1
|
Gray B, Lubbock K, Love C, Ryder E, Hudson S, Scarth J. Analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control from 2018 to 2023. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 39010718 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The analytical approaches taken by laboratories to implement robust and efficient regulation of horseracing medication and doping control are complex and constantly evolving. Each laboratory's approach will be dictated by differences in regulatory, economic and scientific drivers specific to their local environment. However, in general, laboratories will all be undertaking developments and improvements to their screening strategies in order to meet new and emerging threats as well as provide improved service to their customers. In this paper, the published analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control since the 22nd International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians will be reviewed. Due to the unprecedented impact of COVID-19 on the worldwide economy, the normal 2-year period of this review was extended to over 5 years. As such, there was considerable ground to cover, resulting in an increase in the number of relevant publications included from 107 to 307. Major trends in publications will be summarised and possible future directions highlighted. This will cover developments in the detection of 'small' and 'large' molecule drugs, sample preparation procedures and the use of alternative matrices, instrumental advances/applications, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, the detection and prevalence of 'endogenous' compounds and biomarker and OMICs approaches. Particular emphasis will be given to research into the potential threat of gene doping, which is a significant area of new and continued research for many laboratories. Furthermore, developments in analytical instrumentation relevant to equine medication and doping control will be discussed.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ondern Komathu P, Padusha MKSA, Laya S, Nalakath J, Palathinkal AB, Nelliyott I. Investigation of in vitro generated metabolites of LGD-4033, a selective androgen receptor modulator, in homogenized camel liver for anti-doping applications. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9633. [PMID: 37817338 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The use of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM) in sports is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to their potential as performance-enhancing drugs, offering an unfair advantage. LGD-4033 is a SARM known for its similarities to anabolic steroids and can be easily purchased online, leading to increased availability and misuse. Adverse analytical findings have revealed the presence of SARMs in dietary supplements. Although LGD-4033 misuse has been reported in human sports over the years, concerns also arise regarding its illicit use in animal sports, including camel racing. Although various studies have investigated the metabolism of LGD-4033 in humans, horse, and other species, there is limited research specifically dedicated to racing camels. METHODS This study focuses on the in vitro metabolism of LGD-4033 in homogenized camel liver using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to identify and characterize the metabolites. RESULTS The findings indicated the presence of 12 phase I metabolites and 1 phase II metabolite. Hydroxylation was responsible for the formation of the main phase I metabolites that were identified. A glucuronic acid conjugate of the parent drug was observed in this study, but no sulfonic acid conjugate was found. The possible chemical structures of these metabolites, along with their fragmentation patterns, were identified using MS. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide valuable insights into the metabolism of LGD-4033 in camels and aid in the development of effective doping control methods for the detection of SARMs in camel racing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Praseen Ondern Komathu
- Camel Forensic Laboratory, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Mohamed Khan Syed Ali Padusha
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Saraswathy Laya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jahfar Nalakath
- Camel Forensic Laboratory, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ansar Babu Palathinkal
- Camel Forensic Laboratory, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ibrahimwaseem Nelliyott
- Camel Forensic Laboratory, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karatt TK, Muhammed Ajeebsanu M, Karakka Kal AK, Subhahar MB, Sathiq MA, Laya S. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry adduct formation by mobile phase additives: A case study using nitrile functional groups containing selective androgen receptor modulators. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9530. [PMID: 37125537 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The formation of mass adducts is common during electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). However, the mechanism that leads to adduct formation is poorly understood and difficult to control. Multiplication of mass adducts at once will adversely impact the sensitivity of mass analysis and cause misinterpretation of the level of detection. Prior studies on selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) revealed an immense mass adduct formation in both positive and negative ESI modes. METHODS In this study, additives in the mobile phases are investigated as a potential means of controlling mass adduct formation in various SARMs. RESULTS The first evidence of chloride adduct formation when SARMs are detected via ESI-MS has been reported in this research. A series of mobile phase combinations were tested to achieve the optimal condition for HPLC-MS. A comparison was also made between adduct formation on various grades of water used for preparing the mobile phase. A validation study using equine urine and plasma was also conducted to assess the suitability of the developed method. CONCLUSION The results of this study will allow for a more accurate identification of SARMs, which will make it easier to investigate their illicit use in horse racing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tajudheen Kunhamu Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, India
| | | | | | | | - Mohamedkhani Anwar Sathiq
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Saraswathy Laya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaufmann A, Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Blokland M, Sterk S. Potential and limitation of retrospective HRMS based data analysis: “Have meat-producing animals been exposed to illegal growth promotors such as SARMs?”. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
5
|
From targeted methods to metabolomics based strategies to screen for growth promoters misuse in horseracing and livestock: A review. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
6
|
Kim NS, Choi HS, Lim NY, Lee JH, Kim H, Baek SY. Application of Simultaneous Analytical Methods for Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator Adulterated in Dietary Supplements Advertised as Muscle Strengthening Using UHPLC-PDA and LC–ESI–MS/MS. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
7
|
Kintz P. The forensic response after an adverse analytical finding (doping) involving a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) in human athlete. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114433. [PMID: 34715583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a class of drugs presenting identical anabolic properties to anabolic steroids in addition to marked reduced androgenic effects. These drugs have emerged in the doping area within the early 2000's. Ligandrol, ostarine, RAD-140 and andarine are the most popular agents belonging to this class. According to the world anti-doping agency (WADA) prohibited list, SARMs are prohibited at all times (i.e. in and out-of-competition) and are listed under the section S1.2 (other anabolic agents). The compilation of the WADA testing figures reports from 2015 to 2019 has indicated a regular increase of adverse analytical findings (AAF) due to SARMs, particularly with ostarine and ligandrol. The implementation of highly sensitive chromatographic anti-doping analyses has induced high-profile challenges of anti-doping rules violations as athletes have claimed in numerous occasions that contamination was the reason for their AAF. Since the early 2000's, it has been accepted by the Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS) in Lausanne (Switzerland) that, under some specific circumstances, unusual explanations can be provided to the Panel to explain an AAF. This was the open door for forensic investigations, as it is done in criminal Courts. A forensic approach can include testing for SARMs in food, drinks, but mostly in dietary supplements. As most anti-doping rules violations are only known several weeks after urine collection, this biological matrix is seldom use for further tests, despite the fact that most SARMs can be detected for several weeks in urine. Luckily, hair or nail testing can be a complement to document the claim of the athlete but of course, it cannot be considered as an alternative to urinalysis. This is because a negative hair or nail result cannot exclude the use of the detected drug and cannot overrule the urine result. To date, all methods for SARMs identification in various matrices involve liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry or high-resolution mass spectrometry. The aim of this paper is to review the scientific literature on the analytical possibilities of testing SARMs in dietary supplements, urine and hair or nail clippings after an AAF to document the claims of an athlete or his/her legal team.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kintz
- X-Pertise Consulting, 42 rue principale, 67206 Mittelhausbergen, France; Institut de Médecine légale, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gheddar L, Raul JS, Kintz P. Development and validation of SARMs and metabolic modulators screening in hair using UHPLC-MS/MS: Application to a doping case and first identification of S23 in authentic human hair. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1187:123048. [PMID: 34814052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Selective Androgen Receptors Modulators (SARMs) are a new class of doping drugs that emerged in sport since 2008. Easy access on the Internet also leads to their misuse by amateurs. It seems important for a laboratory of toxicology to develop a targeted screening of SARMs, given their health risks. A method has been developed and validated for the analysis in hair of 9 SARMs (AC262536, ACP-105, andarine, LGD-4033, MK-0773, MK 677, ostarine, RAD 410 and S23) and 2 other metabolic modulators (GW501516, SR9009), using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. After addition of bicalutamide-D4 used as internal standard and incubation in phosphate buffer pH = 9.5, 20 mg of hair samples were extracted with liquid/liquid extraction. Linearity was verified for all compounds between 0.5 and 50 and 2000 pg/mg. LOD and LOQ were determined between 0.1-20 and 0.5-50 pg/mg respectively, according to the various analytes. Intra- and inter-day precision (CV < 20%), matrix effects and recovery were evaluated for all compounds with CVs < 20%. The application and the interest of SARMs screening was demonstrated in a doping case. Three SARMs were detected namely andarine (120-1644 pg/mg), ostarine (1-9 pg/mg) and S23 (0.6-16 pg/mg) in 6x1 cm segments of the subject.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Gheddar
- Institut de médecine légale, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | | | - Pascal Kintz
- Institut de médecine légale, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France; X-Pertise Consulting, Mittelhausbergen, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cutler C, Viljanto M, Taylor P, Hincks P, Biddle S, Van Eenoo P. Identification of equine in vitro metabolites of seven non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators for doping control purposes. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:349-370. [PMID: 34714606 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators, SARMs, are a large class of compounds developed to provide therapeutic anabolic effects with minimal androgenic side effects. A wide range of these compounds are available to purchase online and thus provide the potential for abuse in sports. Knowledge of the metabolism of these compounds is essential to aid their detection in doping control samples. In vitro models allow a quick, cost-effective response where administration studies are yet to be carried out. In this study, the equine phase I metabolism of the non-steroidal SARMs GSK2881078, LGD-2226, LGD-3303, PF-06260414, ACP-105, RAD-140 and S-23 was investigated using equine liver microsomes. Liquid chromatography coupled to a QExactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer allowed identification of metabolites with high resolution and mass accuracy. Three metabolites were identified for both GSK2881078 and LGD-2226, four for LGD-3303 and RAD-140, five for PF-06260414, twelve for ACP-105 and ten for S-23. The equine metabolism of GSK-2881078, LGD-2226, LGD-3303 and PF-06260414 is reported for the first time. Although the equine metabolism of ACP-105, RAD-140 and S-23 has previously been reported, the results obtained in this study have been compared with published data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cutler
- LGC Ltd, Fordham, UK.,Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University (UGent), Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Omics applications in the fight against abuse of anabolic substances in cattle: challenges, perspectives and opportunities. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
11
|
Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Nielen MWF, Blokland MH. Hand-Held Diode Laser for On-Site Analysis Using Transportable Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8122-8127. [PMID: 34077188 PMCID: PMC8253484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A hand-held laser
diode thermal desorption electrospray ionization
(LDTD-ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) method was developed for rapid screening
of illegal substances in solid samples. To achieve that, a simple,
inexpensive, battery-powered surgical laser diode at 940 nm was employed
to ablate the solid samples. The potential of using a black polytetrafluoroethylene
substrate to enhance the analytes’ desorption to the gas phase
was investigated and demonstrated. Among the optimized ESI parameters,
the solvent (methanol/water, 50:50, v/v) and the
flow rate (50 μL h–1) were critical to obtain
the best sensitivity. The applicability was demonstrated for the rapid
identification of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) in
pills and powders based on accurate mass measurements by time-of-flight
MS. Also, the hand-held LDTD-ESI was combined with a transportable
single quadrupole MS. The same SARMs samples were analyzed, and identifications
were based on in-source cone voltage fragmentation patterns observed.
These initial results demonstrate the applicability of the developed
simplified LDTD-ESI MS method for future on-site testing of organic
compounds in solid samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ane Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco H Blokland
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stacchini C, Botrè F, Comunità F, de la Torre X, Dima AP, Ricci M, Mazzarino M. Simultaneous detection of different chemical classes of selective androgen receptor modulators in urine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 195:113849. [PMID: 33383501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Analytical procedures to detect the misuse of selective androgen receptor modulators in human urine, targeting either the parent drugs and/or their main metabolites, were developed and validated. In detail, 19 target compounds belonging to 9 different chemical classes were considered: arylpropionamide (i.e., andarine (S4), ostarine (S22), S1, S6, S9 and S23), diarylhydantoin (i.e., GLPG0492), indole (i.e., LY2452473, GSK2881078), isoquinoline-carbonyle (i.e., PF-02620414), phenyl-oxadiazole (i.e., RAD140), pyrrolidinyl-benzonitrile (i.e., LGD4033), quinolinone (i.e., LGD2226, LGD3303), steroidal (i.e., Cl-4AS-1, MK0773 and TFM-4AS-1), and tropanol (i.e., AC-262536 and ACP105) derivatives. The metabolites of the target compounds considered were enzymatically synthesized by using human liver microsomes. Sample pre-treatment included enzymatic hydrolysis followed by liquid-liquid extraction at neutral pH. The instrumental analysis was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to either high- or low-resolution mass spectrometry. Validation was performed according to the ISO 17025 and the World Anti-Doping Agency guidelines. The analyses carried out on negative samples confirmed the method's selectivity, not showing any significant interferences at the retention times of the analytes of interest. Detection capability was determined in the range of 0.1-1.0 ng/mL for the screening procedure and 0.2-1.0 ng/mL for the confirmation procedure (except for GLPG0492 and GSK2881078). The recovery was greater than 80 % for all analytes, and the matrix effect was smaller than 35 %. The method also matched the criteria of the World Anti-Doping Agency in terms of repeatability of the relative retention times (CV% < 1.0) and of the relative abundances of the selected ion transitions (performed only in the case of triple quadrupole, CV% < 15), ensuring the correct identification of all the analytes considered. Urine samples containing andarine, ostarine, or LGD4033 were used to confirm the actual applicability of the selected analytical strategies. All target compounds (parent drugs and their main metabolites) were detected and correctly identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Stacchini
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento Chimica e Tecnologia del farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy; ISSUL - Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Synathlon - Quartier Centre, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Fabio Comunità
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Pia Dima
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Ricci
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti, 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cutler C, Viljanto M, Taylor P, Habershon-Butcher J, Muir T, Biddle S, Van Eenoo P. Equine metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator AC-262536 in vitro and in urine, plasma and hair following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:369-385. [PMID: 32959959 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AC-262536 is one of a number of selective androgen receptor modulators that are being developed by the pharmaceutical industry for treatment of a range of clinical conditions including androgen replacement therapy. Though not available therapeutically, selective androgen receptor modulators are widely available to purchase online as (illegal) supplement products. The growth- and bone-promoting effects, along with fewer associated negative side effects compared with anabolic-androgenic steroids, make these compounds a significant threat with regard to doping control in sport. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolism of AC-262536 in the horse following in vitro incubation and oral administration to two Thoroughbred horses, in order to identify the most appropriate analytical targets for doping control laboratories. Urine, plasma and hair samples were collected and analysed for parent drug and metabolites. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for in vitro metabolite identification and in urine and plasma samples. Nine phase I metabolites were identified in vitro; four of these were subsequently detected in urine and three in plasma, alongside the parent compound in both matrices. In both urine and plasma samples, the longest detection window was observed for an epimer of the parent compound, which is suggested as the best target for detection of AC-262536 administration. AC-262536 and metabolites were found to be primarily glucuronide conjugates in both urine and plasma. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of post-administration hair samples indicated incorporation of parent AC-262536 into the hair following oral administration. No metabolites were detected in the hair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cutler
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Marjaana Viljanto
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Polly Taylor
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Tessa Muir
- British Horseracing Authority, London, UK.,Racing Victoria Ltd, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Biddle
- Sports and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC Ltd, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Laboratory of Doping Control, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Temerdashev AZ, Dmitrieva EV. Methods for the Determination of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820070187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
16
|
Ventura E, Gadaj A, Buckley T, Mooney MH. Development of a multi‐residue high‐throughput UHPLC–MS/MS method for routine monitoring of SARM compounds in equine and bovine blood. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1373-1379. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Ventura
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast UK
| | - Anna Gadaj
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast UK
| | - Tom Buckley
- Irish Diagnostic Laboratory Services Ltd Johnstown Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Mark H. Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gadaj A, Ventura E, Healy J, Botrè F, Sterk SS, Buckley T, Mooney MH. Enhanced UHPLC-MS/MS screening of selective androgen receptor modulators following urine hydrolysis. MethodsX 2020; 7:100926. [PMID: 32547930 PMCID: PMC7286957 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) represent non-steroidal agents commonly abused in human and animal (i.e. equine, canine) sports, with potential for further misuse as growth promoting agents in livestock-based farming. As a direct response to the real and possible implications of illicit application in both sport as well as food production systems, this study incorporated enzymatic hydrolysis (β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase) into a previously established protocol while maintaining the minimal volume (200 µL) of urine sample required to detect SARMs encompassing various pharmacophores in urine from a range of species (i.e. equine, bovine, human, canine and rodent). The newly presented semi-quantitative UHPLC-MS/MS-based assay is shown to be fit-for-purpose, being rapid and offering high-throughput, with validation findings fulfilling criteria stipulated within relevant doping and food control legislation.CCβ values determined at 1 ng mL−1 for majority of analytes. Deconjugation step included in the method led to significantly increased relative abundance of ostarine in analysed incurred urine samples demonstrating the requirement for hydrolysis to detect a total form of emerging SARMs. Assay amenable for use within routine testing to ensure fair play in animal and human sports and that animal-derived food is free from contamination with SARM residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gadaj
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5DL, United Kingdom.,Chemical and Immunodiagnostic Sciences Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, United Kingdom
| | - Emiliano Ventura
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5DL, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Healy
- Laboratory, Irish Greyhound Board, Limerick Greyhound Stadium, Ireland.,Applied Science Department, Limerick Institute of Technology, Moylish, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Italy
| | - Saskia S Sterk
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, European Union Reference Laboratory, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Buckley
- Irish Diagnostic Laboratory Services Ltd., Johnstown, W91 RH93, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Mark H Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5DL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ventura E, Gadaj A, Buckley T, Mooney MH. Investigation of stability of selective androgen receptor modulators in urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1253-1263. [PMID: 32401172 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1757165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a class of new emerging "designer" steroid compounds gaining popularity over more well established anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) amongst both non-professional and elite athletes. Moreover, due to their anabolic activity, SARM compounds may also potentially be abused in livestock animals to increase meat production. Consequently, SARM residues should be monitored as a part of routine testing employed within both anti-doping and drug residue laboratories. Since only a limited amount of information on SARM compound stability is currently available within the peer-reviewed literature, this study reports a practical approach to assess optimal storage conditions for 15 SARM compounds in solvent solutions (standard stock and intermediate mixed standard solutions) stored at -20°C for up to 1 year, as well as in a range of urine test matrices (bovine, equine, canine and human) under frozen (-20°C, -80°C) storage for up to 20 weeks and post freeze-thaw cycles. Moreover, SARM storage stability within solvent extracts was assessed at -20°C (0-4 weeks) and 4°C (0-2 weeks). Findings demonstrate that SARM analytes are stable in reference solutions when stored at -20°C, apart from PF-06260414 (stock solution) which should be stored at lower temperatures (e.g. -80°C). A limited degree of compound instability was observed for a number of SARM analytes in urine both when stored at -20°C, and after repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Moreover, SARM compounds within reconstituted urine solvent extracts were found to be effectively stable when stored for up to 4 weeks at -20°C and for 2 weeks at 4°C. The long-term stability testing data reported here will inform the more timely and effective development and validation of analytical methods for SARM residue detection and analysis, ensuring confidence in findings from monitoring of livestock animals and anti-doping processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Ventura
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Anna Gadaj
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Tom Buckley
- Irish Diagnostic Laboratory Services Ltd , Johnstown, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland
| | - Mark H Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned‐substance review – Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:7-26. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research ‐ Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research ‐ Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Temerdashev A, Dmitrieva E, Azaryan A, Gashimova E. A novel approach to the quantification of urinary aryl‐propionamide‐derived SARMs by UHPLC–MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4700. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azamat Temerdashev
- Department of Analytical ChemistryKuban State University Krasnodar Russia
| | | | - Alice Azaryan
- Department of Analytical ChemistryKuban State University Krasnodar Russia
| | - Elina Gashimova
- Department of Analytical ChemistryKuban State University Krasnodar Russia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gadaj A, Ventura E, Ripoche A, Mooney MH. Monitoring of selective androgen receptor modulators in bovine muscle tissue by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. FOOD CHEMISTRY-X 2019; 4:100056. [PMID: 31650129 PMCID: PMC6804513 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2019.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
First UHPLC-MS/MS assay for screening of 15 emerging SARMs in muscle tissue. Method fully validated according to relevant EU food control legislation. Analyte detection capability (CCβ) determined in the range of 0.5–5 ng g−1. Assay amenable for use within routine residue control programmes.
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are non-steroidal compounds widely reported as drugs of abuse in human and animal sports, with potential for misuse as growth promoters in animal-based food production. In this study, a first analytical methodology to simultaneous screen for a panel of emerging SARMs in bovine muscle was developed, validated (CCβ values from 0.5–5 ng g−1), and applied to detect 15 structurally diverse compounds from nine SARM families. Muscle samples (200 mg) were homogenised in extraction solvent (MeCN:H2O, 4:1, v/v) before clean-up (end-capped C18 dSPE), defatting (n-hexane pre-saturated with MeCN partitioning) and concentration prior to UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. In the absence of incurred bovine muscle, method applicability was demonstrated by the analysis of rodent muscle tissue. The developed screening assay serves as a rapid, simple and cost-effective tool for surveillance monitoring of SARM abuse in livestock production systems as a pre-emptive measure ensuring food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gadaj
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Emiliano Ventura
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Ripoche
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|