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Tusiewicz K, Wachełko O, Zawadzki M, Szpot P. Novel Technique for Simultaneous Ethylene Glycol and Its Metabolites Determination in Human Whole Blood and Urine Samples Using GC-QqQ-MS/MS. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:1143-1164. [PMID: 39311144 PMCID: PMC11417905 DOI: 10.3390/jox14030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxicological analyses often necessitate the identification of compounds belonging to diverse functional groups. For GC-MS analyses, derivatization of compounds belonging to different functional groups can pose a challenge and requires the development of comprehensive methods of analysis. One example could be ethylene glycol, whose widespread use is related to possible unintentional or suicidal intoxications. This fact clearly indicates the need to develop sensitive methods for the determination of ethylene glycol and its metabolites in biological material, as only such complex analysis allows for proper toxicological expertise. A simultaneous GC-QqQ-MS/MS method for the determination of ethylene glycol together with its metabolites, glyoxal and glycolic acid, as well as the detection of glyoxylic acid and oxalic acid, was developed and fully validated. A novel approach for simultaneous derivatization of substances from different groups (alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids) was established. Sample preparation included the addition of three internal standards (BHB-d4, ethylene glycol-d4 and methylglyoxal), precipitation with acetonitrile and subsequent derivatization with N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA), as well as pentafluorophenylhydrazine (PFPH). Detection was carried out with the use of triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The ionization method was electron impact, and quantitative analysis was carried out in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The lower limit of quantification was 1 μg/mL, 0.1 μg/mL, and 500 μg/mL for ethylene glycol, glyoxal, and glycolic acid, respectively. The presented method was applied in three authentic postmortem cases of ethylene glycol intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Tusiewicz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4 J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego Street, 50345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Wachełko
- Institute of Toxicology Research, 45 Kasztanowa Street, 55093 Borowa, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawadzki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego, 50370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Szpot
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4 J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego Street, 50345 Wroclaw, Poland
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2
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Peña J, González-Mariño I, Pérez Pavón JL. In-situ acetylation followed by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry for the determination of bromophenols in urine. Talanta 2024; 275:126146. [PMID: 38678925 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
A novel and simple method combining in-situ acetylation, liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed for the quantification of 10 bromophenols in urine, used as biomarkers of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. The analytical process involves an enzymatic hydrolysis of the bromophenol glucuronide fraction followed by an aqueous derivatization of the phenol group with acetic anhydride. A subsequent liquid-liquid extraction of the sample with hexane allows the injection of the organic layer, using a programmed temperature vaporizer, into a gas chromatograph coupled to a single quadrupole mass spectrometer. Quantification is performed by the standard addition method. Limits of detection are in the pg mL-1 range. Trueness, assessed in terms of percentages of recovery, varies between 100 % and 118 % in synthetic urine and between 79 % and 117 % in human urine. Precision, assessed at two different levels, 0.25 ng mL-1 and 2.5 ng mL-1, shows values of relative standard deviation below 14 % both in intra- and inter-day studies for both matrices. The method has been applied to the analysis of seven urine samples, measuring concentrations higher than the LOQ in three of them. These levels are in agreement with others found in literature, but they have been obtained by applying a much simpler and faster protocol. In addition, the replacement of silylating reagents by acetic anhydride, to derivatize the phenol moiety, provides a greener alternative to other GC-MS procedures published up to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Peña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
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3
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Saraji M, Fouladi M, Mohammadnezhad G, Mehrafza N. Application of boehmite as a fiber coating for headspace solid-phase microextraction of chlorophenols from aqueous samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [PMID: 38037742 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01421e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the extraction of chlorophenols from water samples was carried out using high surface area boehmite nanoparticles as a sorbent. The surfactant-free process employed to make the nano-boehmite used in this work was simple, green, and efficient. The proposed approach was based on headspace solid-phase microextraction, followed by GC-ECD for the determination of analytes. In situ derivatization of analytes was performed with acetic anhydride in a basic medium. Various effective parameters, including the amount of derivatization reagent, ionic strength, desorption temperature and time, extraction temperature, equilibrium time, and extraction time were studied. Under optimal conditions, the linear dynamic range was 0.05-5.0 μg L-1 for 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,6-dichlorophenol and 0.003-0.1 μg L-1 for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. A low limit of detection (0.75 × 10-3-15 × 10-3 μg L-1), and relative standard deviations for real samples (RSDs) <10% were obtained. The precision (as intra- and inter-day RSDs) was between 1.2 and 9.8%. In comparison to commercial fibers (CAR-PDMS, 85 μm), this fiber showed a greater extraction efficiency. Various water samples were subjected to extraction by the proposed method. The recoveries ranged from 90 to 110%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saraji
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Monir Fouladi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | | | - Narges Mehrafza
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
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4
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Ncongwane TB, Ndinteh DT, Smit E. Automated silylation of flavonoids using 3D printed microfluidics prior to chromatographic analysis: system development. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:7151-7160. [PMID: 37804326 PMCID: PMC10684624 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of secondary plant metabolites with low molecular weights. Most flavonoids are highly polar and unsuitable for gas chromatographic analyses. Derivatization is commonly used to make them amenable to gas chromatography by altering their physicochemical properties. Although highly effective, derivatization techniques introduce extra preparation steps and often use hazardous chemicals. The aim of this study was to automate derivatization (specifically, silylation) by developing 3D printed microfluidic devices in which derivatization of flavonoids can occur. A microfluidic device was designed and 3D printed using clear polypropylene. Quercetin and other flavonoids (TED 13 and ZTF 1016) isolated from plant extracts were silylated with N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) at room temperature both in batch and in continuous flow. All the samples were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry (HR-MS). Interestingly, the HR-MS results showed that the flow method was about 25 times more efficient than the batch method for quercetin samples. The TED 13 flavonoid was completely derivatized in the flow method compared to the batch method where the reaction was incomplete. Similar results were observed for ZTF 1016, where the flow method resulted in a four times derivatized compound, while the compound was only derivatized once in batch. In conclusion, 3D printed microfluidic devices have been developed and used to demonstrate a semi-automated, inexpensive, and more efficient natural product derivatization method based on continuous flow chemistry as an alternative to the traditional batch method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabang Bernette Ncongwane
- Center for Natural Products Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, PO Box 524, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Derek Tantoh Ndinteh
- Center for Natural Products Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, PO Box 524, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elize Smit
- Center for Natural Products Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, PO Box 524, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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5
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Tintrop LK, Lieske-Overgrand JR, Wickneswaran K, Abis R, Brunstermann R, Jochmann MA, Schmidt TC. Isotope-labeling in situ derivatization and HS-SPME arrow GC-MS/MS for simultaneous determination of fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters in aqueous matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6525-6536. [PMID: 37740751 PMCID: PMC10567957 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) co-occur in many samples, and analysis of both substance classes is frequently of high interest. To this end, this study introduces the first method for simultaneous determination of FAs and FAMEs including fully automated solvent-free solid-phase microextraction (SPME) arrow headspace extraction combined with isotope-labeling in situ FA derivatization with deuterated methanol (CD3OD). By using the chromatographic isotope effect (ΔRt = 0.03 min) and the + 3 m/z mass shift, FAs can be selectively differentiated from the FAMEs during gas chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) operated in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) aquisition mode. Additionally, an approach is presented to predict the retention times of deuterated compounds. Optimization of the derivatization conditions was accomplished by design of experiments and found to be 20 min, 50 °C, 4 v/v% CD3OD, and pH 2.1. During method validation, FAs and FAMEs were calibrated in different concentration ranges by standard addition in five real matrices and ultrapure water leading to good linearities and method detection limits for FAs ranging from 1-30 µg L-1 and for FAMEs from 0.003-0.72 µg L-1. FAs and FAMEs were detected in real samples from surface water, wastewater treatment plant effluent, and three different bioreactor samples and could be quantified in concentrations ranging from 2-1056 µg L-1 for FAs and 0.01-14 µg L-1 for FAMEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie K Tintrop
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Jana R Lieske-Overgrand
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Kaliyani Wickneswaran
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Rukiyye Abis
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Ruth Brunstermann
- Urban Water and Waste Management, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 15, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Maik A Jochmann
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstrasse 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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6
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Chen X, Huang N, Wang W, Wang Q, Hu HY. Enrichment and analysis methods for trace dissolved organic carbon in reverse osmosis effluent: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161393. [PMID: 36621505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) is an essential unit for producing high-quality ultrapure water. The increasingly severe water shortage and water quality deterioration result in reclaimed water as an alternative source for ultrapure water production. However, when using reclaimed water as water sources, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in RO permeate exhibits higher concentration and more sophisticated components than when using clean water sources, thus affecting the effluent quality of ultrapure water and the effectiveness of subsequent treatment processes. To optimize the treatment processes, it is crucial to analyze the components of DOC. This review summarizes the enrichment and analysis methods of trace organic matter, and provides recommendations for the analysis and characterization of DOC in RO permeate. The study summarizes the operating conditions and enrichment properties of different enrichment methods, including solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, purge-and-trap, lyophilization and rotary evaporation for low-concentration organic compounds, compares the applicability and limitations of different enrichment methods, and proposes the principles for the selection of enrichment methods. In this review, we discuss the application of mass spectrometry (including Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry) in the analysis of DOC components, and focus on data processing as the key procedure in analysis of DOC in RO permeate. Despite the advantages of mass spectrometry, an applicable workflow and open-source database are required to improve the reliability of the analysis. The treatability properties of DOC are suggested to be determined by analyzing the component characteristics or in combination with common removal techniques. This study provides theoretical support for a comprehensive analysis of DOC in RO permeates to improve the removal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Nan Huang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, PR China
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7
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Sun Z, Qi M. High separation performance of carbon dioxide-based poly(ether-carbonate) copolymer for gas chromatographic analyses. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463493. [PMID: 36166885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the investigation of a novel CO2-based poly(ether-carbonate) copolymer, namely poly(propylene ether-carbonate)diol (PPCD), for gas chromatographic (GC) analyses. The PPCD column exhibited column efficiency of 4000 plates/m determined by naphthalene at 120 ℃ with the retention factor 6.23. Its separation performance was investigated by adopting a wide variety of analytes and isomers, including the isomer mixtures of alkanes, substituted benzene isomers with diverse groups, phenols and anilines, and the mixtures of organic solvents of high volatility, aliphatic amines and N-heterocycles. As a result, the PPCD column displayed distinctly higher resolving capability than the commercial columns described herein and achieved high column inertness towards acidic/basic analytes without involving any deactivation procedure. Additionally, it displayed excellent separation repeatability and reproducibility with the relative standard deviation (RSD) values less than 0.01% for within-day and in the range of 0.26% - 0.36% for between-day and 3.0% - 4.1% for between-column (n = 4). Further, the PPCD column (30 m) was used to GC-MS analysis of the lemongrass essential oil and resolved more components well than the indicated commercial columns, evidencing its outstanding separation performance for analyses of complex samples. Up to date, the CO2-based poly(ether-carbonate) copolymers are not reported in the field of chromatography. This work demonstrates their promising future as a new type of selective and inert stationary phases for practical GC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Meiling Qi
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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8
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Atapattu SN, Rosenfeld JM. Analytical derivatizations in environmental analysis. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463348. [PMID: 35901668 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Analytical derivatization is a technique that alters the structure of an analyte and produces a product more suitable for analysis. While this process can be time-consuming and add reagents to the procedure, it can also facilitate the isolation of the analyte(s), enhance analytes' stability, improve separation and sensitivity, and reduce matrix interferences. Since derivatization is a functional group analysis, it improves selectivity by separating reactive from neutral compounds during sample preparation. This technique introduces detector-orientated tags into analytes that lack suitable physicochemical properties for detection at low concentrations. Notably, many regulatory bodies, especially those in the environmental field, require these characteristics in analytical methods. This review focuses on note-worthy analytical derivatization methods employed in environmental analyses with functional groups, phenol, carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone, and thiol in aqueous, soil, and atmospheric sample matrices. Both advantages and disadvantages of analytical derivatization techniques are discussed. In addition, we discuss the future directions of analytical derivatization methods in environmental analysis and the potential challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack M Rosenfeld
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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9
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Yu C, Wang L, Zheng J, Jiang X, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Bi K, Li D, Li Q. Nanoconfinement effect based in-fiber extraction and derivatization method for ultrafast analysis of twenty amines in human urine by GC-MS: Application to cancer diagnosis biomarkers’ screening. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1217:339985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Determination of Gaseous and Particulate Secondary Amines in the Atmosphere Using Gas Chromatography Coupled with Electron Capture Detection. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and optimize methods for the determination of gaseous and particulate (PM2.5) secondary amines (SAs) in the atmosphere using gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) following chemical derivatization. The methods employed the liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) of pentafluorobenzenesulfonyl derivatives of the SAs before analytical samples were injected into GC-ECD. The optimized methods were applied to the determination of SAs in gaseous and particulate samples at two sites (urban and rural areas) from June to September in 2021. Gaseous samples were collected into an SPE cartridge containing a mixture of silica gel and sulfamic acid at a flow rate of 2 L·min−1 for 48 h. Particulate samples were collected onto 47 mm filters by a cyclone sampler at a flow rate of 16.7 L·min−1 for 48 h. The linearity of calibration curves, accuracy, and precision of the methods were satisfactory. In most of the field samples, dimethylamine (DMA), methylethylamine (MEA), diethylamine (DEA), and dipropylamine (DPA) were found to be the most frequently encountered compounds at the sampling sites.
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Yu C, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Wang L, Xu H, Bi K, Li D, Li Q. Isotope Labelled in suit Derivatization-Extraction Integrated System for Amine/Phenol Submetabolome Analysis based on Nanoconfinement Effect: Application to Lung Cancer. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1670:462954. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dogra R, Kumar M, Kumar A, Roverso M, Bogialli S, Pastore P, Mandal UK. Derivatization, an Applicable Asset for Conventional HPLC Systems without MS Detection in Food and Miscellaneous Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1807-1827. [PMID: 35201944 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2042671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the most valuable practices for analyzing not-so-analytical-friendly analytes in complex, heterogenous matrices is derivatization. Availability of numerous derivatizing reagents (DRs) makes the modification of analyte more exploitable in terms of an analytical perspective. A wide array of derivatization techniques like pre or post-column, in-situ, enzymatic, ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, photochemical derivatization has added much-needed methodological strength in analyzing intricate analytical matrices (food, water, and soil). In recent years, analytical chemistry has achieved greater heights through the development of new sensitive methods with simple conventional instruments like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) devoid of Mass detectors. The prompt availability of these straightforward instruments also makes it a favorable option for routine analysis in food, environmental, bioanalytical chemistry. Analyzing food, environmental or bioanalytical specimen has some of the most problematic aspects, like the low concentration of the analytes accompanied by not too suitable analytical properties. Even though conventional HPLC lacks the required sensitivity but merger with derivatization can lead to a remarkable increase in sensitivity. In recent years there has been a lot of application of diverse derivatizations to increase the sensitivity and selectivity of the analyte for available instruments, resulting in notable findings. Therefore, this review describes the application of derivatization principles in the analysis of analytes in food and additional matrices using conventional HPLC instruments such as HPLC-UV, HPLC-DAD, and HPLC-FD. In this article, we will briefly review the different modes and multiple types of derivatizing reagents with their mechanisms and importance for encouraging the use of established HPLC instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Dogra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Marco Roverso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Uttam Kumar Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
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Dogra R, Mandal UK. Recent Applications of Derivatization Techniques for Pharmaceutical and
Bioanalytical Analysis through High-performance Liquid Chromatography. CURR ANAL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411017666211108092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Derivatization of analytes is a quite convenient practice from an analytical perspective. Its vast prevalence is accounted by the availability of distinct reagents, primarily pragmatic for obtaining desired modifications in an analyte structure. Another reason for its handiness is typically to overcome limitations such as lack of sensitive methodology or instrumentation.The past decades have witnessed various new derivatization techniques including in-situ, enzymatic, ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, and photochemical derivatization which have gain popularity recently.
Methods:
The online literature available on the utilization of derivatization as prominent analytical tools in recent years with typical advancements is reviewed. The illustrations of the analytical condition together with the structures of different derivatizing reagents (DRs) are provided to acknowledge the vast capability of derivatization to resolve analytical problems.
Results:
The derivatization techniques have enabled analytical chemists throughout the globe to develop an enhanced sensitivity method with the simplest of the instrument like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC, compared to more sensitive Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometer, is readily available and can be readily utilized for routine analysis in fields of pharmaceuticals, bioanalysis, food safety, and environmental contamination. A troublesome aspect of these fields is the presence of a complex matrix with trace concentrations for analyses. Liquid chromatographic methods devoid of MS detectors do not have the desired sensitivity for this. A possible solution for overcoming this is to couple HPLC with derivatization to enable the possibility of detecting trace analytes with a less expensive instrument. Running cost, enhanced sensitivity, low time consumption, and overcoming the inherent problems of analyte are critical parameters for which HPLC is quite useful in high throughput analysis.
Conclusion:
The review critically highlights various kinds of derivatization applications in different fields of analytical chemistry. The information primarily focuses on pharmaceutical and bioanalytical applications in recent years. The various modes, types, and derivatizing reagents with brief mechanisms have been ascribed briefly Additionally, the importance of HPLC coupled to fluorescence and UV detection is presented as an overview through examples accompanied by their analytical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Dogra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Uttam Kumar Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Punjab, India
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Li S, Li J, Feng S, Bian L, Liu Z, Ping Y, Wang X, Van Schepdael A. Headspace solid-phase microextraction and on-fiber derivatization for the determination of 3-/2-MCPDE and GE in breast milk and infant formula by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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ZHANG H, LIAO X, WEI L, ZHANG Z, REN H, ZHANG X. [Design and application of online derivatization device for polar organics on atmospheric particulate filter]. Se Pu 2022; 40:100-106. [PMID: 34985221 PMCID: PMC9404233 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An online derivatization device for the analysis of polar organic compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is designed. The derivatization reaction occurs in the hot GC injection port, and this is also known as injection port derivatization (IPD). IPD is usually performed in two ways: 1) direct IPD and 2) ion-pair extraction, followed by IPD. In both cases, the derivatization reagent reacts in liquid form. However, a method for online derivatization using gaseous derivatization reagents is provided. A special needle is designed and placed on the carrier gas transfer line to the injection port. The carrier gas is introduced into a glass bottle containing the derivative reagent (N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, MSTFA), and then, the gaseous derivative reagent in the headspace is pressed out and introduced into the injection port of the GC instrument at a constant speed. The filter to be analyzed is placed directly in the liner, and the polar organic compounds on the filter react with gaseous MSTFA at 310 ℃ for 10 min in the injection port. During derivatization, the column oven is maintained at room temperature, and all the derivatives stay on the column head. When the reaction is complete, the MSTFA supply is ceased. The oven temperature is programmed, and the solvent delay is set until the excessive MSTFA is removed. The derivatives are allowed to pass through the column and analyzed by the MS detector. To prevent a large number of derivative reagents from entering the column, the injection port is set in split mode with a split ratio of 5∶1. Variables such as the injection-port temperature and derivatization time are investigated. The GC-MS responses of the ten silylated derivatives increase with increasing injection-port temperature (290-310 ℃), indicating that high temperatures can enhance the silylation efficiency. The derivatization times were also investigated. The GC-MS responses increased with an increase in the reaction time from 0 to 10 min, while higher temperatures or longer reaction times lead to the loss of some derivatives. The reproducibility of the derivatization reaction was 0.27% to 7.28%, and the linear correlation coefficient was 0.976-0.996. This device can be used for the online silylation of most polar organic compounds such as organic acids, alcohols, and phenols. The advantage of this device over offline derivatization is that the derivatization reagent and derivatives are protected by helium, which eliminates the risk of decomposition caused by moisture in the air, and the high temperature assists the reaction. The analytes were directly desorbed on the filter and derived online, and the sample quantity required was only 1/200 of that in the traditional solvent extraction method. Meanwhile, only the gaseous part of the headspace in the derivative reagent bottle was used, and the amount of derivative reagent was greatly reduced. Additionally, the operation is simple and solvent free, the entire analytical procedure was executed in a "green" manner. A PM2.5 filter was analyzed, and 26 different polar compounds were successfully derived, including monoacids, binary acids, aromatic acids, and alcohols, covering most of the common target polar compounds in atmospheric chemical analysis. Polyols such as glucose and sorbose that bear 5-6 hydroxyl groups and have large steric hindrance were also successfully derived. This device is expected to be an efficient and convenient analytical tool for tracing the sources of organic matter in atmospheric particles such as soil dust, biomass combustion, cooking oil smoke, and automobile exhaust, or for investigating atmospheric photochemical reactions. This gas-phase derivatization provides new insights for the development of chromatographic analysis methods for polar compounds. This device is simple and modular, and it has a wide range of applications; it is suitable for different brands of gas chromatographs and has great prospects for commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han ZHANG
- 中国科学院城市环境研究所环境与健康重点实验室, 福建 厦门 361021
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Xu LIAO
- 中国科学院城市环境研究所环境与健康重点实验室, 福建 厦门 361021
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Lai WEI
- 中国科学院城市环境研究所环境与健康重点实验室, 福建 厦门 361021
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Zixing ZHANG
- 中国科学院城市环境研究所环境与健康重点实验室, 福建 厦门 361021
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Hongyun REN
- 中国科学院城市环境研究所环境与健康重点实验室, 福建 厦门 361021
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021 China
| | - Xian ZHANG
- 中国科学院城市环境研究所环境与健康重点实验室, 福建 厦门 361021
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021 China
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16
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Defining Blood Plasma and Serum Metabolome by GC-MS. Metabolites 2021; 12:metabo12010015. [PMID: 35050137 PMCID: PMC8779220 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics uses advanced analytical chemistry methods to analyze metabolites in biological samples. The most intensively studied samples are blood and its liquid components: plasma and serum. Armed with advanced equipment and progressive software solutions, the scientific community has shown that small molecules’ roles in living systems are not limited to traditional “building blocks” or “just fuel” for cellular energy. As a result, the conclusions based on studying the metabolome are finding practical reflection in molecular medicine and a better understanding of fundamental biochemical processes in living systems. This review is not a detailed protocol of metabolomic analysis. However, it should support the reader with information about the achievements in the whole process of metabolic exploration of human plasma and serum using mass spectrometry combined with gas chromatography.
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Mojsak P, Rey-Stolle F, Parfieniuk E, Kretowski A, Ciborowski M. The role of gut microbiota (GM) and GM-related metabolites in diabetes and obesity. A review of analytical methods used to measure GM-related metabolites in fecal samples with a focus on metabolites' derivatization step. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 191:113617. [PMID: 32971497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of gut microbiota (GM) composition is increasingly related to the pathogenesis of various metabolic diseases. Additionally, GM is responsible for the production and transformation of metabolites involved in the development of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The current state of knowledge regarding the composition of GM and GM-related metabolites in relation to the progress and development of obesity and T2DM is presented in this review. To understand the relationships between GM-related metabolites and the development of metabolic disorders, their accurate qualitative and quantitative measurement in biological samples is needed. Feces represent a valuable biological matrix which composition may reflect the health status of the lower gastrointestinal tract and the whole organism. Mass spectrometry (MS), mainly in combination with gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC), is commonly used to measure fecal metabolites. However, profiling metabolites in such a complex matrix as feces is challenging from both analytical chemistry and biochemistry standpoints. Chemical derivatization is one of the most effective methods used to overcome these problems. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the derivatization methods of GM-related metabolites prior to GC-MS or LC-MS analysis, which have been published in the last five years (2015-2020). Additionally, analytical methods used for the analysis of GM-related metabolites without the derivatization step are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Mojsak
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ewa Parfieniuk
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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18
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Campanella B, Lomonaco T, Benedetti E, Onor M, Nieri R, Bramanti E. Validation and Application of a Derivatization-Free RP-HPLC-DAD Method for the Determination of Low Molecular Weight Salivary Metabolites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6158. [PMID: 32854235 PMCID: PMC7503734 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is an interesting, non-conventional, valuable diagnostic fluid. It can be collected using standardized sampling device; thus, its sampling is easy and non-invasive, it contains a variety of organic metabolites that reflect blood composition. The aim of this study was to validate a user-friendly method for the simultaneous determination of low molecular weight metabolites in saliva. We have optimized and validated a high throughput, direct, low-cost reversed phase liquid chromatographic method with diode array detection method without any pre- or post-column derivatization. We indexed salivary biomolecules in 35 whole non-stimulated saliva samples collected in 8 individuals in different days, including organic acids and amino acids and other carbonyl compounds. Among these, 16 whole saliva samples were collected by a single individual over three weeks before, during and after treatment with antibiotic in order to investigate the dynamics of metabolites. The concentrations of the metabolites were compared with the literature data. The multianalyte method here proposed requires a minimal sample handling and it is cost-effectiveness as it makes possible to analyze a high number of samples with basic instrumentation. The identification and quantitation of salivary metabolites may allow the definition of potential biomarkers for non-invasive "personal monitoring" during drug treatments, work out, or life habits over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Campanella
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds-ICCOM, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (M.O.); (R.N.)
| | - Tommaso Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Benedetti
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Massimo Onor
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds-ICCOM, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (M.O.); (R.N.)
| | - Riccardo Nieri
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds-ICCOM, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (M.O.); (R.N.)
| | - Emilia Bramanti
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds-ICCOM, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.C.); (M.O.); (R.N.)
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19
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Dugheri S, Mucci N, Bonari A, Marrubini G, Cappelli G, Ubiali D, Campagna M, Montalti M, Arcangeli G. Liquid phase microextraction techniques combined with chromatography analysis: a review. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2019.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sample pretreatment is the first and the most important step of an analytical procedure. In routine analysis, liquid–liquid microextraction (LLE) is the most widely used sample pre-treatment technique, whose goal is to isolate the target analytes, provide enrichment, with cleanup to lower the chemical noise, and enhance the signal. The use of extensive volumes of hazardous organic solvents and production of large amounts of waste make LLE procedures unsuitable for modern, highly automated laboratories, expensive, and environmentally unfriendly. In the past two decades, liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) was introduced to overcome these drawbacks. Thanks to the need of only a few microliters of extraction solvent, LPME techniques have been widely adopted by the scientific community. The aim of this review is to report on the state-of-the-art LPME techniques used in gas and liquid chromatography. Attention was paid to the classification of the LPME operating modes, to the historical contextualization of LPME applications, and to the advantages of microextraction in methods respecting the value of green analytical chemistry. Technical aspects such as description of methodology selected in method development for routine use, specific variants of LPME developed for complex matrices, derivatization, and enrichment techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dugheri
- 1 Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology Laboratory, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Mucci
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bonari
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Cappelli
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- 3 Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Campagna
- 4 Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Manfredi Montalti
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- 2 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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20
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Pagliano E. Versatile derivatization for GC-MS and LC-MS: alkylation with trialkyloxonium tetrafluoroborates for inorganic anions, chemical warfare agent degradation products, organic acids, and proteomic analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1963-1971. [PMID: 31915869 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Analytical chemists resort to derivatization for improving the detection performance of certain categories of analytes. Within this context, alkylation reactions are regarded as an important asset for many methods based on GC-MS and LC-MS. Trialkyloxonium tetrafluoroborates (R[Formula: see text][BF4]-) are powerful alkylating agents with ionic liquid properties: they are nonvolatile salts soluble in water which are easier and safer to handle with respect to common alkylating agents like diazomethane. R[Formula: see text][BF4]- can perform the alkylation in both organic and aqueous media at pH conditions ranging from acidic to alkaline. Recent analytical applications of trialkyloxonium derivatizations include the high-precision determination of inorganic anions in complex matrices, the qualitative confirmation of chemical warfare agent degradation products in soils, the profiling of carboxylic acids in urine, and the detection of protein post-translational modifications induced by carbon dioxide. The common denominator for all methods presented can be found in the simplicity of the alkylation protocol which, in most of the cases, requires a single step addition of the reagent directly to the sample. Graphical Abstract Alkylation with trialkyloxonium salts for GC-MS and LC-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enea Pagliano
- National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Carrão DB, Perovani IS, de Albuquerque NCP, de Oliveira ARM. Enantioseparation of pesticides: A critical review. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Determination of polyamines and related compounds in saliva via in situ derivatization and microextraction by packed sorbents coupled to GC-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1129:121821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Darko E, Thurbide KB. Dynamic Control of Gas Chromatographic Selectivity during the Analysis of Organic Bases. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6682-6688. [PMID: 31042370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for controlling selectivity during the gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of organic bases is presented. The technique employs tandem stainless steel capillary columns, each coated with a pH adjusted water stationary phase. The first is a 0.5 m trap column coated with a pH 2.2 phase, while the second is an 11 m analytical column coated with a pH 11.4 phase. The first column traps basic analytes from injected samples, while the remaining components continue to elute and separate. Then, upon injection of a volatile aqueous ammonia solution, the basic analytes are released as desired to the analytical column where they are separated and analyzed. Separations are quite reproducible and demonstrate an average RSD of 1.2% for analyte retention times in consecutive trials. Using this approach, the retention of such analytes can be readily controlled and they can be held in the system for periods of up to 1 h without significant erosion of peak shape. As such, it can provide considerable control over analyte selectivity and resolution compared to conventional separations. Further, by employing a third conventional GC column to the series, both traditional hydrocarbon and enhanced organic base separations can be performed. The method is applied to the analysis of complex mixtures, such as gasoline, and much less matrix interference is observed as a result. The findings indicate that this approach could be a useful alternative for analyzing such samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Darko
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive, NW , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Kevin B Thurbide
- Department of Chemistry , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive, NW , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
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24
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Makoś P, Przyjazny A, Boczkaj G. Methods of assaying volatile oxygenated organic compounds in effluent samples by gas chromatography—A review. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1592:143-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Beale DJ, Pinu FR, Kouremenos KA, Poojary MM, Narayana VK, Boughton BA, Kanojia K, Dayalan S, Jones OAH, Dias DA. Review of recent developments in GC-MS approaches to metabolomics-based research. Metabolomics 2018; 14:152. [PMID: 30830421 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolomics aims to identify the changes in endogenous metabolites of biological systems in response to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This is accomplished through untargeted, semi-targeted and targeted based approaches. Untargeted and semi-targeted methods are typically applied in hypothesis-generating investigations (aimed at measuring as many metabolites as possible), while targeted approaches analyze a relatively smaller subset of biochemically important and relevant metabolites. Regardless of approach, it is well recognized amongst the metabolomics community that gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is one of the most efficient, reproducible and well used analytical platforms for metabolomics research. This is due to the robust, reproducible and selective nature of the technique, as well as the large number of well-established libraries of both commercial and 'in house' metabolite databases available. AIM OF REVIEW This review provides an overview of developments in GC-MS based metabolomics applications, with a focus on sample preparation and preservation techniques. A number of chemical derivatization (in-time, in-liner, offline and microwave assisted) techniques are also discussed. Electron impact ionization and a summary of alternate mass analyzers are highlighted, along with a number of recently reported new GC columns suited for metabolomics. Lastly, multidimensional GC-MS and its application in environmental and biomedical research is presented, along with the importance of bioinformatics. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to both highlight and provide an update on GC-MS analytical techniques that are common in metabolomics studies. Specific emphasis is given to the key steps within the GC-MS workflow that those new to this field need to be aware of and the common pitfalls that should be looked out for when starting in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Beale
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), P.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
| | - Farhana R Pinu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Konstantinos A Kouremenos
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
- Trajan Scientific and Medical, 7 Argent Pl, Ringwood, 3134, Australia
| | - Mahesha M Poojary
- Chemistry Section, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Vinod K Narayana
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Berin A Boughton
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Komal Kanojia
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Saravanan Dayalan
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia
| | - Oliver A H Jones
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, 3001, Australia
| | - Daniel A Dias
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083, Australia.
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26
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Wu T, Zang X, Wang M, Chang Q, Wang C, Wu Q, Wang Z. Covalent Organic Framework as Fiber Coating for Solid-Phase Microextraction of Chlorophenols Followed by Quantification with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11158-11165. [PMID: 30285431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was adopted for the simultaneous determination of seven chlorophenols (CPs) from honey and canned-yellow-peach samples. A covalent organic framework made of 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) and benzidine (BD) was used as the SPME fiber coating to preconcentrate the acetylation derivatives of the CPs. The main experimental parameters including derivatization conditions, extraction temperature and time, headspace volume, salt concentration, and desorption temperature were investigated. The fiber showed a high extraction capability for the CPs. The limits of detection (LODs) for the analytes were 0.3-0.7 μg kg-1 for honey and 0.8-1.8 μg kg-1 for canned-yellow-peach samples, suggesting good sensitivity for the method. The response linearity was 2.4-250 μg kg-1 for 2-CP and 3,4-CP and 1.0-150 μg kg-1 for the other remaining analytes in the honey samples. For the canned-yellow-peach samples, the response linearity was 6.0-300 μg kg-1 for 2-CP and 3,4-CP and 3.0-200 μg kg-1 for the others. The correlation coefficients were higher than 0.9919. Good repeatability (RSD < 11.9%) for the method and high recoveries (70.2-113%) of the analytes were observed under the optimal conditions. The established method was satisfactorily applied for the analysis of honey and canned-yellow-peach samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- College of Science , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , China
| | - Xiaohuan Zang
- College of Science , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , China
| | - Mengting Wang
- College of Science , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , China
| | - Qingyun Chang
- College of Science , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , China
| | - Chun Wang
- College of Science , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , China
| | - Qiuhua Wu
- College of Science , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Science , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding 071001 , China
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27
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Ordóñez JL, Pereira-Caro G, Ludwig I, Muñoz-Redondo JM, Ruiz-Moreno MJ, Crozier A, Moreno-Rojas JM. A critical evaluation of the use of gas chromatography- and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques for the analysis of microbial metabolites in human urine after consumption of orange juice. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1575:100-112. [PMID: 30228007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study compared and validated two analytical methods, HPLC-HRMS, and GC-MS using MSTFA as derivatization agent, for the analysis of microbiota-derived phenolic acids and aromatic compounds accumulating in urine, collected over a 24 h period after the consumption of 500 mL of orange juice. In addition, purification procedures using SDB-L and HLB solid phase cartridges were compared when HPLC-HRMS technique was used. Both HPLC-HRMS and GC-MS methodologies were successfully validated in terms of specificity, sensitivity, limit of detection and quantification, recovery and matrix effects. HPLC-HRMS, unlike GC-MS, does not require sample derivatization prior to analysis. GC-MS was not suitable for the analysis of phenolic sulfate and glucuronide metabolites because of their lack of volatility. These phase II metabolites could, however, be analysed by HPLC-HRMS which, as a consequence, provided more detailed and complete information on the phenolic compounds derived from microbiota-mediated degradation of orange juice (poly)phenols. Furthermore, the use of SDB-L and HLB cartridges for sample purification prior to HPLC-HRMS analysis is suitable for free phenolics and glucuronide metabolites but not sulfate derivatives. These findings highlight that the use of an inappropriate analytical protocol can adversely affect studies on the bioavailability of dietary (poly)phenols in which microbiota-derived phenolic catabolites play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Ordóñez
- Department of Food Science and Health, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Avenida Menéndez-Pidal, SN, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Food Science and Health, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Avenida Menéndez-Pidal, SN, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Iziar Ludwig
- Department of Food and Technology, Universidad de Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - José Manuel Muñoz-Redondo
- Department of Food Science and Health, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Avenida Menéndez-Pidal, SN, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María José Ruiz-Moreno
- Department of Food Science and Health, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Avenida Menéndez-Pidal, SN, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alan Crozier
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - José Manuel Moreno-Rojas
- Department of Food Science and Health, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Avenida Menéndez-Pidal, SN, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
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Lee J, Lee Y, Nam TG, Jang HW. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with in situ derivatization coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the determination of 4-methylimidazole in red ginseng products containing caramel colors. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3415-3423. [PMID: 30022588 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A rapid analytical method was developed for the determination of 4-methylimidazole from red ginseng products containing caramel colors by using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with in situ derivatization followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Chloroform and acetonitrile were selected as the extraction and dispersive solvents, and based on the extraction efficiency, their optimum volumes were 200 and 100 μL, respectively. The optimum volumes of the derivatizing agent (isobutyl chloroformate) and catalyst (pyridine), pH, and concentration of NaCl in the sample solution were determined to be 25 and 100 μL, pH 7.6, and 0% w/v, respectively. Validation of the optimized method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.999), accuracy (≥89.86%), intra- (≤6.70%) and interday (≤4.17%) repeatability, limit of detection (0.96 μg/L), and limit of quantification (5.79 μg/L). The validated method was applied to quantify 4-methylimidazole in red ginseng juices and concentrates, 4-methylimidazole was only found in red ginseng juices containing caramel colorant (42.91-2863.4 μg/L) and detected in red ginseng concentrates containing >1% caramel colorant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangho Lee
- 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunyeol Lee
- 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Nam
- 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Won Jang
- 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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29
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Carry E, Zhao D, Mogno I, Faith J, Ho L, Villani T, Patel H, Pasinetti GM, Simon JE, Wu Q. Targeted analysis of microbial-generated phenolic acid metabolites derived from grape flavanols by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:374-383. [PMID: 30032004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Grape-derived products contain a wide array of bioactive phenolic compounds which are of significant interest to consumers and researchers for their multiple health benefits. The majority of bioavailable grape polyphenols, including the most abundant flavan-3-ols, i.e. (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, undergo extensive microbial metabolism in the gut, forming metabolites that can be highly bioavailable and bioactive. To gain a better understanding in microbial metabolism of grape polyphenols and to identify bioactive metabolites, advanced analytical methods are needed to accurately quantitate microbial-derived metabolites, particularly at trace levels, in addition to their precursors. This work describes the development and validation of a high-throughput, sensitive and reproducible GC-QqQ/MS method operated under MRM mode that allowed the identification and quantification of 16 phenolic acid metabolites, along with (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, in flavanol-enriched broth samples anaerobically fermented with human intestinal bacteria. Excellent sensitivity was achieved with low limits of detection and low limits of quantification in the range of 0.24-6.18 ng/mL and 0.480-12.37 ng/mL, respectively. With the exception of hippuric acid, recoveries of most analytes were greater than 85%. The percent accuracies for almost all analytes were within ±23% and precision results were all below 18%. Application of the developed method to in vitro samples fermented with different human gut microbiota revealed distinct variations in the extent of flavanol catabolism, as well as production of bioactive phenolic acid metabolites. These results support that intestinal microbiota have a significant impact on the production of flavanol metabolites. The successful application of the established method demonstrates its applicability and robustness for analysis of grape flavanols and their microbial metabolites in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Carry
- New Use Agriculture & Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Danyue Zhao
- New Use Agriculture & Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ilaria Mogno
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jeremiah Faith
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Lap Ho
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Tom Villani
- New Use Agriculture & Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Harna Patel
- New Use Agriculture & Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Giulio M Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA; Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - James E Simon
- New Use Agriculture & Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Qingli Wu
- New Use Agriculture & Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Makoś P, Fernandes A, Przyjazny A, Boczkaj G. Sample preparation procedure using extraction and derivatization of carboxylic acids from aqueous samples by means of deep eutectic solvents for gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1555:10-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Tsai CJ, Liao FY, Weng JR, Feng CH. Tandem derivatization combined with salting-out assisted liquid–liquid microextraction for determination of biothiols in urine by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Makoś P, Fernandes A, Boczkaj G. Method for the determination of carboxylic acids in industrial effluents using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with injection port derivatization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1517:26-34. [PMID: 28855089 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a new method for the determination of 15 carboxylic acids in samples of postoxidative effluents from the production of petroleum bitumens using ion-pair dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with injection port derivatization. Several parameters related to the extraction and derivatization efficiency were optimized. Under optimized experimental conditions, the obtained limit of detection and quantification ranged from 0.0069 to 1.12μg/mL and 0.014 to 2.24μg/mL, respectively. The precision (RSD ranged 1.29-6.42%) and recovery (69.43-125.79%) were satisfactory. Nine carboxylic acids at concentrations ranging from 0.10μg/mL to 15.06μg/mL were determined in the raw wastewater and in samples of effluents treated by various oxidation methods. The studies revealed a substantial increase of concentration of benzoic acids, in samples of wastewater after treatment, which confirms the need of carboxylic acids monitoring during industrial effluent treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Makoś
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, 80-233 Gdansk, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Poland
| | - Andre Fernandes
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, 80-233 Gdansk, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, 80-233 Gdansk, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Poland.
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33
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Wei N, Zheng Z, Wang Y, Tao Y, Shao Y, Zhu S, You J, Zhao XE. Rapid and sensitive determination of multiple endocrine-disrupting chemicals by ultrasound-assisted in situ derivatization dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:937-950. [PMID: 28370680 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in environment samples and food stuffs are an increasing serious public health issue due to their potency to interfere and deregulate several aspects of the endocrine system. Because of their extremely low abundance, it remains a challenging task to develop a sensitive detection method. METHODS 4'-Carbonyl chloride rosamine (CCR) was used as a derivatization reagent for EDCs for the first time. A new ultrasound-assisted in situ derivatization/dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME with in situ derivatization) method for multiple EDCs including five estrogens, two alkylphenols, eight bisphenols, seven parabens and triclosan coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) has been developed and validated. RESULTS The ionization efficiency of EDCs was greatly enhanced through the introduction of a permanent charged moiety of CCR into the derivatives during electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS analysis. The main variables potentially affecting the UA-DLLME with in situ derivatization process are optimized. The recoveries and matrix effects of 23 EDCs for the spiking samples were in the range of 83.0-116.0% and 85.8-114.6%, respectively. Good method reproducibility was achieved. CONCLUSIONS The limits of detection (LODs) for 23 EDCs were 0.05-0.40 ng/L and 0.03-0.25 ng/g (dry weight, d.w.) for environment samples and food stuffs, respectively. The proposed method has been demonstrated to be suitable for simultaneous determination of multiple EDCs in real samples with high sensitivity, speediness, and good sample clean-up ability. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhenjia Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian, 271018, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yanduo Tao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, P.R. China
| | - Yun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, P.R. China
| | - Shuyun Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jinmao You
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, P.R. China
| | - Xian-En Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis & Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P.R. China
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Wang C, Zou P, Zhang T, Li H, Yang Z. Simultaneous determination of haloanisoles and halophenols in water using in situ acylation combined with solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:514-523. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Wang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha P.R. China
| | - Pan Zou
- Center for Environment and Water Resources; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha P.R. China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha P.R. China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha P.R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Central South University; B406 Virtual University, Shenzhen High-tech Industrial Park; Shenzhen Guangdong P.R. China
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35
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Wei N, Zhao XE, Zhu S, He Y, Zheng L, Chen G, You J, Liu S, Liu Z. Determination of dopamine, serotonin, biosynthesis precursors and metabolites in rat brain microdialysates by ultrasonic-assisted in situ derivatization–dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS. Talanta 2016; 161:253-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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36
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Darko E, Thurbide KB. Capillary gas chromatographic separation of organic bases using a pH-adjusted basic water stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1465:184-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Locatelli M, Sciascia F, Cifelli R, Malatesta L, Bruni P, Croce F. Analytical methods for the endocrine disruptor compounds determination in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1434:1-18. [PMID: 26805600 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential risk of exposure to different xenobiotics, which can modulate the endocrine system and represent a treat for the wellness of an increasing number of people, has recently drawn the attention of international environmental and health agencies. Several agents, characterized by structural diversity, may interfer with the normal endocrine functions that regulate cell growth, homeostasis and development. Substances such as pesticides, herbicides, plasticizers, metals, etc. having endocrine activity (EDCs) are used in agriculture and industry and are also used as drugs for humans and animals. A difficulty in the analytical determination of these substances is the complexity of the matrix in which they are present. In fact, the samples most frequently analyzed consist of groundwater and surface water, including influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants and drinking water. In this review, several sample pretreatment protocols, assays and different instrumental techniques recently used in the EDCs determination have been considered. This review concludes with a paragraph in which the most recent hyphenated-instrument techniques are treated, highlighting their sensitivity and selectivity for the analyses of environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Locatelli
- University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Pharmacy, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (CH), Italy; Interuniversity Consortium of Structural and Systems Biology INBB, Viale Medaglie d'oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy.
| | - Francesco Sciascia
- University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Pharmacy, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (CH), Italy
| | - Roberta Cifelli
- University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Pharmacy, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (CH), Italy
| | - Luciano Malatesta
- University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Pharmacy, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (CH), Italy
| | - Pantaleone Bruni
- University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Pharmacy, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (CH), Italy
| | - Fausto Croce
- University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Pharmacy, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (CH), Italy
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38
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Zhang M, Huang J. Layer-by-layer coated molecular-imprinted solid-phase microextraction fibers for the determination of polar compounds in water samples. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18454e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the selective extraction of polar compound in water samples was reported using molecular-imprinted solid-phase microextraction (MISPME) combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) within situderivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maosheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental
- Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Analytical Science
- Minnan Normal University
- Zhangzhou 363000
- China
| | - Jiarong Huang
- Dongshan Environmental Protection Bureau
- Zhangzhou 363400
- China
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39
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Yi DH, Sathiyanarayanan G, Seo HM, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Kim YG, Jang KS, Lee YK, Park K, Yang YH. Linear correlation of aliphatic diamines to response factors by number of carbons in GC–MS. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Farajzadeh MA, Nasrollahpour H, Mogaddam MRA, Khoshmaram L. Determination of widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in biological fluids using simultaneous derivatization and air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-015-0736-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Saraji M, Ghambari H. Suitability of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the in situ silylation of chlorophenols in water samples before gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3552-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saraji
- Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
| | - Hoda Ghambari
- Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
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42
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Gruzdev IV, Zenkevich IG, Kondratenok BM. Derivatization in gas chromatographic determination of phenol and aniline traces in aqueous media. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Kartal AA, Divrikli U, Elci L. Determination of Chlorophenols in Wastewater with Methyl Chloroformate Derivatization, Solid Phase Extraction, and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1046551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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Płotka-Wasylka JM, Morrison C, Biziuk M, Namieśnik J. Chemical derivatization processes applied to amine determination in samples of different matrix composition. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4693-718. [PMID: 26023865 DOI: 10.1021/cr4006999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna M Płotka-Wasylka
- †Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Calum Morrison
- ‡Forensic Medicine and Science, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Biziuk
- †Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- †Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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45
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Analysis of twenty phenolic compounds in human urine: hydrochloric acid hydrolysis, solid-phase extraction based on K2CO3-treated silica, and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4131-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Simultaneous determination of blockers and agonists by on-fiber derivatization in self-made solid-phase microextraction coating fiber. Talanta 2015; 132:915-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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47
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Farajzadeh MA, Yadeghari A, Khoshmaram L, Ghorbanpour H. Gas chromatographic determination of some phenolic compounds in fuels and engine oil after simultaneous derivatization and microextraction. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2966-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| | - Adeleh Yadeghari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| | - Leila Khoshmaram
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; AzarbaijanShahidMadani University; Tabriz Iran
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48
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In situ derivatization combined to automated microextraction by packed sorbents for the determination of chlorophenols in soil samples by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:52-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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49
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A new analytical method to determine non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in surface water using in situ derivatization combined with ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2014; 129:552-9. [PMID: 25127632 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Because of the high stability and potential toxic effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), it is important to closely monitor their concentrations in the environment using a sensitive analytical method. In this study, a simple, rapid, efficient, and sensitive analytical method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed to determine the levels of seven common NSAIDs in various types of surface water. To simplify sample preparation, in situ derivatization using methyl chloroformate was combined with ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction. For selection and optimization of significant variables, experiments were statistically designed using Plackett-Burman design and central composite design. The resulting optimal conditions for derivatization and extraction were 100 μL of chloroform (extraction solvent), 10.0 mL of sample, and 240 μL of pyridine (catalyst as a base in derivatization). The optimized sample preparation coupled with optimized GC-MS analysis in selected ion monitoring mode provided good linearity from 0.010 to 5.0 ng mL(-1), and a limit of detection between 0.0050 and 0.010 ng mL(-1), good intra-day and inter-day precision (0.30-6.3% and 5.1-9.5%, respectively), and good accuracy (relative recovery; 91-117% at 0.20 ng mL(-1) and 77-105% at 2.5 ng mL(-1)). Compared with previously reported methods, the current method requires a small volume of sample and simple sample preparation steps for sensitive determination of NSAID levels using a conventional GC-MS system. The method was successfully applied to determine the levels of seven common NSAIDs in various types of surface water.
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Farajzadeh MA, Nouri N, Khorram P. Derivatization and microextraction methods for determination of organic compounds by gas chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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