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Aggarwal H, Mandal K, Sharma S, Kang BK. Residual estimation of spirotetramat and its metabolites in chilli and soil by LC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:24852-24867. [PMID: 38460034 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Two applications of spirotetramat were done to study the dissipation and persistence of spirotetramat and its four different metabolites in chilli and soil at 10 days interval. Total spirotetramat residues were estimated by LC-MS/MS instrument. The mean initial deposits of total spirotetramat after application of spirotetramat 15.31 OD @ 60 (X dose), 75 (1.25 × dose) and 120 (2 × dose) g a.i. ha-1 on green chilli were found to vary from 0.38 to 0.83 mg kg-1 during the initial year. Spirotetramat and its metabolite residues in green chilli were found to be below limit of quantification (0.01 mg kg-1) after 15 days of application. The spirotetramat cis enol (the major metabolite) was formed in both the soil and the plant. The residues of spirotetramat-monohydroxy were below LOQ irrespective of any substrate during the estimation. In soil, the total initial spirotetramat deposits for the 1st year were found 0.09 for X dose, 0.12 for 1.25 × dose and 0.20 mg kg-1 for 2 × dose. After 3 days for both X and 1.25 × doses and 5 days for 2 × dose, the total spirotetramat residues were below LOQ. The spirotetramat's half-life values have been determined to be between 3.19 and 3.93 days and 1.00 and 1.59 days, respectively, in soil and green chilli fruits. One day waiting period is proposed for the safe consumption of green chilli when the spirotetramat was applied irrespective of the dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Aggarwal
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Kousik Mandal
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
| | - Smriti Sharma
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Balpreet Kaur Kang
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
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2
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Nie X, Xie G, Huo Z, Zhang B, Lu H, Huang Y, Li X, Dai L, Huang S, Yu A. Optimization and Application of the QuEChERS-UHPLC-QTOF-MS Method for the Determination of Broflanilide Residues in Agricultural Soils. Molecules 2024; 29:1428. [PMID: 38611708 PMCID: PMC11012774 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the separation conditions of UHPLC-QTOF-MS and the extraction conditions of QuEChERS were optimized. The analytical process for determining Broflanilide residues in different soil types was successfully established and applied to its adsorption, desorption, and leaching in soil. Broflanilide was extracted from soil with acetonitrile and purified using PSA and MgSO4. The modified UHPLC-QTOF-MS method was used for quantification. The average recovery of Broflanilide was between 87.7% and 94.38%, with the RSD lower than 7.6%. In the analysis of adsorption, desorption, and leaching quantities in four soil types, the RSD was less than 9.2%, showing good stability of the method, which can be applied to determine the residue of Broflanilide in different soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Nie
- Changsha General Survey of Natural Resources Centre, China Geological Survey, No. 258 Xuefu Road, Suburban Street, Changsha 410000, China; (X.N.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (L.D.)
| | - Guai Xie
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, No. 1629 West Fenglin Road, Economic and Technological Development Area, Nanchang 330000, China; (G.X.); (B.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Zhitao Huo
- Changsha General Survey of Natural Resources Centre, China Geological Survey, No. 258 Xuefu Road, Suburban Street, Changsha 410000, China; (X.N.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (L.D.)
| | - Baoyu Zhang
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, No. 1629 West Fenglin Road, Economic and Technological Development Area, Nanchang 330000, China; (G.X.); (B.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Haifei Lu
- College of Urban Construction, Zhejiang Shuren University, No. 8 Shuren Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Yi Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1688 Meiling Road, Xinjian District, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Xin Li
- Changsha General Survey of Natural Resources Centre, China Geological Survey, No. 258 Xuefu Road, Suburban Street, Changsha 410000, China; (X.N.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (L.D.)
| | - Liangliang Dai
- Changsha General Survey of Natural Resources Centre, China Geological Survey, No. 258 Xuefu Road, Suburban Street, Changsha 410000, China; (X.N.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (L.D.)
| | - Siyuan Huang
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, No. 1629 West Fenglin Road, Economic and Technological Development Area, Nanchang 330000, China; (G.X.); (B.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Ailin Yu
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, No. 1629 West Fenglin Road, Economic and Technological Development Area, Nanchang 330000, China; (G.X.); (B.Z.); (S.H.)
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Jiao F, Rong H, Zhao Y, Wu P, Long Y, Xu J, Zhao T, Han L, Wang J, Yang H. Insights into spirotetramat-induced thyroid disruption during zebrafish (Danio rerio) larval development: An integrated approach with in vivo, in vitro, and in silico analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123242. [PMID: 38154778 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Spirotetramat (SPT), a tetronic acid-derived insecticide, is implicated in reproductive and lipid metabolism disorders, as well as developmental toxicity in fish. While these effects are documented, the precise mechanisms underlying its developmental toxicity are not fully elucidated. In this study, zebrafish embryos (2 h post-fertilization, hpf) were exposed to four concentrations of SPT (0, 60, 120, and 240 μg/L) until 21 dpf (days post-fertilization). We delved into the mechanisms by examining its potential disruption of the thyroid endocrine system, employing in vivo, in vitro, and in silico assays. The findings showed notable developmental disturbances, including reduced hatching rates, shortened body lengths, and decelerated heart rates. Additionally, there was an increase in malformations and a decline in locomotor activity. Detailed analyses revealed that SPT exposure led to elevated thyroid hormone levels, perturbed the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis transcript levels, amplified deiodinase type I (Dio1) and deiodinase type II (Dio2) activities, and both transcriptionally and proteomically upregulated thyroid receptor beta (TRβ) in larvae. Techniques like molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) confirmed SPT's affinity for TRβ, consistent with in vitro findings suggesting its antagonistic effect on the T3-TR complex. These insights emphasize the need for caution in using tetronic acid-derived insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jiao
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Hua Rong
- Xiangyang Polytechnic Xiangyang, 441050, PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Panfeng Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Avenue, Xianning, 437100, PR China
| | - Yaohui Long
- Xiangyang Polytechnic Xiangyang, 441050, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- Xiangyang Polytechnic Xiangyang, 441050, PR China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Xiangyang Polytechnic Xiangyang, 441050, PR China
| | - Lingxi Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Huirong Yang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
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Tian F, Qiao C, Wang C, Pang T, Guo L, Li J, Pang R, Xie H. Dissipation, residues, and evaluation of processing factor for spirotetramat and its formed metabolites during kiwifruit growing, storing, and processing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:6277-6287. [PMID: 38147257 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Spirotetramat is widely used around the world to control sucking pests and may form in agricultural products. In the current study, the dissipation, residues, and evaluation of processing factor (PF) for spirotetramat and its formed metabolites were investigated during kiwifruit growing, storing, and processing. The residue analysis method was established based on high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) combined with a QuEChERS method to detect the residues of spirotetramat and its metabolites in kiwifruit and its processed products. The method provided recoveries of 74.7-108.7%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.6-13.1%. The LOQs of spirotetramat and its four metabolites were 1 μg kg-1. The degradation of spirotetramat was best fitted for the first-order kinetics model with a half-life of 9.90-10.34 days in the field and 24.75-30.13 days during storage. Residues of spirotetramat and its formed metabolites in kiwifruit would not pose dietary risk to consumers. Moreover, the peeling and fermentation were the highest removal efficiency for the spirotetramat and its formed metabolite residues during processing. The PF values calculated after each individual process were < 1, indicating a significant reduction of residues in different processing processes of kiwifruit. The spirotetramat was degraded during kiwifruit wine-making process with half-lives of 3.36-4.91 days. B-enol and B-keto were the main metabolites detected in kiwifruit and its processed products. This study revealed the residues of spirotetramat and its formed metabolites in kiwifruit growing, storing, and processing, which helps provide reasonable data for studying the dietary risk factors of kiwifruits and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajun Tian
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China.
| | - Chengkui Qiao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Tao Pang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Linlin Guo
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Jun Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Rongli Pang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Hanzhong Xie
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
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Tian F, Qiao C, Wang C, Pang T, Guo L, Li J, Pang R, Xie H. The dissipation pattern of spirotetramat and its four metabolites in peaches: Effects of growing conditions, storage and processing factor. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Cao J, Li J, Ren P, Qi Y, Qin S. The Residue and Dietary Risk Assessment of Spirotetramat and Its Four Metabolites in Cabbage Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 28:4763. [PMID: 37375316 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spirotetramat is a potential tetronic acid pesticide for controlling various pests with piercing-sucking mouthparts. To clarify its dietary risk on cabbage, we established an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method and then investigated the residual levels of spirotetramat and its four metabolites in cabbage collected from field experiments under good agricultural practices (GAPs). The average recoveries of spirotetramat and its metabolites in cabbage were 74~110%, while the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1~6%, and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.01 mg kg-1. The terminal residue of spirotetramat was in the range of <0.05~0.33 mg kg-1, the chronic dietary risk (RQc) was 17.56%, and the acute dietary risk (RQa) was 0.025~0.049%, which means an acceptable dietary intake risk. This study provides data to guide on the use of spirotetramat and to establish the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of spirotetramat on cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Cao
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Longcheng Campus, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 79, Longcheng Street, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Jindong Li
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Longcheng Campus, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 79, Longcheng Street, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Pengcheng Ren
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Longcheng Campus, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 79, Longcheng Street, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Yanli Qi
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Longcheng Campus, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 79, Longcheng Street, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Shu Qin
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Longcheng Campus, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 79, Longcheng Street, Taiyuan 030031, China
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Kim SH, Lee YH, Jeong MJ, Gwon DY, Lee JH, Shin Y, Choi H. LC-MS/MS Method Minimizing Matrix Effect for the Analysis of Bifenthrin and Butachlor in Chinese Chives and Its Application for Residual Study. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081683. [PMID: 37107478 PMCID: PMC10137788 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix effect refers to the change in the analytical signal caused by the matrix in which the sample is contained, as well as the impurities that are co-eluted with the target analyte. In crop sample analysis using LC-MS/MS, the matrix effect can affect the quantification results. Chinese chives are likely to exhibit a strong matrix effect when co-extracted with bifenthrin and butachlor due to the presence of phytochemicals and chlorophyll. A novel analytical method was developed to reduce the matrix effects of bifenthrin and butachlor to a negligible level in Chinese chives. The established method had a limit of quantitation of 0.005 mg/kg and correlation coefficients greater than 0.999 within the range of 0.005-0.5 mg/kg. Matrix effects were found to be negligible, with values ranging from -18.8% to 7.2% in four different sources of chives and two leafy vegetables. Compared to conventional analytical methods for the LOQ and matrix effect, the established method demonstrated improved performances. The analytical method was further applied in a residual study in chive fields. The active ingredient of butachlor 5 granule (GR) was not detected after soil admixture application, while that of bifenthrin 1 emulsifiable concentrate (EC) showed a range from 1.002 to 0.087 mg/kg after foliar spraying. The dissipation rate constant (k) of bifenthrin was determined to be 0.115, thus its half-life was calculated to be 6.0 days. From the results, PHI and safety use standards of both pesticides were suggested. The developed analytical method can be applied to accurately determine bifenthrin and butachlor residues in Chinese chives and provides a foundation for further research on the fate and behavior of these pesticides in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Kim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Lee
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Ju Jeong
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Yeong Gwon
- Department of Life & Environmental Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Department of Crop Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Shin
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Choi
- Department of Life & Environmental Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
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Malhat F, Bakery M, Abdallah O, Youssef M, Ghany WAE, Abdallah A, Greish S, Gaber MM, Purnama I, Abdelsalam S, Ahmed MT. Dissipation kinetics and exposure of spirotetramat and pymetrozine in open fields, a prelude to risk assessment of green bean consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:57747-57758. [PMID: 36973612 PMCID: PMC10163074 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Determination and dissipation kinetics of pymetrozine and spirotetramat in green bean were studied using a QuEChERS method coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pymetrozine recoveries ranged between 88.4-93.7%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5.5-14.4%. For spirotetramat the recoveries ranged between 91.7-103.4%, and the RSD were in the range of 3.2 to 12.4%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.01 mg/kg and 0.005 mg/kg for pymetrozine and spirotetramat, respectively.The developed analytical method was used to study the degradation rates of pymetrozine and spirotetramat in green bean grown in open field. Results showed that pymetrozine and spirotetramat followed the first-order kinetics model with half-lives of 3.3 days and 4.2 days, respectively. Furthermore, risk assessment was carried out which showed that, the chronic risk quotient (RQc) values for pymetrozine and spirotetramat were much lower than 100%. The present results indicated that the health risks posed for consumers by the pymetrozine and spirotetramat residues were negligible at the recommended dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farag Malhat
- Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona Bakery
- Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Osama Abdallah
- Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Youssef
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Walaa Abd El Ghany
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira Abdallah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Sarah Greish
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Mona M Gaber
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | | | - Shokr Abdelsalam
- Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Tawfic Ahmed
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Jin Y, Jin Z, Sun D, Peng Y, Zhao Q, He Y, Li J, Zhang Y, Cui Y. Preparation of spirodiclofen monoclonal antibody and establishment of indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Food Chem 2023; 417:135936. [PMID: 36934705 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Spirodiclofen, a spirocyclic tetronic acid derivative, has excellent acaricidal effect and is used worldwide to control the majority of important mite species. For monitoring its residue in food and environmental samples, two haptens containing different spacer arms were synthesized, a monoclonal antibody (mAb 5A4) against spirodiclofen was prepared, and a heterologous indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) was established. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of ic-ELISA was 25.46 ng/mL, and the working range was 5.59-133.85 ng/mL. The ic-ELISA showed no cross-reactivity with structural analogs of spirodiclofen and other commonly-used acaricides. The average recoveries from Shiranui citrus samples and Yangtze River water were 85.62%-97.74% and 85.95%-99.30%, respectively. In the analysis of 12 citrus samples, the results of the ic-ELISA were quite similar to those of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Hence, the new immunosorbent assay provides a substitute method for the qualitative and quantitative of spirodiclofen in food and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Zihui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Di Sun
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yilin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Qiyang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yue He
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yaohai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Yongliang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China.
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10
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Zhang B, Pan X, Yang Y, Dong F, Xu J, Wu X, Zheng Y. Dissipation dynamics and comparative dietary exposure assessment of mefentrifluconazole in rice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 250:114482. [PMID: 36586164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A fast and sensitive analytical method based on UHPLC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was established to investigate the dissipation and final residual amounts of mefentrifluconazole in rice, and dietary risk to consumers was evaluated. The method provided good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9979), accuracy (recovery range, 79.0-101.5%), precision (relative standard deviation range, 1.3-13.9%), and sensitivity (limit of quantification, 0.005 mg/kg). The dissipation dynamics of mefentrifluconazole in rice followed first-order kinetics, with half-lives of 2.8-16.6 days. The final residues of mefentrifluconazole in various samples of harvested brown rice ranged from less than the limit of quantification to 0.092 mg/kg, the latter value being higher than the maximum residue limit recommended by the European Union. Comparative dietary exposure of mefentrifluconazole was assessed using field data and Chinese dietary patterns for different genders, regions, and age data. Although the results showed acceptable levels of risk for both acute exposure (the percentage of the acute reference dose ≤ 0.7483%) and chronic dietary intake (the percentage of acceptable daily intake ≤ 31.8516%), more studies of children are needed because they are at higher risk than other groups. This work provides the necessary data for registering and establishing the maximum residue limit for mefentrifluconazole in rice in China and reveals the potential risks to different groups of long-term application of mefentrifluconazole to rice and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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[Determination of paraquat and diquat residues in urine samples based on solid-phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2022; 40:1087-1094. [PMID: 36450348 PMCID: PMC9727742 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2022.02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the presence of paraquat (PQ) and diquat (DQ) in urine samples through physical and chemical testing is challenging. As PQ and DQ have characteristics such as high molecular polarity and good water solubility, they are difficult to be retained by conventional reversed-phase columns. Most of the methods in the literature use hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) for the retention of PQ and DQ, but they often require high concentrations of buffer salts as the mobile phase, which increase the contamination of the mass spectrometer. In view of the above problems, a rapid and accurate analysis method was developed for the determination of PQ and DQ residuals in urine samples based on weak cation exchange (WCX) solid-phase extraction (SPE) and ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) in this study. Urine samples were first diluted with phosphate buffer (pH=6.86) and pretreated using the WCX SPE method. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Syncronis HILIC column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm). An electrospray ion source in the positive (ESI+) mode and full mass-data dependent MS2 (full mass-ddMS2) mode was used for quantification by matrix-matched external standard method. In this study, the concentration of ammonium formate in the mobile phase in the HILIC mode was effectively reduced to 10 mmol/L by the continuous optimization of the chromatographic conditions. MS optimization results indicated that the molecular ion (M+·) of PQ and DQ had the strongest response. In addition, sample pretreatment conditions were also optimized. The obtained results indicated that the hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter membrane, acetonitrile-water (1∶1, v/v) as a fixing solution, and polypropylene vials were suitable for PQ and DQ analysis. Under the optimal conditions, the linearity of PQ and DQ was good with correlation coefficients (r2) greater than 0.998. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N≥3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N≥10) were 0.2 μg/L and 0.6 μg/L, respectively. Mean spiked recoveries of PQ and DQ at the four spiked levels (1.0, 20.0, 100.0, and 200.0 μg/L) were in the range of 85.8%-101% and 80.3%-86.9%, with the RSDs of 0.8%-5.1% and 0.9%-4.2%. The established method was employed for the analysis and confirmation of PQ and DQ for clinical poisoning cases. In one case, a 23-year-old male who had taken approximately 20 mL of pesticide orally was confirmed as DQ poisoning by the developed method. DQ concentration monitoring of the urine samples was conducted for this case during the clinical treatment process. The patient was successfully discharged from the hospital after five times of blood perfusion and other treatments until the DQ concentration was low in the urine samples. In conclusion, the method developed in this study based on WCX SPE-UPLC-HRMS can be used for the confirmation of poisoning cases and concentration monitoring during clinical treatment, providing strong technical support for clinical precision treatment. The method is rapid, simple, sensitive, and accurate, and it is suitable for the detection of PQ and DQ in urine samples.
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12
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Carboxyl retained hapten of quinclorac produces highly sensitive antibody and immunochromatographic assay. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Li M, Wang H, Li S, Chen X, Jin M, Shao H, Wang J, Jin F. High-throughput analysis of polyethoxylated tallow amine homologs in citrus using a modified QuEChERS-HILIC-MS method. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1061195. [PMID: 36532553 PMCID: PMC9748182 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1061195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
A new method is described based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC) with electrospray mass spectrometry detection for comprehensive quantitative analysis of 66 polyethoxylated tallow amine (POE-tallowamine) homologs in citrus. Efficient separation, reduced band broadening, and high sensitivity were achieved by employing an acetonitrile-aqueous solution containing a 10 mM ammonium formate gradient on a hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) column with a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method. The quantitative accuracy and precision of the method were improved by the use of matrix-matched calibration standards. At spiked levels of (50 + 250) μg/kg, (200 + 1000) μg/kg, and (500 + 2500) μg/kg POE-5 and POE-15 (1:5), the average recoveries of the POE-tallowamine homologs ranged from 71.9 to 112%, with RSDs < 16.6%. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) for POE-tallowamine homologs were 0.01-2.57 and 0.03-8.58 μg/kg, respectively. The method was successfully applied to determine POE-tallowamine in citrus samples from typical Chinese regions in 2021. POE-tallowamine was detected in all 54 samples, and the highest concentration (143 μg/kg) of POE-tallowamine was found in Jelly orange from Zhejiang Province, which might indicate a higher usage and demand of glyphosate herbicides in Zhejiang.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Yao Z, Wu S, Zhang H, Feng X, Wang Z, Lin M. Chiral Determination of Naringenin by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Application in Citrus Peel and Pulp. Front Nutr 2022; 9:906859. [PMID: 35811974 PMCID: PMC9263565 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.906859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A chiral separation method of naringenin in citrus pulp and peel was established using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in this study. The liquid-phase conditions for separation were Chiralpak IG-3 column at 40°C, mobile phase of methanol, and 0.1% formic acid solution (85/15; v/v). Isovolumetric elution can complete the detection within 5 min. Considering the matrix effect, the matrix standard calibration curve was used for sample quantification. Quantitation was achieved by fitting a calibration curve using a standard matrix. The mean overall recoveries of the two enantiomers from orange pulp were 91.0–110.0% and orange peel were 85.3–110.3%, with relative standard deviations of 1.5–3.8 and 0.9–3.6% at the 0.5, 2.5, 50, and 250 μg/kg levels, respectively. The limit of quantification for all enantiomers in the citrus matrix did not exceed 0.5 μg/kg. Furthermore, the absolute configuration of the naringenin enantiomer was determined by combining experimental and predicted electron circular dichroism spectroscopy, and it was confirmed on a Chiralpak IG-3 column that the first eluting enantiomer was (S)-naringenin. The determination of chiral naringenin content in actual citrus samples showed that the naringenin content in hybrid citrus and citrus pulp was significantly higher than that in pomelo. The method established in this study can be used for the determination of naringenin enantiomers in citrus, which is beneficial to variety selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoulin Yao
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhoulin Yao
| | - Shaohui Wu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianju Feng
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Lin
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Mei Lin
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15
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Nandi R, Kwak SY, Lee SH, Sarker A, Kim HJ, Lee DJ, Heo YJ, Kyung KS, Kim JE. Dissipation characteristics of spirotetramat and its metabolites in two phenotypically different Korean vegetables under greenhouse conditions. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:964-976. [PMID: 35286242 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2046293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study involved analysis and method validation of spirotetramat applied to two phenotypically different Korean vegetables (e.g. Korean cabbage and shallots) to determine the safe pre-harvest residue limit (PHRL) and comparative dissipation patterns. Two steps of the investigation involved greenhouse monitoring during crop cultivation followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Commercial spirotetramat was sprayed twice with seven-day intervals according to the spray schedule (0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days before harvest) at the dose recommended by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), Korea. During the validation of the analytical method, good linearity, specificity, and acceptable recoveries (82%-114% for Korean cabbage and 82%-111% for shallot) were established for spirotetramat and its four metabolites. The calculated biological half-life derived from the first-order reaction (t1/2) of spirotetramat was 4.8 days for Korean cabbage and 4.0 days for shallot, respectively. The safe PHRL for Korean cabbage was suggested at 7 days, due to permissible spirotetramat concentration in terms of an acceptable MRL. The findings of the study will be used as the analytical reference point for developing spirotetramat safety guidelines for use in the vegetables investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Nandi
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD), Kotbari, Bangladesh
| | - Se-Yeon Kwak
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyeob Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Aniruddha Sarker
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Soil Science, EXIM Bank Agricultural University Bangladesh (EBAUB), Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh
| | - Hyo-Jeong Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ju Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Jin Heo
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Sung Kyung
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jang-Eok Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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16
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Pan S, Huang Z, Shang C, Wang L, Qiu Q, Xu Z, Zhang D. Design and synthesis of amphiphilic carboxyl-functionalized magnetic polymer microspheres for fast determination of paraquat and its four metabolites in human urine samples prior to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1670:462998. [PMID: 35366498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In cases of low concentration paraquat (PQ) poisoning, as the disease progresses over a long period of time, the prototype PQ may not be detected in the urine, which has a significant negative impact on the precise treatment of the poisoning. But PQ poisoning can also be confirmed by the detection of specific metabolites of PQ in the urine samples. In the present study, core-shell amphiphilic carboxyl-functionalized magnetic polymer microsphere (Amphiphilic-MPs-COOH) was prepared, and the as-prepared Amphiphilic-MPs-COOH was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry analyses (TG-DTG). Then, the Amphiphilic-MPs-COOH was employed as a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent for pretreatment and rapid determination of PQ and its four metabolites from urine samples prior to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). The extraction-elution conditions of Amphiphilic-MPs-COOH towards PQ and its metabolites were optimized in spiking urine samples to obtain the best MSPE efficiency. The adsorption mechanism of PQ and its metabolites by Amphiphilic-MPs-COOH involves electrostatic attraction and π-π stacking interactions. Moreover, the effect of different ratios of hydrophilic monomer NVP and functional monomer 4-VBA on the extraction and purification performance of PQ and its metabolites in urine samples. And the results revealed that both hydrophilic monomer and functional monomer were important for the adsorption of PQ and its metabolites, and the addition of the appropriate amount of the hydrophilic monomer NVP can improve the compatibility of the adsorbent with the urine substrate. In addition, this study compared the matrix effect of the Amphiphilic-MPs-COOH based MSPE method and the commercial Waters Oasis WCX SPE method. The results showed that the Amphiphilic-MPs-COOH based MSPE method developed in this paper had better resistance to matrix interference. Under optimal conditions, the recoveries of PQ and its metabolites were ranging from 84.5 to 103%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.1-6.3%. While the limits of detection (LODs, S/N ≥ 3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N ≥ 9) of the method were in range of 0.1-1.6 μg/L and 0.3-4.8 μg/L, respectively. Finally, the established MSPE-UPLC-HRMS method in this study was used to confirm PQ poisoning not only based on detecting PQ prototype, but also on its four metabolites, providing strong technical support for clinical precision treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China.
| | - Zhiping Huang
- Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315800, China
| | - Chunqing Shang
- Enriching Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, 1688 North Guoquan Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
| | - Qiaoli Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
| | - Zemin Xu
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China.
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17
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Guo D, He R, Su W, Liang Z, Zhang W, Fan J. Enantioselective analyses of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in rat liver microsomes through chiral liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chirality 2021; 34:126-133. [PMID: 34736290 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An efficient, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) chiral analysis method was established for determination of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine enantiomers in rat liver microsomes. Effects of polysaccharide chiral stationary phases and basic additives on chiral separations of two analytes were discussed in detail. Amylose tris(3, 5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-coated chiral stationary phase showed the best separation performance for them with acetonitrile-diethylamine-ethanol-diethylamine mixture (90:0.1:10:0.1, v/v/v/v) among four chiral stationary phases. Then, multiple reaction monitoring mode was selected as the data acquisition for determination of two pairs of enantiomers. The proposed LC-MS/MS chiral analysis method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, and specificity. Good linearity with correlation coefficient over 0.998 was obtained in the concentration range of 0.05-5 μM. Limits of quantification for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine enantiomers were 5.0 and 1.0 nM, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 81.14% to 111.09%. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation were less than 6.5%. Moreover, concentrations of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine enantiomers in rat liver microsomes were determined through the proposed LC-MS/MS analysis method. After incubated with rat liver microsomes for 10 min, the enantiomeric factor of hydroxychloroquine decreased from 0.50 to 0.45 (p < 0.001). In brief, our developed determination method for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine enantiomers through LC-MS/MS spectrometry showed the characteristics of high-efficiency, fast speed, and very low detection limit, and would be greatly beneficial for screening and quantitation of them in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Research & Creativity Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Rujian He
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxia Su
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqing Liang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Wu C, Liu X, He M, Dong F, Wu X, Xu J, Zheng Y. Quantitative determination of pyriproxyfen and its metabolite residues in bee products of China using a modified QuEChERS approach with UPLC-MS/MS. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 220:112388. [PMID: 34091183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Given the key role of bees as indicators for environmental assessment, residues in bees and bee products have attracted great interest. In this regard, an improved, highly sensitive method for quantifying the insecticide pyriproxyfen and its four metabolites (4'-OH-Pyr, DPH-Pyr, 2-OH-PY, 4'-OH-POP) in honeybees, larvae, and bee products (honey, pollen, royal jelly and wax) should be established. For this purpose, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry for rapid quantification (≤5 min). Recoveries for various matrices ranged from 73.77% to 114.97%, with satisfactory intra-day and inter-day precision (relative standard deviations of 0.03-8.61% and 0.10-7.25%, respectively). The results demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 > 0.9903) with a limit of quantification of 1 μg/kg for six different matrices. We collected and analyzed 597 samples (honey, bees and wax) from four major beekeeping areas in China. Only 47 of these samples contained residues of pyriproxyfen and two of its metabolites (2-OH-PY, 4'-OH-Pyr), and high levels of contamination were found in bee samples (2-739 μg/kg), with substantive accumulation in wax (levels were 9.49% higher than in other samples). The result demonstrate that the method provides a reliable and convenient means of monitoring pyriproxyfen and its metabolites in bee products for better product quality, human health, and international commercial competition and also lays a foundation for risk assessment of potential pyriproxyfen contamination in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Mingyuan He
- Guangxi SPR Technology Co., Ltd, Guangxi 530000 China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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19
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Pan S, Xu Q, Guo Y, Wang L. Simultaneous determination of 11 quinolone residues in freshwater fish samples by magnetic solid-extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4017-4024. [PMID: 34453397 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, well-defined core-shell ethylenediamine-functional magnetic ferroferric oxide polymers were prepared and were fully characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Then, it was used as a magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbent for simultaneous determination of 11 trace quinolone residues in freshwater fish samples coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The obtained results revealed that the adsorbent showed good extraction efficiency and the adsorption mechanisms referred to hydrogen bond and π-π stacking interaction. Moreover, the magnetic solid-phase extraction conditions were also carefully optimized. The limits of quantitation of 11 quinolones were in the range of 0.15-0.36 μg/kg, while spiking recoveries were in the range of 80.2-99.5% for the 11 quinolones in freshwater fish samples at four spiked levels including limits of quantitation, 1.0, 40.0, and 80.0 μg/kg with the relative standard deviations ranging from 0.8 to 9.1%. The proposed method was applied to analyze 45 freshwater fish samples, and enrofloxacin was detected in 91.1% samples with concentrations ranging from 0.659 to 333 μg/kg. It could be concluded that the proposed method is fast, simple, sensitive, and accurate for the routine monitor of freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315010, P. R. China
| | - Qihong Xu
- Hangzhou BOSOM New Materials Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311103, P. R. China
| | - Yanbo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315010, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315010, P. R. China
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Pan S, Guo Y, Wang L, Zhang D. [Simultaneous determination of 29 pesticides residues in bayberry by pass-through solid-phase extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2021; 39:614-623. [PMID: 34227322 PMCID: PMC9404219 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2020.11011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and accurate analysis method based on PRiME HLB pass-through solid-phase extraction (SPE) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) was developed for the determination of 29 pesticide residues in bayberry samples. The bayberry samples were first extracted using acetonitrile by vortexing; then, the extract solution was salted out and purified by PRiME HLB pass-through solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Chromatographic separation was subsequently carried out on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) using 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate in water and acetonitrile as the elution solvent. The electrospray ion source in positive (ESI+) mode and full mass-data-dependent MS2 (full mass-ddMS2) mode were used for quantification by the matrix-matched external standard method. The LC conditions were first optimized, and two analytical columns, Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 and Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18, were investigated for the 29 pesticides. The results indicated that the Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column showed better chromatographic retention. Moreover, composites of the mobile phase were also studied. Compared to the acetonitrile-formic acid aqueous solution system and acetonitrile-formic acid-ammonium acetate aqueous solution system, the acetonitrile-ammonium acetate aqueous solution system used as the mobile phase exhibited much better chromatographic behavior for most of the 29 pesticides. In particular, the MS responses of some of the target pesticides were significantly improved when using the ammonium acetate-acetonitrile system as the mobile phase. In addition, the sample pretreatment conditions for the 29 pesticides in bayberry samples were systematically optimized. The matrix effect (ME) for three different types of purification methods were applied to evaluate the purification efficiency for the 29 pesticides in the bayberry samples. The following results were obtained from the post-spiking experiments: (1) For graphitized carbon (GCB) SPE, the post-spiking recoveries of 29 pesticides in the bayberry samples were generally low, less than 60%. (2) For the QuEChERS method, the recoveries of most target pesticides improved. The pesticide ratio with recoveries ranging from 70% to 120% was found to be 41%; however, the pesticide ratio with recoveries of less than 60% was still high (35%). (3) For the PRiME HLB-based pretreatment method, the recoveries of the 29 pesticides obviously improved. The pesticide ratio with recoveries between 70% and 120% was up to 76%, while the pesticide ratios were only 14% and 10% for post-spiking recoveries of 60%-70% and >120%, respectively. Meanwhile, the recoveries of all 29 pesticides were found to be more than 60%. Therefore, the PRiME HLB-based method was better than the GCB SPE and QuEChERS methods for pretreatment of the 29 pesticides in the bayberry samples. In addition, the PRiME HLB-based pretreatment process does not require tedious operation processes such as activation, balance, and elution, and thus, the sample pretreatment time is greatly shortened. Under the optimal conditions, the 29 target pesticides showed good linearity in the range of 1.0-200.0 μg/L, with correlation coefficients (R2) higher than 0.999. The limits of detection (LODs) were 2.0 μg/kg for the 29 target pesticides. The recoveries of the pesticides spiked in the bayberry samples were in the range of 69.2%-135.6% at 6, 200, and 400 μg/kg, respectively, while the relative standard deviations (RSDs) in the range of 0.7%-14.6%. The proposed method based on PRiME HLB-pass through SPE-UPLC-HRMS was adopted to determine these 29 pesticides in 30 bayberry samples purchased from local and online markets. According to the results, pesticides such as methamidamine, difenoconazole, and tebuconazole were frequently detected in the bayberry samples. However, the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of methamidamine, difenoconazole, and tebuconazole in bayberry samples were not provided in GB 2763-2019. In summary, the developed method is fast, simple, sensitive, and accurate, and it can be applied for daily monitoring of pesticides in bayberry samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province,Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Yanbo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province,Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province,Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province,Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, China
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21
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Extraction of spirotetramat insecticide by cloud point extraction method and its determination in environmental samples using high performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-02121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Gao Y, Zhao X, Sun X, Wang Z, Zhang J, Li L, Shi H, Wang M. Enantioselective Detection, Bioactivity, and Degradation of the Novel Chiral Fungicide Oxathiapiprolin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3289-3297. [PMID: 33710880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxathiapiprolin is a novel chiral piperidine thiazole isooxazoline fungicide that contains a pair of enantiomers. An effective analytical method was established for the enantioselective detection of oxathiapiprolin in fruit, vegetable, and soil samples using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The optimal enantioseparation was achieved on a Chiralpak IG column at 35 °C using acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (90:10, v/v) as the mobile phase. The absolute configuration of the oxathiapiprolin enantiomers was identified with the elution order of R-(-)-oxathiapiprolin and S-(+)-oxathiapiprolin by electron circular dichroism spectra. The bioactivity of R-(-)-oxathiapiprolin was 2.49 to 13.30-fold higher than that of S-(+)-oxathiapiprolin against six kinds of oomycetes. The molecular docking result illuminated the mechanism of enantioselectivity in bioactivity. The glide score (-8.00 kcal/mol) for the R-enantiomer was better with the binding site in Phytophthora capsici than the S-enantiomer (-7.50 kcal/mol). Enantioselective degradation in tomato and pepper under the field condition was investigated and indicated that R-(-)-oxathiapiprolin was preferentially degraded. The present study determines the enantioselectivity of oxathiapiprolin about enantioselective detection, bioactivity, and degradation for the first time. The R-enantiomer will be a better choice than racemic oxathiapiprolin to enhance the bioactivity and reduce the pesticide residues at a lower application rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Gao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuejun Zhao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lianshan Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Cevallos-Cedeño RE, Agulló C, Abad-Fuentes A, Abad-Somovilla A, Mercader JV. Enzyme and lateral flow monoclonal antibody-based immunoassays to simultaneously determine spirotetramat and spirotetramat-enol in foodstuffs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1809. [PMID: 33469120 PMCID: PMC7815808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirotetramat is employed worldwide to fight insect pests due to its high efficiency. This chemical is quickly metabolized by plants into spirotetramat-enol, so current regulations establish that both compounds must be determined in foodstuffs for monitoring purposes. Nowadays, immunochemical methods constitute rapid and cost-effective strategies for chemical contaminant analysis at trace levels. However, high-affinity binders and suitable bioconjugates are required. In this study, haptens with opposite functionalisation sites were synthesized in order to generate high-affinity monoclonal antibodies. A direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with an IC50 value for the sum of spirotetramat and spirotetramat-enol of 0.1 μg/L was developed using selected antibodies and a novel heterologous bioconjugate carrying a rationally-designed hapten. Studies with fortified grape, grape juice, and wine samples showed good precision and accuracy values, with limits of quantification well below the maximum residue limits. Excellent correlation of results was observed with a standard reference chromatographic method. As a step forward, a lateral flow immunoassay was developed for onsite screening analysis of spirotetramat in wine. This assay was successfully validated according to Regulation 519/2014/EU for semi-quantitative methods at concentrations in line with the legal levels of spirotetramat and spirotetramat-enol in grapes, with a satisfactory false suspect rate below 2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón E Cevallos-Cedeño
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Agustí Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Chemical Processes, Technical University of Manabi (UTM), Avenue José María Urbina y Che Guevara, 130105, Portoviejo, Ecuador
| | - Consuelo Agulló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Fuentes
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Agustí Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Somovilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep V Mercader
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Agustí Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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24
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Tian F, Qiao C, Wang C, Luo J, Guo L, Pang T, Li J, Wang R, Pang R, Xie H. Simultaneous determination of spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, and spirotetramat and their relevant metabolites in edible fungi using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1547. [PMID: 33452378 PMCID: PMC7810688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A fast, sensitive, and reliable analytical method was developed and validated for simultaneous identification and quantification of spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, and spirotetramat and their relevant metabolites in edible fungi by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). First, sample extraction was done with acetonitrile containing 1% formic acid followed by phase separation with the addition of MgSO4:NaOAc. Then, the supernatant was purified by primary secondary amine (PSA), octadecylsilane (C18), and graphitized carbon black (GCB). The linearities of the calibrations for all analytes were excellent (R2 ≥ 0.9953). Acceptable recoveries (74.5–106.4%) for all analytes were obtained with good intra- and inter- relative standard deviations of less than 14.5%. The limit of quantification (LOQs) for all analytes was 10 μg kg−1. For accurate quantification, matrix-matched calibration curve was applied to normalize the matrix effect. The results indicated that the method was suitable for detecting the three acaricides and their relevant metabolites in edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajun Tian
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Chengkui Qiao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Linlin Guo
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Tao Pang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Jun Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Ruiping Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Rongli Pang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China.
| | - Hanzhong Xie
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China.
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25
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Residues Analysis and Dissipation Dynamics of Broflanilide in Rice and Its Related Environmental Samples. Int J Anal Chem 2021; 2020:8845387. [PMID: 33381186 PMCID: PMC7755498 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8845387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present a method for the quantitative analysis of broflanilide residues in water, soil, and rice samples from a paddy field in Jiangxi Province, China. The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was optimized for the extraction and purification of broflanilide residues. Residual broflanilide concentrations in different matrices were then determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The calibration curve of broflanilide showed good linearity in all matrices for concentrations between 0.005 and 1 mg·L−1, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99. The matrix effect varied from −69% to −54%, indicating matrix suppression. The average recoveries ranged between 85.82% and 97.46%, with relative standard deviations of 3.29%–8.15%. The limits of detection ranged from 0.16 to 1.67 μg·kg−1, and the limits of quantification were in the range of 0.54 to 5.48 μg·kg−1. Dissipation dynamic tests indicated broflanilide half-lives of 0.46–2.46, 2.09–5.34, and 1.31–3.32 days in soil, water, and rice straw, respectively. Broflanilide was dissipated more rapidly in water than in soil and rice straw. More than 90% of broflanilide residues dissipated within 14 days. The final residues of broflanilide in rice were all below LOQ at harvest.
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26
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Zhang J, Qian L, Wang C, Teng M, Duan M, Chen X, Li X, Wang C. UPLC-TOF-MS/MS metabolomics analysis of zebrafish metabolism by spirotetramat. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115310. [PMID: 32798906 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spirotetramat, a member of tetronic and tetramic acid derivatives, is a unique insecticide and acaricide. Although the effect on zebrafish embryos lipid biosynthesis of spirotetramat has been characterized, the energy metabolism and toxic effect mechanism warrant further investigation. To investigate the toxic mechanism of spirotetramat on energy metabolism, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 100, 500 and 1000 µg/L of spirotetramat for 4 days. Untargeted metabolomics showed the synthesis and degradation of ketone pathway metabolites (R)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid and Acetoacetate significantly decreased, as well as increasing the abundance of Anti-Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase protein (ACC1). Down-regulation of the genes related to ß-oxidation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the embryos show decreased energy metabolism. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT- I) significantly decreased while citrate synthase (CS) significantly increased. Additionally, mitochondrial lesions in embryos were found using electron microscopy. Our study provides novel and robust perspectives, which show that spirotetramat treatment in embryos leads to metabolic disturbances that adversely affect cellular energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Qian
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Manman Duan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangguang Chen
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengju Wang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Tian F, Qiao C, Luo J, Guo L, Pang T, Pang R, Li J, Wang C, Wang R, Xie H. Development of a fast multi-residue method for the determination of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides in cereals, vegetables and fruits by modified QuEChERS and UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Subudhi BB, Muduli NR, Behera PK, Moharana AK, Sahu R. Optimization of QuPPe approach and validation of analytical method for estimation of validamycin from grain, paddy husk, and soil by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS-based method. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 192:17. [PMID: 31820110 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-8006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Validamycin is the most active component of the antibiotic and antifungal validamycin complex. Since it is widely used to protect rice crops, its persistence in soil and rice matrices may affect the quality and the health of the consumer. Methods for its estimation from soil matrices are not available. Besides, its analysis from complex matrices including grain and paddy husk is challenging. So very few reliable analytical methods are available for its residue analysis. Thus, we aimed to develop a new QuPPe technique and new HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analytical method for the estimation of validamycin in grain, paddy husk, and soil. The QuPPe method was validated with a linearity range of 0.00101 to 0.10134 μg/mL. The LOQ of validamycin in grain, paddy husk, and soil was 1.01013 μg/kg and the retention time was 5.62 min. These results will be helpful in further analysis of food safety and environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhusan Subudhi
- Drug Development and Analysis Lab., School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751029, India.
| | - Nihar Ranjan Muduli
- Drug Development and Analysis Lab., School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751029, India
- Krish Biotech Research Pvt. Ltd., Phase III, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar Behera
- Krish Biotech Research Pvt. Ltd., Phase III, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Alok Kumar Moharana
- Drug Development and Analysis Lab., School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751029, India
| | - Rajanikanta Sahu
- Drug Development and Analysis Lab., School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751029, India.
- Krish Biotech Research Pvt. Ltd., Phase III, Kalyani, West Bengal, 741235, India.
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29
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Li W, Zhang Y, Jia H, Zhou W, Li B, Huang H. Residue analysis of tetraniliprole in rice and related environmental samples by HPLC/MS. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Biodegradation of Atrazine by the Novel Klebsiella variicola Strain FH-1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4756579. [PMID: 31467894 PMCID: PMC6699352 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4756579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial strain FH-1 with high efficiency of degrading Atrazine is separated by means of enrichment culture from the soil applied with Atrazine for many years. FH-1, recognized as Klebsiella variicola based on phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences, can grow with Atrazine which is the sole nitrogen source. In fluid inorganic salt medium, the optimal degradation temperature, pH value, and initial concentration of Atrazine are 25°C, 9.0, and 50 mg L–1, respectively, and the degradation rate of Atrazine by strain FH-1 reached 81.5% in 11 d of culture. The degrading process conforms to the kinetics equation of pesticide degradation. Among the metal ions tested, Zn2+ (0.2 mM) has the most significant effect of facilitation on the degradation of Atrazine. In the fluid medium with Zn2+, the degradation rate of Atrazine is increased to 72.5%, while the Cu2+ (0.2 mM) inhibits the degradation of Atrazine. The degradation products of Atrazine by strain FH-1 were identified as HEIT (2-hydroxyl-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine), MEET (2-hydroxyl-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazine), and AEEO (4,6-bis(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one) by HPLC-MS/MS. Three genes (atzC, trzN, and trzD) encoding for Atrazine degrading enzymes were identified by PCR and sequencing in strain FH-1. This study provides additional theoretical support for the application of strain FH-1 in bioremediation of fields polluted by Atrazine.
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31
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Dong M, Ma L, Zhan X, Chen J, Huang L, Wang W, Zhao L. Dissipation rates and residue levels of diflubenzuron and difenoconazole on peaches and dietary risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104447. [PMID: 31430505 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dissipation kinetics, residue levels, and potential risks of diflubenzuron and difenoconazole on peaches were investigated under open field conditions. Two years of field trials were carried out in Shanghai, China, and the half-lives of diflubenzuron and difenoconazole on peaches ranged from 4.4 to 25d. Their terminal residue concentrations on peaches were 0.022-5.7 mg/kg after three of the tested sampling intervals. Based on the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of difenoconazole on peaches, a preharvest interval (PHI) of 14 d was proposed. A PHI of 10 d was proposed for diflubenzuron after a dietary safety assessment. During the safety assessment, the hazard quotient (HQ) and risk quotient (RQ) on peaches were determined. The results showed that the HQs (3.6-8.3%) and RQs(51-55%) of diflubenzuron were acceptable, proving that diflubenzuron poses no potential health risks. For difenoconazole, the HQs (0.027-0.071%) were satisfactory, but the RQs (115-116%) exceeded 100%, which indicated potential risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maofeng Dong
- Pesticide Safety Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Lin Ma
- Shanghai Agriculture Technical Extension Service Center, Shanghai, 201103, PR China
| | - Xiuping Zhan
- Shanghai Agriculture Technical Extension Service Center, Shanghai, 201103, PR China
| | - Jianbo Chen
- Shanghai Agriculture Technical Extension Service Center, Shanghai, 201103, PR China
| | - Lanqi Huang
- Shanghai Agriculture Technical Extension Service Center, Shanghai, 201103, PR China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Pesticide Safety Evaluation Research Center, Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Shanghai Agriculture Technical Extension Service Center, Shanghai, 201103, PR China.
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Trace Enantioselective Determination of Imidazolinone Herbicides in Various Food Matrices Using a Modified QuEChERS Method and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Zhang J, Qian L, Teng M, Mu X, Qi S, Chen X, Zhou Y, Cheng Y, Pang S, Li X, Wang C. The lipid metabolism alteration of three spirocyclic tetramic acids on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:715-725. [PMID: 30849589 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spirocyclic tetramic acids are widely used in controlling phytophagous mite species throughout the world. the data set is incomplete and provides insufficient evidence for drawing the same conclusion for fish. To fill the gap whether these acaricides alter lipid metabolism on vertebrates, zebrafish embryos exposed to a series concentration of pesticides, the developmental effects, enzyme activities and levels of gene expression were assessed, battery of biomarker utilized by the integrated biomarker response (IBRv2) model. The 96 h-LC50 of spirodiclofen, spiromesifen and spirotetramat were 0.14, 0.12 and 5.94 mg/L, respectively. Yolk sac deformity, pericardial edema, spinal curvature and tail malformation were observed. Three spirocyclic acids were unfavouring the lipid accumulation of by inhibited the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthesis (FAS), fatty acid binding proteins (FABP2) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. The total cholesterol (TCHO) level significantly decreased in the 0.072 mg/L spirodiclofen group and 0.015 and 0.030 mg/L in the spiromesifen groups. No expected change in spirotetramat group on the TCHO and triglycerides (TGs) levels for any of the treatments. The mRNA levels of the genes related to lipid metabolism also significantly altered. In both spirodiclofen and spiromesifen, ACC achieved the highest scores among a battery of biomarkers using integrated biomarker response (IBRv2). The results suggest that spiromesifen was the most toxic for embryos development and spirodiclofen was the most toxic for lipid metabolism in embryos. The 0.07 mg/L of spirodiclofen, 0.05 mg/L of spiromesifen and 2.00 mg/L would cause malformation on zebrafish embryos. This study will provide new insight that fatty acid metabolism may be a suitable biomarker for the spirocyclic tetramic acids in fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Qian
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyan Mu
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Suzhen Qi
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Products Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiangguang Chen
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yimeng Zhou
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Pang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengju Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Xie J, Zheng Y, Liu X, Dong F, Xu J, Wu X, Ji M, Zheng Y. Human health safety studies of a new insecticide: Dissipation kinetics and dietary risk assessment of afidopyropen and one of its metabolites in cucumber and nectarine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 103:150-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chen X, Meng Z, Song Y, Zhang Q, Ren L, Guan L, Ren Y, Fan T, Shen D, Yang Y. Adsorption and Desorption Behaviors of Spirotetramat in Various Soils and Its Interaction Mechanism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12471-12478. [PMID: 30403860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spirotetramat is a pesticide with bidirectional systemicity and can effectively control pests by inhibiting the biosynthesis of fatty acids. In this study, adsorption and desorption behaviors of spirotetramat in six soils and its interaction mechanism were studied using the batch equilibrium method and infrared radiation. The results showed that the adsorption and desorption behaviors of spirotetramat conformed to the Freundlich isotherm model. The values of adsorption capacities KF-ads ranged from 2.11 to 12.40, and the values of desorption capacities KF-des varied from 2.97 to 32.90. From the hysteresis coefficient, spirotetramat was easily desorbed from the test soils. The adsorption capacity of the soil to spirotetramat enhanced with an increasing temperature. Moreover, the changes in pH values and exogenous addition of humic acid and surfactant could also affect soil adsorption capacity, but for desorption, there was no correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Chen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , People's Republic of China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyi Song
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxia Zhang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ren
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjun Guan
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Ren
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tianle Fan
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dianjing Shen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhong Yang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225009 , People's Republic of China
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Zhao P, Yuan W, Xu C, Li F, Cao L, Huang Q. Enhancement of Spirotetramat Transfer in Cucumber Plant Using Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Carriers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11592-11600. [PMID: 30350969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides will be used for a long period of time, and their use may cause environmental contamination and adverse effects on human health. The aim of this study was to improve the utilization rate of pesticides and reduce the risk to the environment using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as carriers. Compared to the conventional formulation, spirotetramat-loading MSNs improved deposition, uptake, and translocation performance in cucumber plants. MSNs may hold spirotetramat in their mesoporous structure and prevent its degradation in plants. The final residue of spirotetramat and its metabolites demonstrated that spirotetramat-loading MSNs had low risk to the edible parts of plants under foliar application. This study added our knowledge of MSNs controlling pesticide release and transfer in plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wanling Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chunli Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fengmin Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lidong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture , Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
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Cevallos-Cedeño R, Agulló C, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A, Mercader JV. Hapten Design and Antibody Generation for Immunoanalysis of Spirotetramat and Spirotetramat-enol. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:11950-11957. [PMID: 30320282 PMCID: PMC6173556 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Spirotetramat-a tetramic acid insecticide-is rapidly metabolized or degraded to give spirotetramat-enol; so, common residue definitions include the sum of both compounds. In the present study, two spirotetramat-functionalized derivatives (haptens) have been designed to generate immunoreagents to these molecules for rapid immunochemical analysis. Haptens have been synthesized with alternative linker tethering sites and, for the first time, high-affinity antibodies have been generated with different specificities to these active principles. Two sensitive assays have been developed using the same antibody in different formats, and by using linker-site heterologous haptens, the selectivity of the final immunoassay could be improved. A generic immunoassay with sensitivity similar to spirotetramat and spirotetramat-enol and a specific assay of spirotetramat-enol have been developed. The described antibody and bioconjugates showed great potential for sensitive immunosensor development and analysis of this complex analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón
E. Cevallos-Cedeño
- Institute
of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish
Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Agustí Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Agulló
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Somovilla
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Fuentes
- Institute
of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish
Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Agustí Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep V. Mercader
- Institute
of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish
Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Agustí Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Chen X, Ren L, Meng Z, Zhang Q, Song Y, Guan L, Fan T, Xu Y, Shen D. Environmental behaviors of spirotetramat in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:24162-24171. [PMID: 29948695 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spirotetramat is a pesticide with bidirectional systemicity in both xylem and phloem. Currently, researches show that spirotetramat has definite toxicity to aquatic organism. This paper aims to study the environmental behaviors of spirotetramat in water, in the hope of providing guidance for security evaluation of spirotetramat. The researches in this paper showed that under lighting condition, the half-life period of spirotetramat in water was 13.59 days. In water, spirotetramat could be degraded into B-enol and B-keto. As seen from the residual concentrations of two products, B-enol was the dominant degradation product. Under different temperatures, the hydrolysis products of spirotetramat remain B-enol and B-keto. The temperature has little effect on the residual concentration of spirotetramat in water. The residual concentration of B-enol in water gradually increased with the extension of time but B-keto had no significant change. In the buffer solution of different pH values, the degradation rate of spirotetramat was significantly enhanced with the increase of solution pH value. The hydrolysis products of spirotetramat in buffer solution of different pH values were still B-enol and B-keto, and pH exerted certain influence on the residual concentration of B-enol in water. The hydrolysis conversion of spirotetramat has theoretical and practical significance for the safe and reasonable usage of it, as well as for the further evaluation of spirotetramat's ecological risk in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Ren
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxia Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyi Song
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjun Guan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianle Fan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianjing Shen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety (Yangzhou University), Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
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39
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Supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry-assisted methodology for rapid enantiomeric analysis of fenbuconazole and its chiral metabolites in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and soil. Food Chem 2018; 241:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Chen Y, Guo M, Liu X, Xu J, Dong F, Wu X, Li B, Zheng Y. Determination and dissipation of afidopyropen and its metabolite in wheat and soil using QuEChERS-UHPLC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1674-1681. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy; Jiangxi Agricultural University; Nanchang China
| | - Mingcheng Guo
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing China
| | - Xingang Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- Institute of Plant Protection; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Baotong Li
- College of Agronomy; Jiangxi Agricultural University; Nanchang China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Institute of Plant Protection; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing, China
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41
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Zhang Q, Chen Y, Wang S, Yu Y, Lu P, Hu D, Yang Z. Dissipation, residues and risk assessment of spirotetramat and its four metabolites in citrus and soil under field conditions by LC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University; Guiyang China
| | - Yuling Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University; Guiyang China
| | - Shouyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University; Guiyang China
| | - Yurong Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University; Guiyang China
| | - Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University; Guiyang China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University; Guiyang China
| | - Zaihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals Guizhou University; Guiyang China
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Łozowicka B, Mojsak P, Kaczyński P, Konecki R, Borusiewicz A. The fate of spirotetramat and dissipation metabolites in Apiaceae and Brassicaceae leaf-root and soil system under greenhouse conditions estimated by modified QuEChERS/LC-MS/MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 603-604:178-184. [PMID: 28624638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the dissipation of spirotetramat and its four metabolites (B-enol, B-keto, B-mono and B-glu) in different parts of vegetables belong to the minor crops (Appiacea and Brassicaceae) and soil from cultivation. The challenge of this study was to apply an optimized clean up step in QuEChERS to obtain one universal sorbent for different complex matrices like leaves with high levels of pigments, roots containing acids, sugars, polyphenolls and pigments and soil with organic ingredients. Eight commercial (Florisil, neutral alumina, GCB, PSA, C18, diatomaceous earth, VERDE and ChloroFiltr) and one organic (Chitosan) sorbents were tested. A modified clean up step in QuEChERS methodology was used for analysis. The dissipation of spirotetramat and its metabolites was described according to a first-order (FO) kinetics equation with R2 between 0.9055 and 0.9838. The results showed that the time after 50% (DT50) of the substance degraded was different for soil, roots and leaves, and amounted to 0.2day, 2.8-2.9days and 2.1-2.4days, respectively. The terminal residues of spiroteramat (expressed as the sum of spirotetramat, B-enol, B-glu, B-keto and B-mono) were much lower than the MRLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Łozowicka
- Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Mojsak
- Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaczyński
- Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Rafał Konecki
- Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, Chelmonskiego 22, 15-195 Bialystok, Poland
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Xiang L, Chen L, Xiao T, Mo CH, Li YW, Cai QY, Li H, Zhou DM, Wong MH. Determination of Trace Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids in Edible Crop Matrices: Matrix Effect and Method Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8763-8772. [PMID: 28905619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A robust method was developed for simultaneous determination of nine trace perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in various edible crop matrices including cereal (grain), root vegetable (carrot), leafy vegetable (lettuce), and melon vegetable (pumpkin) using ultrasonic extraction followed by solid-phase extraction cleanup and high liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The varieties of extractants and cleanup cartridges, the usage of Supelclean graphitized carbon, and the matrix effect and its potential influencing factors were estimated to gain an optimal extraction procedure. The developed method presented high sensitivity and accuracy with the method detection limits and the recoveries at four fortification levels in various matrices ranging from 0.017 to 0.180 ng/g (dry weight) and from 70% to 114%, respectively. The successful application of the developed method to determine PFCAs in various crops sampled from several farms demonstrated its practicability for regular monitoring of PFCAs in real crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tao Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Institute of Education , Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
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Determination of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and spirotetramat and their relevant metabolites in pistachio using modified QuEChERS combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2017; 240:634-641. [PMID: 28946322 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A QuEChERS based methodology was developed for the simultaneous identification and quantification of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and spirotetramat and their relevant metabolites in pistachio by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the first time. First, sample extraction was done with MeCN:citrate buffer:NaHCO3 followed by phase separation with the addition of MgSO4:NaCl. The supernatant was then cleaned by a primary-secondary amine (PSA), GCB, and MgSO4. The proposed method provides a linearity in the range of 5-200µgL-1, and the linear regression coefficients were higher than 0.99. LOD and LOQ were obtained to be 2 and 5µgkg-1 for the studied insecticides, respectively, with the exception of imidacloprid-olefin (5 and 10µgkg-1). Acceptable recoveries (91-110%) were obtained for all the analytes with good intra- and inter-precisions (0.4≥RSD ≤11.0). The method was then used for the pistachio samples collected from a field trial to estimate the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in next step.
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45
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A novel approach for simultaneous determination of E/Z-fluoxastrobins in vegetables and fruits by UHPLC-DAD. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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46
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Direct residue analysis of systemic insecticides and some of their relevant metabolites in wines by liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1506:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Determination of mancozeb residue in fruit by derivatization and a modified QuEChERS method using ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5057-5063. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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You X, Sui C, Li Y, Wang X. Simultaneous determination of pyrifluquinazon and its main metabolite in fruits and vegetables by using QuEChERS-HPLC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:702-708. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei You
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management; Tobacco Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Qingdao Shandong Province China
| | - Chengcheng Sui
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management; Tobacco Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Qingdao Shandong Province China
| | - Yiqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management; Tobacco Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Qingdao Shandong Province China
| | - Xiuguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management; Tobacco Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Qingdao Shandong Province China
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Tian F, Liu X, Wu Y, Xu J, Dong F, Wu X, Zheng Y. Simultaneous determination of penflufen and one metabolite in vegetables and cereals using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2016; 213:410-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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50
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Chen X, Meng Z, Zhang Y, Gu H, Ren Y, Lu C. Degradation kinetics and pathways of spirotetramat in different parts of spinach plant and in the soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:15053-15062. [PMID: 27083908 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Spirotetramat is a new pesticide against a broad spectrum of sucking insects and exhibits a unique property with a two-way systemicity. In order to formulate a scientific rationale for a reasonable spray dose and the safe interval period of 22.4 % spirotetramat suspension concentrate on controlling vegetable pests, we analyzed degradation dynamics and pathways of spirotetramat in different parts of spinach plant (leaf, stalk, and root) and in the soil. We conducted experimental trials under field conditions and adopted a simple and reliable method (dispersive solid phase extraction) combined with liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry to evaluate the dissipation rates of spirotetramat residue and its metabolites. The results showed that the spirotetramat was degraded into different metabolite residues in different parts of spinach plant (leaf, stalk, and root) and in the soil. Specifically, spirotetramat was degraded into B-keto, B-glu, and B-enol in the leaf; B-glu and B-enol in the stalk; and only B-enol in the root. In the soil where the plants grew, spirotetramat followed a completely different pathway compared to the plant and degraded into B-keto and B-mono. Regardless of different degradation pathways, the dissipation dynamic equations of spirotetramat in different parts of spinach plant and in the soil were all based on the first-order reaction dynamic equations. This work provides guidelines for the safe use of spirotetramat in spinach fields, which would help prevent potential health threats to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, Peoples Republic of China.
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, Peoples Republic of China
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, Peoples Republic of China
- Testing Center of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haotian Gu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, Peoples Republic of China
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yajun Ren
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, Peoples Republic of China
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Chunliang Lu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, Peoples Republic of China
- Testing Center of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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