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Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Marengo A, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Gas chromatography of essential oil: State-of-the-art, recent advances, and perspectives. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:94-112. [PMID: 34897986 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review is an overview of the recent advances of gas chromatography in essential oil analysis; in particular, it focuses on both the new stationary phases and the advanced analytical methods and instrumentations. A paragraph is dedicated to ionic liquids as gas chromatography stationary phases, showing that, thanks to their peculiar selectivity, they can offer a complementary contribution to conventional stationary phases for the analysis of complex essential oils and the separation of critical pairs of components. Strategies to speed-up the analysis time, thus answering to the ever increasing request for routine essential oils quality control, are also discussed. Last but not least, a paragraph is dedicated to recent developments in column miniaturization in particular that based on microelectromechanical-system technology in a perspective of developing micro-gas chromatographic systems to optimize the energy consumption as well as the instrumentation dimensions. A number of applications in the essential oil field is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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2
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Foster SW, Wright N, Grinias JP, Blumberg LM. Measurement of optimal flow rate in gradient elution liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1659:462645. [PMID: 34731749 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Method development in gradient LC relies upon the selection of a solvent time program and a mobile phase flow rate. The flow rate, optimal for gradient separation cannot be inherently predicted by the isocratic value optimal for a given analyte, and rather should be identified independently to ensure the highest separation performance of gradient analysis. The optimal flow rate (Fopt) is defined herein as the solvent volumetric flow rate (F) maximizing the separation (Δs) of a predetermined peak-pair or the separation capacity (sc) of the entire LC analysis. The theoretical background and the experimental technique of measurement of Fopt in gradient elution analysis were considered and experimentally demonstrated. The technique of measuring Fopt is based on translatable changes of F where the product FtG (tG is the gradient time) was the same for all values of F. The Fopt was found as F corresponding to the maximum in Δs or in sc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Wright
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States of America
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States of America
| | - Leonid M Blumberg
- Advachrom, P.O. Box 1243, Wilmington, DE 19801, United States of America.
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Cagliero C, Mazzucotelli M, Rubiolo P, Marengo A, Galli S, Anderson JL, Sgorbini B, Bicchi C. Can the selectivity of phosphonium based ionic liquids be exploited as stationary phase for routine gas chromatography? A case study: The use of trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium chloride in the flavor, fragrance and natural product fields. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Capetti F, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C, Marengo A, Sgorbini B, Cagliero C. Exploiting the versatility of vacuum‐assisted headspace solid‐phase microextraction in combination with the selectivity of ionic liquid‐based GC stationary phases to discriminate
Boswellia
spp. resins through their volatile and semivolatile fractions. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1879-1889. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Capetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del FarmacoUniversità di Torino Turin Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del FarmacoUniversità di Torino Turin Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del FarmacoUniversità di Torino Turin Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del FarmacoUniversità di Torino Turin Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del FarmacoUniversità di Torino Turin Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del FarmacoUniversità di Torino Turin Italy
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Lafhal S, Bombarda I, Dupuy N, Jean M, Ruiz K, Vanloot P, Vanthuyne N. Chiroptical fingerprints to characterize lavender and lavandin essential oils. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Study of the column efficiency using gradient elution based on Van Deemter plots. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1584:126-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Blumberg LM. Flow optimization in one-dimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1536:27-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The Protective Effect of Lavender Essential Oil and Its Main Component Linalool against the Cognitive Deficits Induced by D-Galactose and Aluminum Trichloride in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:7426538. [PMID: 28529531 PMCID: PMC5424179 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7426538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lavender essential oil (LO) is a traditional medicine used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It was extracted from Lavandula angustifolia Mill. This study was designed to investigate the effects of lavender essential oil (LO) and its active component, linalool (LI), against cognitive impairment induced by D-galactose (D-gal) and AlCl3 in mice and to explore the related mechanisms. Our results revealed that LO (100 mg/kg) or LI (100 mg/kg) significantly protected the cognitive impairments as assessed by the Morris water maze test and step-though test. The mechanisms study demonstrated that LO and LI significantly protected the decreased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and protected the increased activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Besides, they protected the suppressed nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression significantly. Moreover, the decreased expression of synapse plasticity-related proteins, calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), p-CaMKII, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and TrkB in the hippocampus were increased with drug treatment. In conclusion, LO and its active component LI have protected the oxidative stress, activity of cholinergic function and expression of proteins of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and synaptic plasticity. It suggest that LO, especially LI, could be a potential agent for improving cognitive impairment in AD.
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Krupčík J, Gorovenko R, Špánik I, Armstrong DW, Sandra P. Enantioselective comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography of lavender essential oil. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4765-4772. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ján Krupčík
- Institue of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; STU; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Roman Gorovenko
- Institue of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; STU; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ivan Špánik
- Institue of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; STU; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas; Arlington TX USA
| | - Pat Sandra
- Research Institute for Chromatography; Kennedypark 26 B-8500 Kortrijk Belgium
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Cagliero C, Sgorbini B, Cordero C, Liberto E, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C. Enantioselective Gas Chromatography with Derivatized Cyclodextrins in the Flavour and Fragrance Field. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
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Cagliero C, Galli S, Galli M, Elmi I, Belluce M, Zampolli S, Sgorbini B, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C. Conventional and enantioselective gas chromatography with microfabricated planar columns for analysis of real-world samples of plant volatile fraction. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1429:329-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Carrasco A, Martinez-Gutierrez R, Tomas V, Tudela J. Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loiseleur) essential oil from Spain: determination of aromatic profile by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory bioactivities. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:1123-30. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1043632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Carrasco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Virginia Tomas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Tudela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Sgorbini B, Cagliero C, Boggia L, Liberto E, Reichenbach SE, Rubiolo P, Cordero C, Bicchi C. Parallel dual secondary-column-dual detection comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: a flexible and reliable analytical tool for essential oils quantitative profiling. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Lorenzo Boggia
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Stephen E. Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department; University of Nebraska; 260 Avery Hall Lincoln NE 68588-0115 USA
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
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Bicchi C, Blumberg LM, Rubiolo P, Cagliero C. General retention parameters of chiral analytes in cyclodextrin gas chromatographic columns. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1340:121-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Synthesis and characterization of β-cyclodextrin modified hyperbranched carbosilane as stationary phase for GC. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Cordero C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B, Liberto E. Fast headspace-enantioselective GC–mass spectrometric-multivariate statistical method for routine authentication of flavoured fruit foods. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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17
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Barba C, Martínez RM, Calvo MM, Santa-María G, Herraiz M. Chiral analysis by online coupling of reversed-phase liquid chromatography to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Chirality 2012; 24:420-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Barba
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006; Madrid; Spain
| | - Rosa M. Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006; Madrid; Spain
| | - Marta M. Calvo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006; Madrid; Spain
| | - Guillermo Santa-María
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006; Madrid; Spain
| | - Marta Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3; 28006; Madrid; Spain
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18
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Biniecka M, Caroli S. Analytical methods for the quantification of volatile aromatic compounds. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Brenna E, Fuganti C, Gatti FG, Serra S. Biocatalytic Methods for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched Odor Active Compounds. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4036-72. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100289r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Brenna
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, Ingegneria Chimica, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Fuganti
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, Ingegneria Chimica, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, Ingegneria Chimica, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Serra
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare—CNR, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
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Bicchi C, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P. New trends in the analysis of the volatile fraction of matrices of vegetable origin: a short overview. A review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bicchi
- Laboratory of Phytochemical Analysis; Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco - University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 15; I-10126; Torino; Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Laboratory of Phytochemical Analysis; Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco - University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 15; I-10126; Torino; Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Laboratory of Phytochemical Analysis; Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco - University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 15; I-10126; Torino; Italy
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