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Benedetti B, Di Carro M, Scapuzzi C, Magi E. Solvent-Free Determination of Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Plant Material Used for Food Supplements Preparation: Optimization of a Solid Phase Microextraction Method. Molecules 2023; 28:5937. [PMID: 37630189 PMCID: PMC10459292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of waste and by-products in various applications is becoming a cornerstone of the circular economy. A range of biomasses can be employed to produce food supplements. An example is a particular extract obtained from plant buds (rich in bioactive molecules), which can be easily retrieved from cities' pruning. In order to safely use this material, its possible contamination by organic pollutants needs to be estimated. A green and simple method to detect priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bud samples by head space solid phase microextraction coupled to GC-MS was developed. This strategy, optimized through experimental design and response surface methodology, requires a minimal sample pre-treatment and negligible solvent consumption. The final method was found to be accurate and sensitive for PAHs with mass up to 228 Da. For these analytes, satisfactory figures of merit were achieved, with detection limits in the range 1-4 ng g-1, good inter-day precision (relative standard deviation in the range 4-11%), and satisfactory accuracy (88-105%), along with specificity guaranteed by the selected ion monitoring detection. The method was applied to bud samples coming from differently polluted areas, thus helping in estimating the safety of their use for the production of food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy; (B.B.); (M.D.C.); (C.S.)
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2
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Riboni N, Bianchi F, Scaccaglia M, Bisceglie F, Secchi A, Massera C, Luches P, Careri M. A novel multiwalled carbon nanotube-cyclodextrin nanocomposite for solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in snow samples. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:212. [PMID: 37171627 PMCID: PMC10181969 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Novel solid-phase microextraction coatings based on the use of multiwalled carbon nanotube-cyclodextrin (MWCNT-CD) nanocomposites were developed for the determination of 16-priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at ultratrace levels in snow samples. The performance of both β- and γ-CD was tested to increase the detection capabilities towards the heaviest and most lipophilic compounds, i.e., five- and six-ring PAHs. To facilitate the interactions of MWCNTs with CDs, an oxidation procedure using both HNO3 and H2O2 was applied, obtaining superior results using MWCNTs-H2O2-γ-CD fiber. Detection and quantitation limits below 0.7 and 2.3 ng/L, RSD lower than 21%, and recoveries of 88(± 2)-119.8(± 0.4)% proved the reliability of the developed method for the determination of PAHs at ultratrace levels. The complexation capability of the γ-CD was also demonstrated in solution by NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy studies and at solid state by XRD analysis. Finally, snow samples collected in the ski area of Dolomiti di Brenta were analyzed, showing a different distribution of the 16 priority PAHs, being naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene the only compounds detected in all the analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Riboni
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - F Bianchi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
- University of Parma, Center for Energy and Environment (CIDEA), Parco Area delle Scienze 42, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - M Scaccaglia
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - F Bisceglie
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - A Secchi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - C Massera
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - P Luches
- Nanoscience Institute, CNR, via G. Campi 213/A, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - M Careri
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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3
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Huang TY, Yu JCC. Carbon nanotubes-assisted solid-phase microextraction for the extraction of gasoline in fire debris samples. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1701:464063. [PMID: 37201431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gasoline is one of the most encountered ignitable liquids (IL) in fire debris analysis. The extraction of gasoline from fire debris samples presents challenges due to the complicated nature of multicomponent mixtures. This research work proposed a novel carbon nanotube-assisted solid phase microextraction (CNT-SPME) fiber coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to determine gasoline residues for fire debris analysis. The CNT-SPME fiber was prepared by a sequential coating of polydopamine, epoxy, and CNTs on a stainless-steel wire. The extraction capabilities of the CNT-SPME fiber for gasoline and its major aromatic groups (xylenes, alkylbenzenes, indanes, and naphthalenes) from neat and spiked samples were promising, with linear dynamic ranges of 0.4-12.5 and 3.1-12.5 µg 20-mL-1 headspace vial, respectively. The average relative standard deviations and accuracies for all concentration ranges in this work were lower than 15%. The relative recovery of the CNT-SPME fiber for all aromatic groups ranged from 28 ± 3% to 59 ± 2%. Additionally, the CNT-SPME fiber showed a higher selectivity for the naphthalenes group in gasoline, as indicated by the experimental outcome using a pulsed thermal desorption process of the extracts. We envision the nanomaterial-based SPME offers promising opportunities for extracting and detecting other ILs to support fire investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Huang
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Blwers Blvd., Huntsville, TX 77340, United States
| | - Jorn Chi Chung Yu
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Blwers Blvd., Huntsville, TX 77340, United States.
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4
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Riboni N, Amorini M, Bianchi F, Pedrini A, Pinalli R, Dalcanale E, Careri M. Ultra-sensitive solid-phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in snow samples using a deep cavity BenzoQxCavitand. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135144. [PMID: 35660393 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A very sensitive and selective solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method based on the use of a deep cavity BenzoQxCavitand as innovative coating was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of the 16 US-EPA priority pollutants polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in snow samples at ultra-trace levels. The presence of a 8.3 Å deep hydrophobic cavity allowed the engulfment of all the 16 PAHs, providing enhanced selectivity also in presence of interfering aromatic pollutants at high concentration levels. Validation proved the reliability of the method for the determination of the investigated compounds achieving detection limits in the 0.03-0.30 ng/L range, good precision, with relative standard deviations <18% and recovery rates in the 90.8(±2.1)%-109.6(±1.0)%. The detection of low-molecular weight PAHs in snow samples from Antarctica and Alps confirms the widespread occurrence of these compounds, thus assessing the impact of anthropogenic activities onto the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Riboni
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - M Amorini
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - F Bianchi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy; University of Parma, Center for Energy and Environment (CIDEA), Parco Area delle Scienze 42, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - A Pedrini
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - R Pinalli
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - E Dalcanale
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - M Careri
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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Tong Y, Li S, Wu Y, Guo J, Zhou B, Zhou Q, Jiang L, Niu J, Zhang Y, Liu H, Yuan S, Huang S, Zhan Y. Graphene oxide modified magnetic polyamidoamide dendrimers based magnetic solid phase extraction for sensitive measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134009. [PMID: 35189186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, graphene oxide modified magnetic polyamidoamine dendrimers (MNPs@PAMAM-G2.0@GO) nanoparticles were successfully prepared by amidation method. The obtained MNPs@PAMAM-G2.0@GO nanocomposites were examined by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), etc. MNPs@PAMAM-G2.0@GO exhibited excellent adsorption property and was investigated for magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from water. The detection of extracted PAHs was accomplished by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The target PAHs included anthracene (ANT), pyrene (PYR), fluoranthene (FLT), carbazole (CB), 7-methylquinoline (7-MQL), 9-methylcarbazole (9-MCB), dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DBT). Important operation parameters for MSPE that could affect the extraction efficiencies of PAHs were investigated in detail. Under optimal parameters, the constructed method demonstrated excellent linear range with 0.001-10 μg L-1 for analytes and low limits of detection within the range of 0.11-0.9 ng L-1. The spiked average recoveries of PAHs in natural water samples ranged from 92.5% to 105.2%. The promising results indicated that MNPs@PAMAM-G2.0@GO could be employed to efficiently extract PAHs from aqueous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Shuangying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yalin Wu
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Jinghan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Boyao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Qingxiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Liushan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Jingwen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Shiyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Yali Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China.
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Ercan MSF, Ayyıldız MF, Yazıcı E, Metin B, Chormey DS, Koçoğlu ES, Bakırdere S. Development and validation of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 200 Antarctica samples by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:328. [PMID: 35384516 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09991-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antarctica has seen an increase in scientific research and tourism, and anthropogenic activities such as incineration of waste products and fuel combustion for energy and transportation are potential contamination sources to the ecosystem. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are common products of incomplete combustion of organic compounds and could be among accumulating contaminants in Antarctica. Thus, this study sought to develop a sensitive dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Parameters that were relevant to the extraction method were carefully optimized and validated using aqueous standard solutions. The optimum method recorded detection limits in the range of 0.20-6.1 µg/L for the analytes. Spike recovery experiments were carried out on artificial seawater, rock-soil, and moss samples, using matrix matching calibration to mitigate effects of the sample matrices. The samples analyzed included seawater, lake, rock-soil, moss, seaweed, and feces samples all collected from the Horseshoe and Faure Islands in Antarctica. The percent recovery results obtained for the samples spiked at different concentrations ranged between 86 and 115%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elif Yazıcı
- Chemistry Department, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Berfin Metin
- Chemistry Department, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Dotse Selali Chormey
- Chemistry Department, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
- Innova Gold Group, Merkez Mah. Ladin Sok. No:4/B001 Yenibosna, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Seda Koçoğlu
- Chemistry Department, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Chemistry Department, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey.
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No: 112, 06670, Ankara, Turkey.
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Convenient synthesis of a hyper-cross-linked polymer via knitting strategy for high-performance solid phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Saraji M, Nobakht G. Sponge-like porous manganese(II, III) oxide as a coating for solvent-assisted solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1669:462947. [PMID: 35298937 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A nanostructure sponge-like porous manganese(II, III) oxide was synthesized and applied as a new fiber coating for solvent-assisted solid-phase microextraction. The synthesized material was characterized via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and N2 adsorption/desorption techniques. To investigate the extraction performance of the prepared material, direct immersion solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for the determination of the selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater samples. Three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including 1-methylnaphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene were selected as model analytes. To maximize the sensitivity of the method, key experimental factors affecting the extraction efficiency of the analytes such as ionic strength, extraction solvent, stirring rate, extraction temperature and time, and desorption temperature and time were optimized. The applicability of the new coating material for the extraction of the selected analytes from wastewater samples was evaluated. Under the optimum conditions, detection limits between 0.7 and 1.5 ng L-1 were obtained for the model analytes. The linear dynamic range was 5.0-3.0 × 103 ng L-1 for all the analytes. Relative standard deviations were between 2 and 11%. In the case of real sample analysis, the extraction recoveries of the analytes were obtained in the range of 77-111%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saraji
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran.
| | - Ghazal Nobakht
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
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Peng S, Huang Y, Ouyang S, Huang J, Shi Y, Tong YJ, Zhao X, Li N, Zheng J, Zheng J, Gong X, Xu J, Zhu F, Ouyang G. Efficient solid phase microextraction of organic pollutants based on graphene oxide/chitosan aerogel. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1195:339462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Arcoleo A, Bianchi F, Careri M. A sensitive microextraction by packed sorbent-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in Antarctic surface snow. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131082. [PMID: 34470154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For the first time an eco-friendly method involving microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed for the determination of the 16 US-EPA priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as indicators of anthropogenic contamination in snow samples collected in polar regions. MEPS was carried out by using C8 sorbent material packed in a barrel insert and needle (BIN) and integrated in the eVol® semi-automatic device. For optimization purposes a Face Centred Design and the multicriteria method of the desirability functions were performed to investigate the effect of some parameters affecting the MEPS extraction efficiency, i.e. the number of loading cycles and the number of elution cycles. The developed MEPS-GC-MS method proved to be suitable for PAHs analysis at ultra-trace level by extracting small sample volumes achieving detection limits for 16 PAHs in the 0.3-5 ng L-1 range, repeatability and intermediate precision below 11% and 15%, respectively, and good recovery rates in the 77.6 (±0.1)-120.8 (±0.1)% range for spiked blank snow samples. Enrichment factors in the 64 (±7)-129 (±18) range were calculated. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of PAHs in surface snow samples collected in 2020-2021 from four locations of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Local emission sources such as ships and research stations were found to influence PAHs concentrations in the surface snow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Arcoleo
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Bianchi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Delińska K, Rakowska PW, Kloskowski A. Porous material-based sorbent coatings in solid-phase microextraction technique: Recent trends and future perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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