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Chan C, Liao YJ, Chiou SP. Stress induced factor 2 is a dual regulator for defense and seed germination in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 347:112200. [PMID: 39038707 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) constitute a diverse superfamily of proteins pivotal for various plant physiological processes, including responses to pathogens, hormone perception, growth, and development. Their ability to recognize conserved epitopes for general elicitors and specific pathogens marked significant advancements in plant pathology research. Emerging evidence suggests that RLKs and associated components also act as modulators in hormone signaling and cellular trafficking, showcasing their multifunctional roles in growth and development. Notably, STRESS INDUCED FACTOR 2 (SIF2) stands out as a representative with distinct expression patterns in different Arabidopsis organs. Our prior work highlighted the specific induction of SIF2 expression in guard cells, emphasizing its positive contribution to stomatal immunity. Expanding on these findings, our present study delves into the diverse functions of SIF2 expression in root tissues. Utilizing comprehensive physiology, molecular biology, protein biochemistry, and genetic analyses, we reveal that SIF2 modulates abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in Arabidopsis roots. SIF2 is epistatic with key regulators in the ABA signaling pathway, thereby governing the expression of genes crucial for dormancy release and, consequently, Arabidopsis seed germination. This study sheds light on the intricate roles of SIF2 as a multi-functional RLK, underscoring its organ-specific contributions to plant immunity, hormonal regulation, and seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Chan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jun Liao
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Shian-Peng Chiou
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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2
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Hu R, Teng X, Li Y. Unleashing plant synthetic capacity: navigating regulatory mechanisms for enhanced bioproduction and secondary metabolite discovery. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 88:103148. [PMID: 38843577 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
Plant natural products (PNPs) hold significant pharmaceutical importance. The sessile nature of plants has led to the evolution of chemical defense mechanisms over millions of years to combat environmental challenges, making it a crucial and essential defense weapon. Despite their importance, the abundance of these bioactive molecules in plants is typically low, and conventional methods are time-consuming for enhancing production. Moreover, there is a pressing need for novel drug leads, exemplified by the shortage of antibiotics and anticancer drugs. Understanding how plants respond to stress and regulate metabolism to produce these molecules presents an opportunity to explore new avenues for discovering compounds that are typically under the detection limit or not naturally produced. Additionally, this knowledge can contribute to the advancement of plant engineering, enabling the development of new chassis for the biomanufacturing of these valuable molecules. In this perspective, we explore the intricate regulation of PNP biosynthesis in plants, and discuss the biotechnology strategies that have been and can be utilized for the discovery and production enhancement of PNPs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Hu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Xiaoxuan Teng
- Program of Chemical Engineering, Department of Nanongineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yanran Li
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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3
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Wen Y, Wang F, Wang H, Bi Y, Yan Y, Noman M, Li D, Song F. Melon CmRLCK VII-8 kinase genes CmRLCK27, CmRLCK30 and CmRLCK34 modulate resistance against bacterial and fungal diseases in Arabidopsis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14456. [PMID: 39072778 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) represent a distinct class of receptor-like kinases crucial for various aspects of plant biology, including growth, development, and stress responses. This study delves into the characterization of RLCK VII-8 members within cucurbits, particularly in melon, examining both structural features and the phylogenetic relationships of these genes/proteins. The investigation extends to their potential involvement in disease resistance by employing ectopic overexpression in Arabidopsis. The promoters of CmRLCK VII-8 genes harbor multiple phytohormone- and stress-responsive cis-acting elements, with the majority (excluding CmRLCK39) displaying upregulated expression in response to defense hormones and fungal infection. Subcellular localization studies reveal that CmRLCK VII-8 proteins predominantly reside on the plasma membrane, with CmRLCK29 and CmRLCK30 exhibiting additional nuclear distribution. Notably, Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CmRLCK30 manifest dwarfing and delayed flowering phenotypes. Overexpression of CmRLCK27, CmRLCK30, and CmRLCK34 in Arabidopsis imparts enhanced resistance against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, concomitant with the strengthened expression of defense genes and reactive oxygen species accumulation. The CmRLCK VII-8 members actively participate in chitin- and flg22-triggered immune responses. Furthermore, CmRLCK30 interacts with CmMAPKKK1 and CmARFGAP, adding a layer of complexity to the regulatory network. In summary, this functional characterization underscores the regulatory roles of CmRLCK27, CmRLCK30, and CmRLCK34 in immune responses by influencing pathogen-induced defense gene expression and ROS accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fahao Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Bi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqing Yan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Muhammad Noman
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dayong Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengming Song
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Luo D, Cai J, Sun W, Yang Q, Hu G, Wang T. Tomato SlWRKY3 Negatively Regulates Botrytis cinerea Resistance via TPK1b. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1597. [PMID: 38931029 PMCID: PMC11207927 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is considered the second most important fungal plant pathogen, and can cause serious disease, especially on tomato. The TPK1b gene encodes a receptor-like kinase that can positively regulate plant resistance to B. cinerea. Here, we identified a tomato WRKY transcription factor SlWRKY3 that binds to the W-box on the TPK1b promoter. It can negatively regulate TPK1b transcription, then regulate downstream signaling pathways, and ultimately negatively regulate tomato resistance to B. cinerea. SlWRKY3 interference can enhance resistance to B. cinerea, and SlWRKY3 overexpression leads to susceptibility to B. cinerea. Additionally, we found that B. cinerea can significantly, and rapidly, induce the upregulation of SlWRKY3 expression. In SlWRKY3 transgenic plants, the TPK1b expression level was negatively correlated with SlWRKY3 expression. Compared with the control, the expression of the SA pathway marker gene PR1 was downregulated in W3-OE plants and upregulated in W3-Ri plants when inoculated with B. cinerea for 48 h. Moreover, SlWRKY3 positively regulated ROS production. Overall, SlWRKY3 can inhibit TPK1b transcription in tomato, and negatively regulate resistance to B. cinerea by modulating the downstream SA and ROS pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jun Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenhui Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qihong Yang
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Guoyu Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
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5
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Hailemariam S, Liao CJ, Mengiste T. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases: orchestrating plant cellular communication. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024:S1360-1385(24)00111-0. [PMID: 38816318 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The receptor-like kinase (RLK) family of receptors and the associated receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) have expanded in plants because of selective pressure from environmental stress and evolving pathogens. RLCKs link pathogen perception to activation of coping mechanisms. RLK-RLCK modules regulate hormone synthesis and responses, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, Ca2+ signaling, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and immune gene expression, all of which contribute to immunity. Some RLCKs integrate responses from multiple receptors recognizing distinct ligands. RLKs/RLCKs and nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) were found to synergize, demonstrating the intertwined genetic network in plant immunity. Studies in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have provided paradigms about RLCK functions, but a lack of understanding of crop RLCKs undermines their application. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the diverse functions of RLCKs, based on model systems and observations in crop species, and the emerging role of RLCKs in pathogen and abiotic stress response signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hailemariam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chao-Jan Liao
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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6
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Dodds PN, Chen J, Outram MA. Pathogen perception and signaling in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1465-1481. [PMID: 38262477 PMCID: PMC11062475 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases are a constant and serious threat to agriculture and ecological biodiversity. Plants possess a sophisticated innate immunity system capable of detecting and responding to pathogen infection to prevent disease. Our understanding of this system has grown enormously over the past century. Early genetic descriptions of plant disease resistance and pathogen virulence were embodied in the gene-for-gene hypothesis, while physiological studies identified pathogen-derived elicitors that could trigger defense responses in plant cells and tissues. Molecular studies of these phenomena have now coalesced into an integrated model of plant immunity involving cell surface and intracellular detection of specific pathogen-derived molecules and proteins culminating in the induction of various cellular responses. Extracellular and intracellular receptors engage distinct signaling processes but converge on many similar outputs with substantial evidence now for integration of these pathways into interdependent networks controlling disease outcomes. Many of the molecular details of pathogen recognition and signaling processes are now known, providing opportunities for bioengineering to enhance plant protection from disease. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the main principles of plant immunity, with an emphasis on the key scientific milestones leading to these insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Megan A Outram
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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7
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Galindo-Trigo S, Bågman AM, Ishida T, Sawa S, Brady SM, Butenko MA. Dissection of the IDA promoter identifies WRKY transcription factors as abscission regulators in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2417-2434. [PMID: 38294133 PMCID: PMC11016851 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Plants shed organs such as leaves, petals, or fruits through the process of abscission. Monitoring cues such as age, resource availability, and biotic and abiotic stresses allow plants to abscise organs in a timely manner. How these signals are integrated into the molecular pathways that drive abscission is largely unknown. The INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA) gene is one of the main drivers of floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis and is known to transcriptionally respond to most abscission-regulating cues. By interrogating the IDA promoter in silico and in vitro, we identified transcription factors that could potentially modulate IDA expression. We probed the importance of ERF- and WRKY-binding sites for IDA expression during floral organ abscission, with WRKYs being of special relevance to mediate IDA up-regulation in response to biotic stress in tissues destined for separation. We further characterized WRKY57 as a positive regulator of IDA and IDA-like gene expression in abscission zones. Our findings highlight the promise of promoter element-targeted approaches to modulate the responsiveness of the IDA signaling pathway to harness controlled abscission timing for improved crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Galindo-Trigo
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Maarit Bågman
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Takashi Ishida
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Siobhán M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Melinka A Butenko
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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8
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Nabi Z, Manzoor S, Nabi SU, Wani TA, Gulzar H, Farooq M, Arya VM, Baloch FS, Vlădulescu C, Popescu SM, Mansoor S. Pattern-Triggered Immunity and Effector-Triggered Immunity: crosstalk and cooperation of PRR and NLR-mediated plant defense pathways during host-pathogen interactions. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:587-604. [PMID: 38737322 PMCID: PMC11087456 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The elucidation of the molecular basis underlying plant-pathogen interactions is imperative for the development of sustainable resistance strategies against pathogens. Plants employ a dual-layered immunological detection and response system wherein cell surface-localized Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and intracellular Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptors (NLRs) play pivotal roles in initiating downstream signalling cascades in response to pathogen-derived chemicals. Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) is associated with PRRs and is activated by the recognition of conserved molecular structures, known as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns. When PTI proves ineffective due to pathogenic effectors, Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) frequently confers resistance. In ETI, host plants utilize NLRs to detect pathogen effectors directly or indirectly, prompting a rapid and more robust defense response. Additionally epigenetic mechanisms are participating in plant immune memory. Recently developed technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 helps in exposing novel prospects in plant pathogen interactions. In this review we explore the fascinating crosstalk and cooperation between PRRs and NLRs. We discuss epigenomic processes and CRISPR/Cas9 regulating immune response in plants and recent findings that shed light on the coordination of these defense layers. Furthermore, we also have discussed the intricate interactions between the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signalling pathways in plants, offering insights into potential synergistic interactions that would be harnessed for the development of novel and sustainable resistance strategies against diverse group of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarka Nabi
- Division of Plant Pathology, FOA-SKUAST-K, Wadura, 193201 India
| | - Subaya Manzoor
- Division of Plant Pathology, FOA-SKUAST-K, Wadura, 193201 India
| | - Sajad Un Nabi
- ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, 191132 India
| | | | - Humira Gulzar
- Division of Plant Pathology, FOA-SKUAST-K, Wadura, 193201 India
| | - Mehreena Farooq
- Division of Plant Pathology, FOH-SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar, 190025 India
| | - Vivak M. Arya
- Division of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu, India
| | - Faheem Shehzad Baloch
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, 33100 Yenişehir, Mersin Turkey
| | - Carmen Vlădulescu
- Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova, A. I. Cuza 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania
| | - Simona Mariana Popescu
- Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova, A. I. Cuza 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania
| | - Sheikh Mansoor
- Department of Plant Resources and Environment, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243 Republic of Korea
- Subtropical/Tropical Organism Gene Bank, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243 Republic of Korea
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9
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Cui B, Pan Q, Cui W, Wang Y, Loake VIP, Yuan S, Liu F, Loake GJ. S-nitrosylation of a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase regulates plant immunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk3126. [PMID: 38489361 PMCID: PMC10942119 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Perception of pathogen/microbial-associated molecular patterns (P/MAMPs) by plant cell surface receptors leads to a sustained burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a key feature of P/MAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Here we report that P/MAMP recognition leads to a rapid nitrosative burst, initiating the accumulation of nitric oxide (NO), subsequently leading to S-nitrosylation of the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK), botrytis-induced kinase 1 (BIK1), at Cys80. This redox-based, posttranslational modification, promotes the phosphorylation of BIK1, subsequently resulting in BIK1 activation and stabilization. Further, BIK1 S-nitrosylation increases its physical interaction with RBOHD, the source of the apoplastic oxidative burst, promoting ROS formation. Our data identify mechanistic links between rapid NO accumulation and the expression of PTI, providing insights into plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beimi Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Qiaona Pan
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Wenqiang Cui
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Verity I. P. Loake
- Faculty of Medicine, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shuguang Yuan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Gary J. Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
- Centre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
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10
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Zhao Q, Bao J, Li H, Hu W, Kong Y, Zhong Y, Fu Q, Xu G, Liu F, Jiao X, Jin J, Ming Z. Structural and biochemical basis of FLS2-mediated signal activation and transduction in rice. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100785. [PMID: 38158656 PMCID: PMC10943584 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The receptor-like kinase FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE 2 (FLS2) functions as a bacterial flagellin receptor localized on the cell membrane of plants. In Arabidopsis, the co-receptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (BAK1) cooperates with FLS2 to detect the flagellin epitope flg22, resulting in formation of a signaling complex that triggers plant defense responses. However, the co-receptor responsible for recognizing and signaling the flg22 epitope in rice remains to be determined, and the precise structural mechanism underlying FLS2-mediated signal activation and transduction has not been clarified. This study presents the structural characterization of a kinase-dead mutant of the intracellular kinase domain of OsFLS2 (OsFLS2-KDD1013A) in complex with ATP or ADP, resolved at resolutions of 1.98 Å and 2.09 Å, respectively. Structural analysis revealed that OsFLS2 can adopt an active conformation in the absence of phosphorylation, although it exhibits only weak basal catalytic activity for autophosphorylation. Subsequent investigations demonstrated that OsSERK2 effectively phosphorylates OsFLS2, which reciprocally phosphorylates OsSERK2, leading to complete activation of OsSERK2 and rapid phosphorylation of the downstream substrate receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases OsRLCK176 and OsRLCK185. Through mass spectrometry experiments, we successfully identified critical autophosphorylation sites on OsSERK2, as well as sites transphosphorylated by OsFLS2. Furthermore, we demonstrated the interaction between OsSERK2 and OsFLS2, which is enhanced in the presence of flg22. Genetic evidence suggests that OsRLCK176 and OsRLCK185 may function downstream of the OsFLS2-mediated signaling pathway. Our study reveals the molecular mechanism by which OsFLS2 mediates signal transduction pathways in rice and provides a valuable example for understanding RLK-mediated signaling pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Jinlin Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Huailong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Yanqiong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Guolyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Fenmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Xi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Jian Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China.
| | - Zhenhua Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China.
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11
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Fu Q, Liu Q, Zhang R, Chen J, Guo H, Ming Z, Yu F, Zheng H. Large-scale analysis of the N-terminal regulatory elements of the kinase domain in plant Receptor-like kinase family. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:174. [PMID: 38443815 PMCID: PMC10916322 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The N-terminal regulatory element (NRE) of Receptor-like kinases (RLKs), consisting of the juxtamembrane segment in receptor kinases (RKs) and the N-terminal extension segment in RLCKs, is a crucial component that regulates the activities of these proteins. However, the features and functions of the NRE have remained largely unexplored. Herein, we comprehensively analyze 510,233 NRE sequences in RLKs from 528 plant species, using information theory and data mining techniques to unravel their common characteristics and diversity. We also use recombinant RKs to investigate the function of the NRE in vitro. RESULTS Our findings indicate that the majority of NRE segments are around 40-80 amino acids in length and feature a serine-rich region and a 14-amino-acid consensus sequence, 'FSYEELEKAT[D/N]NF[S/D]', which contains a characteristic α-helix and ST motif that connects to the core kinase domain. This conserved signature sequence is capable of suppressing FERONIA's kinase activity. A motif discovery algorithm identifies 29 motifs with highly conserved phosphorylation sites in RK and RLCK classes, especially the motif 'VGPWKpTGLpSGQLQKAFVTGVP' in LRR-VI-2 class. Phosphorylation of an NRE motif in an LRR-VI-2 member, MDIS1, modulates the auto-phosphorylation of its co-receptor, MIK1, indicating the potential role of NRE as a 'kinase switch' in RLK activation. Furthermore, the characterization of phosphorylatable NRE motifs improves the accuracy of predicting phosphorylatable sites. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a comprehensive dataset to investigate NRE segments from individual RLKs and enhances our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of RLK signal transduction and kinase activation processes in plant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Fu
- Bioinformatics Center, Hunan University College of Biology, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Bioinformatics Center, Hunan University College of Biology, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Rensen Zhang
- Bioinformatics Center, Hunan University College of Biology, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Bioinformatics Center, Hunan University College of Biology, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Hengchang Guo
- Shenzhen H-Great Optoelectronic Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, 518110, China
| | - Zhenhua Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Bioinformatics Center, Hunan University College of Biology, Hunan, 410082, China.
| | - Heping Zheng
- Bioinformatics Center, Hunan University College of Biology, Hunan, 410082, China.
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12
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Abel NB, Nørgaard MMM, Hansen SB, Gysel K, Díez IA, Jensen ON, Stougaard J, Andersen KR. Phosphorylation of the alpha-I motif in SYMRK drives root nodule organogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2311522121. [PMID: 38363863 PMCID: PMC10895371 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311522121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis receptor-like kinase SYMRK is required for root nodule symbiosis between legume plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. To understand symbiotic signaling from SYMRK, we determined the crystal structure to 1.95 Å and mapped the phosphorylation sites onto the intracellular domain. We identified four serine residues in a conserved "alpha-I" motif, located on the border between the kinase core domain and the flexible C-terminal tail, that, when phosphorylated, drives organogenesis. Substituting the four serines with alanines abolished symbiotic signaling, while substituting them with phosphorylation-mimicking aspartates induced the formation of spontaneous nodules in the absence of bacteria. These findings show that the signaling pathway controlling root nodule organogenesis is mediated by SYMRK phosphorylation, which may help when engineering this trait into non-legume plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj B. Abel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C8000, Denmark
| | - Malita M. M. Nørgaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C8000, Denmark
| | - Simon B. Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C8000, Denmark
| | - Kira Gysel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C8000, Denmark
| | - Ignacio Arribas Díez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M5230, Denmark
| | - Ole N. Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M5230, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C8000, Denmark
| | - Kasper R. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C8000, Denmark
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13
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Kong L, Ma X, Zhang C, Kim SI, Li B, Xie Y, Yeo IC, Thapa H, Chen S, Devarenne TP, Munnik T, He P, Shan L. Dual phosphorylation of DGK5-mediated PA burst regulates ROS in plant immunity. Cell 2024; 187:609-623.e21. [PMID: 38244548 PMCID: PMC10872252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial cellular messengers mediating diverse signaling processes in metazoans and plants. How PA homeostasis is tightly regulated and intertwined with ROS signaling upon immune elicitation remains elusive. We report here that Arabidopsis diacylglycerol kinase 5 (DGK5) regulates plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-associated kinase BIK1 phosphorylates DGK5 at Ser-506, leading to a rapid PA burst and activation of plant immunity, whereas PRR-activated intracellular MPK4 phosphorylates DGK5 at Thr-446, which subsequently suppresses DGK5 activity and PA production, resulting in attenuated plant immunity. PA binds and stabilizes the NADPH oxidase RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D (RBOHD), regulating ROS production in plant PTI and ETI, and their potentiation. Our data indicate that distinct phosphorylation of DGK5 by PRR-activated BIK1 and MPK4 balances the homeostasis of cellular PA burst that regulates ROS generation in coordinating two branches of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kong
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiyu Ma
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sung-Il Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yingpeng Xie
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - In-Cheol Yeo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hem Thapa
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Timothy P Devarenne
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Teun Munnik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, the Netherlands
| | - Ping He
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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14
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Kumari S, Nazir F, Maheshwari C, Kaur H, Gupta R, Siddique KHM, Khan MIR. Plant hormones and secondary metabolites under environmental stresses: Enlightening defense molecules. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108238. [PMID: 38064902 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The climatic changes have great threats to sustainable agriculture and require efforts to ensure global food and nutritional security. In this regard, the plant strategic responses, including the induction of plant hormones/plant growth regulators (PGRs), play a substantial role in boosting plant immunity against environmental stress-induced adversities. In addition, secondary metabolites (SMs) have emerged as potential 'stress alleviators' that help plants to adapt against environmental stressors imposing detrimental impacts on plant health and survival. The introduction of SMs in plant biology has shed light on their beneficial effects in mitigating environmental crises. This review explores SMs-mediated plant defense responses and highlights the crosstalk between PGRs and SMs under diverse environmental stressors. In addition, genetic engineering approaches are discussed as a potential revenue to enhance plant hormone-mediated SM production in response to environmental cues. Thus, the present review aims to emphasize the significance of SMs implications with PGRs association and genetic approachability, which could aid in shaping the future strategies that favor agro-ecosystem compatibility under unpredictable environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Kumari
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Faroza Nazir
- Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Chirag Maheshwari
- Biochemistry Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Harmanjit Kaur
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, South Korea.
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15
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Man J, Harrington TA, Lally K, Bartlett ME. Asymmetric Evolution of Protein Domains in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor-Like Kinase Family of Plant Signaling Proteins. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad220. [PMID: 37787619 PMCID: PMC10588794 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The coding sequences of developmental genes are expected to be deeply conserved, with cis-regulatory change driving the modulation of gene function. In contrast, proteins with roles in defense are expected to evolve rapidly, in molecular arms races with pathogens. However, some gene families include both developmental and defense genes. In these families, does the tempo and mode of evolution differ between genes with divergent functions, despite shared ancestry and structure? The leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLKs) protein family includes members with roles in plant development and defense, thus providing an ideal system for answering this question. LRR-RLKs are receptors that traverse plasma membranes. LRR domains bind extracellular ligands; RLK domains initiate intracellular signaling cascades in response to ligand binding. In LRR-RLKs with roles in defense, LRR domains evolve faster than RLK domains. To determine whether this asymmetry extends to LRR-RLKs that function primarily in development, we assessed evolutionary rates and tested for selection acting on 11 subfamilies of LRR-RLKs, using deeply sampled protein trees. To assess functional evolution, we performed heterologous complementation assays in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). We found that the LRR domains of all tested LRR-RLK proteins evolved faster than their cognate RLK domains. All tested subfamilies of LRR-RLKs had strikingly similar patterns of molecular evolution, despite divergent functions. Heterologous transformation experiments revealed that multiple mechanisms likely contribute to the evolution of LRR-RLK function, including escape from adaptive conflict. Our results indicate specific and distinct evolutionary pressures acting on LRR versus RLK domains, despite diverse organismal roles for LRR-RLK proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett Man
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - T A Harrington
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Kyra Lally
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Madelaine E Bartlett
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
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16
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Blekemolen MC, Liu Z, Stegman M, Zipfel C, Shan L, Takken FLW. The PTI-suppressing Avr2 effector from Fusarium oxysporum suppresses mono-ubiquitination and plasma membrane dissociation of BIK1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1273-1286. [PMID: 37391937 PMCID: PMC10502843 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens use effector proteins to target host processes involved in pathogen perception, immune signalling, or defence outputs. Unlike foliar pathogens, it is poorly understood how root-invading pathogens suppress immunity. The Avr2 effector from the tomato root- and xylem-colonizing pathogen Fusarium oxysporum suppresses immune signalling induced by various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). It is unknown how Avr2 targets the immune system. Transgenic AVR2 Arabidopsis thaliana phenocopies mutants in which the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) co-receptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE (BAK1) or its downstream signalling kinase BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) are knocked out. We therefore tested whether these kinases are Avr2 targets. Flg22-induced complex formation of the PRR FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE 2 and BAK1 occurred in the presence and absence of Avr2, indicating that Avr2 does not affect BAK1 function or PRR complex formation. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that Avr2 and BIK1 co-localize in planta. Although Avr2 did not affect flg22-induced BIK1 phosphorylation, mono-ubiquitination was compromised. Furthermore, Avr2 affected BIK1 abundance and shifted its localization from nucleocytoplasmic to the cell periphery/plasma membrane. Together, these data imply that Avr2 may retain BIK1 at the plasma membrane, thereby suppressing its ability to activate immune signalling. Because mono-ubiquitination of BIK1 is required for its internalization, interference with this process by Avr2 could provide a mechanistic explanation for the compromised BIK1 mobility upon flg22 treatment. The identification of BIK1 as an effector target of a root-invading vascular pathogen identifies this kinase as a conserved signalling component for both root and shoot immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila C. Blekemolen
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Zunyong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Martin Stegman
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
Phytopathology, School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life ScienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
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17
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Tian S, Liu B, Shen Y, Cao S, Lai Y, Lu G, Wang Z, Wang A. Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of Tomatoes' Defense against Botrytis cinerea: Insights from Transcriptome Analysis of Micro-Tom and Regular Tomato Varieties. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2965. [PMID: 37631176 PMCID: PMC10459989 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a devastating fungal pathogen that causes severe economic losses in global tomato cultivation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving tomatoes' response to this pathogen is crucial for developing effective strategies to counter it. Although the Micro-Tom (MT) cultivar has been used as a model, its stage-specific response to B. cinerea remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the response of the MT and Ailsa Craig (AC) cultivars to B. cinerea at different time points (12-48 h post-infection (hpi)). Our results indicated that MT exhibited a stronger resistant phenotype at 18-24 hpi but became more susceptible to B. cinerea later (26-48 hpi) compared to AC. Transcriptome analysis revealed differential gene expression between MT at 24 hpi and AC at 22 hpi, with MT showing a greater number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Pathway and functional annotation analysis revealed significant differential gene expression in processes related to metabolism, biological regulation, detoxification, photosynthesis, and carbon metabolism, as well as some immune system-related genes. MT demonstrated an increased reliance on Ca2+ pathway-related proteins, such as CNGCs, CDPKs, and CaMCMLs, to resist B. cinerea invasion. B. cinerea infection induced the activation of PTI, ETI, and SA signaling pathways, involving the modulation of various genes such as FLS2, BAK1, CERK1, RPM, SGT1, and EDS1. Furthermore, transcription factors such as WRKY, MYB, NAC, and AUX/IAA families played crucial regulatory roles in tomatoes' defense against B. cinerea. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying tomatoes' defense against B. cinerea and offer potential strategies to enhance plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.T.); (Y.S.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (G.L.)
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bojing Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Yanan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.T.); (Y.S.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Shasha Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.T.); (Y.S.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Yinyan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.T.); (Y.S.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.T.); (Y.S.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (G.L.)
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.T.); (Y.S.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (G.L.)
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Airong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (S.T.); (Y.S.); (S.C.); (Y.L.); (G.L.)
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou 350003, China
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18
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Lewis DC, Stevens DM, Little H, Coaker GL, Bostock RM. Overlapping Local and Systemic Defense Induced by an Oomycete Fatty Acid MAMP and Brown Seaweed Extract in Tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:359-371. [PMID: 36802868 PMCID: PMC10754052 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-22-0192-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Eicosapolyenoic fatty acids are integral components of oomycete pathogens that can act as microbe-associated molecular patterns to induce disease resistance in plants. Defense-inducing eicosapolyenoic fatty acids include arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid and are strong elicitors in solanaceous plants, with bioactivity in other plant families. Similarly, extracts of a brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, used in sustainable agriculture as a biostimulant of plant growth, may also induce disease resistance. A. nodosum, similar to other macroalgae, is rich in eicosapolyenoic fatty acids, which comprise as much as 25% of total fatty acid composition. We investigated the response of roots and leaves from AA or a commercial A. nodosum extract (ANE) on root-treated tomatoes via RNA sequencing, phytohormone profiling, and disease assays. AA and ANE significantly altered transcriptional profiles relative to control plants, inducing numerous defense-related genes with both substantial overlap and differences in gene expression patterns. Root treatment with AA and, to a lesser extent, ANE also altered both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid levels while inducing local and systemic resistance to oomycete and bacterial pathogen challenge. Thus, our study highlights overlap in both local and systemic defense induced by AA and ANE, with potential for inducing broad-spectrum resistance against pathogens. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domonique C. Lewis
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Danielle M. Stevens
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Holly Little
- Acadian Plant Health, Acadian Seaplants Limited, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gitta L. Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Richard M. Bostock
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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Fang J, Chai Z, Huang R, Huang C, Ming Z, Chen B, Yao W, Zhang M. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase ScRIPK in sugarcane regulates disease resistance and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1191449. [PMID: 37304725 PMCID: PMC10248867 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1191449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Receptor-like cytoplastic kinases (RLCKs) are known in many plants to be involved in various processes of plant growth and development and regulate plant immunity to pathogen infection. Environmental stimuli such as pathogen infection and drought restrict the crop yield and interfere with plant growth. However, the function of RLCKs in sugarcane remains unclear. Methods and results In this study, a member of the RLCK VII subfamily, ScRIPK, was identified in sugarcane based on sequence similarity to the rice and Arabidopsis RLCKs. ScRIPK was localized to the plasma membrane, as predicted, and the expression of ScRIPK was responsive to polyethylene glycol treatment and Fusarium sacchari infection. Overexpression of ScRIPK in Arabidopsis enhanced drought tolerance and disease susceptibility of seedlings. Moreover, the crystal structure of the ScRIPK kinase domain (ScRIPK KD) and the mutant proteins (ScRIPK-KD K124R and ScRIPK-KD S253A|T254A) were characterized in order to determine the activation mechanism. We also identified ScRIN4 as the interacting protein of ScRIPK. Discussion Our work identified a RLCK in sugarcane, providing a potential target for sugarcane responses to disease infection and drought, and a structural basis for kinase activation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Fang
- College of Agricultural, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhe Chai
- College of Agricultural, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Run Huang
- College of Agricultural, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Cuilin Huang
- College of Agricultural, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenhua Ming
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Yao
- College of Agricultural, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Muqing Zhang
- College of Agricultural, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources and Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Wang J, Liu S, Ren P, Jia F, Kang F, Wang R, Xue R, Yan X, Huang L. A novel protein elicitor (PeSy1) from Saccharothrix yanglingensis induces plant resistance and interacts with a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:436-451. [PMID: 36872468 PMCID: PMC10098051 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported a rare actinomycete Saccharothrix yanglingensis Hhs.015 with strong biocontrol ability, which can colonize plant tissues and induce resistance, but the key elicitor and immune mechanisms were unclear. In this study, a novel protein elicitor screened from the genome of Hhs.015, PeSy1 (protein elicitor of S. yanglingensis 1), could induce a strong hypersensitive response (HR) and resistance in plants. The PeSy1 gene encodes an 11 kDa protein with 109 amino acids that is conserved in Saccharothrix species. PeSy1-His recombinant protein induced early defence events such as a cellular reactive oxygen species burst, callose deposition, and the activation of defence hormone signalling pathways, which enhanced Nicotiana benthamiana resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Phytophthora capsici, and Solanum lycopersicum resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Through pull-down and mass spectrometry, candidate proteins that interacted with PeSy1 were obtained from N. benthamiana. We confirmed the interaction between receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase RSy1 (Response to PeSy1) and PeSy1 using co-immunoprecipitation, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and microscale thermophoresis. PeSy1 treatment promoted up-regulation of marker genes in pattern-triggered immunity. The cell death it elicited was dependent on the co-receptors NbBAK1 and NbSOBIR1, suggesting that PeSy1 acts as a microbe-associated molecular pattern from Hhs.015. Additionally, RSy1 positively regulated PeSy1-induced plants resistant to S. sclerotiorum. In conclusion, our results demonstrated a novel receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase in the plant perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns, and the potential of PeSy1 in induced resistance provided a new strategy for biological control of actinomycetes in agricultural diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Wang
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Shang Liu
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Peng Ren
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Fengguo Jia
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Feng Kang
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Ruolin Wang
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Renzheng Xue
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xia Yan
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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21
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Jing Y, Zou X, Sun C, Qin X, Zheng X. Danger-associate peptide regulates root immunity in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 663:163-170. [PMID: 37121126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant elicitor peptides (Peps) are recognized by two receptor-like kinases, PEPR1 and PEPR2, and trigger plant immunity responses and root growth inhibition. In this study, we reveal that the Pep-PEPR system triggers root immunity responses in Arabidopsis. Pep1 incubation initiated callose and lignin deposition in roots of wild type but not in that of pepr1 pepr2 mutant seedlings. The plasma membrane-associated kinase BIK1, which serves downstream of the Pep-PEPR signaling pathway, was essential for Pep1-induced root immunity responses. Interestingly, disruption of PEPR1/2-associated coreceptor BAK1 enhanced the deposition of both callose and lignin induced by Pep1 in roots. Ethylene and salicylic acid signaling are involved in Pep1-induced root immunity responses. Furthermore, we showed that the successful phytopathogen, P. syringae (DC3000) could effectively suppress Pep1-trigged root callose and lignin accumulation. These results demonstrated the endogenous Pep-triggered root immunity responses and pathogenic suppression of the Pep-PEPR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Jing
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Xingyue Zou
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Chenjie Sun
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Xiaobo Qin
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Sciences, Chengdu, 610015, China; School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
| | - Xiaojiang Zheng
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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22
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Cao S, Wang Y, Gao Y, Xu R, Ma J, Xu Z, Shang-Guan K, Zhang B, Zhou Y. The RLCK-VND6 module coordinates secondary cell wall formation and adaptive growth in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023:S1674-2052(23)00104-1. [PMID: 37050877 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The orderly deposition of secondary cell wall (SCW) in plants is implicated in various biological programs and is precisely controlled. Although many positive and negative regulators of SCW have been documented, the molecular mechanisms underlying SCW formation coordinated with distinct cellular physiological processes during plant adaptive growth remain largely unclear. Here, we report the identification of Cellulose Synthase co-expressed Kinase1 (CSK1), which encodes a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, as a negative regulator of SCW formation and its signaling cascade in rice. Transcriptome deep sequencing of developing internodes and genome-wide co-expression assays revealed that CSK1 is co-expressed with cellulose synthase genes and is responsive to various stress stimuli. The increased SCW thickness and vigorous vessel transport in csk1 indicate that CSK1 functions as a negative regulator of SCW biosynthesis. Through observation of green fluorescent protein-tagged CSK1 in rice protoplasts and stable transgenic plants, we found that CSK1 is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm adjacent to the plasma membrane. Biochemical and molecular assays demonstrated that CSK1 phosphorylates VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN 6 (VND6), a master SCW-associated transcription factor, in the nucleus, which reduces the transcription of a suite of SCW-related genes, thereby attenuating SCW accumulation. Consistently, genetic analyses show that CSK1 functions upstream of VND6 in regulating SCW formation. Interestingly, our physiological analyses revealed that CSK1 and VND6 are involved in abscisic acid-mediated regulation of cell growth and SCW deposition. Taken together, these results indicate that the CSK1-VND6 module is an important component of the SCW biosynthesis machinery, which coordinates SCW accumulation and adaptive growth in rice. Our study not only identifies a new regulator of SCW biosynthesis but also reveals a fine-tuned mechanism for precise control of SCW deposition, offering tools for rationally tailoring agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zuopeng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Functional Genomics, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Keke Shang-Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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23
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Yayen J, Chan C, Sun CM, Chiang SF, Chiou TJ. Conservation of land plant-specific receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase subfamily XI possessing a unique kinase insert domain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1117059. [PMID: 36909417 PMCID: PMC9992409 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1117059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The number of genes encoding receptor-like kinases (RLKs) has expanded in the plant lineage. Their expansion has resulted in the emergence of diverse domain architectures that function in signaling cascades related to growth, development, and stress response. In this study, we focused on receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase subfamily XI (RLCK XI) in plants. We discovered an exceptionally long kinase insert domain (KID), averaging 280 amino acids, between subdomains VII and VIII of the conserved protein kinase domain. Using sequence homology search, we identified members of RLCK XI with the unique KID architecture in terrestrial plants, up to a single copy in several hornwort and liverwort species. The KID shows a high propensity for being disordered, resembling the activation segment in the model kinase domain. Several conserved sequence motifs were annotated along the length of the KID. Of note, the KID harbors repetitive nuclear localization signals capable of mediating RLCK XI translocation from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. The possible physiological implication of dual localization of RLCK XI members is discussed. The presence of a KID in RLCK XI represents a unique domain architecture among RLKs specific to land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yayen
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching Chan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mei Sun
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Fen Chiang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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24
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Tun W, Yoon J, Vo KTX, Cho LH, Hoang TV, Peng X, Kim EJ, Win KTYS, Lee SW, Jung KH, Jeon JS, An G. Sucrose preferentially promotes expression of OsWRKY7 and OsPR10a to enhance defense response to blast fungus in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1117023. [PMID: 36778713 PMCID: PMC9911862 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1117023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose controls various developmental and metabolic processes in plants. It also functions as a signaling molecule in the synthesis of carbohydrates, storage proteins, and anthocyanins, as well as in floral induction and defense response. We found that sucrose preferentially induced OsWRKY7, whereas other sugars (such as mannitol, glucose, fructose, galactose, and maltose) did not have the same effect. A hexokinase inhibitor mannoheptulose did not block the effect of sucrose, which is consequently thought to function directly. MG132 inhibited sucrose induction, suggesting that a repressor upstream of OsWRKY7 is degraded by the 26S proteasome pathway. The 3-kb promoter sequence of OsWRKY7 was preferentially induced by sucrose in the luciferase system. Knockout mutants of OsWRKY7 were more sensitive to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, whereas the overexpression of OsWRKY7 enhanced the resistance, indicating that this gene is a positive regulator in the plant defense against this pathogen. The luciferase activity driven by the OsPR10a promoter was induced by OsWRKY7 and this transcription factor bound to the promoter region of OsPR10a, suggesting that OsWRKY7 directly controls the expression of OsPR10a. We conclude that sucrose promotes the transcript level of OsWRKY7, thereby increasing the expression of OsPR10a for the defense response in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Tun
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmi Yoon
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kieu Thi Xuan Vo
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Lae-Hyeon Cho
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Trung Viet Hoang
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Peng
- Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eui-Jung Kim
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Kay Tha Ye Soe Win
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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25
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Li Q, Shen H, Yuan S, Dai X, Yang C. miRNAs and lncRNAs in tomato: Roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1094459. [PMID: 36714724 PMCID: PMC9875070 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1094459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to various biotic and abiotic stresses in the natural environment. To cope with these stresses, they have evolved a multitude of defenses mechanisms. With the rapid development of genome sequencing technologies, a large number of non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) have been identified in tomato, like microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Recently, more and more evidence indicates that many ncRNAs are involved in plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses in tomato. In this review, we summarize recent updates on the regulatory roles of ncRNAs in tomato abiotic/biotic responses, including abiotic (high temperature, drought, cold, salinization, etc.) and biotic (bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects, etc.) stresses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms mediated by ncRNAs in response to these stresses will help us to clarify the future directions for ncRNA research and resistance breeding in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shoujuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xigang Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Jianghan University/Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, Wuhan, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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26
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Sobol G, Martin GB, Sessa G. Tomato receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase Fir1 interacts with a negative regulator of jasmonic acid signaling. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000736. [PMID: 36919057 PMCID: PMC10008303 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells detect potential pathogens through plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). PRR-mediated MAMP perception is linked to PTI signaling by receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs). In tomato, Flagellin-sensing 2 (Fls2)/Fls3 interacting RLCK 1 (Fir1) is involved in PTI triggered by flagellin perception. Fir1 is necessary for regulation of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling and is involved in pre-invasion immunity. We show that Fir1 physically interacts with JASMONATE-ZIM-DOMAIN PROTEIN 3 (JAZ3), a negative regulator of JA signaling. This finding suggests that Fir1 modulates JA signaling by regulating JAZ3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Sobol
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gregory B Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca NY, USA.,Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
| | - Guido Sessa
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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27
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Son S, Park SR. Climate change impedes plant immunity mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1032820. [PMID: 36523631 PMCID: PMC9745204 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1032820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Rapid climate change caused by human activity is threatening global crop production and food security worldwide. In particular, the emergence of new infectious plant pathogens and the geographical expansion of plant disease incidence result in serious yield losses of major crops annually. Since climate change has accelerated recently and is expected to worsen in the future, we have reached an inflection point where comprehensive preparations to cope with the upcoming crisis can no longer be delayed. Development of new plant breeding technologies including site-directed nucleases offers the opportunity to mitigate the effects of the changing climate. Therefore, understanding the effects of climate change on plant innate immunity and identification of elite genes conferring disease resistance are crucial for the engineering of new crop cultivars and plant improvement strategies. Here, we summarize and discuss the effects of major environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration on plant immunity systems. This review provides a strategy for securing crop-based nutrition against severe pathogen attacks in the era of climate change.
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28
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Liao CJ, Hailemariam S, Sharon A, Mengiste T. Pathogenic strategies and immune mechanisms to necrotrophs: Differences and similarities to biotrophs and hemibiotrophs. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102291. [PMID: 36063637 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis in plant diseases is complex comprising diverse pathogen virulence and plant immune mechanisms. These pathogens cause damaging plant diseases by deploying specialized and generic virulence strategies that are countered by intricate resistance mechanisms. The significant challenges that necrotrophs pose to crop production are predicted to increase with climate change. Immunity to biotrophs and hemibiotrophs is dominated by intracellular receptors that recognize specific effectors and activate resistance. These mechanisms play only minor roles in resistance to necrotrophs. Pathogen- or host-derived conserved pattern molecules trigger immune responses that broadly contribute to plant immunity. However, certain pathogen or host-derived immune elicitors are enriched by the virulence activities of necrotrophs. Different plant hormones modulate systemic resistance and cell death that have differential impacts on resistance to pathogens of different lifestyles. Knowledge of mechanisms that contribute to resistance to necrotrophs has expanded. Besides toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes that dominate the pathogenesis of necrotrophs, other effectors with subtle contributions are being identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jan Liao
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sara Hailemariam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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29
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Medina-Puche L, Lozano-Durán R. Plasma membrane-to-organelle communication in plant stress signaling. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102269. [PMID: 35939892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular compartments engage in extensive communication with one another, an essential ability for cells to respond and adapt to changing environmental and developmental conditions. The plasma membrane (PM), as the interface between the cellular and the outside media, plays a central role in the perception and relay of information about external stimuli, which needs to be ultimately addressed to the relevant subcellular organelles. Interest in PM-organelle communication has increased dramatically in recent years, as examples arise that illustrate different strategies through which information from the PM can be transmitted. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms enabling PM-to-organelle communication in plants, specifically in biotic and abiotic stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Medina-Puche
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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30
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Ma M, Wang W, Fei Y, Cheng HY, Song B, Zhou Z, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Li L, Chen S, Wang J, Liang X, Zhou JM. A surface-receptor-coupled G protein regulates plant immunity through nuclear protein kinases. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1602-1614.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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31
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Chen S, Xu K, Kong D, Wu L, Chen Q, Ma X, Ma S, Li T, Xie Q, Liu H, Luo L. Ubiquitin ligase OsRINGzf1 regulates drought resistance by controlling the turnover of OsPIP2;1. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1743-1755. [PMID: 35587579 PMCID: PMC9398399 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Water is crucial for plant growth and survival. The transcellular water movement is facilitated by aquaporins (AQPs) that rapidly and reversibly modify water permeability. The abundance of AQPs is regulated by its synthesis, redistribution and degradation. However, the molecular mechanism of proteasomal degradation of AQPs remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a novel E3 ligase, OsRINGzf1, mediated the degradation of AQPs in rice. OsRINGzf1 is the candidate gene from a drought-related quantitative trait locus (QTL) on the long arm of chromosome 4 in rice (Oryza sativa) and encodes a Really Interesting New Gene (RING) zinc finger protein 1. OsRINGzf1 possesses the E3 ligase activity, ubiquitinates and mediates OsPIP2;1 degradation, thus reducing its protein abundance. The content of OsPIP2;1 protein was decreased in OsRINGzf1 overexpression (OE) plants. The degradation of OsPIP2;1 was inhibited by MG132. The OsRINGzf1 OE plants, with higher leaf-related water content (LRWC) and lower leaf water loss rate (LWLR), exhibited enhanced drought resistance, whereas the RNAi and knockout plants of OsRINGzf1 were more sensitive to drought. Together, our data demonstrate that OsRINGzf1 positively regulates drought resistance through promoting the degradation of OsPIP2;1 to enhance water retention capacity in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujun Chen
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Kai Xu
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Deyan Kong
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Lunying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaosong Ma
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Siqi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Tianfei Li
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed DesignChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Lijun Luo
- College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene CenterShanghaiChina
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Zhou R, Dong Y, Liu X, Feng S, Wang C, Ma X, Liu J, Liang Q, Bao Y, Xu S, Lang X, Gai S, Yang KQ, Fang H. JrWRKY21 interacts with JrPTI5L to activate the expression of JrPR5L for resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in walnut. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:1152-1166. [PMID: 35765867 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Walnut (Juglans regia L.) anthracnose, induced by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is a catastrophic disease impacting the walnut industry in China. Although WRKY transcription factors play a key role in plant immunity, the function of the WRKY gene family in walnut resistance to C. gloeosporioides is not clear. Here, through transcriptome sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), we identified a differentially expressed gene, JrWRKY21, that was significantly upregulated upon C. gloeosporioides infection in walnut. JrWRKY21 positively regulated walnut resistance to C. gloeosporioides, as demonstrated by virus-induced gene silencing and transient gene overexpression. Additionally, JrWRKY21 directly interacted with the transcriptional activator of the pathogenesis-related (PR) gene JrPTI5L in vitro and in vivo, and could bind to the W-box in the JrPTI5L promoter for transcriptional activation. Moreover, JrPTI5L could induce the expression of the PR gene JrPR5L through binding to the GCCGAC motif in the promoter. Our data support that JrWRKY21 can indirectly activate the expression of the JrPR5L gene via the WRKY21-PTI5L protein complex to promote resistance against C. gloeosporioides in walnut. The results will enhance our understanding of the mechanism behind walnut disease resistance and facilitate the genetic improvement of walnut by molecular breeding for anthracnose-resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuhui Dong
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in the Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Taishan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shan Feng
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Changxi Wang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinmei Ma
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianning Liu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiang Liang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in the Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Taishan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Bao
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shengyi Xu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinya Lang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shasha Gai
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ke Qiang Yang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in the Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Taishan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongcheng Fang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in the Downstream Areas of the Yellow River, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Taishan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
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Li M, Zhao S, Yang J, Ren Y, Su J, Zhao J, Ren X, Wang C, Chen S, Yu X, Chen F, Wang X. Exogenous expression of barley HvWRKY6 in wheat improves broad-spectrum resistance to leaf rust, Fusarium crown rot, and sharp eyespot. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:1002-1012. [PMID: 35872316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a broad-spectrum plant defense phenomena controlled by the salicylic acid receptor NPR1. Key regulators of the SAR signaling pathway showed great potentials to improve crop resistance to various diseases. In our previous investigation, a barley transcription factor gene HvWRKY6 was identified as downstream of NPR1 during SAR. However, the broad-spectrum resistance features and molecular mechanisms of HvWRKY6 remain to be explored. In this study, a transgenic wheat line exogenously expressing HvWRKY6 showed improved resistance to leaf rust, Fusarium crown rot (FCR), and sharp eyespot. The model pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 was employed to induce the SAR response in wheat plants' leaf region adjacent to the infiltration area. Transcriptome sequencing revealed activation of broad-spectrum defense responses by expressing HvWRKY6 in a pathogen-independent manner. Based on the differentially expressed genes in plant hormone signal transduction, we speculated that the enhanced resistance in HvWRKY6-OE wheat transgenic line was associated with activation of the salicylic acid pathway and suppression of the abscisic acid and jasmonic acid pathways. These findings suggest that the transgenic line HvWRKY6-OE might be applied for the genetic improvement of wheat to several fungal diseases; the underlying resistance mechanism was clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Shuqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Junyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Yan Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jun Su
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Jiaojie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Chuyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, PR China
| | - Shisheng Chen
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, PR China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, PR China.
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Wang N, Tang C, Fan X, He M, Gan P, Zhang S, Hu Z, Wang X, Yan T, Shu W, Yu L, Zhao J, He J, Li L, Wang J, Huang X, Huang L, Zhou JM, Kang Z, Wang X. Inactivation of a wheat protein kinase gene confers broad-spectrum resistance to rust fungi. Cell 2022; 185:2961-2974.e19. [PMID: 35839760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Wheat crops are frequently devastated by pandemic stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Here, we identify and characterize a wheat receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase gene, TaPsIPK1, that confers susceptibility to this pathogen. PsSpg1, a secreted fungal effector vital for Pst virulence, can bind TaPsIPK1, enhance its kinase activity, and promote its nuclear localization, where it phosphorylates the transcription factor TaCBF1d for gene regulation. The phosphorylation of TaCBF1d switches its transcriptional activity on the downstream genes. CRISPR-Cas9 inactivation of TaPsIPK1 in wheat confers broad-spectrum resistance against Pst without impacting important agronomic traits in two years of field tests. The disruption of TaPsIPK1 leads to immune priming without constitutive activation of defense responses. Taken together, TaPsIPK1 is a susceptibility gene known to be targeted by rust effectors, and it has great potential for developing durable resistance against rust by genetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chunlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mengying He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pengfei Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zeyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weixue Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ligang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jinren Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiani He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xueling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Li Y, Xue J, Wang FZ, Huang X, Gong BQ, Tao Y, Shen W, Tao K, Yao N, Xiao S, Zhou JM, Li JF. Plasma membrane-nucleo-cytoplasmic coordination of a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase promotes EDS1-dependent plant immunity. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:802-816. [PMID: 35851623 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants use cell-surface immune receptors to recognize pathogen-specific patterns to evoke basal immunity. ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY (EDS1) is known to be crucial for plant basal immunity, whereas its activation mechanism by pattern recognition remains enigmatic. Here, we show that the fungal pattern chitin induced the plasma membrane-anchored receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBS1-LIKE 19 (PBL19) to undergo nuclear translocation in Arabidopsis. The palmitoylation-deficient PBL19C3A variant constantly resided in the nucleus, triggering transcriptional self-amplification mainly through WRKY8 and EDS1-dependent constitutive immunity. Unexpectedly, the metacaspase-cleaved PBL19 lacking the N-terminal nuclear localization sequence specifically interacted with and phosphorylated EDS1 in the cytoplasm. Phosphodeficient EDS1 attenuated PBL19C3A-induced constitutive immunity, while phosphomimetic EDS1 complemented the loss of PBL19 for fungal resistance. Collectively, these findings reveal a compelling model wherein the plasma membrane, nuclear and cytoplasmic pools of PBL19 temporally coordinate distinct roles of immune signal receiver, amplifier and effector to boost plant antifungal immunity via EDS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ben-Qiang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuheng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kehan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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36
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Activation and turnover of the plant immune signaling kinase BIK1: a fine balance. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:207-218. [PMID: 35575190 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms to sense and respond to pathogens have evolved in all species. The plant immune pathway is initiated by the activation of transmembrane receptor kinases that trigger phosphorylation relays resulting in cellular reprogramming. BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) is a direct substrate of multiple immune receptors in Arabidopsis thaliana and is a central regulator of plant immunity. Here, we review how BIK1 activity and protein stability are regulated by a dynamic interplay between phosphorylation and ubiquitination.
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37
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Ngou BPM, Ding P, Jones JDG. Thirty years of resistance: Zig-zag through the plant immune system. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1447-1478. [PMID: 35167697 PMCID: PMC9048904 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate immune detection-and-response system. The first plant Resistance (R) gene was cloned in 1992 . Since then, many cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been identified, and R genes that encode intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) have been cloned. Here, we provide a list of characterized PRRs and NLRs. In addition to immune receptors, many components of immune signaling networks were discovered over the last 30 years. We review the signaling pathways, physiological responses, and molecular regulation of both PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Recent studies have reinforced the importance of interactions between the two immune systems. We provide an overview of interactions between PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity, highlighting challenges and perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pok Man Ngou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Wang Y, Wu Y, Zhong H, Chen S, Wong KB, Xia Y. Arabidopsis PUB2 and PUB4 connect signaling components of pattern-triggered immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2249-2265. [PMID: 34918346 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Precise regulation of information from PRRs to downstream signaling components is vital to mounting an appropriate immune response and requires dynamic interactions of these PTI components. We used transcriptome profiling, phenotypic analysis, molecular genetics, and protein-protein interaction analysis to understand the roles of the Arabidopsis plant U-box (PUB) proteins PUB2 and PUB4 in disease resistance and PTI signaling. Loss of function of both PUB2 and PUB4 diminishes the PAMP-triggered oxidative bursts and dampens mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, resulting in a severe compromise in resistance to not only pathogenic but also nonpathogenic strains of Pseudomonas syringae. Within PUB4, the E3 ligase activity is dispensable, but the armadillo repeat region is essential and sufficient for its function in immunity. PUB2 and PUB4 interact with PTI signaling components, including FLS2, BIK1, PBL27, and RbohD, and enhance FLS2-BIK1 and BIK1-RbohD interactions. Our study reveals that PUB2 and PUB4 are critical components of plant immunity and connect PTI components to positively regulate defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shen Zhen, 518057, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yiji Xia
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological and Environmental Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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Wang J, Wang J, Li J, Shang H, Chen X, Hu X. The RLK protein TaCRK10 activates wheat high-temperature seedling-plant resistance to stripe rust through interacting with TaH2A.1. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1241-1255. [PMID: 34583419 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants sense various pathogens and activate immunity responses through receptor-like kinases (RLKs). Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) are involved in massive transduction pathways upon perception of a pathogen. However, the roles of CRKs in response to stripe rust are unclear. In the present study, we identified a CRK gene (designated TaCRK10) from wheat variety Xiaoyan 6 (XY6) that harbors high-temperature seedling-plant (HTSP) resistance to stripe rust caused by fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). The expression level of TaCRK10 was induced by Pst inoculation and high temperature treatment. Knockdown of TaCRK10 by virus-induced gene silencing resulted in attenuated wheat HTSP resistance to Pst, whereas there is no effect on Pst development and host responses under normal temperatures. Notably, overexpression of TaCRK10 in susceptible variety Fielder provided resistance only under normal temperatures at 14 days with reactive oxygen species accumulation and defense-related gene expression of the salicylic acid pathway. Moreover, TaCRK10 physically interacted with and phosphorylated a histone variant TaH2A.1, which belongs to the H2A.W group. Silencing of TaH2A.1 suppressed wheat resistance to Pst, indicating that TaH2A.1 plays a positive role in wheat resistance to Pst. Thus, TaCRK10 serves as an important sensor of Pst infection and high temperatures, and it activates wheat resistance to Pst through regulating nuclear processes. This knowledge helps elucidate the molecular mechanism of wheat HTSP resistance to Pst and promotes efforts in developing wheat varieties with resistance to stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hongsheng Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xianming Chen
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture and Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6430, USA
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Kong L, Rodrigues B, Kim JH, He P, Shan L. More than an on-and-off switch: Post-translational modifications of plant pattern recognition receptor complexes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102051. [PMID: 34022608 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by cell surface-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) constitutes a core process in launching a successful immune response. Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in delineating the mechanisms of PRR-mediated plant immunity. As the frontline of defense, the homeostasis, activities, and subcellular dynamics of PRR and associated regulators are subjected to tight regulations. The layered protein post-translational modifications, particularly the intertwined phosphorylation and ubiquitylation of PRR complexes, play a central role in regulating PRR signaling outputs and plant immune responses. This review provides an update about the PRR complex regulation by various post-translational modifications and discusses how protein phosphorylation and ubiquitylation act in concert to ensure a rapid, proper, and robust immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Barbara Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jun Hyeok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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41
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Activation loop phosphorylaton of a non-RD receptor kinase initiates plant innate immune signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108242118. [PMID: 34531323 PMCID: PMC8463890 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108242118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor kinases (RKs) are fundamental for extracellular sensing and regulate development and stress responses across kingdoms. In plants, leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) are primarily peptide receptors that regulate responses to myriad internal and external stimuli. Phosphorylation of LRR-RK cytoplasmic domains is among the earliest responses following ligand perception, and reciprocal transphosphorylation between a receptor and its coreceptor is thought to activate the receptor complex. Originally proposed based on characterization of the brassinosteroid receptor, the prevalence of complex activation via reciprocal transphosphorylation across the plant RK family has not been tested. Using the LRR-RK ELONGATION FACTOR TU RECEPTOR (EFR) as a model, we set out to understand the steps critical for activating RK complexes. While the EFR cytoplasmic domain is an active protein kinase in vitro and is phosphorylated in a ligand-dependent manner in vivo, catalytically deficient EFR variants are functional in antibacterial immunity. These results reveal a noncatalytic role for EFR in triggering immune signaling and indicate that reciprocal transphoshorylation is not a ubiquitous requirement for LRR-RK complex activation. Rather, our analysis of EFR along with a detailed survey of the literature suggests a distinction between LRR-RKs with RD- versus non-RD protein kinase domains. Based on newly identified phosphorylation sites that regulate the activation state of the EFR complex in vivo, we propose that LRR-RK complexes containing a non-RD protein kinase may be regulated by phosphorylation-dependent conformational changes of the ligand-binding receptor, which could initiate signaling either allosterically or through driving the dissociation of negative regulators of the complex.
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42
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DeFalco TA, Zipfel C. Molecular mechanisms of early plant pattern-triggered immune signaling. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3449-3467. [PMID: 34403694 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
All eukaryotic organisms have evolved sophisticated immune systems to appropriately respond to biotic stresses. In plants and animals, a key part of this immune system is pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Plant PRRs are cell-surface-localized receptor kinases (RKs) or receptor proteins (RPs) that sense microbe- or self-derived molecular patterns to regulate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), a robust form of antimicrobial immunity. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding how PRRs perceive their ligands, form active protein complexes, initiate cell signaling, and ultimately coordinate the cellular reprogramming that leads to PTI. Here, we discuss the critical roles of PRR complex formation and phosphorylation in activating PTI signaling, as well as the emerging paradigm in which receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) act as executors of signaling downstream of PRR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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43
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Dongus JA, Parker JE. EDS1 signalling: At the nexus of intracellular and surface receptor immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102039. [PMID: 33930849 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The conserved lipase-like protein EDS1 transduces signals from pathogen-activated intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors to transcriptional defences and host cell death. In this pivotal NLR signalling role, EDS1 works as a heterodimer with each of its partners, SAG101 and PAD4. Different properties of EDS1-SAG101 and EDS1-PAD4 complexes and functional relationships to sensor and helper NLRs have emerged. EDS1-SAG101 dimers confer effector-triggered immunity mediated by intracellular TNL receptors. In contrast, EDS1-PAD4 dimers have a broader role promoting basal immune responses that can be initiated inside cells by TNL- or CNL-type NLRs, and at the cell surface by LRR-receptor proteins. Characterizing the essential elements of these two EDS1 modules will help to connect intracellular and surface receptor signalling networks in the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joram A Dongus
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany.
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44
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Yuan M, Ngou BPM, Ding P, Xin XF. PTI-ETI crosstalk: an integrative view of plant immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 62:102030. [PMID: 33684883 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants resist attacks by pathogens via innate immune responses, which are initiated by cell surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs) leading to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), respectively. Although the two classes of immune receptors involve different activation mechanisms and appear to require different early signalling components, PTI and ETI eventually converge into many similar downstream responses, albeit with distinct amplitudes and dynamics. Increasing evidence suggests the existence of intricate interactions between PRR-mediated and NLR-mediated signalling cascades as well as common signalling components shared by both. Future investigation of the mechanisms underlying signal collaboration between PRR-initiated and NLR-initiated immunity will enable a more complete understanding of the plant immune system. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between the two layers of plant innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhang Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bruno Pok Man Ngou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands.
| | - Xiu-Fang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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45
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Trujillo M. Ubiquitin signalling: controlling the message of surface immune receptors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:47-53. [PMID: 33792068 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microbial attack is first detected by immune receptors located at the plasma membrane. Their activation triggers a plethora of signalling cascades that culminate in the immune response. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like protein modifiers play key roles in controlling signalling amplitude and intensity, as well as in buffering proteome imbalances caused by pathogen attack. Here I highlight some of the important advances in the field, which are starting to reveal an intertwined and complex signalling circuitry, which regulates cellular dynamics and protein degradation to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Trujillo
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
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46
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Bredow M, Bender KW, Johnson Dingee A, Holmes DR, Thomson A, Ciren D, Tanney CAS, Dunning KE, Trujillo M, Huber SC, Monaghan J. Phosphorylation-dependent subfunctionalization of the calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK28. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024272118. [PMID: 33941701 PMCID: PMC8126791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024272118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs or CPKs) are a unique family of Ca2+ sensor/kinase-effector proteins with diverse functions in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, CPK28 contributes to immune homeostasis by promoting degradation of the key immune signaling receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) and additionally functions in vegetative-to-reproductive stage transition. How CPK28 controls these seemingly disparate pathways is unknown. Here, we identify a single phosphorylation site in the kinase domain of CPK28 (Ser318) that is differentially required for its function in immune homeostasis and stem elongation. We show that CPK28 undergoes intermolecular autophosphorylation on Ser318 and can additionally be transphosphorylated on this residue by BIK1. Analysis of several other phosphorylation sites demonstrates that Ser318 phosphorylation is uniquely required to prime CPK28 for Ca2+ activation at physiological concentrations of Ca2+, possibly through stabilization of the Ca2+-bound active state as indicated by intrinsic fluorescence experiments. Together, our data indicate that phosphorylation of Ser318 is required for the activation of CPK28 at low intracellular [Ca2+] to prevent initiation of an immune response in the absence of infection. By comparison, phosphorylation of Ser318 is not required for stem elongation, indicating pathway-specific requirements for phosphorylation-based Ca2+-sensitivity priming. We additionally provide evidence for a conserved function for Ser318 phosphorylation in related group IV CDPKs, which holds promise for biotechnological applications by generating CDPK alleles that enhance resistance to microbial pathogens without consequences to yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bredow
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kyle W Bender
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | | | - Danalyn R Holmes
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Alysha Thomson
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Danielle Ciren
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Cailun A S Tanney
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Katherine E Dunning
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Steven C Huber
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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47
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Liu H, Liu B, Lou S, Bi H, Tang H, Tong S, Song Y, Chen N, Zhang H, Jiang Y, Liu J. CHYR1 ubiquitinates the phosphorylated WRKY70 for degradation to balance immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1095-1109. [PMID: 33492673 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
It is critically important for plants to control the trade-off between normal growth and pathogen immunity. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. Here we report such a mechanism controlled by WRKY70 and its partner CHYR1 in Arabidopsis. We found that both levels of the WRKY70 target gene SARD1 and the phosphorylated forms of WRKY70 were increased in WRKY70OE plants upon Pst DC3000 infection. Mechanistically, phosphorylation of WRKY70 at Thr22 and Ser34 occurs, which then activates SARD1 expression through binding to a WT box. Phosphorylated WRKY70 is degraded by 26S proteasome via CHYR1 when resuming normal growth after infection. In addition, nonphosphorylated WRKY70 represses SARD1 expression by binding to both W (inhibitory activity site) and WT (active activity site) boxes. The binding of WRKY70 to alternative cis-elements of SARD1 through a phosphorylation-mediated switch controlled by CHYR1 contributes to modulating the balance between immunity and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment, College of Life Science & State Key, Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment, College of Life Science & State Key, Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shangling Lou
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment, College of Life Science & State Key, Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hao Bi
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment, College of Life Science & State Key, Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hu Tang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment, College of Life Science & State Key, Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shaofei Tong
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment, College of Life Science & State Key, Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yan Song
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment, College of Life Science & State Key, Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Ningning Chen
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment, College of Life Science & State Key, Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment, College of Life Science & State Key, Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yuanzhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment, College of Life Science & State Key, Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment, College of Life Science & State Key, Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, Institute of Innovation Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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48
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Grubb LE, Derbyshire P, Dunning KE, Zipfel C, Menke FLH, Monaghan J. Large-scale identification of ubiquitination sites on membrane-associated proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1483-1488. [PMID: 33585938 PMCID: PMC8133621 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the identification of ubiquitination sites on proteins found at the cell periphery, including over 100 protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Grubb
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Present address: John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Jacqueline Monaghan
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Author for communication: (J.M.)
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49
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Kanofsky K, Rusche J, Eilert L, Machens F, Hehl R. Unusual DNA-binding properties of the Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY50 transcription factor at target gene promoters. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:69-83. [PMID: 33006643 PMCID: PMC7811519 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
WRKY50 from A. thaliana requires WT-boxes at target gene promoters for activation and binding. Based on the genome-wide prediction of WRKY50 target genes and the similarity of a WRKY50 binding site to WT-boxes in microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-responsive cis-regulatory modules (CRM), four WT-box containing CRMs from the promoter region of three WRKY50 target genes were investigated for their interaction with WRKY50. These target genes are DJ1E, WRKY30 and ATBBE4. Two of the four CRMs, one from DJ1E and one from WRKY30, were able to activate reporter gene expression in the presence of WRKY50. Activation requires the WT-boxes GGACTTTT, GGACTTTG from DJ1E and GGACTTTC from WRKY30. WRKY50 does not activate a second CRM from WRKY30 and the CRM from ATBBE4, both containing the WT-box TGACTTTT. In vitro gel-shift assays demonstrate WT-box-specific binding of the WRKY50 DNA-binding domain to all four CRMs. This work shows a high flexibility of WRKY50 binding site recognition beyond the classic W-box TTGACC/T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Kanofsky
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jendrik Rusche
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lea Eilert
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Fabian Machens
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam Science Park, Am Mühlenberg 1, Golm, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hehl
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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50
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Li P, Liu J. Protein Phosphorylation in Plant Cell Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2358:45-71. [PMID: 34270045 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1625-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their sessile nature, plants have evolved sophisticated sensory mechanisms to respond quickly and precisely to the changing environment. The extracellular stimuli are perceived and integrated by diverse receptors, such as receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs), and then transmitted to the nucleus by complex cellular signaling networks, which play vital roles in biological processes including plant growth, development, reproduction, and stress responses. The posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are important regulators for the diversification of protein functions in plant cell signaling. Protein phosphorylation is an important and well-characterized form of the PTMs, which influences the functions of many receptors and key components in cellular signaling. Protein phosphorylation in plants predominantly occurs on serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues, which is dynamically and reversibly catalyzed by protein kinases and protein phosphatases, respectively. In this review, we focus on the function of protein phosphorylation in plant cell signaling, especially plant hormone signaling, and highlight the roles of protein phosphorylation in plant abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Junzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
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