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Li W, Ma W, Yang Y, He H, Chen B. Enhanced detection of monoiodoacetic acid at ng/L level by ion chromatography with novel derivatization-free pretreatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 467:133729. [PMID: 38335611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Concerns have recently arisen regarding the formation of carcinogenic and genotoxic iodinated haloacetic acids (HAAs), such as monoiodoacetic acid (MIAA), during the disinfection of iodine-containing water with chloramine. Existing detection methods for MIAA rely on either labor-intensive derivatization operations or expensive instruments, making analysis challenging. To bypass these issues, this study proposed a novel two-step liquid-liquid extraction strategy to enrich MIAA and then pioneered the integration of common ion chromatography (IC) with an ultraviolet detector to measure trace MIAA precisely. This novel approach achieved a remarkable 155.6-fold enrichment of MIAA and significantly reduced the need for water and chemicals, hence enhancing its efficiency and environmental friendliness. Besides, this method effectively removed coexisting anions and separated MIAA from other interferents by adjusting IC column and eluent conditions. The method detection limit of MIAA is an impressive 21.44 ng/L, and the recoveries in synthetic and real water samples ranged from 85 to 113%, with maximum deviations of 7.59%. We validated the reliability of our approach by comparing it with the USEPA 552.3 method. In conclusion, this IC-based method proves to be a robust and environment-benign solution for detecting trace MIAA in complex water components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huan He
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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2
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Zuo Y, Cheng S, Jiang H, Zhang H, Wu J, Sun H, Zhu F, Li A, Huo Z, Li W. Rapid and simultaneous determination of dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, ClO3−, ClO4−, and BrO3− using short-column ion chromatography-tandem electrospray mass spectrometry. Talanta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Li J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Bian Y, Hu C, Wang ZH, Feng XS. Haloacetic Acids in the Aquatic Environment. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2022.2141649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, Pei-ching 100021, China
| | - Yu Bian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Cong Hu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
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4
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Cheng S, Wu YP, Young TR, Dodd MC, Wu J, Zhang H, Huo ZL, Qian YT, Li Y, Li WT, Li AM. Rapid determination of trace haloacetic acids in water and wastewater using non-suppressed ion chromatography with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142297. [PMID: 33254877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method employing non-suppressed ion chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the direct determination of trace-level haloacetic acids (HAAs) in water samples. Using 70/30 (v/v) acetonitrile/1 M aqueous methylamine as the mobile phase, three IC columns - AS16, AS18 and AS24 from Thermo-Scientific - were tested, respectively, with the AS16 column exhibiting the best overall performance with respect to resolution and retention time. To assess the effects of mobile phase composition on retention time of HAAs, the AS16 column was further tested using (i) different proportions of acetonitrile to aqueous methylamine, (ii) different proportions of acetonitrile to aqueous solution at fixed methylamine concentrations, and (iii) different concentrations of methylamine at fixed proportions of acetonitrile to aqueous solution. With a low proportion of aqueous solution, van der Waals and/or hydrogen-bonding interactions appeared to play an important role in governing HAA retention, i.e., HAAs with relatively higher apparent logKow* caused by elevated solvent sspKa exhibited longer retention times; whereas with a high proportion of aqueous solution, ionic interactions appeared to dominate retention of HAAs, with the more polarizable HAAs exhibiting longer retention times. Using 70/30 (v/v) acetonitrile/1 M aqueous methylamine, the method detection limits were in the range of 0.090-0.216 μg/L for the 11 selected chloro-, bromo- and iodoacetic acids. Finally, this method was applied to monitor HAAs yields in laboratory chlorination experiments and to determine concentrations of HAAs in tap water and wastewater effluent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ya-Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tessora R Young
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael C Dodd
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ji Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Zong-Li Huo
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yu-Ting Qian
- Jiangyin Environmental Monitoring Station, Jiangyin, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ai-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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5
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Postigo C, Andersson A, Harir M, Bastviken D, Gonsior M, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Gago-Ferrero P, Ahrens L, Ahrens L, Wiberg K. Unraveling the chemodiversity of halogenated disinfection by-products formed during drinking water treatment using target and non-target screening tools. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123681. [PMID: 33113720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is no analytical approach available that allows the full identification and characterization of highly complex disinfection by-product (DBP) mixtures. This study aimed at investigating the chemodiversity of drinking water halogenated DBPs using diverse analytical tools: measurement of adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) and mass spectrometry (MS)-based target and non-target analytical workflows. Water was sampled before and after chemical disinfection (chlorine or chloramine) at four drinking water treatment plants in Sweden. The target analysis had the highest sensitivity, although it could only partially explain the AOX formed in the disinfected waters. Non-target Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS analysis indicated that only up to 19 Cl and/or Br-CHO formulae were common to all disinfected waters. Unexpectedly, a high diversity of halogenated DBPs (presumed halogenated polyphenolic and highly unsaturated compounds) was found in chloraminated surface water, comparable to that found in chlorinated surface water. Overall, up to 86 DBPs (including isobaric species) were tentatively identified using liquid chromatography (LC)-Orbitrap MS. Although further work is needed to confirm their identity and assess their relevance in terms of toxicity, they can be used to design suspect lists to improve the characterization of disinfected water halogenated mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Postigo
- Water, Environmental, and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna Andersson
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mourad Harir
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - David Bastviken
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michael Gonsior
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, 20688, United States
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H2O, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Lisa Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Huang B, Rohrer J. Targeted Quantitation Mode Comparison of Haloacetic Acids, Bromate, and Dalapon in Drinking Water Using Ion Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution (Orbitrap) Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461538. [PMID: 32992219 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective, sensitive, and simple analytical method for identification and quantification of nine haloacetic acids, bromate, and dalapon has been developed. This method uses ion chromatography (IC) coupled with electrospray ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry (IC-ESI-HRMS) to directly analyze water samples on a high capacity anion-exchange column, eliminating the need for sample pretreatment/derivatization. Our study compared the following three types of targeted quantitation experiments using a quadrupole-orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer, full-scan MS with data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry (full MS/dd-MS2 with inclusion list), targeted selected ion monitoring (SIM) with data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry (t-SIM/dd-MS2), and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision were validated following the guidelines of U.S. EPA Method 557. Single laboratory lowest concentration minimum reporting levels (LCMRLs) for the analytes using three different acquisition modes ranged from 0.0011 to 0.18 μg/L. All three quantitation modes showed good linearity for the eleven analytes with coefficients of determination of 0.9981- 0.9993. This IC-ESI-HRMS method was successfully applied to the analysis of commercial bottled water, tap water from San Francisco Bay Area, and the same tap water that has been through a filtered drinking water faucet. Both t-SIM/dd-MS2 and PRM modes were sensitive to confirm the trace-level presence of all nine HAAs, bromate, and dalapon in the tap water sample. Full-scan HRMS data acquisition provided the benefits of simultaneous data collection for both targeted and non-targeted components, and thus, suitability for simultaneous quantification of an unlimited number of compounds. Data-dependent MS/MS (dd-MS2) product-ion spectra were used for confirmation. All three modes showed good quantitative performance and obtained similar values. Single laboratory precision and accuracy data are presented for three water matrices: reagent water, laboratory synthetic sample matrix (LSSM), and tap water. Single laboratory precision was 0.078- 8.04%, and accuracy was in the range 70-130% for the three MS modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Huang
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1214 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, United States.
| | - Jeffrey Rohrer
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1214 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, United States
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7
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Li Y, Jiang J, Li W, Zhu X, Zhang X, Jiang F. Volatile DBPs contributed marginally to the developmental toxicity of drinking water DBP mixtures against Platynereis dumerilii. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126611. [PMID: 32443275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed during chlorine disinfection of drinking water. The complicated natural organic matter in source water causes the formation of an even more complicated mixture of DBPs. To evaluate the toxicity of a DBP mixture in a disinfected water sample, the sample needs to be pretreated in order to attain an observable acute adverse effect in the toxicity test. During sample pretreatment, volatile DBPs including trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles and haloketones may be lost, which could affect the toxicity evaluation of the DBP mixture. In this study, we intentionally prepared "concentrated" simulated drinking water samples, which contained sufficiently high levels of volatile and nonvolatile DBPs and thus enabled directly evaluating the toxicity of the DBP mixtures without sample pretreatment. Specifically, the natural organic matter and bromide concentrations and the chlorine dose in the concentrated water samples were 250 times higher than those in a typical drinking water sample. Each concentrated water sample was divided into two aliquots, and one of them was nitrogen sparged to eliminate volatile DBPs; then, both aliquots were used directly in a well-established developmental toxicity test. No significant difference (p > 0.10) was found between the developmental toxicity indexes of each concentrated water sample without and with nitrogen sparging, indicating that the contribution of volatile DBPs to the developmental toxicity of the DBP mixture might be marginal. A reasonable interpretation is that nonvolatile halogenated DBPs (especially the aromatic ones) in the DBP mixture could be the major developmental toxicity contributor that warrants more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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8
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Bruzzoniti MC, Rivoira L, Meucci L, Fungi M, Bocina M, Binetti R, Castiglioni M. Towards the revision of the drinking water directive 98/83/EC. Development of a direct injection ion chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for the monitoring of fifteen common and emerging disinfection by-products along the drinking water supply chain. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:360350. [PMID: 31378527 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
According to the recent proposal released by the European Commission for the revision of the 98/83/EC Directive, water suppliers will be requested to monitor the nine bromine- and chlorine congeners of haloacetic acids, HAAs, as well as the oxyhalides chlorite and chlorate, as disinfection by-products (DBPs) originated during the potabilization process. In this work, we propose a direct-injection method based on ion chromatography and mass spectrometric detection for the determination of the mentioned DBPs as well as bromate (already included in the 98/83/EC), implemented also for the following emerging HAAs monoiodo-, chloroiodo- and diiodo-acetic acids. The method was optimized to include the fifteen compounds in the same analytical run, tuning the chromatographic (column and gradient) and detection conditions (suppression current, transitions, RF lens settings and collision energies). To avoid matrix effect and to manage the instrumental conditions, optimization was performed directly in drinking water matrix. The method quantitation limits satisfy the new limits imposed by the future directive and range from 0.08 μg/L (monobromoacetic acid) to 0.34 μg/L (trichloroacetic acid). The performance of the method was checked along different strategic sampling points of three potabilization plants serving the city of Turin (Italy), including intermediate treatments and finished waters. Recovery was checked according to the ±30% limit of acceptability set by EPA regulations. The effect of disproportionate concentrations of chlorite and chlorate in respect to HAAs on HAA signals was studied; this aspect is underestimated in literature. The method is routinely applied by the potabilization plant of the city of Turin to confirm the effectiveness of all control measures in abstraction, treatment, distribution and storage. This study represents the first example in Italy of development and use of a cutting-edge technique for HAAs analysis along the potabilization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Rivoira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 7, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenza Meucci
- SMAT S.p.A., Research Centre, C.so Unità d'Italia 235/3, Torino, Italy
| | - Martino Fungi
- SMAT S.p.A., Research Centre, C.so Unità d'Italia 235/3, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Bocina
- SMAT S.p.A., Research Centre, C.so Unità d'Italia 235/3, Torino, Italy
| | - Rita Binetti
- SMAT S.p.A., Research Centre, C.so Unità d'Italia 235/3, Torino, Italy
| | - Michele Castiglioni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 7, Torino, Italy
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9
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Simultaneous analysis of 11 haloacetic acids by direct injection-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry: occurrence and evolution in chlorine-treated water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3905-3917. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Alexandrou L, Meehan BJ, Jones OAH. Regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in recycled waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:1607-1616. [PMID: 29925195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is an integral component of water treatment performed daily on large volumes of water worldwide. Chemical disinfection may result in the unintended production of disinfectant by-products (DBPs) due to reactions between disinfectants and natural organic matter present in the source water. Due to their potential toxicity, levels of DBPs have been strictly regulated in drinking waters for many years. With water reuse now becoming more common around the world DBPs are increasingly becoming a concern in recycled waters, where a much larger amount and variety of compounds may be formed due to a higher abundance and diversity of organic material in the source waters. Regulation of DBPs in recycled waters is limited; generally, drinking water regulations are applied in place of specific guidelines for recycled waters. Such regulations are set for only 11, commonly observed, compounds of the 600+ that may, potentially, be found. In this review an overview of current research in this area is provided, the types of compounds that have been observed, methods for their analysis and possible regulation are also discussed. Through this review it is evident that there is a knowledge gap for the occurrence of DBPs in recycled waters, especially when comparing this information to that available for drinking waters. The concentrations of DBPs observed in recycled waters are seen to be higher than those in drinking water, though still within potable threshold limits. It is clear that there is a need for the analysis and understanding of a larger suite of compounds in recycled waters, as these will most likely be the source of future, global renewable water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydon Alexandrou
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Barry J Meehan
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Oliver A H Jones
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
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11
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Richardson SD, Postigo C. Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry of Emerging Disinfection By-products. ADVANCES IN THE USE OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY (LC-MS) - INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Wu S, Anumol T, Gandhi J, Snyder SA. Analysis of haloacetic acids, bromate, and dalapon in natural waters by ion chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1487:100-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Kinani A, Kinani S, Bouchonnet S. Formation and determination of organohalogen by-products in water – Part II. Sample preparation techniques for analytical approaches. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Xiao Y, Zhang L, Zhang W, Lim KY, Webster RD, Lim TT. Comparative evaluation of iodoacids removal by UV/persulfate and UV/H2O2 processes. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 102:629-639. [PMID: 27479295 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To develop a cost-effective method for post-formation mitigation of iodinated disinfection by-products, degradation of iodoacids by UV, UV/PS (persulfate), and UV/H2O2 was extensively investigated in this study. UV direct photolysis of 4 iodoacids followed first-order kinetics with rate constants in the range of 2.43 × 10(-4)-3.02 × 10(-3) cm(2) kJ(-1). The derived quantum yields (Ф254) of the 4 iodoacids range from 0.13 to 0.34, respectively. A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was subsequently established and applied to predict the direct photolysis rates of 6 other structurally similar iodoacids whose standards are commercially unavailable. At a UV dose of 140 mJ cm(-2) which is typically applied for disinfection of drinking water, the removal percentages of 4 iodoacids were only between 3.35% and 34.7%. Thus, ICH2CO2H (IAA), the most photo-recalcitrant species, was selected as the target compound for removal in the UV/PS and UV/H2O2 processes. The IAA degradation rates decreased with increasing pH from 3 to 11 in both processes. Humic acid (HA) and HCO3(-) had inhibitory effects on IAA degradation in both processes. Cl(-) adversely affected the IAA degradation in the UV/PS process but had no effect in the UV/H2O2 process. Generally, in the deionized (DI) water, surface water, treated drinking water, and secondary effluent, UV/PS process is more effective than UV/H2O2 process for IAA removal, based on the same molar ratio of oxidant: IAA. SO4(-) generated in the UV/PS process yields a greater mineralization of IAA than HO in the UV/H2O2 process. IO3(-) was the predominant end-product in the UV/PS process, while I(-) was the major end-product in the UV/H2O2 process. The respective contributions of UV, HO, and SO4(-) for IAA removal in the UV/PS process were 7.8%, 14.7%, and 77.5%, respectively, at a specific condition (1.5 μM IAA, 60 μM oxidant, and pH 7). Compared to UV/H2O2 process, UV/PS was also observed as more cost-effective process based on the electrical energy per order (EE/O) and chemical cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Xiao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore; Water Research Analytical Laboratories, Water Quality Office, Public Utilities Board, 82 Toh Guan Road East, #04-03, Singapore, 608576, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Water Research Analytical Laboratories, Water Quality Office, Public Utilities Board, 82 Toh Guan Road East, #04-03, Singapore, 608576, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Water Research Analytical Laboratories, Water Quality Office, Public Utilities Board, 82 Toh Guan Road East, #04-03, Singapore, 608576, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kok-Yong Lim
- Water Research Analytical Laboratories, Water Quality Office, Public Utilities Board, 82 Toh Guan Road East, #04-03, Singapore, 608576, Republic of Singapore
| | - Richard D Webster
- School of Physical and Mathematic Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Republic of Singapore
| | - Teik-Thye Lim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore; Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Republic of Singapore.
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Rapid simultaneous analysis of 17 haloacetic acids and related halogenated water contaminants by high-performance ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6613-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Botelho RG, Monteiro SH, Christofoletti CA, Moura-Andrade GCR, Tornisielo VL. Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Atrazine and Ametrine Induce Micronuclei Formation and Nuclear Abnormalities in Erythrocytes of Fish. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 69:577-585. [PMID: 26081367 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry triple quadrupole direct aqueous injection for analysis of atrazine and ametrine herbicides in surface waters was developed. According to the validation method, water samples from six different locations in the Piracicaba River were collected monthly from February 2011 to January 2012 and injected into a liquid chromatographer/dual mass spectrometer without the need for sample extraction. The method was validated and shown to be precise and accurate; limits of detection and quantification were 0.07 and 0.10 µg L(-1) for atrazine and 0.09 and 0.14 µg L(-1) for ametrine. During the sampling period, concentrations of atrazine ranged from 0.11 to 1.92 µg L(-1) and ametrine from 0.25 to 1.44 µg L(-1). After analysis of the herbicides, Danio rerio were exposed a range of concentrations found in the river water to check the induction of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities (NAs) in erythrocytes. Concentrations of atrazine and ametrine >1.0 and 1.5 µg L(-1), respectively, induced MN formation in D. rerio. Ametrine was shown to be more genotoxic to D. rerio because a greater incidence of NAs was observed compared with atrazine. Therefore, environmentally relevant concentrations of atrazine and ametrine found in the Piracicaba River are dangerous to the aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Botelho
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo - CENA/USP, Avenida Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil.
| | - S H Monteiro
- Centro de Pequisa e Desenvolvimento em Proteção Ambiental, Instituto Biológico, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, Vila Madalena, 1252, São Paulo, SP, 04014-002, Brazil
| | - C A Christofoletti
- Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto - FHO/UNIARARAS, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - G C R Moura-Andrade
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo - CENA/USP, Avenida Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil
| | - V L Tornisielo
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo - CENA/USP, Avenida Centenário, 303, São Dimas, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil
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17
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18
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Henson CM, Emmert GL, Simone PS. A fully-automated analyzer for determining haloacetic acid concentrations in drinking water. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:586-595. [PMID: 25303464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A fully-automated, on-line, real-time analyzer has been developed for preconcentration and analysis of haloacetic acids (HAAs). Preconcentration of HAAs is achieved by sample acidification and solid phase extraction onto a hydrophobic polymeric resin using sequential injection analysis (SIA). The HAAs preconcentrate is then analyzed using post-column reaction-ion chromatography (PCR-IC), which is selective for HAAs. Systematic optimization of SIA preconcentration parameters are described followed by detailed method detection limit (MDL), accuracy, precision, and linearity studies. MDL values for the individual HAA9 species range from 0.4 to 0.9 μg L(-1). Side-by-side comparison studies of HAAs analysis in 14 real-world drinking water samples from Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, New York, Pennsylvania and Tennessee are presented that compare the optimized SIA-PCR-IC to USEPA Method 552.3. Trace levels of HAAs detected in select samples are reported, and the bias values calculated between the two methods are typically less than 5 μg L(-1) for eight of the nine individual HAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Henson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Gary L Emmert
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Paul S Simone
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
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19
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Cardador MJ, Gallego M. Eco-friendly microextraction method for the quantitative speciation of 13 haloacetic acids in water. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1340:15-23. [PMID: 24679411 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the first micro liquid-liquid extraction (MLLE) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the speciation of emerging iodinated acetic acids, along with conventional chlorinated and brominated acids in water. The haloacetic acids (HAAs) were derivatised using 3 reagents for their methylation, both in aqueous and organic media. The acidic methanol derivatisation in aqueous medium provided the best efficiency, requiring minimal sample manipulation. The derivatisation yield was improved through the use of microwave energy that drastically reduced reaction time (2 min). The HAA methyl esters were finally extracted using 250 μL of methyl tert-butyl ether. This MLLE combined with the use of a large-volume sample injection coupled to a programmed temperature vaporiser-GC-MS improved the sensitivity of the method and minimised the generation of hazardous residues in accordance with the principles of "Green Chemistry". Detection and quantification limits (excepting tribromoacetic acid) within the range of 0.01-0.15 μg/L and 0.03-0.5 μg/L, respectively, were obtained and the relative standard deviation was lower than 10%. The eco-friendly method was applied to the speciation of the 13 HAAs in treated (chlorinated and chloraminated water) and untreated water. Up to 8 HAAs were found at detectable levels in treated water. The highly toxic monoiodoacetic acid was detected in almost all the chloraminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Cardador
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gallego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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20
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Richardson SD, Ternes TA. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2813-48. [PMID: 24502364 DOI: 10.1021/ac500508t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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21
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Hung SH, Her GR. A convenient and sensitive method for haloacetic acid analysis in tap water by on-line field-amplified sample-stacking CE-ESI-MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3635-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sih-Hua Hung
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Guor-Rong Her
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
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22
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Verrey D, Louyer MV, Thomas O, Baurès E. Direct determination of trace-level haloacetic acids in drinking water by two-dimensional ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Luo Q, Wang D, Wei Z, Wang Z. Optimized chromatographic conditions for separation of halogenated acetic acids by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1277:26-34. [PMID: 23312863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging halogenated acetic acids (HAAs), especially mixed halogenated acids such as chlorobromo-, chloroiodo- and bromoiodo-acetic acids, are unregulated disinfection by-products in drinking water. Because these compounds are hydrophilic and strongly acidic, they are difficult to detect at trace levels using approved analytical methods. In the present study, 13 HAAs were effectively separated on three ultra-performance liquid chromatography columns. The effects of changing in the aqueous mobile phase, acidic solutions and cationic volatile ion pair reagents were investigated. The samples were pretreated by filtration, and extraction, while derivatization and concentration procedures were not required. The limits of quantitation for regulated HAAs were between 0.5 μg/L and 1.7 μg/L and for unregulated HAAs were 1.2 and 5.8 μg/L, especially for the iodinated acetic acids were 1.5 and 2.1 μg/L. The method was applied to two finished water samples collected in China (Shanghai and Xuzhou) from water treatment plants that use chlorine for disinfection. Multiple unregulated HAAs were found in the two samples, but iodoacids were only detected in the water sample from Shanghai, which could be attributed to the characteristics of the source water. The presence of unregulated HAAs, especially mixed bromo- and iodoacetic acids, in the finished water samples could affect human health, and this warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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