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Yang C, Song L, Wei K, Gao C, Wang D, Feng M, Zhang M, Wang C, Xiao L, Yang W, Song X. Study on Hyperspectral Monitoring Model of Total Flavonoids and Total Phenols in Tartary Buckwheat Grains. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071354. [PMID: 37048175 PMCID: PMC10093514 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat is a common functional food. Its grains are rich in flavonoids and phenols. The rapid measurement of flavonoids and phenols in buckwheat grains is of great significance in promoting the development of the buckwheat industry. This study, based on multiple scattering correction (MSC), standardized normal variate (SNV), reciprocal logarithm (Lg), first-order derivative (FD), second-order derivative (SD), and fractional-order derivative (FOD) preprocessing spectra, constructed hyperspectral monitoring models of total flavonoids content and total phenols content in tartary buckwheat grains. The results showed that SNV, Lg, FD, SD, and FOD preprocessing had different effects on the original spectral reflectance and that FOD can also reflect the change process from the original spectrum to the integer-order derivative spectrum. Compared with the original spectrum, MSC, SNV, Lg, FD, and SD transformation spectra can improve the correlation between spectral data and total flavonoids and total phenols in varying degrees, while the correlation between FOD spectra of different orders and total flavonoids and total phenols in grains was different. The monitoring models of total flavonoids and total phenols in grains based on MSC, SNV, Lg, FD, and SD transformation spectra achieved the best accuracy under SD and FD transformation, respectively. Therefore, this study further constructed monitoring models of total flavonoids and total phenols content in grains based on the FOD spectrum and achieved the best accuracy under 1.6 and 0.6 order derivative preprocessing, respectively. The R2c, RMSEc, R2v, RMSEv, and RPD were 0.8731, 0.1332, 0.8384, 0.1448, and 2.4475 for the total flavonoids model, and 0.8296, 0.2025, 0.6535, 0.1740, and 1.6713 for the total phenols model. The model can realize the rapid measurement of total flavonoids content and total phenols content in tartary buckwheat grains, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbo Yang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Lifang Song
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Kunxi Wei
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Chunrui Gao
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Danli Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Meichen Feng
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Meijun Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Lujie Xiao
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Wude Yang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xiaoyan Song
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
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Acetylation Enhances the Anticancer Activity and Oral Bioavailability of 5-Demethyltangeretin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113284. [PMID: 36362072 PMCID: PMC9658984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A kind of hydroxylated polymethoxyflavone (PMFs) existing in the citrus genus, 5-Demethyltangeretin (5-DTAN), has been reported to possess several bioactivities in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate whether acetylation could enhance the anticancer activity and oral bioavailability of 5-DTAN. PC-3 human prostate cancer cells were treated with tangeretin (TAN), 5-DTAN, and 5-acetylated TAN (5-ATAN), and the results showed that the cytotoxic effect 5-ATAN (IC50 value of 5.1 µM) on the cell viability of PC-3 cells was stronger than that of TAN (IC50 value of 17.2 µM) and 5-DTAN (IC50 value of 11.8 µM). Compared to 5-DTAN, 5-ATAN treatment caused a more pronounced DNA ladder, increased the sub-G1 phase population, and induced G2/M phase arrest in the cell cycle of PC-3 cells. We also found that 5-ATAN triggered the activation of caspase-3 and the progression of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway in PC-3 cells, suggesting the induction of apoptosis. In a cell wound healing test, 5-ATAN dose-dependently reduced the cell migration, and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was decreased after 48 h of 5-ATAN treatment. Moreover, oral administration of 5-ATAN showed a significantly stronger inhibitory effect on tumor size and tumor weight in tumor-bearing nude mice than those of vehicle or the 5-DTAN group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, pharmacokinetic results showed that single-dose oral administration of 5-ATAN exhibited a higher maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) of 5-DTAN in plasma than that of 5-DTAN. More extensive distribution of 5-DTAN to most tissues of mice was also observed in mice treated with 5-ATAN for 7 days. In conclusion, acetylation strongly enhances the anticancer activity and oral bioavailability of 5-DTAN and could be a promising strategy to promote the potential bioactivities of natural products.
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Adverse effects of linoleic acid: Influence of lipid oxidation on lymphatic transport of citrus flavonoid and enterocyte morphology. Food Chem 2022; 369:130968. [PMID: 34479013 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipids usually contain a large ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are highly susceptible to oxidation. Presence of oxidized lipids in foods may affect the bioavailability of lipophilic bioactive components after ingestion. In this study, the effect of oxidized and unoxidized linoleic acid (LA) on the transport of a highly lipophilic bioactive citrus flavonoid (5-hydroxy - 6, 7, 8, 4' tetramethoxylflavone or 5-DMT) was determined using a Caco-2 cell model. Results demonstrated that compared to free 5-DMT, unoxidized LA improved the trans-enterocyte absorption of 5-DMT by stimulating the production of lipid droplets and chylomicrons. Although the amount of 5-DMT transported across the enterocyte doubled by oxidized LA compared to free 5-DMT, it significantly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), affected the function of tight junction and caused damages to the morphology of enterocyte monolayer. This study re-emphasized the importance of preventing lipid oxidation in foods.
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4
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Comprehensive identification and distribution pattern of 37 oxygenated heterocyclic compounds in commercially important citrus juices. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Guo S, Wu X, Zheng J, Smith SA, Dong P, Xiao H. Identification of 4'-Demethyltangeretin as a Major Urinary Metabolite of Tangeretin in Mice and Its Anti-inflammatory Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4381-4391. [PMID: 33787243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study showed that oral administration of tangeretin (TAN) in mice resulted in the production of 4'-demethyltangeretin (4DT) as a major urinary metabolite. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of TAN and 4DT was determined in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 4DT produced considerably stronger inhibition on the overproduction of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide than TAN did at the same concentrations. Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that 4DT exerted more potent suppressive activity on the over-expression of interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 than TAN. Treatments with TAN and 4DT diminished LPS-stimulated nuclear factor κB (NFκB) translocation via suppressing the degradation of inhibitor κB (IκBα). Furthermore, both compounds attenuated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Akt signaling upregulated by LPS. Overall, our findings showed that TAN and 4DT inhibited the LPS-stimulated inflammatory response in macrophages by suppressing Akt/MAPKs/NFκB proinflammatory pathways, while 4DT showed more potent activity than TAN, its parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Guo
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford 45056, Ohio, United States
| | - Jinkai Zheng
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts, United States
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sarah A Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford 45056, Ohio, United States
| | - Ping Dong
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts, United States
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts, United States
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Wu J, Ye X, Yang S, Yu H, Zhong L, Gong Q. Systems Pharmacology Study of the Anti-Liver Injury Mechanism of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:618846. [PMID: 33912040 PMCID: PMC8072898 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.618846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are mostly triggered by oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to extracellular matrix overproduction and prone to develop into liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver injury (LI) refers to various pathogenic factors leading to the destruction of stem cells that then affect the liver's normal function, causing a series of symptoms and abnormal liver function indicators. Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicines; it contains flavonoids including hesperidin, nobiletin, and tangeretin. CRP has antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor effects that reduce cholesterol, prevent atherosclerosis and decrease LI. Here we analyzed the components of CRP and their targets of action in LI treatment and assessed the relationships between them using a systems pharmacology approach. Twenty-five active ingredients against LI were selected based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry results and databases. The drug targets and disease-related targets were predicted. The 117 common targets were used to construct a protein-protein interaction network. We identified 1719 gene ontology items in LI treatment, including 1,525 biological processes, 55 cellular components, and 139 molecular functions. These correlated with 49 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. These findings suggest that CRP may counteract LI by affecting apoptotic, inflammatory, and energy metabolism modules. In vitro experiments suggested that the mechanism may involve hesperidin and naringenin acting on CASP3, BAX, and BCL2 to affect the apoptosis pathway, attenuating liver fibrosis. Naringenin significantly inhibited AKT1 phosphorylation, which in turn mediated activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathways against LI. This study provides a reference for systematically exploring the mechanism of CRP's anti-LI action and is also expands of the application of systems pharmacology in the study of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xietao Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Songhong Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Huan Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Lingyun Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Qianfeng Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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7
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Li G, Tan F, Zhang Q, Tan A, Cheng Y, Zhou Q, Liu M, Tan X, Huang L, Rouseff R, Wu H, Zhao X, Liang G, Zhao X. Protective effects of polymethoxyflavone-rich cold-pressed orange peel oil against ultraviolet B-induced photoaging on mouse skin. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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8
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Development and Validation of UPLC–PDA Method for Quality Control of Dikamali gum—A Natural Tablet Binder: Fast Simultaneous Quantitation of Six Polymethoxyflavones. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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9
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Simultaneous characterization of chemical structures and bioactivities of citrus-derived components using SERS barcodes. Food Chem 2018; 240:743-750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Hou F, Hu K, Gong Y, Xu J, Wu Y, Zhang M. Effects of in vitro
simulated digestion on the flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of aged and fresh dried tangerine peel. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Hou
- School of Food Science; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Zhongshan 528458 People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Hu
- School of Food Science; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Zhongshan 528458 People's Republic of China
| | - Yushi Gong
- School of Food Science; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Zhongshan 528458 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinrui Xu
- School of Food Science; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Zhongshan 528458 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxin Wu
- School of Food Science; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Zhongshan 528458 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Zhang
- School of Food Science; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Zhongshan 528458 People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture; Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute; Guangzhou 510610 People's Republic of China
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11
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Xing TT, Zhao XJ, Zhang YD, Li YF. Fast Separation and Sensitive Quantitation of Polymethoxylated Flavonoids in the Peels of Citrus Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2615-2627. [PMID: 28260382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, and efficient ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) method has been developed to analyze polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs) in 14 Citrus peels, including 7 Citrus reticulata (C. reticulata) and 7 Citrus sinensis (C. sinensis). In this study, fast separation can be achieved within 12 min and 42 PMFs have been identified including 33 flavones and 9 flavanones. Most C. reticulata were shown to contain more than 20 PMFs, except Guangxihongpisuanju (GX) containing only 12 PMFs, while most C. sinensis contained fewer than 20 PMFs, except Edangan (EG) containing as many as 32 PMFs. To our knowledge, there are few reports about the quantitation of PMFs using the MS response. Here, a MS quantitative method was established and systematically validated in linearity, precision, and recovery. The linearity was from 1.25 ng/mL to 1.0 μg/mL with the limit of detection (LOD) as low as 75 pg/mL and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) as low as 0.25 ng/mL. Up to 13 PMFs, more types than ever before, were undoubtedly identified and quantitated according to the PMF standards. The results showed that the contents of PMFs in the C. reticulata were generally higher than those in the C. sinensis. This study is systematic for analyzing PMFs and is of great significance because it can provide guidance on utilization of both PMFs and citrus germplasm resources in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian Xing
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xi Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yi Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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12
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Zheng J, Bi J, Johnson D, Sun Y, Song M, Qiu P, Dong P, Decker E, Xiao H. Analysis of 10 metabolites of polymethoxyflavones with high sensitivity by electrochemical detection in high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:509-516. [PMID: 25553421 DOI: 10.1021/jf505545x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) have been known as a type of bioactive flavones that possess various beneficial biological functions. Accumulating evidence demonstrated that the metabolites of PMFs, that is, hydroxyl PMFs (OH-PMFs), had more potent beneficial biological effects than their corresponding parent PMFs. To facilitate the further identification and quantification of OH-PMFs in biological samples, the aim of this study was to develop a methodology for the simultaneous determination of 10 OH-PMFs using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrochemistry detection. The HPLC profiles of these 10 OH-PMFs affected by different chromatographic parameters (different organic composition in mobile phases, the concentration of trifluoroacetic acid, and the concentration of ammonium acetate) are fully discussed in this study. The optimal condition was selected for the following validation studies. The linearity of calibration curves, accuracy, and precision (intra- and interday) at three concentration levels (low, middle, and high concentration range) were verified. The regression equations were linear (r > 0.9992) over the range of 0.005-10 μM. The limit of detection for 10 OH-PMFs was in the range of 0.8-3.7 ng/mL (S/N = 3, 10 μL injection). The recovery rates ranged from 86.6 to 108.7%. The precisions of intraday and interday analyses were less than 7.37 and 8.63% for relative standard deviation, respectively. This validated method was applied for the analysis of a variety of samples containing OH-PMFs. This paper also gives an example of analyzing the metabolites of nobiletin in mouse urine using the developed method. The transformation from nobiletin to traces of 5-hydroxyl metabolites has been discovered by this effective method, and this is the first paper to report such an association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkai Zheng
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Chen J, Zheng J, Decker EA, McClements DJ, Xiao H. Improving nutraceutical bioavailability using mixed colloidal delivery systems: lipid nanoparticles increase tangeretin bioaccessibility and absorption from tangeretin-loaded zein nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13503f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of a multi-particle delivery system to increase the bioavailability of tangeretin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Chen
- Department of Food Science
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
| | - Jinkai Zheng
- Department of Food Science
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology
| | - Eric A. Decker
- Department of Food Science
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
| | | | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst
- USA
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14
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Chemical constituents of Cardiospermum corindum L. and their distribution in Sapindaceae. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Chen J, Zheng J, McClements DJ, Xiao H. Tangeretin-loaded protein nanoparticles fabricated from zein/β-lactoglobulin: Preparation, characterization, and functional performance. Food Chem 2014; 158:466-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Anticancer activities of citrus peel polymethoxyflavones related to angiogenesis and others. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:453972. [PMID: 25250322 PMCID: PMC4163462 DOI: 10.1155/2014/453972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is a kind of common fruit and contains multiple beneficial nutrients for human beings. Flavonoids, as a class of plant secondary metabolites, exist in citrus fruits abundantly. Due to their broad range of pharmacological properties, citrus flavonoids have gained increased attention. Accumulative in vitro and in vivo studies indicate protective effects of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) against the occurrence of cancer. PMFs inhibit carcinogenesis by mechanisms like blocking the metastasis cascade, inhibition of cancer cell mobility in circulatory systems, proapoptosis, and antiangiogenesis. This review systematically summarized anticarcinogenic effect of citrus flavonoids in cancer therapy, together with the underlying important molecular mechanisms, in purpose of further exploring more effective use of citrus peel flavonoids.
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Zheng J, Li Y, Song M, Fang X, Cao Y, McClements DJ, Xiao H. Improving intracellular uptake of 5-demethyltangeretin by food grade nanoemulsions. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zheng J, Fang X, Cao Y, Xiao H, He L. Monitoring the chemical production of citrus-derived bioactive 5-demethylnobiletin using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8079-8083. [PMID: 23885986 PMCID: PMC3786449 DOI: 10.1021/jf4027475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To develop an accurate and convenient method for monitoring the production of citrus-derived bioactive 5-demethylnobiletin from the demethylation reaction of nobiletin, we compared surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) methods with a conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Our results show that both the substrate- and solution-based SERS methods correlated with the HPLC method very well. The solution method produced lower root-mean-square error of calibration and higher correlation coefficient than the substrate method. The solution method used an "affinity chromatography"-like procedure to separate the reactant nobiletin from the product 5-demthylnobiletin based on their different binding affinities to the silver dendrites. The substrate method was found simpler and faster to collect the SERS "fingerprint" spectra of the samples because no incubation between samples and silver was needed and only a trace amount of samples was required. Our results demonstrated that the SERS methods were superior to the HPLC method in conveniently and rapidly characterizing and quantifying 5-demethylnobiletin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkai Zheng
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- College of Food Science, South China agricultural university, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Cao
- College of Food Science, South China agricultural university, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Lili He
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Charoensinphon N, Qiu P, Dong P, Zheng J, Ngauv P, Cao Y, Li S, Ho CT, Xiao H. 5-demethyltangeretin inhibits human nonsmall cell lung cancer cell growth by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:2103-11. [PMID: 23926120 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Tangeretin (TAN) and 5-demethyltangeretin (5DT) are two closely related polymethoxyflavones found in citrus fruits. We investigated growth inhibitory effects on three human nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Cell viability assay demonstrated that 5DT inhibited NSCLC cell growth in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and IC50 s of 5DT were 79-fold, 57-fold, and 56-fold lower than those of TAN in A549, H460, and H1299 cells, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis showed that 5DT induced extensive G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in NSCLC cells, while TAN at tenfold higher concentrations did not. The apoptosis induced by 5DT was further confirmed by activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP. Moreover, 5DT dose-dependently upregulated p53 and p21(Cip1/Waf1), and downregulated Cdc-2 (Cdk-1) and cyclin B1. HPLC analysis revealed that the intracellular levels of 5DT in NSCLC cells were 2.7-4.9 fold higher than those of TAN after the cells were treated with 5DT or TAN at the same concentration. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that 5DT inhibited NSCLC cell growth by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. These effects were much stronger than those produced by TAN, which is partially due to the higher intracellular uptake of 5DT than TAN.
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Zheng J, Song M, Dong P, Qiu P, Guo S, Zhong Z, Li S, Ho CT, Xiao H. Identification of novel bioactive metabolites of 5-demethylnobiletin in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1999-2007. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkai Zheng
- Department of Food Science; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
| | - Mingyue Song
- Department of Food Science; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
| | - Ping Dong
- Department of Food Science; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
| | - Peiju Qiu
- Department of Food Science; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; Qingdao Shandong P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Department of Food Science; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
| | - Zhimei Zhong
- Department of Food Science; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
- College of Science; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Huhhot P. R. China
| | - Shiming Li
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA USA
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22
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Yao M, Chen J, Zheng J, Song M, McClements DJ, Xiao H. Enhanced lymphatic transport of bioactive lipids: cell culture study of polymethoxyflavone incorporation into chylomicrons. Food Funct 2013; 4:1662-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60335k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Li Y, Xiao H, McClements DJ. Encapsulation and Delivery of Crystalline Hydrophobic Nutraceuticals using Nanoemulsions: Factors Affecting Polymethoxyflavone Solubility. FOOD BIOPHYS 2012; 7:341-353. [PMID: 23646037 PMCID: PMC3640569 DOI: 10.1007/s11483-012-9272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavones (PMF) isolated from citrus peel have potent anti-cancer activity, however their utilization as functional ingredients in foods is currently limited because of their high melting point and poor water-solubility. The influence of oil type and concentration, hydrophilic polymer addition, and simulated intestinal conditions on PMF (5-hydroxytangeretin) solubility in solutions and nanoemulsions was examined. The saturation concentration of PMF in water was relatively low (0.93 µM), but could be increased appreciably by adding certain hydrophilic polymers: polyethylene glycol (PEG) and β-cyclodextrin (CD) were ineffective at increasing solubility, but poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) greatly enhanced solubility (e.g., > 6 µM for 0.5 % polymer). PMF was more soluble in medium chain triglycerides (MCT, 6.1 mM) than long chain triglycerides (LCT, 4.2 mM). The encapsulation efficiency of PMF in oil-in-water nanoemulsions was higher when MCT was used as the oil phase rather than LCT, and could be increased by increasing the oil droplet content. The solubility of PMF in simulated small intestinal fluids was increased by solubilization in bile micelles and mixed micelles formed during lipid digestion. These results have important implications for the development of functional foods fortified with bioactive hydrophobic components aimed at improving human health and wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Biopolymers and Colloids Research Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Biopolymers and Colloids Research Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - David Julian McClements
- Biopolymers and Colloids Research Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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24
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Chen HF, Zhang WG, Yuan JB, Li YG, Yang SL, Yang WL. Simultaneous quantification of polymethoxylated flavones and coumarins in Fructus aurantii and Fructus aurantii immaturus using HPLC–ESI-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 59:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Nutakul W, Sobers HS, Qiu P, Dong P, Decker EA, McClements DJ, Xiao H. Inhibitory effects of resveratrol and pterostilbene on human colon cancer cells: a side-by-side comparison. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10964-10970. [PMID: 21936500 PMCID: PMC3201709 DOI: 10.1021/jf202846b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of resveratrol and pterostilbene (two structurally related stilbene compounds) on three human colon cancer cells were systematically compared. Cell viability tests indicated that IC(50) values of pterostilbene were 2-5-fold lower than those of resveratrol in all three cancer cells. Pterostilbene was also more potent in inhibiting colony formation of all three cancer cells. Annexin V/propidium iodide costaining assay and Western blotting analysis showed pterostilbene had a stronger apoptosis-inducing effect, which was evidenced by the higher percentage of annexin V positive cells and higher levels of cleaved caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteins in cancer cells treated with pterostilbene compared with resveratrol. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated that intracellular levels of pterostilbene were 2-4-fold higher than those of resveratrol after treatments with individual compounds at the same concentration. Overall, the results demonstrated that pterostilbene had more potent inhibitory effects on colon cancer cells than resveratrol, which may be associated with the superior bioavailability of pterostilbene to resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasamon Nutakul
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Peiju Qiu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao Shandong, China
| | - Ping Dong
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Eric Andrew Decker
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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26
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Nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for poorly water-soluble bioactive compounds: Influence of formulation parameters on Polymethoxyflavone crystallization. Food Hydrocoll 2011; 27:517-528. [PMID: 22685367 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) extracted from citrus peel exhibit potent anti-cancer activity, but are highly hydrophobic molecules with poor solubility in both water and oil at ambient and body temperature, which limits their bioavailability. The possibility of encapsulating PMFs within nanoemulsion-based delivery systems to facilitate their application in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products was investigated. The influence of oil type (corn oil, MCT, orange oil), emulsifier type (β-lactoglobulin, lyso-lecithin, Tween, and DTAB), and neutral cosolvents (glycerol and ethanol) on the formation and stability of PMF-loaded nanoemulsions was examined. Nanoemulsions (r < 100 nm) could be formed using high pressure homogenization for all emulsifier types, except DTAB. Lipid droplet charge could be altered from highly cationic (DTAB), to near neutral (Tween), to highly anionic (β-lactoglobulin, lyso-lecithin) by varying emulsifier type. PMF crystals formed in all nanoemulsions after preparation, which had a tendency to sediment during storage. The size, morphology, and aggregation of PMF crystals depended on preparation method, emulsifier type, oil type, and cosolvent addition. These results have important implications for the development of delivery systems for bioactive components that have poor oil and water solubility at application temperatures.
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27
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Li Y, Wang F, Chen Z. Determination of bavachin and isobavachalcone in Fructus Psoraleae
by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:514-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Qiu P, Dong P, Guan H, Li S, Ho CT, Pan MH, McClements DJ, Xiao H. Inhibitory effects of 5-hydroxy polymethoxyflavones on colon cancer cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54 Suppl 2:S244-52. [PMID: 20397199 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are a class of novel flavonoid compounds mainly found in citrus plants. We studied the effects of three major 5-hydroxy PMFs, namely: 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, and 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,4'-tetramethoxyflavone, on human colon cancer HCT116 and HT29 cells. Their effects were compared with those produced by their permethoxylated counterparts, namely: nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxylflavone, and tangeretin. 5-Hydroxy PMFs showed much stronger inhibitory effects on the growth of the colon cancer cells in comparison with their permethoxylated counterparts, suggesting the pivotal role of hydroxyl group at 5-position in the enhanced inhibitory activity by 5-hydroxy PMFs. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that three 5-hydroxy PMFs produced different effects on the cell cycle and apoptosis, which may suggest that three 5-hydroxy PMFs act through different mechanisms. For example, 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone caused cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in HT29 cells, while 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone led to significant G0/G1 phase arrest. In contrast, 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,4'-tetramethoxyflavone increased sub-G0/G1 cell population, which has been confirmed to be due to enhanced apoptosis. Our results further demonstrated that the inhibitory effects of 5-hydroxy PMFs were associated with their ability in modulating key signaling proteins related to cell proliferation and apoptosis, such as p21(Cip1/Waf1), CDK-2, CDK-4, phosphor-Rb, Mcl-1, caspases 3 and 8, and poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiju Qiu
- Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao Shandong, P R China
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29
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Phromnoi K, Reuter S, Sung B, Prasad S, Kannappan R, Yadav VR, Chanmahasathien W, Limtrakul P, Aggarwal BB. A novel pentamethoxyflavone down-regulates tumor cell survival and proliferative and angiogenic gene products through inhibition of IκB kinase activation and sensitizes tumor cells to apoptosis by cytokines and chemotherapeutic agents. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 79:279-89. [PMID: 20930110 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.067512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most anticancer drugs have their origin in traditional medicinal plants. We describe here a flavone, 5,3'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone (PMF), from the leaves of the Thai plant Gardenia obtusifolia, that has anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential. Because the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway is linked to inflammation and tumorigenesis, we investigated the effect of PMF on this pathway. We found that PMF suppressed NF-κB activation induced by inflammatory agents, tumor promoters, and carcinogens. This suppression was not specific to the cell type. Although PMF did not directly modify the ability of NF-κB proteins to bind to DNA, it inhibited IκBα (inhibitory subunit of NF-κB) kinase, leading to suppression of phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, and suppressed consequent p65 nuclear translocation, thus abrogating NF-κB-dependent reporter gene expression. Suppression of the NF-κB cell signaling pathway by the flavone led to the inhibition of expression of NF-κB-regulated gene products that mediate inflammation (cyclooxygenase-2), survival (XIAP, survivin, Bcl-xL, and cFLIP), proliferation (cyclin D1), invasion (matrix metalloproteinase-9), and angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor). Suppression of antiapoptotic gene products by PMF correlated with the enhancement of apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-α and the chemotherapeutic agents cisplatin, paclitaxel, and 5-flurouracil. Overall, our results indicate that PMF suppresses the activation of NF-κB and NF-κB-regulated gene expression, leading to the enhancement of apoptosis. This is the first report to demonstrate that this novel flavone has anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects by targeting the IKK complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokkarn Phromnoi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Box 143, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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30
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Han S, Kim HM, Lee JM, Mok SY, Lee S. Isolation and identification of polymethoxyflavones from the hybrid Citrus, hallabong. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:9488-9491. [PMID: 20698540 DOI: 10.1021/jf102730b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Seven polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) were isolated from the dried peels of hallabong, the hybrid Citrus , by a repeated column chromatography. The structures of PMFs were identified as 5,6,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (1), 6,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (2), 3-hydroxy-5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone (3), 5,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone (4), 3,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone (5), 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone (6), and 5,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone (7) using 1H and 13C NMR in combination with mass spectrometry. Among these compounds, 5 was isolated for the first time from nature. The content of PMFs 1-7 in hallabong was determined by HPLC-UV. The major PMFs of hallabong are 5 in the dried peels (15.4 mg/g) and 7 in the dried leaves (12.2 mg/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saem Han
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Republic of Korea
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31
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Qian C, Decker EA, Xiao H, McClements DJ. Comparison of Biopolymer Emulsifier Performance in Formation and Stabilization of Orange Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-010-1658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qian
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMA01003USA
| | - Eric Andrew Decker
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMA01003USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food ScienceUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMA01003USA
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