acute stages of HIV infection within multiple immune cells that are gradually shaped by various host and viral mechanisms and may undergo clonal expansion. Early cART initiation has been shown to reduce the reservoir size in HIV-infected individuals. Memory CD4+ T cell subsets are regarded as the predominant cellular compartment of the HIV reservoir, but monocytes and derivative macrophages or dendritic cells also play a role in the persistent virus infection. HIV latency is regulated at multiple molecular levels in transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Epigenetic regulation of the proviral promoter can profoundly regulate the viral transcription. In addition, transcriptional elongation, RNA splicing, and nuclear export pathways are also involved in maintaining HIV latency. Although most proviruses contain large internal deletions, some defective proviruses may induce immune activation by expressing viral proteins or producing replication-defective viral-like particles. In this review article, we discuss the state of the art on mechanisms of virus persistence in the periphery and tissue and summarize interdisciplinary approaches toward a functional HIV cure, including novel capabilities and strategies to measure and eliminate the infected reservoirs and induce immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram M. Ta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sajjaf Malik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Anderson
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Region 3, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amber D. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jocelyn Perchik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maryann Freylikh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luca Sardo
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Zackary A. Klase
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Drexel University of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Taisuke Izumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Taisuke Izumi,
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44
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Chen X, Jia L, Zhang X, Zhang T, Zhang Y. One arrow for two targets: potential co-treatment regimens for lymphoma and HIV. Blood Rev 2022; 55:100965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2022.100965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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45
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Mori L, Valente ST. Cure and Long-Term Remission Strategies. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2407:391-428. [PMID: 34985678 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The majority of virally suppressed individuals will experience rapid viral rebound upon antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption, providing a strong rationale for the development of cure strategies. Moreover, despite ART virological control, HIV infection is still associated with chronic immune activation, inflammation, comorbidities, and accelerated aging. These effects are believed to be due, in part, to low-grade persistent transcription and trickling production of viral proteins from the pool of latent proviruses constituting the viral reservoir. In recent years there has been an increasing interest in developing what has been termed a functional cure for HIV. This approach entails the long-term, durable control of viral expression in the absence of therapy, preventing disease progression and transmission, despite the presence of detectable integrated proviruses. One such strategy, the block-and-lock approach for a functional cure, proposes the epigenetic silencing of proviral expression, locking the virus in a profound latent state, from which reactivation is very unlikely. The proof-of-concept for this approach was demonstrated with the use of a specific small molecule targeting HIV transcription. Here we review the principles behind the block-and-lock approach and some of the additional strategies proposed to silence HIV expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mori
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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46
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Varco-Merth BD, Brantley W, Marenco A, Duell DD, Fachko DN, Richardson B, Busman-Sahay K, Shao D, Flores W, Engelman K, Fukazawa Y, Wong SW, Skalsky RL, Smedley J, Axthelm MK, Lifson JD, Estes JD, Edlefsen PT, Picker L, Cameron CM, Henrich TJ, Okoye AA. Rapamycin limits CD4+ T cell proliferation in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques on antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:156063. [PMID: 35316218 PMCID: PMC9106346 DOI: 10.1172/jci156063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of latently infected CD4+ T cells with replication-competent proviruses is an important mechanism contributing to HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART). One approach to targeting this latent cell expansion is to inhibit mTOR, a regulatory kinase involved with cell growth, metabolism, and proliferation. Here, we determined the effects of chronic mTOR inhibition with rapamycin with or without T cell activation in SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) on ART. Rapamycin perturbed the expression of multiple genes and signaling pathways important for cellular proliferation and substantially decreased the frequency of proliferating CD4+ memory T cells (TM cells) in blood and tissues. However, levels of cell-associated SIV DNA and SIV RNA were not markedly different between rapamycin-treated RMs and controls during ART. T cell activation with an anti-CD3LALA antibody induced increases in SIV RNA in plasma of RMs on rapamycin, consistent with SIV production. However, upon ART cessation, both rapamycin and CD3LALA–treated and control-treated RMs rebounded in less than 12 days, with no difference in the time to viral rebound or post-ART viral load set points. These results indicate that, while rapamycin can decrease the proliferation of CD4+ TM cells, chronic mTOR inhibition alone or in combination with T cell activation was not sufficient to disrupt the stability of the SIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Varco-Merth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - William Brantley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Marenco
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Derick D Duell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Devin N Fachko
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Danica Shao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Walter Flores
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Engelman
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori Fukazawa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Scott W Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L Skalsky
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, United States of America
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Louis Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Ma Cameron
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
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47
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Barbian HJ, Seaton MS, Narasipura SD, Wallace J, Rajan R, Sha BE, Al-Harthi L. β-catenin regulates HIV latency and modulates HIV reactivation. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010354. [PMID: 35255110 PMCID: PMC8939789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Latency is the main obstacle towards an HIV cure, with cure strategies aiming to either elicit or prevent viral reactivation. While these strategies have shown promise, they have only succeeded in modulating latency in a fraction of the latent HIV reservoir, suggesting that the mechanisms controlling HIV latency are not completely understood, and that comprehensive latency modulation will require targeting of multiple latency maintenance pathways. We show here that the transcriptional co-activator and the central mediator of canonical Wnt signaling, β-catenin, inhibits HIV transcription in CD4+ T cells via TCF-4 LTR binding sites. Further, we show that inhibiting the β-catenin pathway reactivates HIV in a primary TCM cell model of HIV latency, primary cells from cART-controlled HIV donors, and in CD4+ latent cell lines. β-catenin inhibition or activation also enhanced or inhibited the activity of several classes of HIV latency reversing agents, respectively, in these models, with significant synergy of β-catenin and each LRA class tested. In sum, we identify β-catenin as a novel regulator of HIV latency in vitro and ex vivo, adding new therapeutic targets that may be combined for comprehensive HIV latency modulation in HIV cure efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Barbian
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Melanie S. Seaton
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Srinivas D. Narasipura
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jennillee Wallace
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Reshma Rajan
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Beverly E. Sha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinios United States of America
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Renault C, Veyrenche N, Mennechet F, Bedin AS, Routy JP, Van de Perre P, Reynes J, Tuaillon E. Th17 CD4+ T-Cell as a Preferential Target for HIV Reservoirs. Front Immunol 2022; 13:822576. [PMID: 35197986 PMCID: PMC8858966 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.822576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Among CD4+ T-cells, T helper 17 (Th17) cells play a sentinel role in the defense against bacterial/fungal pathogens at mucosal barriers. However, Th17 cells are also highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and are rapidly depleted from gut mucosal sites, causing an imbalance of the Th17/Treg ratio and impairing cytokines production. Consequently, damage to the gut mucosal barrier leads to an enhanced microbial translocation and systemic inflammation, a hallmark of HIV-1 disease progression. Th17 cells’ expression of mucosal homing receptors (CCR6 and α4β7), as well as HIV receptors and co-receptors (CD4, α4β7, CCR5, and CXCR4), contributes to susceptibility to HIV infection. The up-regulation of numerous intracellular factors facilitating HIV production, alongside the downregulation of factors inhibiting HIV, helps to explain the frequency of HIV DNA within Th17 cells. Th17 cells harbor long-lived viral reservoirs in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Moreover, cell longevity and the proliferation of a fraction of Th17 CD4 T cells allow HIV reservoirs to be maintained in ART patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Renault
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Veyrenche
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
- Virology Laboratory, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Mennechet
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Bedin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Research Institute and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
- Virology Laboratory, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Reynes
- Virology Laboratory, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- IRD UMI 233, INSERM U1175, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Infectious Diseases Department, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM U1058, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, Montpellier, France
- Virology Laboratory, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Edouard Tuaillon,
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Akusjärvi SS, Ambikan AT, Krishnan S, Gupta S, Sperk M, Végvári Á, Mikaeloff F, Healy K, Vesterbacka J, Nowak P, Sönnerborg A, Neogi U. Integrative proteo-transcriptomic and immunophenotyping signatures of HIV-1 elite control phenotype: A cross-talk between glycolysis and HIF signaling. iScience 2022; 25:103607. [PMID: 35005552 PMCID: PMC8718889 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural control of HIV-1 is a characteristic of <1% of HIV-1-infected individuals, so called elite controllers (EC). In this study, we sought to identify signaling pathways associated with the EC phenotype using integrative proteo-transcriptomic analysis and immunophenotyping. We found HIF signaling and glycolysis as specific traits of the EC phenotype together with dysregulation of HIF target gene transcription. A higher proportion of HIF-1α and HIF-1β in the nuclei of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the male EC were observed, indicating a potential increased activation of the HIF signaling pathway. Furthermore, intracellular glucose levels were elevated in EC even as the surface expression of the metabolite transporters Glut1 and MCT-1 were decreased on lymphocytes indicative of unique metabolic uptake and flux profile. Combined, our data show that glycolytic modulation and altered HIF signaling is a unique feature of the male EC phenotype that may contribute to natural control of HIV-1. Proteo-transcriptomic integration identifying features of EC phenotype Sex-specific differences in EC phenotypes Enrichment of glycolysis and HIF signaling, a unique feature in the male EC Enrichment of HIF signaling independent on HIF-1α protein levels in EC
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Svensson Akusjärvi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anoop T Ambikan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shuba Krishnan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soham Gupta
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ákos Végvári
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Campus Solna, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flora Mikaeloff
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katie Healy
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Vesterbacka
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Disease, Karolinska Institutet, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Disease, Karolinska Institutet, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Disease, Karolinska Institutet, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden.,Manipal Institute of Virology (MIV), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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50
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HIV-1 hypermethylated guanosine cap licenses specialized translation unaffected by mTOR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2105153118. [PMID: 34949712 PMCID: PMC8740576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105153118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of viral pathogens is restricted by hosts, but resilient pathogens antagonize the restriction by hosts. Findings explain that HIV-1 blocked mono-methylated guanosine cap by hypermethylation and engaged novel cap-binding complex for virion protein translation unaffected by global translation inhibition. The hypermethylated cap activity required RNA-structure-dependent binding of RNA helicase A/DHX9. eIF4E interaction proceeded on completely spliced HIV messenger RNA templates encoding viral regulatory proteins, thus eIF4E inactivation by catalytic site mTOR inhibitor suppressed regulatory protein translation, while structural/accessory protein translation was maintained. Two mutually exclusive translation pathways antagonize hosts and facilitate HIV-1 proliferation in primary CD4+ T cells to the detriment of hosts. eIF4E inactivation imposed an operational rheostat that suppressed regulatory proteins, while maintaining virion production in immune cells. Appended to the 5′ end of nascent RNA polymerase II transcripts is 7-methyl guanosine (m7G-cap) that engages nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC) to facilitate messenger RNA (mRNA) maturation. Mature mRNAs exchange CBC for eIF4E, the rate-limiting translation factor that is controlled through mTOR. Experiments in immune cells have now documented HIV-1 incompletely processed transcripts exhibited hypermethylated m7G-cap and that the down-regulation of the trimethylguanosine synthetase-1–reduced HIV-1 infectivity and virion protein synthesis by several orders of magnitude. HIV-1 cap hypermethylation required nuclear RNA helicase A (RHA)/DHX9 interaction with the shape of the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) primer binding site (PBS) segment. Down-regulation of RHA or the anomalous shape of the PBS segment abrogated hypermethylated caps and derepressed eIF4E binding for virion protein translation during global down-regulation of host translation. mTOR inhibition was detrimental to HIV-1 proliferation and attenuated Tat, Rev, and Nef synthesis. This study identified mutually exclusive translation pathways and the calibration of virion structural/accessory protein synthesis with de novo synthesis of the viral regulatory proteins. The hypermethylation of select, viral mRNA resulted in CBC exchange to heterodimeric CBP80/NCBP3 that expanded the functional capacity of HIV-1 in immune cells.
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