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Nigdelioglu Dolanbay S, Şirin S, Aslim B. Cocktail of three isoquinoline alkaloids derived from Glaucium grandiflorum Boiss. & A. Huet subsp. refractum (Nábelek) Mory inhibits the production of LPS-induced ROS, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and mediators through the down-regulation of p38 MAPK in BV-2 cells. Fitoterapia 2023; 170:105652. [PMID: 37595642 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Glaucium grandiflorum extracts have traditionally been used to treat brain-related disorders. G. grandiflorum extracts also exhibited inhibitory effects on cholinesterase enzymes, as well as antigenotoxic activity. However, no research has been done on the effect of G. grandiflorum alkaloid extracts on the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In this study we aimed to evaluate the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of the alkaloid extract obtained from G. grandiflorum as well as the mechanisms responsible for their neuroprotective effects in neuronal damage caused by LPS in BV2 cells. We used LC-MS/MS and 1H, 13C NMR analysis to determine the presence of major alkaloids (allocryptopine, tetrahydropalmatine, and tetrahydroberberine N-oxide (trans-cannadine-N-oxide) in the alkaloid extracts. We used flow cytometry to study the alkaloid extracts' effects on ROS production; we also employed qRT-PCR and Western Blot to analyze the effects of oxidative stress and inflammation-related genes and proteins. ROS production within the cell was inhibited by chloroform alkaloid extract (CAE). There occurred marked CAE-induced reductions in IL-1β, Cox-2, and iNOS mRNA expressions. We also observed marked reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expressions with methanol alkaloid extract (MAE). CAE effectively suppressed IL-1β and iNOS protein levels, especially as in qRT-PCR studies, while MAE effectively reduced IL-6 and TNF-α protein levels. Additionally, MAE was found to be prominent in suppressing the levels of Cox-2 protein, unlike qRT-PCR studies. According to our study findings, oxidative stress brought about by inflammation was suppressed by alkaloid extracts from G. grandiflorum which can be attributed to their suppressor effects on the pro-inflammatory cytokines-mediators, and p38 MAPK. As a result, a drug active substance that suppresses oxidative stress and inflammation has been brought to the neuropharmacological field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seda Şirin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Belma Aslim
- Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 06500, Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey
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Han Y, Sun X, Kuang D, Tong P, Lu C, Wang W, Li N, Chen Y, Wang X, Dai J, Zhang H. Characterization of tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) interleukin-6 and its expression pattern in response to exogenous challenge. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1679-1690. [PMID: 29039460 PMCID: PMC5716431 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree shrews, one of the closest relatives of primates, have attracted increasing attention as a model of human diseases, particularly for viral infections. As the first line of defense against microbial pathogens, the innate immune system is crucial in tree shrews. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is important in the pathophysiology of infection, inflammation and cancer, where it promotes disease development or sustains immune reactions. The present study aimed to obtain further insight into the tree shrew IL-6 (tsIL-6) system, and the function of tsIL-6 in the antiviral and antibacterial response. In the present study, the mRNA and genomic sequence of the tsIL-6 gene were characterized, and the tissue distribution and expression profile of this gene were analyzed in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) treatment. The full-length tsIL-6 mRNA consisted of 1,152 bp with an open reading frame of 627 bp encoding 208 amino acids, a 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of 62 bp, and a 3′-UTR of 436 bp. The genome sequence of the tsIL-6 gene was 5,265 bp in length, comprising of five exons and four introns. The predicted tsIL-6 protein contained a 25-amino-acid-long signal peptide and a conserved IL-6 domain. Phylogenetic analysis based on the coding sequences revealed that tsIL-6 was closely related to IL-6 in humans. Residues crucial for receptor binding were completely conserved in the tree shrew protein. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that tsIL-6 mRNA was expressed in all examined tissues of healthy tree shrews, with high levels in the muscle and spleen. Following poly I:C challenge, the expression levels of tsIL-6 were upregulated in four tissues associated with immune system, the liver, spleen, kidney and intestine. Taken together, the molecular and bioinformatics analyses based on the IL-6 sequence revealed that the tree shrew has a close phylogenetic association with humans. These results provide insight for future investigations on the structure and function of tsIL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Han
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Dexuan Kuang
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Pinfen Tong
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Caixia Lu
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic and System Biology, TNLIST/Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, P.R. China
| | - Jiejie Dai
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Huatang Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center of Biomedicine and Medical Equipment, Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401123, P.R. China
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