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Liu W, Wang Y, Ji T, Wang C, Shi Q, Li C, Wei JW, Gong B. High-nitrogen-induced γ-aminobutyric acid triggers host immunity and pathogen oxidative stress tolerance in tomato and Ralstonia solanacearum interaction. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39253785 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Soil nitrogen (N) significantly influences the interaction between plants and pathogens, yet its impact on host defenses and pathogen strategies via alterations in plant metabolism remains unclear. Through metabolic and genetic studies, this research demonstrates that high-N-input exacerbates tomato bacterial wilt by altering γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism of host plants. Under high-N conditions, the nitrate sensor NIN-like protein 7 (SlNLP7) promotes the glutamate decarboxylase 2/4 (SlGAD2/4) transcription and GABA synthesis by directly binding to the promoters of SlGAD2/4. The tomato plants with enhanced GABA levels showed stronger immune responses but remained susceptible to Ralstonia solanacearum. This led to the discovery that GABA produced by the host actually heightens the pathogen's virulence. We identified the R. solanacearum LysR-type transcriptional regulator OxyR protein, which senses host-derived GABA and, upon interaction, triggers a response involving protein dimerization that enhances the pathogen's oxidative stress tolerance by activating the expression of catalase (katE/katGa). These findings reveal GABA's dual role in activating host immunity and enhancing pathogen tolerance to oxidative stress, highlighting the complex relationship between tomato plants and R. solanacearum, influenced by soil N status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yushu Wang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Tuo Ji
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Chengqiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qinghua Shi
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jin-Wei Wei
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Biao Gong
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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2
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Nakagami S, Wang Z, Han X, Tsuda K. Regulation of Bacterial Growth and Behavior by Host Plant. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 62:69-96. [PMID: 38857544 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-010824-023359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Plants are associated with diverse bacteria in nature. Some bacteria are pathogens that decrease plant fitness, and others are beneficial bacteria that promote plant growth and stress resistance. Emerging evidence also suggests that plant-associated commensal bacteria collectively contribute to plant health and are essential for plant survival in nature. Bacteria with different characteristics simultaneously colonize plant tissues. Thus, plants need to accommodate bacteria that provide service to the host plants, but they need to defend against pathogens at the same time. How do plants achieve this? In this review, we summarize how plants use physical barriers, control common goods such as water and nutrients, and produce antibacterial molecules to regulate bacterial growth and behavior. Furthermore, we highlight that plants use specialized metabolites that support or inhibit specific bacteria, thereby selectively recruiting plant-associated bacterial communities and regulating their function. We also raise important questions that need to be addressed to improve our understanding of plant-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Nakagami
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China;
| | - Zhe Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China;
| | - Xiaowei Han
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China;
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China;
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Wang X, Li C, Huang S, Gao H, Li Y, Chen X, Huang L, Luo J, Zhang L, Zhou X. Pathogenic and Comparative Genomic Analysis of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum Isolated from Casuarina. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:2809-2819. [PMID: 38687570 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-24-0118-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Casuarina equisetifolia is crucial in protecting coastal regions of China against typhoon attacks but has faced a substantial challenge due to wilt disease caused by pathogens of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC). Although the initial outbreak of Casuarina wilt in the 1970s was effectively controlled by disease-resistant C. equisetifolia varieties, the disease has recently re-emerged in coastal regions of Guangdong. In this study, we report the isolation, characterization, and comparative genomic analysis of 11 RSSC strains from diseased C. equisetifolia at various locations along the coast of Guangdong. Phylogenomic analysis showed that the strains were closely related and clustered with phylotype I strains previously isolated from peanuts. Single-gene-based analysis further suggested these strains could be derived from strains present in Guangdong since the 1980s, indicating a historical context to their current pathogenicity. Casuarina-isolated strains exhibited notably higher virulence against C. equisetifolia and peanuts than the representative RSSC strains GMI1000 and EP1, suggesting host-specific adaptations that possibly contributed to the recent outbreak. Comparative genomic analysis among RSSC strains revealed a largely conserved genome structure and high levels of conservation in gene clusters encoding extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis, secretion systems, and quorum sensing regulatory systems. However, we also found a number of unique genes in the Casuarina-isolated strains that were absent in GMI1000 and EP1, and vice versa, pointing to potential genetic factors underpinning their differential virulence. These unique genes offer promising targets for future functional studies. Overall, our findings provide crucial insights into the RSSC pathogens causing Casuarina wilt in Guangdong, guiding future efforts in disease control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chuhao Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaohua Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huagui Gao
- Guangdong Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yonglin Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liangzhou Huang
- Forestry Research Institute of Zhanjiang City, Zhanjiang 524037, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhua Luo
- Forestry Research Institute of Zhanjiang City, Zhanjiang 524037, Guangdong, China
| | - LianHui Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Guangdong Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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4
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Li J, Yan Y, Yang L, Ding S, Zheng Y, Xiao Z, Yang A, Liang W. Duality of H 2O 2 detoxification and immune activation of Ralstonia solanacearum alkyl hydroperoxide reductase C (AhpC) in tobacco. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135138. [PMID: 39214231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Although microbial pathogens utilize various strategies to evade plant immunity, host plants have evolved powerful defense mechanisms that can be activated in preparation for threat by infective organisms. Here, we identified one 24 kDa alkyl hydroperoxide reductase C (AhpC) from the culture supernatant of Ralstonia solanacearum strain FQY-4 (denoted RsAhpC) in the presence of host roots. RsAhpC contributes to H2O2 detoxification and the pathogenicity of R. solanacearum. However, the introduction of RsAhpC into the apoplast could activate immune defense, leading to suppression of pathogen colonization in both Nicotiana benthamiana and the Honghua Dajinyuan (HD) cultivar of N. tabacum. Consequently, overexpression of RsAhpC in the HD cultivar enhanced the resistance of tobacco to bacterial wilt disease caused by FQY-4. Overall, this study provides insight into the arms race between pathogens and their plant hosts. Specifically, it is firstly reported that plants can sense pathogen-derived AhpC to activate defenses, in addition to the role of AhpC in pathogen ROS detoxification. Therefore, the macromolecule AhpC produced by Ralstonia solanacearum has the ability to enhance plant defense as an elicitor, which provides a practical strategy for disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Li
- Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limei Yang
- Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuzhi Ding
- Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaning Zheng
- Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiliang Xiao
- The Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Wenxing Liang
- Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
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Yang Y, Qi Y, Su L, Yang S, Yi X, Luo L, Yu C, Cheng T, Wang J, Zhang Q, Pan H. The Marssonina rosae effector MrSEP43 suppresses immunity in rose by targeting the orphan protein RcBROG. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4993-5007. [PMID: 38706346 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Rose black spot disease, caused by Marssonina rosae (syn. Diplocarpon rosae), is one of the most widespread diseases of field-grown roses worldwide. Pathogens have been found to interfere with or stimulate plant immune responses by secreting effectors. However, the molecular mechanism involved in inhibition of the rose immune response by M. rosae effectors remains poorly understood. Here, we identified the effector MrSEP43, which plays a pivotal role in promoting the virulence of M. rosae and enhancing rose susceptibility to infection by reducing callose deposition, H2O2 accumulation, and the expression of defense genes in the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. Yeast two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and split luciferase assays showed that MrSEP43 interacted with the rose orphan protein RcBROG. RcBROG, a positive regulator of defense against M. rosae, enhanced rose resistance by increasing callose deposition, H2O2 accumulation, and the expression of RcERF1 in the ethylene signaling pathway. Overall, our findings suggest that the M. rosae virulence effector MrSEP43 specifically targets the orphan protein RcBROG to suppress the rose immune response to M. rosae. These results provide new insights into how M. rosae manipulates and successfully colonizes rose leaves, and are essential for preventing the breakdown of resistance to rose black spot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yucen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shumin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xingwan Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Le Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tangren Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huitang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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6
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Zhao A, Xian L, Franco Ortega S, Yu G, Macho AP. A bacterial effector manipulates plant metabolism, cell death, and immune responses via independent mechanisms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1137-1153. [PMID: 38877712 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens inject effector proteins inside plant cells to manipulate cellular functions and achieve a successful infection. The soil-borne pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith), the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease, secretes > 70 different effectors inside plant cells, although only a handful of them have been thoroughly characterized. One of these effectors, named RipI, is required for full R. solanacearum pathogenicity. RipI associates with plant glutamate decarboxylases (GADs) to promote the accumulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which serves as bacterial nutrient. In this work, we found that RipI can also suppress plant immune responses to bacterial elicitors, which seems to be unrelated to the ability of RipI to induce GABA accumulation and plant cell death. A detailed characterization of the RipI features that contribute to its virulence activities identified two residues at the C-terminal domain that mediate RipI interaction with plant GADs and the subsequent promotion of GABA accumulation. These residues are also required for the appropriate homeostasis of RipI in plant cells and the induction of cell death, although they are partially dispensable for the suppression of plant immune responses. Altogether, we decipher and uncouple the virulence activities of an important bacterial effector at the biochemical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achen Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liu Xian
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sara Franco Ortega
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
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Cai W, Tao Y, Cheng X, Wan M, Gan J, Yang S, Okita TW, He S, Tian L. CaIAA2-CaARF9 module mediates the trade-off between pepper growth and immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2054-2074. [PMID: 38450864 PMCID: PMC11182598 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
To challenge the invasion of various pathogens, plants re-direct their resources from plant growth to an innate immune defence system. However, the underlying mechanism that coordinates the induction of the host immune response and the suppression of plant growth remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that an auxin response factor, CaARF9, has dual roles in enhancing the immune resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum infection and in retarding plant growth by repressing the expression of its target genes as exemplified by Casmc4, CaLBD37, CaAPK1b and CaRROP1. The expression of these target genes not only stimulates plant growth but also negatively impacts pepper resistance to R. solanacearum. Under normal conditions, the expression of Casmc4, CaLBD37, CaAPK1b and CaRROP1 is active when promoter-bound CaARF9 is complexed with CaIAA2. Under R. solanacearum infection, however, degradation of CaIAA2 is triggered by SA and JA-mediated signalling defence by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which enables CaARF9 in the absence of CaIAA2 to repress the expression of Casmc4, CaLBD37, CaAPK1b and CaRROP1 and, in turn, impeding plant growth while facilitating plant defence to R. solanacearum infection. Our findings uncover an exquisite mechanism underlying the trade-off between plant growth and immunity mediated by the transcriptional repressor CaARF9 and its deactivation when complexed with CaIAA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Cai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture ScienceZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yilin Tao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture ScienceZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xingge Cheng
- Agricultural CollegeFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Meiyun Wan
- Agricultural CollegeFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Jianghuang Gan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture ScienceZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Sheng Yang
- Agricultural CollegeFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Thomas W. Okita
- Institute of Biological ChemistryWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Shuilin He
- Agricultural CollegeFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Li Tian
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture ScienceZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
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8
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Roussin-Léveillée C, Mackey D, Ekanayake G, Gohmann R, Moffett P. Extracellular niche establishment by plant pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:360-372. [PMID: 38191847 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The plant extracellular space, referred to as the apoplast, is inhabited by a variety of microorganisms. Reflecting the crucial nature of this compartment, both plants and microorganisms seek to control, exploit and respond to its composition. Upon sensing the apoplastic environment, pathogens activate virulence programmes, including the delivery of effectors with well-established roles in suppressing plant immunity. We posit that another key and foundational role of effectors is niche establishment - specifically, the manipulation of plant physiological processes to enrich the apoplast in water and nutritive metabolites. Facets of plant immunity counteract niche establishment by restricting water, nutrients and signals for virulence activation. The complex competition to control and, in the case of pathogens, exploit the apoplast provides remarkable insights into the nature of virulence, host susceptibility, host defence and, ultimately, the origin of phytopathogenesis. This novel framework focuses on the ecology of a microbial niche and highlights areas of future research on plant-microorganism interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Gayani Ekanayake
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Reid Gohmann
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter Moffett
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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9
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Yu G, Zhang L, Xue H, Chen Y, Liu X, Del Pozo JC, Zhao C, Lozano-Duran R, Macho AP. Cell wall-mediated root development is targeted by a soil-borne bacterial pathogen to promote infection. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114179. [PMID: 38691455 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens manipulate host development, facilitating colonization and proliferation. Ralstonia solanacearum is a soil-borne bacterial pathogen that penetrates roots and colonizes plants through the vascular system, causing wilting and death. Here, we find that RipAC, an effector protein from R. solanacearum, alters root development in Arabidopsis, promoting the formation of lateral roots and root hairs. RipAC interacts with CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA)-INTERACTIVE PROTEIN 1 (CSI1), which regulates the activity of CESA complexes at the plasma membrane. RipAC disrupts CESA-CSI1 interaction, leading to a reduction in cellulose content, root developmental alterations, and a promotion of bacterial pathogenicity. We find that CSI1 also associates with the receptor kinase FERONIA, forming a complex that negatively regulates immunity in roots; this interaction, however, is not affected by RipAC. Our work reveals a bacterial virulence strategy that selectively affects the activities of a host target, promoting anatomical alterations that facilitate infection without causing activation of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xue
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujiao Chen
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan C Del Pozo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-CSIC (INIA/CSIC), Campus Montegancedo, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Chunzhao Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
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10
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Ye L, Gao Y, Mok SWF, Liao W, Wang Y, Chen C, Yang L, Zhang J, Shi L. Modulation of alveolar macrophage and mitochondrial fitness by medicinal plant-derived nanovesicles to mitigate acute lung injury and viral pneumonia. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:190. [PMID: 38637808 PMCID: PMC11025283 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is generally caused by severe respiratory infection and characterized by overexuberant inflammatory responses and inefficient pathogens-containing, the two major processes wherein alveolar macrophages (AMs) play a central role. Dysfunctional mitochondria have been linked with distorted macrophages and hence lung disorders, but few treatments are currently available to correct these defects. Plant-derive nanovesicles have gained significant attention because of their therapeutic potential, but the targeting cells and the underlying mechanism remain elusive. We herein prepared the nanovesicles from Artemisia annua, a well-known medicinal plant with multiple attributes involving anti-inflammatory, anti-infection, and metabolism-regulating properties. By applying three mice models of acute lung injury caused by bacterial endotoxin, influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus respectively, we showed that Artemisia-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs) substantially alleviated lung immunopathology and raised the survival rate of challenged mice. Macrophage depletion and adoptive transfer studies confirmed the requirement of AMs for ADNVs effects. We identified that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enclosed in the vesicles is a major molecular effector mediating the regulatory roles of ADNVs. Specifically, GABA acts on macrophages through GABA receptors, promoting mitochondrial gene programming and bioenergy generation, reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory signals, thereby enhancing the adaptability of AMs to inflammation resolution. Collectively, this study identifies a promising nanotherapeutics for alleviating lung pathology, and elucidates a mechanism whereby the canonical neurotransmitter modifies AMs and mitochondria to resume tissue homeostasis, which may have broader implications for treating critical pulmonary diseases such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusha Ye
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Simon Wing Fai Mok
- Department of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wucan Liao
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Changjiang Chen
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liyun Shi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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11
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Liu Y, Xu Z, Chen L, Xun W, Shu X, Chen Y, Sun X, Wang Z, Ren Y, Shen Q, Zhang R. Root colonization by beneficial rhizobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuad066. [PMID: 38093453 PMCID: PMC10786197 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere microbes play critical roles for plant's growth and health. Among them, the beneficial rhizobacteria have the potential to be developed as the biofertilizer or bioinoculants for sustaining the agricultural development. The efficient rhizosphere colonization of these rhizobacteria is a prerequisite for exerting their plant beneficial functions, but the colonizing process and underlying mechanisms have not been thoroughly reviewed, especially for the nonsymbiotic beneficial rhizobacteria. This review systematically analyzed the root colonizing process of the nonsymbiotic rhizobacteria and compared it with that of the symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria. This review also highlighted the approaches to improve the root colonization efficiency and proposed to study the rhizobacterial colonization from a holistic perspective of the rhizosphere microbiome under more natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, The Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1 Shuizha West Road, Beijing 102300, P.R. China
| | - Weibing Xun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xia Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, The Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xinli Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqi Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yi Ren
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, The Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, 6 Tongwei Road, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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12
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Liu K, Shi L, Luo H, Zhang K, Liu J, Qiu S, Li X, He S, Liu Z. Ralstonia solanacearum effector RipAK suppresses homodimerization of the host transcription factor ERF098 to enhance susceptibility and the sensitivity of pepper plants to dehydration. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:121-144. [PMID: 37738430 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system to defend against invasion by pathogens. In response, pathogens deploy copious effectors to evade the immune responses. However, the molecular mechanisms used by pathogen effectors to suppress plant immunity remain unclear. Herein, we report that an effector secreted by Ralstonia solanacearum, RipAK, modulates the transcriptional activity of the ethylene-responsive factor ERF098 to suppress immunity and dehydration tolerance, which causes bacterial wilt in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. Silencing ERF098 enhances the resistance of pepper plants to R. solanacearum infection not only by inhibiting the host colonization of R. solanacearum but also by increasing the immunity and tolerance of pepper plants to dehydration and including the closure of stomata to reduce the loss of water in an abscisic acid signal-dependent manner. In contrast, the ectopic expression of ERF098 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhances wilt disease. We also show that RipAK targets and inhibits the ERF098 homodimerization to repress the expression of salicylic acid-dependent PR1 and dehydration tolerance-related OSR1 and OSM1 by cis-elements in their promoters. Taken together, our study reveals a regulatory mechanism used by the R. solanacearum effector RipAK to increase virulence by specifically inhibiting the homodimerization of ERF098 and reprogramming the transcription of PR1, OSR1, and OSM1 to boost susceptibility and dehydration sensitivity. Thus, our study sheds light on a previously unidentified strategy by which a pathogen simultaneously suppresses plant immunity and tolerance to dehydration by secreting an effector to interfere with the activity of a transcription factor and manipulate plant transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lanping Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuilin He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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13
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Si X, Liu H, Cheng X, Xu C, Han Z, Dai Z, Wang R, Pan C, Lu G. Integrative transcriptomic analysis unveils lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interplay in tomato plants responding to Ralstonia solanacearum. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126891. [PMID: 37709224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum, a bacterial plant pathogen, poses a significant threat to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production through destructive wilt disease. While noncoding RNA has emerged as a crucial regulator in plant disease, its specific involvement in tomato bacterial wilt remains limited. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional landscape, encompassing both mRNAs and noncoding RNAs, in a tomato resistant line ('ZRS_7') and a susceptible line ('HTY_9') upon R. solanacearum inoculation using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Differential expression (DE) analysis revealed significant alterations in 7506 mRNAs, 997 lncRNAs, and 69 miRNAs between 'ZRS_7' and 'HTY_9' after pathogen exposure. Notably, 4548 mRNAs, 367 lncRNAs, and 26 miRNAs exhibited genotype-specific responses to R. solanacearum inoculation. GO and KEGG pathway analyses unveiled the potential involvement of noncoding RNAs in the response to bacterial wilt disease, targeting receptor-like kinases, cell wall-related genes, glutamate decarboxylases, and other key pathways. Furthermore, we constructed a comprehensive competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network incorporating 13 DE-miRNAs, 30 DE-lncRNAs, and 127 DEGs, providing insights into their potential contributions to the response against bacterial inoculation. Importantly, the characterization of possible endogenous target mimics (eTMs) of Sly-miR482e-3p via VIGS technology demonstrated the significant impact of eTM482e-3p-1 silencing on tomato's sensitivity to R. solanacearum. These findings support the existence of an eTM482e-3p-1-Sly-miR482e-3p-NBS-LRRs network in regulating tomato's response to the pathogen. Collectively, our findings shed light on the intricate interactions among lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs as underlying factors in conferring resistance to R. solanacearum in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyang Si
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chengcui Xu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhanghui Han
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongren Dai
- Branch Academy of Horticultural Research, Harbin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150029, China
| | - Rongqing Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Changtian Pan
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agricultural, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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14
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Wang R, Li C, Jia Z, Su Y, Ai Y, Li Q, Guo X, Tao Z, Lin F, Liang Y. Reversible phosphorylation of a lectin-receptor-like kinase controls xylem immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:2051-2066.e7. [PMID: 37977141 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) mediate basal resistance to most phytopathogens. However, plant responses can be cell type specific, and the mechanisms governing xylem immunity remain largely unknown. We show that the lectin-receptor-like kinase LORE contributes to xylem basal resistance in Arabidopsis upon infection with Ralstonia solanacearum, a destructive plant pathogen that colonizes the xylem to cause bacterial wilt. Following R. solanacearum infection, LORE is activated by phosphorylation at residue S761, initiating a phosphorelay that activates reactive oxygen species production and cell wall lignification. To prevent prolonged activation of immune signaling, LORE recruits and phosphorylates type 2C protein phosphatase LOPP, which dephosphorylates LORE and attenuates LORE-mediated xylem immunity to maintain immune homeostasis. A LOPP knockout confers resistance against bacterial wilt disease in Arabidopsis and tomatoes without impacting plant growth. Thus, our study reveals a regulatory mechanism in xylem immunity involving the reversible phosphorylation of receptor-like kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenying Li
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiyi Jia
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaxing Su
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingfei Ai
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qinghong Li
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xijie Guo
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zeng Tao
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou 311200, China.
| | - Yan Liang
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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15
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Lee B, Lee JI, Kwon SK, Ryu CM, Kim JF. A Marine Bacterium with Animal-Pathogen-Like Type III Secretion Elicits the Nonhost Hypersensitive Response in a Land Plant. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 39:584-591. [PMID: 38081318 PMCID: PMC10721388 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.ft.09.2023.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Active plant immune response involving programmed cell death called the hypersensitive response (HR) is elicited by microbial effectors delivered through the type III secretion system (T3SS). The marine bacterium Hahella chejuensis contains two T3SSs that are similar to those of animal pathogens, but it was able to elicit HR-like cell death in the land plant Nicotiana benthamiana. The cell death was comparable with the transcriptional patterns of H. chejuensis T3SS-1 genes, was mediated by SGT1, a general regulator of plant resistance, and was suppressed by AvrPto1, a type III-secreted effector of a plant pathogen that inhibits HR. Thus, type III-secreted effectors of a marine bacterium are capable of inducing the nonhost HR in a land plant it has never encountered before. This suggests that plants may have evolved to cope with a potential threat posed by alien pathogen effectors. Our work documents an exceptional case of nonhost HR and provides an expanded perspective for studying plant nonhost resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Division of Life Sciences, and Institute for Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jeong-Im Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Soon-Kyeong Kwon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jihyun F. Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, Division of Life Sciences, and Institute for Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Microbiome Initiative, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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16
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Rufián JS, Rueda-Blanco J, Beuzón CR, Ruiz-Albert J. Suppression of NLR-mediated plant immune detection by bacterial pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6069-6088. [PMID: 37429579 PMCID: PMC10575702 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system is constituted of two functionally interdependent branches that provide the plant with an effective defense against microbial pathogens. They can be considered separate since one detects extracellular pathogen-associated molecular patterns by means of receptors on the plant surface, while the other detects pathogen-secreted virulence effectors via intracellular receptors. Plant defense depending on both branches can be effectively suppressed by host-adapted microbial pathogens. In this review we focus on bacterially driven suppression of the latter, known as effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and dependent on diverse NOD-like receptors (NLRs). We examine how some effectors secreted by pathogenic bacteria carrying type III secretion systems can be subject to specific NLR-mediated detection, which can be evaded by the action of additional co-secreted effectors (suppressors), implying that virulence depends on the coordinated action of the whole repertoire of effectors of any given bacterium and their complex epistatic interactions within the plant. We consider how ETI activation can be avoided by using suppressors to directly alter compromised co-secreted effectors, modify plant defense-associated proteins, or occasionally both. We also comment on the potential assembly within the plant cell of multi-protein complexes comprising both bacterial effectors and defense protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S Rufián
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Carmen R Beuzón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Depto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Málaga, Spain
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17
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Demirjian C, Razavi N, Yu G, Mayjonade B, Zhang L, Lonjon F, Chardon F, Carrere S, Gouzy J, Genin S, Macho AP, Roux F, Berthomé R, Vailleau F. An atypical NLR gene confers bacterial wilt susceptibility in Arabidopsis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100607. [PMID: 37098653 PMCID: PMC10504594 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) remains the most prevalent form of plant resistance in crop fields and wild habitats. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have proved to be successful in deciphering the quantitative genetic basis of complex traits such as QDR. To unravel the genetics of QDR to the devastating worldwide bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, we performed a GWAS by challenging a highly polymorphic local mapping population of Arabidopsis thaliana with four R. solanacearum type III effector (T3E) mutants, identified as key pathogenicity determinants after a first screen on an A. thaliana core collection of 25 accessions. Although most quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were highly specific to the identity of the T3E mutant (ripAC, ripAG, ripAQ, and ripU), we finely mapped a common QTL located on a cluster of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes that exhibited structural variation. We functionally validated one of these NLRs as a susceptibility factor in response to R. solanacearum, named it Bacterial Wilt Susceptibility 1 (BWS1), and cloned two alleles that conferred contrasting levels of QDR. Further characterization indicated that expression of BWS1 leads to suppression of immunity triggered by different R. solanacearum effectors. In addition, we showed a direct interaction between BWS1 and RipAC T3E, and BWS1 and SUPPRESSOR OF G2 ALLELE OF skp1 (SGT1b), the latter interaction being suppressed by RipAC. Together, our results highlight a putative role for BWS1 as a quantitative susceptibility factor directly targeted by the T3E RipAC, mediating negative regulation of the SGT1-dependent immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choghag Demirjian
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Narjes Razavi
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Gang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Lu Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fabien Lonjon
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Fabien Chardon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Sébastien Carrere
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jérome Gouzy
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Stéphane Genin
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fabrice Roux
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Richard Berthomé
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Fabienne Vailleau
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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18
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Anderson JC. Ill Communication: Host Metabolites as Virulence-Regulating Signals for Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:49-71. [PMID: 37253693 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-114026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant bacterial pathogens rely on host-derived signals to coordinate the deployment of virulence factors required for infection. In this review, I describe how diverse plant-pathogenic bacteria detect and respond to plant-derived metabolic signals for the purpose of virulence gene regulation. I highlight examples of how pathogens perceive host metabolites through membrane-localized receptors as well as intracellular response mechanisms. Furthermore, I describe how individual strains may coordinate their virulence using multiple distinct host metabolic signals, and how plant signals may positively or negatively regulate virulence responses. I also describe how plant defenses may interfere with the perception of host metabolites as a means to dampen pathogen virulence. The emerging picture is that recognition of host metabolic signals for the purpose of virulence gene regulation represents an important primary layer of interaction between pathogenic bacteria and host plants that shapes infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Anderson
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;
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19
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Vailleau F, Genin S. Ralstonia solanacearum: An Arsenal of Virulence Strategies and Prospects for Resistance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:25-47. [PMID: 37506349 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-104551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The group of strains constituting the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) is a prominent model for the study of plant-pathogenic bacteria because of its impact on agriculture, owing to its wide host range, worldwide distribution, and long persistence in the environment. RSSC strains have led to numerous studies aimed at deciphering the molecular bases of virulence, and many biological functions and mechanisms have been described to contribute to host infection and pathogenesis. In this review, we put into perspective recent advances in our understanding of virulence in RSSC strains, both in terms of the inventory of functions that participate in this process and their evolutionary dynamics. We also present the different strategies that have been developed to combat these pathogenic strains through biological control, antimicrobial agents, plant genetics, or microbiota engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Vailleau
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France; ,
| | - Stéphane Genin
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France; ,
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20
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Wang K, Yu W, Yu G, Zhang L, Xian L, Wei Y, Perez‐Sancho J, Xue H, Rufian JS, Zhuang H, Kwon C, Macho AP. A bacterial type III effector targets plant vesicle-associated membrane proteins. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1154-1167. [PMID: 37278116 PMCID: PMC10423332 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The soilborne bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most destructive plant pathogens worldwide, and its infection process involves the manipulation of numerous plant cellular functions. In this work, we found that the R. solanacearum effector protein RipD partially suppressed different levels of plant immunity triggered by R. solanacearum elicitors, including specific responses triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns and secreted effectors. RipD localized in different subcellular compartments in plant cells, including vesicles, and its vesicular localization was enriched in cells undergoing R. solanacearum infection, suggesting that this specific localization may be particularly relevant during infection. Among RipD-interacting proteins, we identified plant vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMPs). We also found that overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana VAMP721 and VAMP722 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves promoted resistance to R. solanacearum, and this was abolished by the simultaneous expression of RipD, suggesting that RipD targets VAMPs to contribute to R. solanacearum virulence. Among proteins secreted in VAMP721/722-containing vesicles, CCOAOMT1 is an enzyme required for lignin biosynthesis, and mutation of CCOAOMT1 enhanced plant susceptibility to R. solanacearum. Altogether our results reveal the contribution of VAMPs to plant resistance against R. solanacearum and their targeting by a bacterial effector as a pathogen virulence strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Wenjia Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Gang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Liu Xian
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yali Wei
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jessica Perez‐Sancho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Hao Xue
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jose S. Rufian
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Haiyan Zhuang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Chian Kwon
- Department of Molecular BiologyDankook UniversityCheonanSouth Korea
| | - Alberto P. Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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21
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Zhu X, Fang D, Li D, Zhang J, Jiang H, Guo L, He Q, Zhang T, Macho AP, Wang E, Shen QH, Wang Y, Zhou JM, Ma W, Qiao Y. Phytophthora sojae boosts host trehalose accumulation to acquire carbon and initiate infection. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1561-1573. [PMID: 37386076 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Successful infection by pathogenic microbes requires effective acquisition of nutrients from their hosts. Root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae is one of the most important diseases of soybean (Glycine max). However, the specific form and regulatory mechanisms of carbon acquired by P. sojae during infection remain unknown. In the present study, we show that P. sojae boosts trehalose biosynthesis in soybean through the virulence activity of an effector PsAvh413. PsAvh413 interacts with soybean trehalose-6-phosphate synthase 6 (GmTPS6) and increases its enzymatic activity to promote trehalose accumulation. P. sojae directly acquires trehalose from the host and exploits it as a carbon source to support primary infection and development in plant tissue. Importantly, GmTPS6 overexpression promoted P. sojae infection, whereas its knockdown inhibited the disease, suggesting that trehalose biosynthesis is a susceptibility factor that can be engineered to manage root and stem rot in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguo Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Die Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixin Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyuan He
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Hua Shen
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Yongli Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Qiu H, Wang B, Huang M, Sun X, Yu L, Cheng D, He W, Zhou D, Wu X, Song B, Tang N, Chen H. A novel effector RipBT contributes to Ralstonia solanacearum virulence on potato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:947-960. [PMID: 37154802 PMCID: PMC10346376 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most destructive plant-pathogenic bacteria, infecting more than 200 plant species, including potato (Solanum tuberosum) and many other solanaceous crops. R. solanacearum has numerous pathogenicity factors, and type III effectors secreted through type III secretion system (T3SS) are key factors to counteract host immunity. Here, we show that RipBT is a novel T3SS-secreted effector by using a cyaA reporter system. Transient expression of RipBT in Nicotiania benthamiana induced strong cell death in a plasma membrane-localization dependent manner. Notably, mutation of RipBT in R. solanacearum showed attenuated virulence on potato, while RipBT transgenic potato plants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to R. solanacearum. Interestingly, transcriptomic analyses suggest that RipBT may interfere with plant reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism during the R. solanacearum infection of potato roots. In addition, the expression of RipBT remarkably suppressed the flg22-induced pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity responses, such as the ROS burst. Taken together, RipBT acts as a T3SS effector, promoting R. solanacearum infection on potato and presumably disturbing ROS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huishan Qiu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Horticulture and Forestry ScienceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Bingsen Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Horticulture and Forestry ScienceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Mengshu Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Horticulture and Forestry ScienceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiaohu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Liu Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Horticulture and Forestry ScienceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Dong Cheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Horticulture and Forestry ScienceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wenfeng He
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Horticulture and Forestry ScienceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Dan Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Horticulture and Forestry ScienceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xintong Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Horticulture and Forestry ScienceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Botao Song
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Horticulture and Forestry ScienceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ning Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and ImprovementHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Huilan Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei ProvinceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- College of Horticulture and Forestry ScienceHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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23
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Ke J, Zhu W, Yuan Y, Du X, Xu A, Zhang D, Cao S, Chen W, Lin Y, Xie J, Cheng J, Fu Y, Jiang D, Yu X, Li B. Duality of immune recognition by tomato and virulence activity of the Ralstonia solanacearum exo-polygalacturonase PehC. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2552-2569. [PMID: 36977631 PMCID: PMC10291029 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating soil-borne bacterial pathogen capable of infecting many plant species, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, the perception of Ralstonia by the tomato immune system and the pathogen's counter-defense strategy remain largely unknown. Here, we show that PehC, a specific exo-polygalacturonase secreted by Ralstonia, acts as an elicitor that triggers typical immune responses in tomato and other Solanaceous plants. The elicitor activity of PehC depends on its N-terminal epitope, and not on its polygalacturonase activity. The recognition of PehC specifically occurs in tomato roots and relies on unknown receptor-like kinase(s). Moreover, PehC hydrolyzes plant pectin-derived oligogalacturonic acids (OGs), a type of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), which leads to the release of galacturonic acid (GalA), thereby dampening DAMP-triggered immunity (DTI). Ralstonia depends on PehC for its growth and early infection and can utilize GalA as a carbon source in the xylem. Our findings demonstrate the specialized and dual functions of Ralstonia PehC, which enhance virulence by degrading DAMPs to evade DTI and produce nutrients, a strategy used by pathogens to attenuate plant immunity. Solanaceous plants have evolved to recognize PehC and induce immune responses, which highlights the significance of PehC. Overall, this study provides insight into the arms race between plants and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Wanting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xinya Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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24
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Rao W, Wan L, Wang E. Plant immunity in soybean: progress, strategies, and perspectives. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:52. [PMID: 37323469 PMCID: PMC10267034 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important commercial crops worldwide. Soybean hosts diverse microbes, including pathogens that may cause diseases and symbionts that contribute to nitrogen fixation. Study on soybean-microbe interactions to understand pathogenesis, immunity, and symbiosis represents an important research direction toward plant protection in soybean. In terms of immune mechanisms, current research in soybean lags far behind that in the model plants Arabidopsis and rice. In this review, we summarized the shared and unique mechanisms involved in the two-tiered plant immunity and the virulence function of pathogen effectors between soybean and Arabidopsis, providing a molecular roadmap for future research on soybean immunity. We also discussed disease resistance engineering and future perspectives in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Rao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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25
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Koseoglou E, Hanika K, Mohd Nadzir MM, Kohlen W, van der Wolf JM, Visser RGF, Bai Y. Inactivation of tomato WAT1 leads to reduced susceptibility to Clavibacter michiganensis through downregulation of bacterial virulence factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1082094. [PMID: 37324660 PMCID: PMC10264788 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1082094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tomato bacterial canker caused by Clavibacter michiganensis (Cm) is considered to be one of the most destructive bacterial diseases of tomato. To date, no resistance to the pathogen has been identified. While several molecular studies have identified (Cm) bacterial factors involved in disease development, the plant genes and mechanisms associated with susceptibility of tomato to the bacterium remain largely unknown. Here, we show for the first time that tomato gene SlWAT1 is a susceptibility gene to Cm. We inactivated the gene SlWAT1 through RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 to study changes in tomato susceptibility to Cm. Furthermore, we analysed the role of the gene in the molecular interaction with the pathogen. Our findings demonstrate that SlWAT1 functions as an S gene to genetically diverse Cm strains. Inactivation of SlWAT1 reduced free auxin contents and ethylene synthesis in tomato stems and suppressed the expression of specific bacterial virulence factors. However, CRISPR/Cas9 slwat1 mutants exhibited severe growth defects. The observed reduced susceptibility is possibly a result of downregulation of bacterial virulence factors and reduced auxin contents in transgenic plants. This shows that inactivation of an S gene may affect the expression of bacterial virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Koseoglou
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Katharina Hanika
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mas M. Mohd Nadzir
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Kohlen
- Cluster of Plant Developmental Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan M. van der Wolf
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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26
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De Ryck J, Van Damme P, Goormachtig S. From prediction to function: Current practices and challenges towards the functional characterization of type III effectors. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1113442. [PMID: 36846751 PMCID: PMC9945535 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a well-studied pathogenicity determinant of many bacteria through which effectors (T3Es) are translocated into the host cell, where they exercise a wide range of functions to deceive the host cell's immunity and to establish a niche. Here we look at the different approaches that are used to functionally characterize a T3E. Such approaches include host localization studies, virulence screenings, biochemical activity assays, and large-scale omics, such as transcriptomics, interactomics, and metabolomics, among others. By means of the phytopathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) as a case study, the current advances of these methods will be explored, alongside the progress made in understanding effector biology. Data obtained by such complementary methods provide crucial information to comprehend the entire function of the effectome and will eventually lead to a better understanding of the phytopathogen, opening opportunities to tackle it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joren De Ryck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
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Wang C, Zheng Y, Liu Z, Qian Y, Li Y, Yang L, Liu S, Liang W, Li J. The secreted FolAsp aspartic protease facilitates the virulence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1103418. [PMID: 36760509 PMCID: PMC9905682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1103418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens utilize secretory effectors to manipulate plant defense. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is the causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease in tomatoes. We previously identified 32 secreted effector candidates by LC-MS analysis. In this study, we functionally identified one of the secreted proteins, FolAsp, which belongs to the aspartic proteases (Asp) family. The FolAsp was upregulated with host root specifically induction. Its N-terminal 1-19 amino acids performed the secretion activity in the yeast system, which supported its secretion in Fol. Phenotypically, the growth and conidia production of the FolAsp deletion mutants were not changed; however, the mutants displayed significantly reduced virulence to the host tomato. Further study revealed the FolAsp was localized at the apoplast and inhibited INF1-induced cell death in planta. Meanwhile, FolAsp could inhibit flg22-mediated ROS burst. Furthermore, FolAsp displayed protease activity on host protein, and overexpression of FolAsp in Fol enhanced pathogen virulence. These results considerably extend our understanding of pathogens utilizing secreted protease to inhibit plant defense and promote its virulence, which provides potential applications for tomato improvement against disease as the new drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaning Zheng
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhishan Liu
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongpan Qian
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limei Yang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sihui Liu
- College of Science and Information, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China,*Correspondence: Wenxing Liang,
| | - Jingtao Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China,Jingtao Li,
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Sun Y, Su Y, Hussain A, Xiong L, Li C, Zhang J, Meng Z, Dong Z, Yu G. Complete genome sequence of the Pogostemon cablin bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum strain SY1. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:123-134. [PMID: 35670995 PMCID: PMC9171469 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt of Pogostemon cablin which is an important aromatic herb and also the main materials of COVID-19 therapeutic traditional drugs. However, we are lacking the information on the genomic sequences of R. solanacearum isolated from P. cablin. OBJECTIVE The acquisition and analysis of this whole-genome sequence of the P. cablin bacterial wilt pathogen. METHODS An R. solanacearum strain, named SY1, was isolated from infected P. cablin plants, and the complete genome sequence was sequenced and analyzed. RESULTS The SY1 strain contains a 3.70-Mb chromosome and a 2.18-Mb megaplasmid, with GC contents of 67.57% and 67.41%, respectively. A total of 3308 predicted genes were located on the chromosome and 1657 genes were located in the megaplasmid. SY1 strain has 273 unique genes compared with five representative R. solanacearum strains, and these genes were enriched in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway. SY1 possessed a higher syntenic relationship with phylotype I strains, and the arsenal of type III effectors predicted in SY1 were also more closely related to those of phylotype I strains. SY1 contained 14 and 5 genomic islands in its chromosome and megaplasmid, respectively, and two prophage sequences in its chromosome. In addition, 215 and 130 genes were annotated as carbohydrate-active enzymes and antibiotic resistance genes, respectively. CONCLUSION This is the first genome-scale assembly and annotation for R. solanacearum which isolated from infected P. cablin plants. The arsenal of virulence and antibiotic resistance may as the determinants in SY1 for infection of P. cablin plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Sun
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yutong Su
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ansar Hussain
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunji Li
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Meng
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangyong Dong
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China.
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guohui Yu
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China.
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.
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29
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Zhu H, Xu C, Chen Y, Liang Y. His-Ala-Phe-Lys peptide from Burkholderia arboris possesses antifungal activity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1071530. [PMID: 36560956 PMCID: PMC9763614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1071530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia arboris, which belongs to the Burkholderia cepacia complex, has been shown to possess antifungal activity against several plant fungal pathogens; however, the antifungal compounds are yet to be identified. Here, we identified the antifungal compounds produced by B. arboris using genetic and metabolomic approaches. We generated a Tn5 transposon mutation library of 3,000 B. arboris mutants and isolated three mutants with reduced antifungal activity against the plant fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Among the mutants, the M464 mutant exhibited the weakest antifungal activity. In the M464 genome, the transposon was inserted into the cobA gene, encoding uroporphyrin-III methyltransferase. Deletion of the cobA gene also resulted in reduced antifungal activity, indicating that the cobA gene contributed to the antifungal activity of B. arboris. Furthermore, a comparison of the differential metabolites between wild type B. arboris and the ∆cobA mutant showed a significantly decreased level of tetrapeptide His-Ala-Phe-Lys (Hafk) in the ∆cobA mutant. Therefore, a Hafk peptide with D-amino acid residues was synthesized and its antifungal activity was evaluated. Notably, the Hafk peptide displayed significant antifungal activity against F. oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea, two plant pathogens that cause destructive fungal diseases. Overall, a novel antifungal compound (Hafk) that can be used for the biocontrol of fungal diseases in plants was identified in B. arboris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuihong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yicun Chen
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yan Liang, ; Yicun Chen,
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yan Liang, ; Yicun Chen,
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30
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Yu G, Derkacheva M, Rufian JS, Brillada C, Kowarschik K, Jiang S, Derbyshire P, Ma M, DeFalco TA, Morcillo RJL, Stransfeld L, Wei Y, Zhou J, Menke FLH, Trujillo M, Zipfel C, Macho AP. The Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB4 regulates BIK1 and is targeted by a bacterial type-III effector. EMBO J 2022; 41:e107257. [PMID: 36314733 PMCID: PMC9713774 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant immunity is tightly controlled by a complex and dynamic regulatory network, which ensures optimal activation upon detection of potential pathogens. Accordingly, each component of this network is a potential target for manipulation by pathogens. Here, we report that RipAC, a type III-secreted effector from the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, targets the plant E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB4 to inhibit pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). PUB4 plays a positive role in PTI by regulating the homeostasis of the central immune kinase BIK1. Before PAMP perception, PUB4 promotes the degradation of non-activated BIK1, while after PAMP perception, PUB4 contributes to the accumulation of activated BIK1. RipAC leads to BIK1 degradation, which correlates with its PTI-inhibitory activity. RipAC causes a reduction in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-induced PUB4 accumulation and phosphorylation. Our results shed light on the role played by PUB4 in immune regulation, and illustrate an indirect targeting of the immune signalling hub BIK1 by a bacterial effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Maria Derkacheva
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Present address:
The Earlham InstituteNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Jose S Rufian
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Carla Brillada
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology IIAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | - Shushu Jiang
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Present address:
Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Miaomiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Rafael J L Morcillo
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Lena Stransfeld
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Yali Wei
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jian‐Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology IIAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Leibniz Institute for Plant BiochemistryHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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31
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Rivera-Zuluaga K, Hiles R, Barua P, Caldwell D, Iyer-Pascuzzi AS. Getting to the root of Ralstonia invasion. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 148-149:3-12. [PMID: 36526528 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by soilborne pathogens are a major limiting factor in crop production. Bacterial wilt disease, caused by soilborne bacteria in the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex (Ralstonia), results in significant crop loss throughout the world. Ralstonia invades root systems and colonizes plant xylem, changing plant physiology and ultimately causing plant wilting in susceptible varieties. Elucidating how Ralstonia invades and colonizes plants is central to developing strategies for crop protection. Here we review Ralstonia pathogenesis from root detection and attachment, early root colonization, xylem invasion and subsequent wilting. We focus primarily on studies in tomato from the last 5-10 years. Recent work has identified elegant mechanisms Ralstonia uses to adapt to the plant xylem, and has discovered new genes that function in Ralstonia fitness in planta. A picture is emerging of an amazingly versatile pathogen that uses multiple strategies to make its surrounding environment more hospitable and can adapt to new environments.
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32
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Kopczewski T, Kuźniak E, Ciereszko I, Kornaś A. Alterations in Primary Carbon Metabolism in Cucumber Infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans: Local and Systemic Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012418. [PMID: 36293272 PMCID: PMC9603868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The reconfiguration of the primary metabolism is essential in plant–pathogen interactions. We compared the local metabolic responses of cucumber leaves inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans (Psl) with those in non-inoculated systemic leaves, by examining the changes in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides pools, the concentration of soluble carbohydrates and activities/gene expression of carbohydrate metabolism-related enzymes, the expression of photosynthesis-related genes, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle-linked metabolite contents and enzyme activities. In the infected leaves, Psl induced a metabolic signature with an altered [NAD(P)H]/[NAD(P)+] ratio; decreased glucose and sucrose contents, along with a changed invertase gene expression; and increased glucose turnover and accumulation of raffinose, trehalose, and myo-inositol. The accumulation of oxaloacetic and malic acids, enhanced activities, and gene expression of fumarase and l-malate dehydrogenase, as well as the increased respiration rate in the infected leaves, indicated that Psl induced the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The changes in gene expression of ribulose-l,5-bis-phosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large unit, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were compatible with a net photosynthesis decline described earlier. Psl triggered metabolic changes common to the infected and non-infected leaves, the dynamics of which differed quantitatively (e.g., malic acid content and metabolism, glucose-6-phosphate accumulation, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity) and those specifically related to the local or systemic response (e.g., changes in the sugar content and turnover). Therefore, metabolic changes in the systemic leaves may be part of the global effects of local infection on the whole-plant metabolism and also represent a specific acclimation response contributing to balancing growth and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kopczewski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kuźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Iwona Ciereszko
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kornaś
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
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An Y, Chen J, Xu Z, Ouyang X, Cao P, Wang R, Liu P, Zhang M. Three amino acid residues are required for the recognition of Ralstonia solanacearum RipTPS in Nicotiana tabacum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1040826. [PMID: 36311066 PMCID: PMC9606615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1040826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum causes devastating diseases in a wide range of economically important crops. It secretes a large number of virulence factors, also known as effectors, to promote its infection, and some of them are recognized when the host plant contains corresponding resistance genes. In this study we showed that a type III effector RipTPS from the avirulent R. solanacearum strain GMI1000 (RipTPSG) specifically induced cell death in Nicotiana tabacum, but not in Nicotiana benthamiana, whereas the RipTPS homolog in the virulent strain CQPS-1 (RipTPSC) induced cell death in neither N. tabacum nor N. benthamiana. These results indicated that RipTPSG is recognized in N. tabacum. Expression of RipTPSG induced upregulation of hypersensitive response (HR) -related genes in N. tabacum. The virulence of CQPS-1 was reduced when RipTPSG was genetically introduced into CQPS-1, further confirming that RipTPSG functions as an avirulence determinant. Protein sequence alignment indicated that there are only three amino acid polymorphisms between RipTPSG and RipTPSC. Site-directed mutagenesis analyses confirmed that the three amino acid residues are jointly required for the recognition of RipTPSG in N. tabacum. Expression of either RipTPSG or RipTPSC suppressed flg22-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in N. benthamiana, suggesting that RipTPS contributes to pathogen virulence. Mutating the conserved residues in RipTPS's trehalose-phosphate synthase (TPS) domain did not block its HR induction and defense suppression activity, indicating that the TPS activity is not required for RipTPS's avirulence and virulence function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan An
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jialan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhangyan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Ouyang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Todd JNA, Carreón-Anguiano KG, Islas-Flores I, Canto-Canché B. Microbial Effectors: Key Determinants in Plant Health and Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1980. [PMID: 36296254 PMCID: PMC9610748 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effectors are small, secreted molecules that alter host cell structure and function, thereby facilitating infection or triggering a defense response. Effectoromics studies have focused on effectors in plant-pathogen interactions, where their contributions to virulence are determined in the plant host, i.e., whether the effector induces resistance or susceptibility to plant disease. Effector molecules from plant pathogenic microorganisms such as fungi, oomycetes and bacteria are major disease determinants. Interestingly, the effectors of non-pathogenic plant organisms such as endophytes display similar functions but have different outcomes for plant health. Endophyte effectors commonly aid in the establishment of mutualistic interactions with the plant and contribute to plant health through the induction of systemic resistance against pathogens, while pathogenic effectors mainly debilitate the plant's immune response, resulting in the establishment of disease. Effectors of plant pathogens as well as plant endophytes are tools to be considered in effectoromics for the development of novel strategies for disease management. This review aims to present effectors in their roles as promotors of health or disease for the plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel Nicole Anna Todd
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Karla Gisel Carreón-Anguiano
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
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Santamaría‐Hernando S, López‐Maroto Á, Galvez‐Roldán C, Munar‐Palmer M, Monteagudo‐Cascales E, Rodríguez‐Herva J, Krell T, López‐Solanilla E. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection of tomato plants is mediated by GABA and l-Pro chemoperception. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1433-1445. [PMID: 35689388 PMCID: PMC9452764 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Foliar bacterial pathogens have to penetrate the plant tissue and access the interior of the apoplast in order to initiate the pathogenic phase. The entry process is driven by chemotaxis towards plant-derived compounds in order to locate plant openings. However, information on plant signals recognized by bacterial chemoreceptors is scarce. Here, we show that the perception of GABA and l-Pro, two abundant components of the tomato apoplast, through the PsPto-PscC chemoreceptor drives the entry of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato into the tomato apoplast. The recognition of both compounds by PsPto-PscC caused chemoattraction to both amino acids and participated in the regulation of GABA catabolism. Mutation of the PsPto-PscC chemoreceptor caused a reduced chemotactic response towards these compounds which in turn impaired entry and reduced virulence in tomato plants. Interestingly, GABA and l-Pro levels significantly increase in tomato plants upon pathogen infection and are involved in the regulation of the plant defence response. This is an example illustrating how bacteria respond to plant signals produced during the interaction as cues to access the plant apoplast and to ensure efficient infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray Santamaría‐Hernando
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas CBGPUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid‐Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/CSIC, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM Pozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain
| | - Álvaro López‐Maroto
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas CBGPUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid‐Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/CSIC, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM Pozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain
| | - Clara Galvez‐Roldán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas CBGPUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid‐Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/CSIC, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM Pozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain
| | - Martí Munar‐Palmer
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas CBGPUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid‐Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/CSIC, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM Pozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain
| | - Elizabet Monteagudo‐Cascales
- Departamento de Protección AmbientalEstación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranadaSpain
| | - José‐Juan Rodríguez‐Herva
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas CBGPUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid‐Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/CSIC, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM Pozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Tino Krell
- Departamento de Protección AmbientalEstación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranadaSpain
| | - Emilia López‐Solanilla
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas CBGPUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid‐Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/CSIC, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM Pozuelo de AlarcónMadridSpain
- Departamento de Biotecnología‐Biología VegetalEscuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadridSpain
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Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of roots of tobacco varieties resistant and susceptible to bacterial wilt. Genomics 2022; 114:110471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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De La Fuente L, Merfa MV, Cobine PA, Coleman JJ. Pathogen Adaptation to the Xylem Environment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 60:163-186. [PMID: 35472277 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021021-041716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A group of aggressive pathogens have evolved to colonize the plant xylem. In this vascular tissue, where water and nutrients are transported from the roots to the rest of the plant, pathogens must be able to thrive under acropetal xylem sap flow and scarcity of nutrients while having direct contact only with predominantly dead cells. Nevertheless, a few bacteria have adapted to exclusively live in the xylem, and various pathogens may colonize other plant niches without causing symptoms unless they reach the xylem. Once established, the pathogens modulate its physicochemical conditions to enhance their growth and virulence. Adaptation to the restrictive lifestyle of the xylem leads to genome reduction in xylem-restricted bacteria, as they have a higher proportion of pseudogenes in their genome. The basis of xylem adaptation is not completely understood; therefore, a need still exists for model systems to advance the knowledge on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA;
| | - Marcus V Merfa
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA;
| | - Paul A Cobine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Coleman
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA;
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Chen K, Zhuang Y, Wang L, Li H, Lei T, Li M, Gao M, Wei J, Dang H, Raza A, Yang Q, Sharif Y, Yang H, Zhang C, Zou H, Zhuang W. Comprehensive genome sequence analysis of the devastating tobacco bacterial phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum strain FJ1003. Front Genet 2022; 13:966092. [PMID: 36072670 PMCID: PMC9441608 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.966092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its high genetic diversity and broad host range, Ralstonia solanacearum, the causative phytopathogen of the bacterial wilt (BW) disease, is considered a "species complex". The R. solanacearum strain FJ1003 belonged to phylotype I, and was isolated from the Fuzhou City in Fujian Province of China. The pathogen show host specificity and infects tobacco, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions. To elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of FJ1003 infecting tobacco, a complete genome sequencing of FJ1003 using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology was performed. The full genome size of FJ1003 was 5.90 Mb (GC%, 67%), containing the chromosome (3.7 Mb), megaplasmid (2.0 Mb), and small plasmid (0.2 Mb). A total of 5133 coding genes (3446 and 1687 genes for chromosome and megaplasmid, respectively) were predicted. A comparative genomic analysis with other strains having the same and different hosts showed that the FJ1003 strain had 90 specific genes, possibly related to the host range of R. solanacearum. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) was widespread in the genome. A type Ⅲ effector protein (Rs_T3E_Hyp14) was present on both the prophage and genetic island (GI), suggesting that this gene might have been acquired from other bacteria via HGT. The Rs_T3E_Hyp14 was proved to be a virulence factor in the pathogenic process of R. solanacearum through gene knockout strategy, which affects the pathogenicity and colonization ability of R. solanacearum in the host. Therefore, this study will improve our understanding of the virulence of R. solanacearum and provide a theoretical basis for tobacco disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, College of Agriculture/Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Zhuang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, College of Agriculture/Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, College of Agriculture/Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huaqi Li
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Taijie Lei
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengke Li
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meijia Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiaxian Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Dang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, College of Agriculture/Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ali Raza
- Oil Crops Research Institute, College of Agriculture/Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, College of Agriculture/Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yasir Sharif
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, College of Agriculture/Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Huasong Zou
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weijian Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, College of Agriculture/Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Qi P, Huang M, Hu X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li P, Chen S, Zhang D, Cao S, Zhu W, Xie J, Cheng J, Fu Y, Jiang D, Yu X, Li B. A Ralstonia solanacearum effector targets TGA transcription factors to subvert salicylic acid signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1666-1683. [PMID: 35043960 PMCID: PMC9048914 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum causes wilt disease on Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). This pathogen uses type III effectors to inhibit the plant immune system; however, how individual effectors interfere with plant immune responses, including transcriptional reprograming, remain elusive. Here, we show that the type III effector RipAB targets Arabidopsis TGACG SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC BINDING PROTEIN (TGA) transcription factors, the central regulators of plant immune gene regulation, via physical interaction in the nucleus to dampen immune responses. RipAB was required for R. solanacearum virulence on wild-type tomato and Arabidopsis but not Arabidopsis tga1 tga4 and tga2 tga5 tga6 mutants. Stable expression of RipAB in Arabidopsis suppressed the pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and immune gene induction as well as salicylic acid (SA) regulons including RBOHD and RBOHF, responsible for ROS production, all of which were phenocopied by the tga1 tga4 and tga2 tga5 tga6 mutants. We found that TGAs directly activate RBOHD and RBOHF expression and that RipAB inhibits this through interfering with the recruitment of RNA polymerase II. These results suggest that TGAs are the bona fide and major virulence targets of RipAB, which disrupts SA signaling by inhibiting TGA activity to achieve successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pengyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wanting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Li
- Author for correspondence:
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Tan X, Dai X, Chen T, Wu Y, Yang D, Zheng Y, Chen H, Wan X, Yang Y. Complete Genome Sequence Analysis of Ralstonia solanacearum Strain PeaFJ1 Provides Insights Into Its Strong Virulence in Peanut Plants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:830900. [PMID: 35273586 PMCID: PMC8904134 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.830900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial wilt of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating soil-borne disease that seriously restricted the world peanut production. However, the molecular mechanism of R. solanacearum–peanut interaction remains largely unknown. We found that R. solanacearum HA4-1 and PeaFJ1 isolated from peanut plants showed different pathogenicity by inoculating more than 110 cultivated peanuts. Phylogenetic tree analysis demonstrated that HA4-1 and PeaFJ1 both belonged to phylotype I and sequevar 14M, which indicates a high degree of genomic homology between them. Genomic sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of PeaFJ1 revealed 153 strain-specific genes compared with HA4-1. The PeaFJ1 strain-specific genes consisted of diverse virulence-related genes including LysR-type transcriptional regulators, two-component system-related genes, and genes contributing to motility and adhesion. In addition, the repertoire of the type III effectors of PeaFJ1 was bioinformatically compared with that of HA4-1 to find the candidate effectors responsible for their different virulences. There are 79 effectors in the PeaFJ1 genome, only 4 of which are different effectors compared with HA4-1, including RipS4, RipBB, RipBS, and RS_T3E_Hyp6. Based on the virulence profiles of the two strains against peanuts, we speculated that RipS4 and RipBB are candidate virulence effectors in PeaFJ1 while RipBS and RS_T3E_Hyp6 are avirulence effectors in HA4-1. In general, our research greatly reduced the scope of virulence-related genes and made it easier to find out the candidates that caused the difference in pathogenicity between the two strains. These results will help to reveal the molecular mechanism of peanut–R. solanacearum interaction and develop targeted control strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Tan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Dai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yushuang Wu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixiong Zheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaorong Wan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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41
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Baroukh C, Zemouri M, Genin S. Trophic preferences of the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum and consequences on its growth in xylem sap. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1240. [PMID: 35212480 PMCID: PMC8770891 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most destructive pathogens worldwide. In the last 30 years, the molecular mechanisms at the origin of R. solanacearum pathogenicity have been studied in depth. However, the nutrition status of the pathogen once inside the plant has been poorly investigated. Yet, the pathogen needs substrates to sustain a fast-enough growth, maintain its virulence and subvert the host immunity. This study aimed to explore in-depth the xylem environment where the pathogen is abundant, and its trophic preferences. First, we determined the composition of tomato xylem sap, where fast multiplication of the pathogen occurs. Then, kinetic growth on single and mixtures of carbon sources in relation to this environment was performed to fully quantify growth. Finally, we calculated the concentration of available metabolites in the xylem sap flux to assess how much it can support bacterial growth in planta. Overall, the study underlines the adaptation of R. solanacearum to the xylem environment and the fact that the pathogen assimilates several substrates at the same time in media composed of several carbon sources. It also provides metrics on key physiological parameters governing the growth of this major pathogen, which will be instrumental in the future to better understand its metabolic behavior during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meriem Zemouri
- LIPMEINRACNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Stéphane Genin
- LIPMEINRACNRSUniversité de ToulouseCastanet‐TolosanFrance
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Niu Y, Fu S, Chen G, Wang H, Wang Y, Hu J, Jin X, Zhang M, Lu M, He Y, Wang D, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Coll NS, Valls M, Zhao C, Chen Q, Lu H. Different epitopes of Ralstonia solanacearum effector RipAW are recognized by two Nicotiana species and trigger immune responses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:188-203. [PMID: 34719088 PMCID: PMC8743020 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diverse pathogen effectors convergently target conserved components in plant immunity guarded by intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) and activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI), often causing cell death. Little is known of the differences underlying ETI in different plants triggered by the same effector. In this study, we demonstrated that effector RipAW triggers ETI on Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum. Both the first 107 amino acids (N1-107 ) and RipAW E3-ligase activity are required but not sufficient for triggering ETI on N. benthamiana. However, on N. tabacum, the N1-107 fragment is essential and sufficient for inducing cell death. The first 60 amino acids of the protein are not essential for RipAW-triggered cell death on either N. benthamiana or N. tabacum. Furthermore, simultaneous mutation of both R75 and R78 disrupts RipAW-triggered ETI on N. tabacum, but not on N. benthamiana. In addition, N. tabacum recognizes more RipAW orthologs than N. benthamiana. These data showcase the commonalities and specificities of RipAW-activated ETI in two evolutionally related species, suggesting Nicotiana species have acquired different abilities to perceive RipAW and activate plant defences during plant-pathogen co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Shouyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Gong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Huijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yisa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - JinXue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Mancang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Mingxia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yizhe He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Shaanxi Key State Laboratory of Crop HeterosisNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Food Science and EngineeringNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of Resources and EnvironmentSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Núria S. Coll
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River BasinSoutheast UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Marc Valls
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River BasinSoutheast UniversityChongqingChina
- Centre for Research in Agricultural GenomicsCSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UBBellaterraCataloniaSpain
| | - Cuizhu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Qin Chen
- Shaanxi Key State Laboratory of Crop HeterosisNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Haibin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasCollege of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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Xu C, Zhong L, Huang Z, Li C, Lian J, Zheng X, Liang Y. Real-time monitoring of Ralstonia solanacearum infection progress in tomato and Arabidopsis using bioluminescence imaging technology. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:7. [PMID: 35033123 PMCID: PMC8761306 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00841-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ralstonia solanacearum, one of the most devastating bacterial plant pathogens, is the causal agent of bacterial wilt. Recently, several studies on resistance to bacterial wilt have been conducted using the Arabidopsis-R. solanacearum system. However, the progress of R. solanacearum infection in Arabidopsis is still unclear. RESULTS We generated a bioluminescent R. solanacearum by expressing plasmid-based luxCDABE. Expression of luxCDABE did not alter the bacterial growth and pathogenicity. The light intensity of bioluminescent R. solanacearum was linearly related to bacterial concentrations from 104 to 108 CFU·mL-1. After root inoculation with bioluminescent R. solanacearum strain, light signals in tomato and Arabidopsis were found to be transported from roots to stems via the vasculature. Quantification of light intensity from the bioluminescent strain accurately reported the difference in disease resistance between Arabidopsis wild type and resistant mutants. CONCLUSIONS Bioluminescent R. solanacearum strain spatially and quantitatively measured bacterial growth in tomato and Arabidopsis, and offered a tool for the high-throughput study of R. solanacearum-Arabidopsis interaction in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong Xu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lingkun Zhong
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zeming Huang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chenying Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xuefang Zheng
- Agricultural Bioresources Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 247 Wusi Road, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Liu X, Strelkov SE, Sun R, Hwang SF, Fredua-Agyeman R, Li F, Zhang S, Li G, Zhang S, Zhang H. Histopathology of the Plasmodiophora brassicae-Chinese Cabbage Interaction in Hosts Carrying Different Sources of Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:783550. [PMID: 35095958 PMCID: PMC8792839 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.783550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot is a serious soil-borne disease of crucifers caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae. The genetic basis and histopathology of clubroot resistance in two Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) inbred lines Bap055 and Bap246, challenged with pathotype 4 of P. brassicae, was evaluated. The Chinese cabbage cultivar "Juxin" served as a susceptible check. The resistance in Bap055 was found to be controlled by the CRa gene, while resistance in Bap246 fit a model of control by unknown recessive gene. Infection of the roots by P. brassicae was examined by inverted microscopy. Despite their resistance, primary and secondary infection were observed to occur in Bap055 and Bap246. Primary infection was detected at 2 days post-inoculation (DPI) in "Juxin," at 4 DPI in Bap055, and at 6 DPI in Bap246. Infection occurred most quickly on "Juxin," with 60% of the root hairs infected at 10 DPI, followed by Bap055 (31% of the root hairs infected at 12 DPI) and Bap246 (20% of the root hairs infected at 14 DPI). Secondary infection of "Juxin" was first observed at 8 DPI, while in Bap055 and Bap246, secondary infection was first observed at 10 DPI. At 14 DPI, the percentage of cortical infection in "Juxin," Bap055 and Bap246 was 93.3, 20.0, and 11.1%, respectively. Although cortical infection was more widespread in Bap055 than in Bap246, secondary infection in both of these hosts was restricted relative to the susceptible check, and the vascular system remained intact. A large number of binucleate secondary plasmodia were observed in "Juxin" and the vascular system was disrupted at 16 DPI; in Bap055 and Bap246, only a few secondary plasmodia were visible, with no binucleate secondary plasmodia. The defense mechanisms and expression of resistance appears to differ between Chinese cabbage cultivars carrying different sources of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Stephen E. Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rifei Sun
- Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheau-Fang Hwang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rudolph Fredua-Agyeman
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shifan Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shujiang Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liu X, Cai J, Li X, Yu F, Wu D. Can bacterial type III effectors mediate pathogen-plant-microbiota ternary interactions? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:5-11. [PMID: 34533222 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Technology Center, China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Dousheng Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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Koseoglou E, van der Wolf JM, Visser RGF, Bai Y. Susceptibility reversed: modified plant susceptibility genes for resistance to bacteria. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:69-79. [PMID: 34400073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved complex defence mechanisms to avoid invasion of potential pathogens. Despite this, adapted pathogens deploy effector proteins to manipulate host susceptibility (S) genes, rendering plant defences ineffective. The identification and mutation of plant S genes exploited by bacterial pathogens are important for the generation of crops with durable and broad-spectrum resistance. Application of mutant S genes in the breeding of resistant crops is limited because of potential pleiotropy. New genome editing techniques open up new possibilities for the modification of S genes. In this review, we focus on S genes manipulated by bacteria and propose ways for their identification and precise modification. Finally, we propose that genes coding for transporter proteins represent a new group of S genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Koseoglou
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M van der Wolf
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Genome-Wide Identification of Tomato Xylem Sap Fitness Factors for Three Plant-Pathogenic Ralstonia Species. mSystems 2021; 6:e0122921. [PMID: 34726495 PMCID: PMC8562481 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01229-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic Ralstonia spp. colonize plant xylem and cause wilt diseases on a broad range of host plants. To identify genes that promote growth of diverse Ralstonia strains in xylem sap from tomato plants, we performed genome-scale genetic screens (random barcoded transposon mutant sequencing screens [RB-TnSeq]) in three strains spanning the genetic, geographical, and physiological range of plant-pathogenic Ralstonia: Ralstonia solanacearum IBSBF1503, Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum GMI1000, and Ralstonia syzygii PSI07. Contrasting mutant fitness phenotypes in culture media versus in xylem sap suggest that Ralstonia strains are adapted to ex vivo xylem sap and that culture media impose foreign selective pressures. Although wild-type Ralstonia grew in sap and in rich medium with similar doubling times and to a similar carrying capacity, more genes were essential for growth in sap than in rich medium. Each strain required many genes associated with envelope remodeling and repair processes for full fitness in xylem sap. These genes were associated with peptidoglycan peptide formation (murI), secretion of periplasmic proteins (tatC), periplasmic protein folding (dsbA), synthesis of osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (mdoGH), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis. Mutant strains with mutations in four genes had strong, sap-specific fitness defects in all strain backgrounds: murI, thiC, purU, and a lipoprotein (RSc2007). Many amino acid biosynthesis genes were required for fitness in both minimal medium and xylem sap. Multiple mutants with insertions in virulence regulators had gains of fitness in culture media and neutral fitness in sap. Our genome-scale genetic screen identified Ralstonia fitness factors that promote growth in xylem sap, an ecologically relevant condition. IMPORTANCE Traditional transposon mutagenesis genetic screens pioneered molecular plant pathology and identified core virulence traits like the type III secretion system. TnSeq approaches that leverage next-generation sequencing to rapidly quantify transposon mutant phenotypes are ushering in a new wave of biological discovery. Here, we have adapted a genome-scale approach, random barcoded transposon mutant sequencing (RB-TnSeq), to discover fitness factors that promote growth of three related bacterial strains in a common niche, tomato xylem sap. Fitness of the wild type and mutants show that Ralstonia spp. are adapted to grow well in xylem sap from their natural host plant, tomato. Our screen identified multiple sap-specific fitness factors with roles in maintaining the bacterial envelope. These factors include putative adaptations to resist plant defenses that may include antimicrobial proteins and specialized metabolites that damage bacterial membranes.
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Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, an opportunistic pathogen that causes severe community-acquired and nosocomial infections, has been reported to resist phagocyte-mediated killing, which enables its long-term survival in the host. Metabolism, especially carbohydrate metabolism, plays a key role in the battle between pathogens and hosts. However, the function of carbohydrate metabolism in the long-term survival of E. faecalis in phagocytes has rarely been reported. In this study, we utilized transposon insertion sequencing (TIS) to investigate the function of carbohydrate metabolism during the survival of E. faecalis in RAW264.7 cells. The TIS results showed that the fitness of carbohydrate metabolism-related mutants, especially those associated with fructose and mannose metabolism, were significantly enhanced, suggesting that the attenuation of carbohydrate metabolism promotes the survival of E. faecalis in macrophages. The results of our investigation indicated that macrophages responded to carbohydrate metabolism of E. faecalis and polarized to M1 macrophages to increase nitric oxide (NO) production, leading to the enhancement of macrophage-mediated killing to E. faecalis. Meanwhile, E. faecalis automatically decreased carbohydrate metabolism to escape from the immune clearance of macrophages during intracellular survival. The shift of primary carbon resources for macrophages affected the ability to clear intracellular E. faecalis. In summary, the results of the present study demonstrated that carbohydrate metabolism affects the macrophage-mediated killing of E. faecalis. IMPORTANCEE. faecalis has become a major pathogen leading to a variety of infections around the world. The metabolic interaction between E. faecalis and its host is important during infection but is rarely investigated. We used transposon insertion sequencing coupled with transcriptome sequencing to explore the metabolic interaction between E. faecalis and macrophages and uncovered that the shift of carbohydrate metabolism dramatically affected the inflammatory response of macrophages. In addition, E. faecalis attenuated carbohydrate metabolism to avoid the activation of the immune response of macrophages. This study provides new insights for the reason why E. faecalis is capable of long-term survival in macrophages and may facilitate the development of novel strategies to treat infectious diseases.
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Gerlin L, Baroukh C, Genin S. Polyamines: double agents in disease and plant immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:1061-1071. [PMID: 34127368 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are ubiquitous amine molecules found in all living organisms. In plants, beside their role in signaling and protection against abiotic stresses, there is increasing evidence that PAs have a major role in the interaction between plants and pathogens. Plant PAs are involved in immunity against pathogens, notably by amplifying pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) responses through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In response, pathogens use phytotoxins and effectors to manipulate the levels of PAs in the plant, most likely to their own benefit. It also appears that pathogenic microorganisms produce PAs during infection, sometimes in large quantities. This may reflect different infectious strategies based on the selective exploitation of these molecules and the functions they perform in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Gerlin
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Caroline Baroukh
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Stéphane Genin
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Kang S, Lumactud R, Li N, Bell TH, Kim HS, Park SY, Lee YH. Harnessing Chemical Ecology for Environment-Friendly Crop Protection. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1697-1710. [PMID: 33908803 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-21-0035-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy reliance on synthetic pesticides for crop protection has become increasingly unsustainable, calling for robust alternative strategies that do not degrade the environment and vital ecosystem services. There are numerous reports of successful disease control by various microbes used in small-scale trials. However, inconsistent efficacy has hampered their large-scale application. A better understanding of how beneficial microbes interact with plants, other microbes, and the environment and which factors affect disease control efficacy is crucial to deploy microbial agents as effective and reliable pesticide alternatives. Diverse metabolites produced by plants and microbes participate in pathogenesis and defense, regulate the growth and development of themselves and neighboring organisms, help maintain cellular homeostasis under various environmental conditions, and affect the assembly and activity of plant and soil microbiomes. However, research on the metabolites associated with plant health-related processes, except antibiotics, has not received adequate attention. This review highlights several classes of metabolites known or suspected to affect plant health, focusing on those associated with biocontrol and belowground plant-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. The review also describes how new insights from systematic explorations of the diversity and mechanism of action of bioactive metabolites can be harnessed to develop novel crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Rhea Lumactud
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Ningxiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Terrence H Bell
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Life Science, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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