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Shi L, Cui T, Wang X, Wu R, Wu J, Wang Y, Wang W. Biotransformation and pharmacological activities of platycosides from Platycodon grandiflorum roots. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2024; 16:392-400. [PMID: 39072194 PMCID: PMC11283221 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In Northeast China, Goubao pickle is a popular food fermented from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum as the main material, offering a unique flavor and rich nutritional value. Platycosides in roots of P. grandiflorum may play a crucial role in determining the quality of Goubao pickle through microorganism fermentation. However, biotransfermation of platycosides has not been reviewed during fermentation. In this study, we reviewed platycosides in chemical diversity, metabolic processes in vivo, biotransformation of platycosides in vitro, and pharmacological effects. Finally, we also discussed how to improve the bioactive secondary platycosides we desire by regulating enzymes from microorganisms in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Tong Cui
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yanqun Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Weiming Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin 150036, China
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Song J, Han S, Choi S, Lee J, Jeong Y, Lee HM, Son J, Jeong DY, Yu SS, Lee W. A mixture of Pueraria lobata and Platycodon grandiflorum extracts ameliorates RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and ovariectomy-induced bone loss by regulating Src- PI3K-AKT and JNK/p38 signaling pathways. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24842. [PMID: 38312605 PMCID: PMC10835310 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is caused by increased bone resorption due to the excessive activity of osteoclasts. Pueraria lobata has demonstrated the ability to improve bone density in ovariectomized mice, and Platycodon grandiflorum can suppress osteolysis biomarkers such as collagen content in cartilage and alkaline phosphatase activity. In this study, we examined whether HX112, a mixture of Pueraria lobata and Platycodon grandiflorum extracts, could inhibit the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation to alleviate osteoporosis. To induce the differentiation of osteoclasts, RAW 264.7 cell were cultured with RANKL and HX112. Osteoclasts differentiation was evaluated by TRAP activity and TRAP staining. Bone resorption as osteoclasts major function was assessed by pit formation assay. As a result, HX112 suppressed osteoclast differentiation and bone resorptive function. Additionally, HX112 reduced the expression of osteoclastogenic genes including NFATc1 and c-Fos, and these effects of HX112 were mediated by inhibiting Src-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)- Protein kinase B (Akt) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 signaling pathways. Furthermore, ICR mice were ovariectomized to induce osteoporosis and bone mineral density of femur was measured using micro-CT. Consequently, oral administration of HX112 to ovariectomized mice significantly improved bone microstructure and bone mineral density. Collectively, these findings indicate that the mixed extract of Pueraria lobata and Platycodon grandiflorum may be useful as therapeutics for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Song
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, South Korea
| | - Suhyun Han
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, South Korea
| | - Sooyeon Choi
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, South Korea
| | - Jungkyu Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, South Korea
| | - Yoonseon Jeong
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, South Korea
| | - Hyun Myung Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, South Korea
| | - JongDai Son
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, South Korea
| | - Dam Yeon Jeong
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, South Korea
| | - Seung-Shin Yu
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, South Korea
| | - Wonwoo Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul 07794, South Korea
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Wang M, Pei S, Xie L, Li H, Tang S, Li Y, Chen Z, Liu S, Liu Z. An integrated approach based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, network pharmacology, and molecular docking to study the key effective compounds and mechanism of action of Platycodi Radix in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300398. [PMID: 37688352 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Platycodi Radix (PR) is a valuable herb that is widely used in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in clinics. However, the mechanism of action for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remains unclear due to the lack of in vivo studies. Our study established a novel integrated strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, network pharmacology, and molecular docking to systematically analyze the tissue distribution and active compounds of PR in vivo and the therapeutic mechanism of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. First, tissue distribution studies have shown that the lung is the organ with the highest distribution of PR compounds. Subsequently, network pharmacology results showed that the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, interleukin-17 signaling pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway were the critical mechanisms of PR against chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ultimately, molecular docking results showed that the key targets were stably bound to the corresponding active compounds of PR. Our study is of great significance for the screening of the key effective compounds and the study of the mechanism of action in traditional Chinese medicine and provides data to support the further development and utilization of PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuhua Pei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Luyao Xie
- Chengdu Meishi International School, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanlin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shoufang Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shu Liu
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongying Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Shaik Mohamed Sayed UF, Moshawih S, Goh HP, Kifli N, Gupta G, Singh SK, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Hermansyah A, Ser HL, Ming LC, Goh BH. Natural products as novel anti-obesity agents: insights into mechanisms of action and potential for therapeutic management. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1182937. [PMID: 37408757 PMCID: PMC10318930 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1182937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity affects more than 10% of the adult population globally. Despite the introduction of diverse medications aimed at combating fat accumulation and obesity, a significant number of these pharmaceutical interventions are linked to substantial occurrences of severe adverse events, occasionally leading to their withdrawal from the market. Natural products serve as attractive sources for anti-obesity agents as many of them can alter the host metabolic processes and maintain glucose homeostasis via metabolic and thermogenic stimulation, appetite regulation, pancreatic lipase and amylase inhibition, insulin sensitivity enhancing, adipogenesis inhibition and adipocyte apoptosis induction. In this review, we shed light on the biological processes that control energy balance and thermogenesis as well as metabolic pathways in white adipose tissue browning, we also highlight the anti-obesity potential of natural products with their mechanism of action. Based on previous findings, the crucial proteins and molecular pathways involved in adipose tissue browning and lipolysis induction are uncoupling protein-1, PR domain containing 16, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in addition to Sirtuin-1 and AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. Given that some phytochemicals can also lower proinflammatory substances like TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1 secreted from adipose tissue and change the production of adipokines like leptin and adiponectin, which are important regulators of body weight, natural products represent a treasure trove for anti-obesity agents. In conclusion, conducting comprehensive research on natural products holds the potential to accelerate the development of an improved obesity management strategy characterized by heightened efficacy and reduced incidence of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Said Moshawih
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
| | - Hui Poh Goh
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
| | - Nurolaini Kifli
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Andi Hermansyah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas AirlanggaSurabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hooi Leng Ser
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas AirlanggaSurabaya, Indonesia
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Savarino P, Demeyer M, Decroo C, Colson E, Gerbaux P. Mass spectrometry analysis of saponins. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:954-983. [PMID: 34431118 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are amphiphilic molecules of pharmaceutical interest and most of their biological activities (i.e., cytotoxic, hemolytic, fungicide, etc.) are associated to their membranolytic properties. These molecules are secondary metabolites present in numerous plants and in some marine animals, such as sea cucumbers and starfishes. Structurally, all saponins correspond to the combination of a hydrophilic glycan, consisting of sugar chain(s), linked to a hydrophobic triterpenoidic or steroidic aglycone, named the sapogenin. Saponins present a high structural diversity and their structural characterization remains extremely challenging. Ideally, saponin structures are best established using nuclear magnetic resonance experiments conducted on isolated molecules. However, the extreme structural diversity of saponins makes them challenging from a structural analysis point of view since, most of the time, saponin extracts consist in a huge number of congeners presenting only subtle structural differences. In the present review, we wish to offer an overview of the literature related to the development of mass spectrometry for the study of saponins. This review will demonstrate that most of the past and current mass spectrometry methods, including electron, electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ionizations, gas/liquid chromatography coupled to (tandem) mass spectrometry, collision-induced dissociation including MS3 experiments, multiple reaction monitoring based quantification, ion mobility experiments, and so forth, have been used for saponin investigations with great success on enriched extracts but also directly on tissues using imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Savarino
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biosciences Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Marie Demeyer
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biosciences Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Corentin Decroo
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biosciences Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Colson
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biosciences Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biosciences Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
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Shin KC, Oh DK. Biotransformation of Platycosides, Saponins from Balloon Flower Root, into Bioactive Deglycosylated Platycosides. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020327. [PMID: 36829886 PMCID: PMC9952785 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycosides, saponins from balloon flower root (Platycodi radix), have diverse health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tussive, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, and whitening activities. Deglycosylated platycosides, which show greater biological effects than glycosylated platycosides, are produced by the hydrolysis of glycoside moieties in glycosylated platycosides. In this review, platycosides are classified according to the chemical structures of the aglycone sapogenins and also divided into natural platycosides, including major, minor, and rare platycosides, depending on the content in Platycodi radix extract and biotransformed platycosides. The biological activities of platycosides are summarized and methods for deglycosylation of saponins, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, are introduced. The biotransformation of glycosylated platycosides into deglycosylated platycosides was described based on the hydrolytic pathways of glycosides, substrate specificity of glycosidases, and specific productivities of deglycosylated platycosides. Methods for producing diverse and/or new deglycosylated platycosides are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Shin KC, Kil TG, Kang SH, Oh DK. Production of Deglucose-Apiose-Xylosylated Platycosides from Glycosylated Platycosides by Crude Enzyme from Aspergillus tubingensis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:430-436. [PMID: 35283429 PMCID: PMC9628805 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2112.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platycosides, Platycodi radix (Platycodon grandiflorus root) saponins, are used as food supplements and exert diverse pharmacological activities. Deglycosylation of saponins enhances their biological efficacy, and deglycosylated platycosides are produced mainly through enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the types of available deglycosylated platycosides remain limited because of a lack of hydrolyzing enzymes that can act on specific glycosides in glycosylated platycosides. In this study, a crude enzyme from Aspergillus tubingensis converted platycoside E (PE) and polygalacin D3 (PGD3) into deglucose-apiose-xylosylated (deGAX)-platycodin D (PD) and deGAX-polygalacin D (PGD), respectively. The products were identified through LC/MS analysis by specifically hydrolyzing all glucose residues at C-3, and apiose and xylose residues at C-28 of platycoside. The hydrolytic activity of the crude enzyme obtained after the cultivation of the fungus using citrus pectin and corn steep solid as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, in culture medium was increased compared with those using other carbon and nitrogen sources. The crude enzyme from A. tubingensis was the most effective in producing deGAX platycoside at pH 5.0 and 60°C. The crude enzyme produced 0.32 mg/ml deGAX-PD and 0.34 mg/ml deGAX-PGD from 1 mg/ml PE and 1 mg/ml PGD3 (at pH 5.0 and 60°C) for 12 and 10 h, with productivities of 32.0 and 42.5 mg/l/h and molar yields of 62.1 and 59.6%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to produce deGAX platycosides from glycosylated platycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Geun Kil
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwan Kang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-454-3118 Fax: +82-2-444-5518 E-mail:
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Chang X, Li J, Ju M, Yu H, Zha L, Peng H, Wang J, Peng D, Gui S. Untargeted metabolomics approach reveals the tissue-specific markers of balloon flower root (Platycodi Radix) using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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The Effect of Different Water Extracts from Platycodon grandiflorum on Selected Factors Associated with Pathogenesis of Chronic Bronchitis in Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215020. [PMID: 33138217 PMCID: PMC7662589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the activity of extracts from Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC (PG) in a model of chronic bronchitis in rats. The research was carried out on three water extracts: E1 – from roots of field cultivated PG; E2 – from biotransformed roots of PG; E3 – from callus of PG. The extracts differed in saponins and inulin levels—the highest was measured in E3 and the lowest in E1. Identification of secondary metabolites was performed using two complementary LC-MS systems. Chronic bronchitis was induced by sodium metabisulfite (a source of SO2). Animals were treated with extracts for three weeks (100 mg/kg, intragastrically) and endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factors (TGF-β1, -β2, -β3), and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) levels were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, whereas C reactive protein (CRP) level was measured in serum. Moreover, mRNA expression were assessed in bronchi and lungs. In SO2-exposed rats, an elevation of the CRP, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, VEGF, and mucin was found, but the extracts’ administration mostly reversed this phenomenon, leading to control values. The results showed a strong anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts from PG.
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Shin KC, Kim DW, Woo HS, Oh DK, Kim YS. Conversion of Glycosylated Platycoside E to Deapiose-Xylosylated Platycodin D by Cytolase PCL5. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041207. [PMID: 32054089 PMCID: PMC7072768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycosides, the saponins abundant in Platycodi radix (the root of Platycodon grandiflorum), have diverse pharmacological activities and have been used as food supplements. Since deglycosylated saponins exhibit higher biological activity than glycosylated saponins, efforts are on to enzymatically convert glycosylated platycosides to deglycosylated platycosides; however, the lack of diversity and specificities of these enzymes has limited the kinds of platycosides that can be deglycosylated. In the present study, we examined the enzymatic conversion of platycosides and showed that Cytolase PCL5 completely converted platycoside E and polygalacin D3 into deapiose-xylosylated platycodin D and deapiose-xylosylated polygalacin D, respectively, which were identified by LC-MS analysis. The platycoside substrates were hydrolyzed through the following novel hydrolytic pathways: platycoside E → platycodin D3 → platycodin D → deapiosylated platycodin D → deapiose-xylosylated platycodin D; and polygalacin D3 → polygalacin D → deapiosylated polygalacin D → deapiose-xylosylated polygalacin D. Our results show that cytolast PCL5 may have a potential role in the development of biologically active platycosides that may be used for their diverse pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Research Institute of Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.-C.S.); (D.-K.O.)
| | - Dae Wook Kim
- Forest Plant Industry Department, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Korea; (D.W.K.); (H.S.W.)
| | - Hyun Sim Woo
- Forest Plant Industry Department, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Korea; (D.W.K.); (H.S.W.)
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Research Institute of Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.-C.S.); (D.-K.O.)
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yeong-Su Kim
- Forest Plant Industry Department, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Korea; (D.W.K.); (H.S.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-679-2740; Fax: +82-54-679-0636
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Characterization of β-Glycosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor owensensis and Its Application in the Production of Platycodin D from Balloon Flower Leaf. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9121025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D has diverse pharmacological activities. An efficient and economical mechanism for obtaining platycosides (platycodin D in particular) would be very useful. Balloon flower leaf extract (BFLE) was obtained by recycling leaves discarded from Platycodi radix production, as they have a high platycoside E content. A recombinant β-glycosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor owensensis was characterized and applied to BFLE for platycoside bioconversion. The enzyme specifically hydrolyzed the glucose residue at the C-3 position in platycosides and was suitable for platycodin D production. Under optimized reaction conditions, β-glycosidase from C. owensensis completely converted platycoside E from BFLE into platycodin D with the highest concentration and productivity reported so far. These results greatly improve the production process for deglycosylated platycosides.
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Enzymatic Biotransformation of Balloon Flower Root Saponins into Bioactive Platycodin D by Deglucosylation with Caldicellulosiruptor bescii β-Glucosidase. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163854. [PMID: 31394870 PMCID: PMC6721153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD), a major saponin (platycoside) in Platycodi radix (balloon flower root), has higher pharmacological activity than the other major platycosides; however, its content in the plant root is only approximately 10% (w/w) and the productivities of PD by several enzymes are still too low for industrial applications. To rapidly increase the total PD content, the β-glucosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii was used for the deglucosylation of the PD precursors platycoside E (PE) and platycodin D3 (PD3) in the root extract into PD. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the enzyme completely converted the PD precursors into PD with the highest productivity reported so far, increasing the total PD content to 48% (w/w). In the biotransformation process, the platycosides in Platycodi radix were hydrolyzed by four pathways: deapiosylated (deapi)-PE → deapi-PD3 → deapi-PD, PE → PD3 → PD, polygalacin D3 → polygalacin D, and 3″-O-acetyl polygalacin D3 → 3″-O-acetyl polygalacin D.
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Kang SH, Kim TH, Shin KC, Ko YJ, Oh DK. Biotransformation of Food-Derived Saponins, Platycosides, into Deglucosylated Saponins Including Deglucosylated Platycodin D and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1470-1477. [PMID: 30652865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Platycodon grandiflorum root, Platycodi radix, a common vegetable, and its extract with glycosylated saponins, platycosides, have been used as food items and food health supplements for pulmonary diseases and respiratory disorders. Enzymes convert glycosylated saponins into deglycosylated saponins, which exhibit higher biological activity than glycosylated saponins. In this study, β-glucosidase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Dictyoglomus turgidum converted platycosides in the Platycodi radix extract into deglucosylated platycosides. In addition, the enzyme completely converted platycoside E (PE), platycodin D3 (PD3), and platycodin D (PD) in Platycodi radix extract into deglucosylated platycodin D (deglu PD), which was first identified by nuclear magnetic resonance. The anti-inflammatory activities of deglu PD and deglucosylated Platycodi radix extract were higher than those of PE, PD3, PD, Platycodi radix extract, and baicalein, an anti-inflammatory agent. Therefore, deglucosylated Platycodi radix extract is expected to be used as improved functional food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hwan Kang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF) , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
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14
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Ahn HJ, You HJ, Park MS, Johnston TV, Ku S, Ji GE. Biocatalysis of Platycoside E and Platycodin D3 Using Fungal Extracellular β-Glucosidase Responsible for Rapid Platycodin D Production. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092671. [PMID: 30205574 PMCID: PMC6163259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodi radix (i.e., Platycodon grandiflorum root) products (e.g., tea, cosmetics, and herbal supplements) are popular in East Asian nutraceutical markets due to their reported health benefits and positive consumer perceptions. Platycosides are the key drivers of Platycodi radixes' biofunctional effects; their nutraceutical and pharmaceutical activities are primarily related to the number and varieties of sugar side-chains. Among the various platycosides, platycodin D is a major saponin that demonstrates various nutraceutical activities. Therefore, the development of a novel technology to increase the total platycodin D content in Platycodi radix extract is important, not only for consumers' health benefits but also producers' commercial applications and manufacturing cost reduction. It has been reported that hydrolysis of platycoside sugar moieties significantly modifies the compound's biofunctionality. Platycodi radix extract naturally contains two major platycodin D precursors (platycoside E and platycodin D3) which can be enzymatically converted to platycodin D via β-d-glucosidase hydrolysis. Despite evidence that platycodin D precursors can be changed to platycodin D in the Platycodi radix plant, there is little research on increasing platycodin D concentrations during processing. In this work, platycodin D levels in Platycodi radix extracts were significantly increased via extracellular Aspergillus usamii β-d-glucosidase (n = 3, p < 0.001). To increase the extracellular β-d-glucosidase activity, A. usamii was cultivated in a culture media containing cellobiose as its major carbon source. The optimal pH and temperature of the fungal β-d-glucosidase were 6.0 and 40.0 °C, respectively. Extracellular A. usamii β-d-glucosidase successfully converted more than 99.9% (w/v, n = 3, p < 0.001) of platycoside E and platycodin D3 into platycodin D within 2 h under optimal conditions. The maximum level of platycodin D was 0.4 mM. Following the biotransformation process, the platycodin D was recovered using preparatory High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and applied to in vitro assays to evaluate its quality. Platycodin D separated from the Platycodi radix immediately following the bioconversion process showed significant anti-inflammatory effects from the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage inflammatory responses with decreased nitrite and IL-6 production (n = 3, p < 0.001). Taken together, these results provide evidence that biocatalysis of Platycodi radix extracts with A. usamii may be used as an efficient method of platycodin D-enriched extract production and novel Platycodi radix products may thereby be created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Ahn
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Hyun Ju You
- Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Myung Su Park
- Department of Hotel Culinary Arts, Yeonsung University, Anyang 14001, Korea.
| | - Tony V Johnston
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
| | - Seockmo Ku
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
| | - Geun Eog Ji
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Center, BIFIDO Co., Ltd., Hongcheon 25117, Korea.
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15
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Lu H, Ju M, Chu S, Xu T, Huang Y, Chan Q, Peng H, Gui S. Quantitative and Chemical Fingerprint Analysis for the Quality Evaluation of Platycodi Radix Collected from Various Regions in China by HPLC Coupled with Chemometrics. Molecules 2018; 23:E1823. [PMID: 30041412 PMCID: PMC6099642 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodi Radix (PR) is the root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., which has been used for a long time in China to treat pulmonary diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of PR samples collected from 23 regions of 11 provinces in China. Eight saponins were quantified using HPLC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD). The samples with the highest total contents of saponins were from southern China, such as Yunnan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, and Guangzhou. The fingerprint analysis of PR samples was conducted by HPLC-UV method. Nineteen common peaks were selected and the similarity values varied from 0.607 to 0.921. These findings indicated that the saponins contents of PR from different regions varied significantly, with PR samples from southern China having the highest contents of saponins. These comprehensive methods were successful in evaluating the quality of PR samples from northern and southern China, which will serve as a guide for the development of PR as a clinical medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Mengzhen Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Shanshan Chu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Yuzhe Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Qingyun Chan
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Huasheng Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230038, China.
| | - Shuangying Gui
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230038, China.
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
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Navarro Del Hierro J, Herrera T, García-Risco MR, Fornari T, Reglero G, Martin D. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and bioaccessibility of saponins from edible seeds: quinoa, lentil, fenugreek, soybean and lupin. Food Res Int 2018; 109:440-447. [PMID: 29803470 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The efficient production of saponin-rich extracts is of increasing interest due to the bioactive properties that have being demonstrated for these compounds. However, saponins have a poor bioavailability. In this respect, the knowledge about the bioaccessibility of saponins as a first step before bioavailability has been scarcely explored. In this study, the production of ultrasound-assisted extracts of saponins from edible seeds (quinoa, soybean, red lentil, fenugreek and lupin) was carried out with ethanol, ethanol:water or water. Extraction yield, total saponin (TSC), fat and total phenolics content (TPC) were determined. Then, the bioaccessibility of saponins after the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of the extracts was determined and the effect of TPC and fat in the extracts on bioaccessibility was evaluated. The highest saponin-rich extracts were obtained by ethanol, being fenugreek and red lentil the richest extracts (12% and 10%, respectively). Saponins from ethanol:water extracts displayed variable bioaccessibility (from 13% for fenugreek to 83% for lentil), but a bioaccessibility closer to 100% was reached for all ethanol extracts. Correlation studies showed that TPC of the extracts negatively affected the bioaccessibility of saponins, whereas fat of the extracts enhanced this parameter. As summary, ultrasound-assisted extraction is shown as an efficient method for obtaining saponin-rich extracts from edible seeds, being ethanol the most advantageous solvent due to the richness of saponins and the successful bioaccessibility from these extracts, likely caused by the co-extracted fat with ethanol. Regardless of the extracts, phenolic compounds or fat may hinder or enhance the bioaccessibility of saponins, respectively. Additionally, an adequate balance between saponins to lipids has shown to be relevant on such an effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Navarro Del Hierro
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Herrera
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica R García-Risco
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiziana Fornari
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Imdea-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Martin
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Wang C, Zhang N, Wang Z, Qi Z, Zhu H, Zheng B, Li P, Liu J. Nontargeted Metabolomic Analysis of Four Different Parts of Platycodon grandiflorum Grown in Northeast China. Molecules 2017; 22:E1280. [PMID: 28769024 PMCID: PMC6152411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodonis radix is extensively used for treating cough, excessive phlegm, sore throat, bronchitis and asthma in the clinic. Meanwhile, the stems, leaves and seeds of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) have some pharmaceutical activities such as anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation effects, etc. These effects must be caused by the different metabolites in various parts of herb. In order to profile the different parts of PG, the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of- flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MSE) coupled with UNIFI platform and multivariate statistical analyses was used in this study. Consequently, for the constituent screening, 73, 42, 35, 44 compounds were characterized from the root, stem, leaf and seed, respectively. The stem, leaf and seed contain more flavonoids but few saponins that can be easily discriminated in the root. For the metabolomic analysis, 15, 5, 7, 11 robust biomarkers enabling the differentiation among root, stem, leaf and seed, were discovered. These biomarkers can be used for rapid identification of four different parts of PG grown in northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Nanqi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zeng Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Hailin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Bingzhen Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Pingya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Jinping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
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18
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Kim JI, Jeon SG, Kim KA, Kim JJ, Song EJ, Jeon Y, Kim E, Lee KB, Kwak JH, Moon M. Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract Improves Learning and Memory by Enhancing Synaptogenesis in Mice Hippocampus. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070794. [PMID: 28737698 PMCID: PMC5537907 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. (PG) has long been used as an ingredient of foods and is known to have beneficial effects on cognitive functions as well. The present study examined the effect of each PG extract (PGE) from root, aerial part, and seeds on cognitive functions in mice. Changes in spatial learning and memory using a Y-maze test, and markers of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis were examined. Moreover, changes in neuritogenesis and activation of the ERK1/2 pathway were investigated. Results indicated that mice administered PGE (root) showed increased spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test and synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. In addition, PGE (root) and platycodin D, the major bioactive compound from the PG root, significantly stimulated neuritic outgrowth by phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in vitro. These results indicate that the PGE (root), containing platycodin D, enhances cognitive function through synaptogenesis via activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Il Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Korea.
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Ah Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk 28024, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
- LES Corporation Inc., 4 Munhwawon-ro 46beon-gil Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34167, Korea.
| | - Eun Ji Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Yukyoung Jeon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Eunbin Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Kyung Bok Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Jong Hwan Kwak
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
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Jin MM, Zhang WD, Xu YM, Du YF, Sun Q, Guo W, Cao L, Xu HJ. Simultaneous determination of 12 active components in the roots ofPulsatilla chinensisusing tissue-smashing extraction with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1283-1292. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao-miao Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang P. R. China
| | - Wen-dan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang P. R. China
| | - Yan-mei Xu
- Department of Cosmetic Analysis; Hebei Institute for Food and Drug Control; Shijiazhuang P. R. China
| | - Ying-feng Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang P. R. China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang P. R. China
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang P. R. China
| | - Hui-jun Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang P. R. China
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Yim NH, Hwang YH, Liang C, Ma JY. A platycoside-rich fraction from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum enhances cell death in A549 human lung carcinoma cells via mainly AMPK/mTOR/AKT signal-mediated autophagy induction. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:1060-1068. [PMID: 27989873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG), commonly known as Kilkyong in Korea, Jiegeng in China, and Kikyo in Japan, has been extensively used as a traditional anti-inflammatory medicine in Asia for the treatment of respiratory conditions, such as bronchitis, asthma, and tonsillitis. Platycosides isolated from PG are especially well-known for their anti-cancer effects. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the involvement of autophagic cell death and other potential molecular mechanisms induced by the platycoside-containing butanol fraction of PG (PGB) in human lung carcinoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS PGB-induced growth inhibition and cell death were measured using a 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The effects of PGB on autophagy were determined by observing microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) redistribution with confocal microscopy. The PGB-mediated regulation of autophagy-associated proteins was investigated using Western blotting analysis. Furthermore, the anti-cancer mechanism of PGB was confirmed using chemical inhibitors. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-DAD system was used to analyze the platycosides in PGB. RESULTS In A549 cells, PGB induced significant autophagic cell death. Specifically, PGB upregulated LC3-II in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and it redistributed LC3 via autophagosome formation in the cytoplasm. PGB treatment increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and subsequently suppressed the AKT/mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Furthermore, PGB inhibited cell proliferation by regulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In this study, six types of platycosides were identified in the PGB using HPLC. CONCLUSIONS PGB efficiently induced cancer cell death via autophagy and the modulation of the AMPK/mTOR/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways in A549 cells. Therefore, PGB may be an efficacious herbal anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Hui Yim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Hwan Hwang
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiangshi, Henansheng 453-100, China
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Zeng L, Kong H, Zhu M, Yan W. A facile method to evaluate the quality of Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle using reference standard extract. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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22
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Ma XQ, Li SM, Chan CL, Su T, Li WD, Cao H, Fong WF, Yu ZL. Influence of sulfur fumigation on glycoside profile in Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng). Chin Med 2016; 11:32. [PMID: 27385975 PMCID: PMC4934009 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-016-0101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over recent decades, sulfur fumigation is becoming abused in processing some freshly harvested herbs used as both medicine and food, although it has been questioned whether sulfur fumigation will change the efficacy and safety of the herbs. One of the herbs commonly processed by sulfur fumigation is Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng in Chinese). Glycosides are the main bioactive components of Jiegeng. Up to the present, no study has been carried out to evaluate the impact of sulfur fumigation on glycoside profile of Jiegeng. METHODS A rapid and versatile ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC UHD Q-TOF MS/MS) method was developed for comprehensive analysis of the glycoside profiles of sulfur-fumigated and air-dried Jiegeng samples. RESULTS Twenty-three glycosides were detected in air-dried and sulfur-fumigated Jiegeng samples. After sulfur fumigation, the peak heights of eight glycosides, namely platycogenin A, platycodin D, platycodin D2, platycodin D3, polygalacin D, polygalacin D2, deapio-platycodin D and 3″-O-acetylplatycodin D2, remarkably decreased; while peak heights of five glycosides, namely syringin, lobetyolin, platycoside E, deapio-platycodin D2 and deapio-platycoside E, slightly increased; in addition, peaks of ten glycosides, platycodin A, platycodin C, platycodin V, platycoside C, 16-oxoplatycodin D, 2″-O-acetylpolygalacin D, 2″-O-acetylpolygalacin D2, 3″-O-acetylpolygalacin D, 3″-O-acetylpolygalacin D2, and platycogenic acid B, disappeared. CONCLUSION Sulfur fumigation caused significant changes of glycoside components of Jiegeng. Further investigations are warranted to explore how these chemical changes occurred and whether these changes would affect the efficacy and safety of Jiegeng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Ma
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Su-Mei Li
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Chi Leung Chan
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Tao Su
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Wei-Dong Li
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Hui Cao
- />National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, Guangdong China
| | - Wang-Fun Fong
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
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Zeng L, Zhong J, Zhu M, Yan W. A feasible scaling-up separation of platycosides from Platycodi Radix: From analytical to semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography coupling with a post-separation flash freezing treatment to obtain highly unstable components. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Peng Y, Zhang F, Tao H, Wang W, Sun L, Chen W, Wang C. Simultaneous determination of multiple platycosides with a single reference standard in Platycodi Radix by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3712-9. [PMID: 26331296 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Peng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Hongxun Tao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Lianna Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
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He M, Nie J, Wu H, Liang Y. Accurate Mass Determination of Platycosides Prepared by Macroporous Resins Using High-Resolution Mass Spectroscopy and Optimization Methods. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hwang YL, Ahn HJ, Ji GE. Fermentation of Platycodi radix and bioconversion of platycosides using co-cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7928 and Aspergillus awamori FMB S900. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Cao L, Yang J, Li X, Wang D, Huang Q. Determination of Brassinolide Analogs by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Evaporative Light Scattering Detection. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.954123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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An HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of platycodin D in rat plasma and its application to the pharmacokinetics of Platycodi Radix extract. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 12:154-60. [PMID: 24636069 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop an HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of platycodin D (PD) in rat plasma, and to acquire the main pharmacokinetic parameters of PD after oral administration of pure PD or of Platycodi Radix extract (PRE) containing PD. METHOD Plasma samples were pretreated with solid-phase extraction using an Oasis® HLB SPE cartridge. Madecassoside was used as the internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was achieved on an ODS column (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/water (30 : 70, V/V) containing 0.1 mmol·L(-1) ammonium acetate at a flow rate of 0.25 mL·min(-1). The detection was performed on a triple quadruple tandem mass spectrometer using an electrospray ionization (ESI) source with a chromatographic run time of 3.0 min. The detection was operated by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the transitions of m/z 1 223.6→469.2 for PD and of m/z 973.6→469.2 for madecassoside (IS), respectively. RESULTS The calibration curve was linear from 5 to 2 000 ng·mL(-1) (r(2) >0.99) with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 5 ng·mL(-1). The intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) values were below 15% and the accuracy (relative error, RE) was from -15% to +15% at three quality control (QC) levels. Plasma concentrations of PD were determined for 24 h after i.v. administration of PD, and oral administration of PD and PRE, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability of PD in rats was found to be (0.48 ± 0.19)% when administered PD, and to be (1.81 ± 0.89)% when administered PRE. CONCLUSION The developed HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters and oral bioavailability of PD in rats after administration of PD and Platycodi Radix extract.
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Nyakudya E, Jeong JH, Lee NK, Jeong YS. Platycosides from the Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum and Their Health Benefits. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 19:59-68. [PMID: 25054103 PMCID: PMC4103729 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2014.19.2.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracts and pure saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) are reported to have a wide range of health benefits. Platycosides (saponins) from the roots of PG are characterized by a structure containing a triterpenoid aglycone and two sugar chains. Saponins are of commercial significance, and their applications are increasing with increasing evidence of their health benefits. The biological effects of saponins include cytotoxic effects against cancer cells, neuroprotective activity, antiviral activity, and cholesterol lowering effects. Saponins with commercial value range from crude plant extracts, which can be used for their foaming properties, to high purity saponins such as platycodin D, which can be used for its health applications (e.g., as a vaccine adjuvant). This review reveals that platycosides have many health benefits and have the potential to be used as a remedy against many of the major health hazards (e.g., cancer, obesity, alzheimer's) faced by populations around the world. Methods of platycoside purification and analysis are also covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Nyakudya
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea ; Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Jeong
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Nam Keun Lee
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Yong-Seob Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
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Determination of platycodin D and platycodin D3 in rat plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:231293. [PMID: 24592150 PMCID: PMC3926248 DOI: 10.1155/2014/231293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum has long been used as a traditional oriental medicine for respiratory disorder. Platycodin D (PD) is known as the main component isolated from the root of PG. A simple and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantitation of PD in rat plasma. Quantitation was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer employing electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode. The total chromatographic run time was 4.0 min, and the calibration curves of PD were linear over the concentration range of 50-10,000 ng/mL in rat plasma. The coefficient of variation and relative error at five QC levels were 1.0 to 8.8% and 0.7 to 8.7%, respectively. After a single oral administration of 500 mg/kg and a single intravenous administration of 25 mg/kg of 3% PD extract (a PG extract including 3% of PD), platycodin D and platycodin D3 were detected and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. The oral bioavailability of platycodin D and platycodin D3 was 0.29% and 1.35% in rats at 500 mg/kg of 3% PD extract of PG, respectively. The present method can be applied to pharmacokinetic analysis of platycodins and platycosides of the PG.
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Li YK, Fan P, Xu YR, Huang Y, Hu QF. Study on Determination of Triterpenoids inChaenomelesby High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Sample Preparation with Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200800200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ma G, Guo W, Zhao L, Zheng Q, Sun Z, Wei J, Yang J, Xu X. Two New Triterpenoid Saponins from the Root of Platycodon grandiflorum. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2013; 61:101-4. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c12-00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Wenjie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Lizi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Qingxia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Zhaocui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Junshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Xudong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
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Hamed AI, Janda B, Mahalel UA, Stochmal A, Oleszek W. Profiles of steroidal saponins from the aerial parts of Tribulus pentandrus, T. megistopterus subsp. pterocarpus and T. parvispinus by LC-ESI-MS/MS. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2012; 23:613-621. [PMID: 22517607 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tribulus is a well-known pharmaceutical herb that has been used for a long time in the traditional Chinese and Indian systems of medicine for the treatment of various diseases. It has been found that the genus Tribulus is rich in biologically active furostane-, cholestane- and spirostane-type steroidal saponins. OBJECTIVE To develop a rapid, sensitive and accurate method based on liquid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) to identify different saponins in three species of the genus Tribulus, and to quantify the compounds that are already known. METHODOLOGY After extraction from the species studied, the extracts were subjected to HPLC analyses with an XTerra® MS C(18) -column and a binary mobile phase consisting of 0.05% formic acid in water and acetonitrile, and with an ESI-MS detection in the negative ion mode. Data were acquired and processed using the Xcalibur 1.3 software. RESULTS The results exhibited that the profiles of native steroidal glycosides of both T. pentandrus and T. megistopterus subsp. pterocarpus were very similar to each other, but that of T. parvispinus was remarkably different. The fragmentation patterns provided evidence that the saponins possess spirostane-, cholestane- and furostane-type aglycones. Quantitative analyses suggested that these species are a rich source of steroidal saponins. CONCLUSION HPLC-ESI-MS/MS allowed identification of the key compounds without preparative isolation of the components from the crude extract of Tribulus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafa I Hamed
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Aswan, 81528, Egypt.
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Negi JS, Singh P, Pant GJN, Rawat MSM. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of plant saponins: An update 2005-2010. Pharmacogn Rev 2012; 5:155-8. [PMID: 22303089 PMCID: PMC3263049 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.91109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are widely distributed in plant kingdom. In view of their wide range of biological activities and occurrence as complex mixtures, saponins have been purified and separated by high-performance liquid chromatography using reverse-phase columns at lower wavelength. Mostly, saponins are not detected by ultraviolet detector due to lack of chromophores. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, diode array detector , evaporative light scattering detection, and charged aerosols have been used for overcoming the detection problem of saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagmohan S Negi
- Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal)
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Shin HD, Suh JH, Kim JH, Lee HY, Eom HY, Kim UY, Yang DH, Han SB, Youm JR. Determination of Betaine in Fructus Lycii Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography with Evaporative Light Scattering Detection. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.2.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li W, Sun YS, Wang Z, Zheng YN. ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF SAPONINS FROM PLATYCODON GRANDIFLORUM BY SEMI-PREPARATIVE HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND LC/ESI-MS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.604110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- a College of Chinese Material Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , P.R. China
| | - Yin-shi Sun
- b College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , P.R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- a College of Chinese Material Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , P.R. China
| | - Yi-nan Zheng
- a College of Chinese Material Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun , P.R. China
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Simultaneous RP-HPLC Determination of Six Platycosides: Application to an Enzymatic Preparation Study. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ha IJ, Kang M, Na YC, Park Y, Kim YS. Preparative separation of minor saponins from Platycodi Radix
by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2559-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yoo DS, Choi YH, Cha MR, Lee BH, Kim SJ, Yon GH, Hong KS, Jang YS, Lee HS, Kim YS, Ryu SY, Kang JS. HPLC-ELSD analysis of 18 platycosides from balloon flower roots (Platycodi Radix) sourced from various regions in Korea and geographical clustering of the cultivation areas. Food Chem 2011; 129:645-651. [PMID: 30634281 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An effective HPLC method to analyse platycosides from the balloon flower root was developed using ELSD. The optimum resolution of the platycosides was achieved on an ODS column with gradient elution of eluent A, 30mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.81): methanol: acetonitrile=75:5:20 (v/v/v), and B, 69:5:26 (v/v/v). Amongst 18 platycosides, platycoside E showed the highest content, followed by polygalacin D2 and 3″-O-acetylplatyconic acid A. The sum of these three compounds was recommended for quality control of balloon flower root for medicinal purposes. The samples could be clustered into groups based on platycoside content. Group I, characterised by a high concentration of platycosides, was located near the west coast of Korea, whereas group II, characterised by a low concentration of platycosides, was located inland or in mountainous area. The method could be used to control the quality of balloon flower root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Seok Yoo
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ran Cha
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hoe Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ju Kim
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Hwan Yon
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Hong
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seon Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sup Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi Yong Ryu
- Department of Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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Man S, Gao W, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhao W, Huang L, Liu C. Qualitative and quantitative determination of major saponins in Paris and Trillium by HPLC-ELSD and HPLC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2943-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ha IJ, Ha YW, Kang M, Lee J, Park D, Kim YS. Enzymatic transformation of platycosides and one-step separation of platycodin D by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1916-22. [PMID: 20533341 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Platycosides, the saponins found in the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (Platycodi Radix), are typically composed of oleanane triterpenes with two side chains. In platycosides, platycodin D, a glucose unit at C-3, is a major component, which has several pharmacological activities. Because of the high demand for this compound, we attempted to enzymatically convert platycodin D(3) and platycoside E, having two and three glucose units at C-3, respectively, into platycodin D. In this study, we tested the ability of several glycosidases to transform platycosides, or more specifically, the ability to transform platycoside E and platycodin D(3) into platycodin D. To obtain pure platycodin D on a preparative scale, high-speed countercurrent chromatography with a solvent system of ethyl acetate/n-butanol/water (1.2:1:2, v/v/v) was used for the separation of the enzymatically transformed product. Approximately 39.4 mg of platycodin D (99.8% purity) was obtained from 200 mg of the product in a one-step separation. The results strongly support the advantage of enzymatic transformation of the platycosides for the efficient enrichment of platycodin D in the complicated extract of the medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jin Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Hu Q, Pan R, Wang L, Peng B, Tang J, Liu X. Platycodon grandiflorum induces apoptosis in SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cells through mitochondrial-dependent pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2010; 38:373-86. [PMID: 20387232 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x10007919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., a Chinese food and medicine, has been used as expectorant traditionally. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Platycodon grandiflorum extract (PGE) on SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells. 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to monitor cell numbers, Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) staining, RT-PCR and Western blot were used to examine cell apoptosis, caspases activation. Bcl-2 and Bax expressions and mitochondrial cytochrome c release. Our result showed that PGE-induced apoptosis was associated with activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9, down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation of Bax and release of mitochondrial cytochrome c to cytosol. The data indicate that PGE may have anti-tumor effect mainly via caspase-3 and caspase-9 dependent apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hu
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Oh YC, Kang OH, Choi JG, Lee YS, Brice OO, Jung HJ, Hong SH, Lee YM, Shin DW, Kim YS, Kwon DY. Anti-allergic activity of a platycodon root ethanol extract. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2746-58. [PMID: 20717534 PMCID: PMC2920564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11072746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (Campanulaceae) is used as traditional medicine in Asian countries. In Korean traditional medicine, Platycodon root has been widely used since ancient times as a traditional drug to treat cold, cough and asthma. However, its effects on bone marrow-derived mast cell (BMMC)-mediated allergy and inflammation mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, the biological effect of Platycodon root ethanol extract (PE) was evaluated in BMMC after induction of allergic mediators by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore A23187 (A23187) stimulation. The effect of PE on the production of several allergic mediators, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)), leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)), beta-Hexosaminidase (beta-Hex) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein, was investigated. The results demonstrate that PE inhibits PMA + A23187 induced production of IL-6, PGD(2), LTC(4), beta-Hexosaminidase and COX-2 protein. Taken together, these results indicate that PE has the potential for use in the treatment of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Chang Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Ok-Hwa Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Young-Seob Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Obiang-Obounou Brice
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Hyun Ju Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Seung-Heon Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Young-Mi Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
| | - Dong-Won Shin
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Sunchon National University, Jeonnam 540-742, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Yeong-Shik Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Dong-Yeul Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea; E-Mails: (Y.-C.O.); (O.-H.K.); (J.-G.C.); (Y.-S.L.); (O.-O.B.); (H.J.J.); (S.-H.H); (Y.-M.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-63-850-6802; Fax: +82-63-852-6802
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Negi JS, Singh P, Pant GJN, Rawat MSM. RP-HPLC Analysis and Antidiabetic Activity of Swertia paniculata. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000500618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
1,2,6,8-Tetrahydroxyxanthone (SR1) and 2,8-dihydroxy-1,6-dimethoxyxanthone (SR2) have been qualitatively and quantitatively determined in leaves and rhizomes of Swertia paniculata. The methanol extracts were analyzed on a C18 column using MeOH and H2O as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Identification was achieved using an UV variable Λ detector set at 260 nm. Variation in the bioactive compounds with respect to season and altitude was determined, along with the examination of the antidiabetic activity of the plant. The maximum concentration of SR1 and SR2 was found in leaves collected from Tungnath (3600 m), Uttarakhand, India, in October. The blood sugar level in alloxan induced rats was decreased by 51.0% by the methanol extract of the leaves. Overall, results showed that the concentration of bioactive compounds increased with altitude. October was the period of prime potency and should be the time of harvest for S. paniculata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagmohan S. Negi
- Herbal Research and Development Institute, Gopeshwar (Chamoli)-246401, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal)-246 174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pramod Singh
- Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal)-246 174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Geeta Joshi née Pant
- Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal)-246 174, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mohan S. M. Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar (Garhwal)-246 174, Uttarakhand, India
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Development and optimization of a method for the separation of platycosides in Platycodi Radix by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4375-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Murine metabolism and absorption of lancemaside A, an active compound in the roots of Codonopsis lanceolata. J Nat Med 2010; 64:321-9. [PMID: 20383596 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-010-0415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lancemaside A, a triterpenoid saponin isolated from the roots of Codonopsis lanceolata, has been reported to ameliorate the reduction of blood testosterone levels induced by immobilization stress in mice. In the present study, we investigated the metabolism and absorption of lancemaside A in mice. After oral administration of lancemaside A at 100 mg/kg body weight, the unmetabolized compound appeared rapidly in plasma (t (max) = 0.5 h). Lancemaside A has a low bioavailability (1.1%) because of its metabolism by intestinal bacteria and its poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, we identified four metabolites from the cecum of mice after oral administration of lancemaside A: codonolaside II, echinocystic acid, echinocystic acid 28-O-beta-D: -xylopyranosyl-(1 --> 4)-alpha-L: -rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-alpha-L: -arabinopyranosyl ester, and echinocystic acid 28-O-alpha-L: -rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-alpha-L: -arabinopyranosyl ester. Among these metabolites, codonolaside II and echinocystic acid were detected in plasma, and their t (max) values were 4 and 8 h, respectively. These findings should be helpful for understanding the mechanism of the biological effect of lancemaside A.
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Ha YW, Na YC, Ha IJ, Kim DH, Kim YS. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based structural analysis of new platycoside metabolites transformed by human intestinal bacteria. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:202-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2009] [Revised: 07/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Xing H, Su B, Wang Y, Yang Y, Ren Q, Xiao W, Lu X. Separation and Determination of Asiaticoside, Asiaticoside-B and Madecassoside in Centella asiatica Total Triterpenoid Saponins by HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903091597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Xing
- a National Laboratory of Secondary Resources Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Baogen Su
- a National Laboratory of Secondary Resources Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- a National Laboratory of Secondary Resources Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Yang
- a National Laboratory of Secondary Resources Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qilong Ren
- a National Laboratory of Secondary Resources Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenguang Xiao
- a National Laboratory of Secondary Resources Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyang Lu
- a National Laboratory of Secondary Resources Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, P.R. China
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Ha YW, Kim YS. Preparative isolation of six major saponins from Platycodi Radix by high-speed counter-current chromatography. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2009; 20:207-13. [PMID: 19259943 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Platycosides, the primary constituents of Platycodi Radix, are known to have numerous and varied biological activities, exerting anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, anti-tumour, anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemia effects. However, effective methods for isolating and purifying platycosides from Platycodi Radix are not currently available. OBJECTIVE To develop an efficient method for the preparative separation of six platycosides from Platycodi Radix by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) coupled with an evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) system. METHODOLOGY Preparative separation was performed by water extraction using reversed-phase C(18) column chromatography on an HSCCC-ELSD system. A two-phase solvent system comprised hexane-n-butanol-water (1:40:20, v/v) and (1:10:5, v/v) was employed. Two other key parameters, revolution speed of the separation column and flow-rate of the mobile phase, were also investigated for optimum HSCCC performance. Each peak fraction obtained from separation of the platycosides was collected according to the ELSD elution profile and determined by HPLC. RESULTS Using the described method, six platycosides, all with purities of over 94%, could be isolated from 300 mg of the platycoside-enriched fraction. Their structures were characterized by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR. CONCLUSION Six of the main bioactive platycosides in Platycodi Radix could be isolated and purified systematically by HSCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Wan Ha
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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