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Yan K, Liu X, Liu J, He C, Li J, Bai Q. Octadecyl-fibrous mesoporous silica nanospheres coated 96-blade thin-film microextraction for high-throughput analysis of phthalic acid esters in food and migration from food packages. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464636. [PMID: 38219624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A high-throughput sample pre-treatment method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed to analyze phthalates (PAEs) in food and food contact package samples. Thin film microextraction (TFME) in 96-blade format was used to pre-treat 96 samples simultaneously. Octadecyl groups functionalized fibrous mesoporous silica nanospheres, namely C18-FMSNs, were synthesized and used as TFME coating material. The coating was fabricated by spraying a slurry of C18-FMSNs and polyacrylontrile (PAN) mixture with a commercial portable spraypen. The prepared C18-FMSNs/PAN coatings exhibited good reproducibility, repeatability and reusability. The optimized TFME conditions for PAEs consisted of extraction at pH 4.0 for 50 min, and desorption by methanol/acetonitrile (25/75, V/V) for 40 min. The pretreatment time for each sample was approximately 1.3 min. This TFME-HPLC method showed good linearity for eight PAEs within the concentration range of 0.5-1000 ng mL-1, with the coefficients higher than 0.9972. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.096-0.26 ng mL-1 and 0.32-0.86 ng mL-1, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day RSD % were below 6.6 % and 8.4 %, respectively, indicating good precision. The PAEs analysis in real samples showed that dibutyl phthalate (DBP) of 2.3 ± 0.3 ng mL-1 and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) of 5.5 ± 0.8 ng mL-1 in boxed milk, dimethyl phthalate (DMP) of 12.6 ± 0.8 ng mL-1, DBP of 3.2 ± 0.4 ng mL-1and DEHP of 14.3 ± 0.7 ng mL-1 in the simulated water migration of plastic box, as well as DMP of 19.0 ± 0.6 ng mL-1, DBP of 25.6 ± 0.9 ng mL-1 and DEHP of 49.5 ± 2.8 ng mL-1 in the simulated ethanol migration of plastic box were determined, respectively. In addition, the detection of PAEs in all the real samples showed good recovery ranging from 85.6 to 110 % and lower RSDs % (<7.2 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Modern Separation Science Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Xiangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Modern Separation Science Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Modern Separation Science Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China.
| | - Chong He
- Shaanxi Institute of Product Quality Supervision and Inspection, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Modern Separation Science Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China
| | - Quan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Modern Separation Science Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China.
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Gao X, Cui L, Mu Y, Li J, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Xing F, Duan L, Yang J. Cumulative health risk in children and adolescents exposed to bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116865. [PMID: 37562736 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been widely concerned owing to its widespread detection and endocrine disrupting effect. Nevertheless, systematic analysis and evaluation of the current status of DEHP contamination are still insufficient for children and adolescents. Dietary exposure and nondietary exposure to DEHP were investigated to estimate the total average daily dose (ADD). The top three contributors were dust exposure, edible oil and vegetable intake. Dietary intake contributed highly (70%) to daily exposure to DEHP. By analyzing the monitoring data on DEHP exposure, the cumulative health risks of DEHP were assessed for different age groups of children and adolescents in East China. The probability distributions of noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were determined by Monte Carlo simulation. The results showed that the risk level reduced with age. The predicted mean noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for all age groups exceeded the acceptable level, indicating that the general population would be at high risk by DEHP overexposure. Schoolchildren at ages 6∼<9 were more susceptible to DEHP exposure, with a 30% possibility of exceeding the safety limit Based on these results, gradual banning and restriction should be carried out to decrease DEHP contamination and potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Liang Cui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yingming Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Haiya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Liang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Liu H, He X, Hu X, Pan B, Huang Z, Shen J. Hollow fiber-solid phase microextraction of fatty acid methyl esters from wastewater coupled with micro sample collector assisted injection technique. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464415. [PMID: 37783003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Hollow fiber-solid phase microextraction combined with micro sample collector assisted injection technique was developed for the detection of trace fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel wastewater. Polypropylene hollow fiber was employed as extraction material to absorb fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel wastewater. After the adsorption, hollow fiber was sleeved on the needle core of a micro sample collector and introduced directly into a GC injector for thermal desorption of the analytes. The selectivity of polypropylene hollow fiber on fatty acid methyl esters was investigated by extracting common pollutants in wastewater. Under the optimal conditions, the enrichment factors of polypropylene hollow fiber for methyl palmitate, methyl linoleate, methyl oleate, and methyl stearate were tested as high as 471, 287, 527, and 801, respectively. The quantitative method was validated and the linearity was satisfactory over a concentration range of 10-2000 µg/L with the correlation coefficients more than 0.9990 for 4 fatty acid methyl esters. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.04-0.40 µg/L and 10.0 µg/L, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 92.0-116.7% by analyzing actual spiked samples. The results showed that the established method was suitable for the analysis of trace fatty acid methyl esters in water samples, with simple operation, low cost and environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xinying He
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xueqian Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Baoquan Pan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhongping Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Ningbo Academy of Product and Food Quality Inspection (Ningbo Fiber Inspection Institute), Ningbo 315048, China.
| | - Jian Shen
- Ningbo Academy of Product and Food Quality Inspection (Ningbo Fiber Inspection Institute), Ningbo 315048, China
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Pezhhanfar S, Farajzadeh MA, Hosseini-Yazdi SA, Afshar Mogaddam MR. NiGA MOF-based dispersive micro solid phase extraction coupled to temperature-assisted evaporation using low boiling point solvents for the extraction and preconcentration of butylated hydroxytoluene and some phthalate and adipate esters. RSC Adv 2023; 13:30378-30390. [PMID: 37854488 PMCID: PMC10580260 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04612e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The first-ever attempt to apply nickel gallic acid metal-organic framework (NiGA MOF) in analytical method development was done in this research by the extraction of some plasticizers from aqueous media. The greenness of the method is owing to the use of gallic acid and nickel as safe reagents and water as the safest solvent. Low boiling point solvents were applied as desorption solvents that underwent temperature-assisted evaporation in the preconcentration step. Performing the evaporation using a low-temperature water bath for a short period of time streamlines the preconcentration section. Into the solution of interest enriched with sodium sulfate, a mg amount of NiGA MOF was added alongside vortexing to extract the analytes. Following centrifugation and discarding the supernatant, a μL level of diethyl ether was added onto the analyte-loaded NiGA MOF particles and vortexed. The analyte-enriched diethyl ether phase was transferred into a conical bottom glass test tube and located in a water bath set at the temperature of 35 °C under a laboratory hood. After the evaporation, a μL level of 1,2-dibromoethane was added to the test tube and vortexed to dissolve the analytes from the inner perimeter of the tube. One microliter of the organic phase was injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detection. Appreciable extraction recoveries (61-98%), high enrichment factors (305-490), low limits of detection (0.80-1.74 μg L-1) and quantification (2.64-5.74 μg L-1), and wide linear ranges (5.74-1000 μg L-1) were obtained at the optimum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakha Pezhhanfar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran +98 41 33340191 +98 41 33393084
| | - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran +98 41 33340191 +98 41 33393084
- Engineering Faculty, Near East University 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus Mersin 10 Turkey
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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Bhogal S, Grover A, Mohiuddin I. A Review of the Analysis of Phthalates by Gas Chromatography in Aqueous and Food Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-25. [PMID: 37647342 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2250876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
As a commonly well-known industrial chemical, phthalates are produced in high volumes to be used in various consumer products (e.g., plasticizers, medical devices, construction materials, and toys) to enhance softness, durability, transparency, and flexibility. Phthalates are generally not chemically bonded to the polymer chain of the plastic in which they are mixed. Thus, they may leach, migrate, or evaporate into indoor/outdoor air, and foodstuffs. In this review, a comprehensive overview of several sample preparation methods coupled with gas chromatography for the analysis of phthalates in various kinds of complex matrices, with a focus on the last 20 years' worth of papers. The review begins by highlighting the environmental significance of phthalate pollution along with the various routes to their exposure to general population. Then, the discussion is extended to cover the pretreatment and extraction techniques for phthalates for their quantitation based on gas chromatographic approach. Finally, the present and future challenges for the detection of phthalates in aqueous and food matrices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Bhogal
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Aman Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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Chen H, Wang J, Zhang W, Guo Y, Ding Q, Zhang L. In Situ Rapid Electrochemical Fabrication of Porphyrin-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks: Novel Fibers for Electro-Enhanced Solid-Phase Microextraction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12453-12461. [PMID: 36826831 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electro-enhanced solid-phase microextraction (EE-SPME) is a bright separation and enrichment technique that integrates solid-phase microextraction with the electric field. It retains the excellent extraction performance of SPME technology while having the advantages of efficient driving of electric field and special interaction between the electric field and electrons in the molecules of material structure. Replacing conventional SPME fibers with highly efficient and highly conductive original EE-SPME fibers is critical for the practical applications of these technologies. Here, a novel fiber preparation strategy was proposed to obtain a highly conductive porphyrin-based covalent organic framework (POR-COF) by one-step electropolymerization. Benefiting from the excellent semiconducting properties of porphyrin groups, the POR-COF can be spontaneously polymerized on the fiber surface under an appropriate voltage within a few hours. Its performance was evaluated by the EE-SPME of phthalate esters (PAEs) from food and environmental samples, followed by gas chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) technology. The results showed that the POR-COF fiber has been successfully used for the detection of trace PAEs in beverages, industrial wastewater, lake water, and oyster samples with high adsorption selectivity and satisfactory sensitivity. The remarkable extraction properties are mainly attributed to the synergistic effect from material characteristics and electrical parameters' control in the extraction process. The presented strategy for the controlled design and synthesis of highly conductive porphyrin-based covalent organic framework fibers offers prospects in developing EE-SPME technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Wenmin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Technology, Minjiang Teachers College, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yuheng Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Qingqing Ding
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
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Bimetallic Cluster Cu7Zn2 Functionalized Copolymer Monolithic Column for Pipette Tip Micro-Solid Phase Extraction of Eight Phthalate Esters in Edible Oil. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-023-02450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Mandal S, Poi R, Hazra DK, Ansary I, Bhattacharyya S, Karmakar R. Review of extraction and detection techniques for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits to evaluate food safety and make legislative decisions: Challenges and anticipations. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1215:123587. [PMID: 36628882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fruits are vital parts of the human diet because they include necessary nutrients that the body needs. Pesticide use has increased dramatically in recent years to combat fruit pests across the world. Pesticide usage during production, on the other hand, frequently results in undesirable residues in fruits after harvest. Consumers are concerned about pesticide residues since most of the fruits are directly consumed and even recommended for the patients as dietary supplements. As a result of this worry, pesticide residues in fruits are being randomly monitored to re-assess the food safety situation and make informed legislative decisions. To assess the degree of pesticide residues in fruits, a simple and quick analytical procedure is usually required. As a result, pesticide residue detection (using various analytical techniques: GC, LC and Biosensors) becomes critical, and regulatory directives are formed to regulate their amounts via the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). Over the previous two decades, a variety of extraction techniques and analytical methodologies for xenobiotic's efficient extraction, identification, confirmation and quantification have been developed, ranging from traditional to advanced. The goal of this review is to give readers an overview of the evolution of numerous extraction and detection methods for pesticide residue analysis in fruits. The objective is to assist analysts in better understanding how the ever-changing regulatory landscape might drive the need for new analytical methodologies to be developed in order to comply with current standards and safeguard consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Mandal
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India; Department of Chemistry, Burdwan University, Burdwan, West Bengal 713104, India
| | - Rajlakshmi Poi
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Hazra
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Inul Ansary
- Department of Chemistry, Burdwan University, Burdwan, West Bengal 713104, India
| | - Sudip Bhattacharyya
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajib Karmakar
- All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
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Sreedhashyam H, Mehtab V, Chenna S, Upadhyayula VVR. Simultaneous determination of phthalates and bisphenols from plastic bottled water samples by dispersive solid-phase extraction with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization/high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9394. [PMID: 36069035 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Phthalates and bisphenols were reported as endocrine disrupting chemicals and hence a potential threat to human health. Polyethylene terephthalate bottles are being used to store drinking water and the probability of migration of phthalates and bisphenols from the bottles into the water is high. The migration of analytes with respect to different storage conditions need to be studied. METHOD A sensitive analytical method for simultaneous determination of seven phthalates and three bisphenols from packaged drinking water was developed using liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization/high-resolution mass spectrometry. The analytes were extracted by dispersive solid-phase extraction by multiwalled carbon nanotubes. RESULTS The developed method showed linearity from 0.5 to 5000 μg/L with the limit of detection and limit of quantification ranging from 0.5 to 1 μg/L and 1 to 2 μg/L, respectively, for phthalates and bisphenols. The inter- and intraday variations were below 10%. The recoveries were in the range of 79.5% to 112%. The migration of phthalates and bisphenols increased with storage time and temperature. Maximum migration was observed for diisobutyl phthalate of 1209.7 ng/L followed by dibutyl phthalate at 777.8 ng/L on 180 days of analysis at room temperature. Migration of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was observed to be higher at elevated temperatures, increasing from 14.9 to 514 ng/L. Similarly, migration of bisphenol-A was increased at 45°C. The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) studies and the results showed significant variations of phthalates and bisphenols with respect to storage temperature and time. CONCLUSION The use of atmospheric pressure photoionization facilitated simultaneous determination of phthalates and bisphenols. The migration of phthalates and bisphenols increased with increasing temperature and storage time. Maximum migration was observed for diethyl, diisobutyl, dibutyl and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates. This may be attributed to the type of plastic, the processing parameters and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haripriya Sreedhashyam
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Analytical and Structural Chemistry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vazida Mehtab
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Process Engineering and Technology Transfer Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sumana Chenna
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Process Engineering and Technology Transfer Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vijayasarathi V R Upadhyayula
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Analytical and Structural Chemistry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Xia E, Yang T, Zhu X, Jia Q, Liu J, Huang W, Ni J, Tang H. Facile and Selective Determination of Total Phthalic Acid Esters Level in Soft Drinks by Molecular Fluorescence Based on Petroleum Ether Microextraction and Selective Derivation by H2SO4. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134157. [PMID: 35807403 PMCID: PMC9268297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the level of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in packaged carbonated beverages is a current need to ensure food safety. High-selectivity and -accuracy identification of individual PAEs can be achieved by chromatographic and mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. However, these methods are slow; involve complicated, expensive instruments in professional laboratories; and consume a large amount of organic solvents. As such, a food analysis method is needed to conveniently and rapidly evaluate multiple contaminants on site. In this study, with the assistance of ultrasound, we quickly determined the total PAEs in soft drinks using 1.5 mL of petroleum ether in one step. Then, we determined the characteristic molecular fluorescence spectrum of all PAEs in samples (excitation (Ex)/emission (Em) at 218/351 nm) using selectively concentrated sulfuric acid derivatization. The relative standard deviations of the fluorescent intensities of mixed solutions with five different PAEs were lower than 7.1% at three concentration levels. The limit of detection of the proposed method is 0.10 μmol L−1, which matches that of some of the chromatographic methods, but the proposed method uses less organic solvent and cheaper instruments. These microextraction devices and the fluorescence spectrometer are portable and provide an instant result, which shows promise for the evaluation of the total level of PAEs in beverages on site. The proposed method successfully detected the total level of PAEs in 38 kinds of soft drink samples from local supermarkets, indicating its potential for applications in the packaged beverage industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jindong Ni
- Correspondence: (H.T.); (J.N.); Tel.: +86-769-22896569 (H.T.); +86-769-22896572 (J.N.)
| | - Huanwen Tang
- Correspondence: (H.T.); (J.N.); Tel.: +86-769-22896569 (H.T.); +86-769-22896572 (J.N.)
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Determination of Five Phthalate Esters in Tea and Their Dynamic Characteristics during Black Tea Processing. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091266. [PMID: 35563987 PMCID: PMC9103538 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly specific and high extraction-rate method for the analysis of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), and di-(2-ethyl) hexyl phthalate (DEHP) in tea samples was developed. Based on three-factor Box-Behnken response surface design, solid-phase extraction (SPE) of five phthalate ester (PAE) residues in tea was optimized. Optimal extraction conditions were found for extraction temperature (40 °C), extraction time (12 h), and ratio of tea to n-hexane (1:20). The dynamic distribution of PAEs at each stage of black tea processing was also analyzed, and it was found that the baking process was the main stage of PAE emission, indicating that traditional processing of black tea significantly degrades PAEs. Further, principal component analysis of the physicochemical properties and processing factors of the five PAEs identified the main processing stages affecting the release of PAEs, and it was found that the degradation of PAEs during black tea processing is also related to its own physicochemical properties, especially the octanol-water partition coefficient. These results can provide important references for the detection, determination of processing losses, and control of maximum residue limits (MRLs) of PAEs to ensure the quality and safety of black tea.
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Hollow Fiber-Solid Phase Microextraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environment Water Followed by Flash Evaporation GC/MS. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Zhang S, Wang R, Wu Y, Chen Z, Tong P, He Y, Lin Z, Cai Z. One-Pot Synthesis of Magnetic Covalent Organic Frameworks for Highly Efficient Enrichment of Phthalate Esters from Fine Particulate Matter. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1667:462906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vasseghian Y, Hosseinzadeh S, Khataee A, Dragoi EN. The concentration of persistent organic pollutants in water resources: A global systematic review, meta-analysis and probabilistic risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:149000. [PMID: 34273825 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are environmentally stable and highly toxic chemicals that accumulate in living adipose tissue and have a very destructive effect on aquatic ecosystems. To analyze the evolution of the concentration and prevalence of POPs such as α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, ∑-HCH, Heptachlor, Aldrin, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, ∑-DDT, and ∑-OCP in water resources, a search between January 01, 1970, to February 10, 2020, was followed using a systematic review and meta-analysis prevalence. Among the 2306 explored articles in the reconnaissance step, 311 articles with 5315 exemplars, 56 countries, and 4 types of water were included in the meta-analysis study. Among all studied POPs, the concentration of p,p'-DDT in water resources was the highest, especially in drinking water resources. The overall rank order based on the concentration and prevalence of POPs were surface water > drinking water > seawater > groundwater. To identify POPs-contaminated areas, the distance from the mean relative to their distribution was considered. The most to the least polluted areas included: South Africa, India, Turkey, Pakistan, Canada, Hong Kong, and China. The highest carcinogenic risk was observed for β-HCH (Turkey and China), followed by α-HCH (Mexico). The highest non-carcinogenic risk was identified for Aldrin (all analyzed countries), followed by Dieldrin (Turkey) and γ-HCH (Mexico). The Monte Carlo analysis (under the assumption that γ-HCH has a normal distribution), the mean obtained was 8.22E-07 for children and 3.83E-07 for adults. This is in accordance with the standard risk assessment approach. In terms of percentiles, the Monte-Carlo approach indicates that 75% of child population is under the 1.07E-06 risk and 95% of adults under 7.35E-06.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran
| | - Sevda Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia.
| | - Elena-Niculina Dragoi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection "Cristofor Simionescu", "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University, Iasi, Bld Mangeron no 73, 700050, Romania.
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Biopolymer-imidazolium based dicationic ionic liquid modified clay bionanocomposite coating for solid-phase microextraction of phthalate esters. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Luís C, Algarra M, Câmara JS, Perestrelo R. Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9070157. [PMID: 34357900 PMCID: PMC8309855 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9070157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are a group of chemicals used in a multitude of important industrial products (e.g., medical devices, children's toys, and food packages), mainly as plasticizers to improve mechanical properties such as flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The wide occurrence of phthalates in many consumer products, including foods (e.g., bottled water, soft drinks, wine, milk, and meat) brings that most people are exposed to phthalates every day, which raises some concerns. Adverse health outcomes from phthalates exposure have been associated with endocrine disruption, deformities in the human reproductive system, increased risk of preterm birth, carcinogen exposure, among others. Apprehension related to the health risks and ubiquitous incidence of phthalates in foods inspires the development of reliable analytical approaches that allow their detection and quantification at trace levels. The purpose of the current review is to provide information related to the presence of phthalates in the food chain, highlighting the health risks associated with their exposure. Moreover, an overview of emerging extraction procedures and high-resolution analytical approaches for a comprehensive quantification of phthalates is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Luís
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, Unidade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Manuel Algarra
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain;
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Engenharia, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (C.L.); (J.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-291-705-224
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Li J, Wang Z, Wang Q, Guo L, Wang C, Wang Z, Zhang S, Wu Q. Construction of hypercrosslinked polymers for high-performance solid phase microextraction of phthalate esters from water samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461972. [PMID: 33611110 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Design and synthesis of novel coatings for solid phase microextraction (SPME) is urgently needed for sample pretreatment. In this study, three hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) were constructed by the facile Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions between tetraphenylethylene (TPE) and 1,4-bis(chloromethyl)benzene (BCMB), 4,4'-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (BCMBP), and cyanuric chloride (CC), respectively. The newly-synthesized HCPs were employed as SPME coatings for the extraction of phthalate esters (PAEs). Various parameters influencing the SPME efficiencies, including extraction time and temperature, ionic strength, stirring rate, desorption temperature and time were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, low limits of detection (0.003-0.033 μg L - 1), wide linearity (0.01-10 μg L - 1) and good repeatability (4.1-9.3%) were achieved. The HCPs-based SPME method was successfully applied for the determination of eight PAEs in environmental water and bottled water samples with recoveries from 75.3% to 116%. This method provides a good alternative for monitoring trace level of PAEs in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Li
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Liying Guo
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Chun Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Shuaihua Zhang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China.
| | - Qiuhua Wu
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China.
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Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile/Ni-MOF electrospun nanofiber as an efficient fiber coating material for headspace solid-phase microextraction of diazinon and chlorpyrifos followed by CD-IMS analysis. Food Chem 2021; 350:129242. [PMID: 33626398 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an electrospun polyacrylonitrile/nickel-based metal-organic framework nanocomposite (PAN/Ni-MOF) coating on a stainless steel wire was synthesized and employed as a novel nanosorbent for headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), diazinon (DIZ), and chlorpyrifos (CPS) from the diverse aqueous media followed by corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry (CD-IMS). Under the optimum experimental conditions, the calibration plots were linear in the range of 1.0-250.0 ng mL-1 for DIZ and 0.5-300.0 ng mL-1 for CPS with r2 > 0.999. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were 0.3 and 0.2 ng mL-1 for DIZ and CPS, respectively. The intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs%) (n = 5) at the concentration levels of 20.0, 40.0, and 100.0 ng mL-1 were ≤ 5.2%. To investigate the extraction efficiency, PAN/Ni-MOF was employed to analyze various juice samples, including orange, apple, and grape juices, and in three water samples where it led to good recoveries ranged between 87% and 98%.
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Mohammadi P, Masrournia M, Es’haghi Z, Pordel M. Hollow fiber coated Fe3O4@Maleamic acid-functionalized graphene oxide as a sorbent for stir bar sorptive extraction of ibuprofen, aspirin, and venlafaxine in human urine samples before determining by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Khataei MM, Yamini Y, Ghaemmaghami M. Reduced graphene-decorated covalent organic framework as a novel coating for solid-phase microextraction of phthalate esters coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:256. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-4224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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