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Ma D, Liu X, Li J, Wu H, Ma J, Tai W. ELMO1 regulates macrophage directed migration and attenuates inflammation via NF-κB signaling pathway in primary biliary cholangitis. Dig Liver Dis 2024:S1590-8658(24)00769-2. [PMID: 38825413 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), a typical autoimmune liver disease, is characterized by an increased infiltration of immune cells. However, the specific molecular mechanisms regulating immune cell migration in PBC are unknown. Engulfment and cell motility 1 (ELMO1) plays an important function in cellular dynamics. In view of this, the aim of this study was to explore the expression of ELMO1 in PBC, its effects on the proliferation, migration, and secretion of inflammatory factors by the mainly regulated immune cells and the specific molecular mechanisms behind it. METHODS To determine the expression of ELMO1 in PBC and its major regulatory immune cells in PBC. The migratory and proliferative capacities of ELMO1-deficient macrophages were measured, and their pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion was also detected and explored mechanistically. RESULTS ELMO1 expression was up-regulated in the PBC patients and positively correlated with alkaline phosphatase (ALP). ELMO1 mainly regulated macrophages in the liver of PBC patients. Knockdown of ELMO1 did not affect macrophage proliferation, however,knockdown of ELMO1 significantly inhibited macrophage migration,downstream RAC1 activity was diminished, and reduced F-actin synthesis. Knockdown of ELMO1 reduced macrophage inflammatory factor secretion and NF-κB signaling pathway activity was decreased. CONCLUSIONS ELMO1 regulates macrophage directed migration and attenuates inflammation via NF-κB signaling pathway in primary biliary cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ma
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China, 650101
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China, 650101
| | - Jinyu Li
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China, 650101
| | - Hanxin Wu
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China, 650101
| | - Jiaxuan Ma
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China, 650101
| | - Wenlin Tai
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China, 650101.
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Li HL, Verhoeven A, Elferink RO. The role of soluble adenylyl cyclase in sensing and regulating intracellular pH. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:457-465. [PMID: 38581526 PMCID: PMC11006738 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02952-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) differs from transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmAC) in many aspects. In particular, the activity of sAC is not regulated by G-proteins but by the prevailing bicarbonate concentrations inside cells. Therefore, sAC serves as an exquisite intracellular pH sensor, with the capacity to translate pH changes into the regulation of localization and/or activity of cellular proteins involved in pH homeostasis. In this review, we provide an overview of literature describing the regulation of sAC activity by bicarbonate, pinpointing the importance of compartmentalization of intracellular cAMP signaling cascades. In addition, examples of processes involving proton and bicarbonate transport in different cell types, in which sAC plays an important regulatory role, were described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lam Li
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Research Institute AGEM, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur Verhoeven
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Research Institute AGEM, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Research Institute AGEM, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Ma D, Ma J, Zhao C, Tai W. Reasons why women are more likely to develop primary biliary cholangitis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25634. [PMID: 38384574 PMCID: PMC10878884 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune disease of biliary stasis in which immune factors cause the gradual destruction of small bile ducts, biliary stasis, and eventually the development of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even liver failure. One of the main characteristics of PBC is that it primarily affects middle-aged women, but the precise cause is still unknown. This article analyzes the unique causes and mechanisms of the female predominance of PBC and summarizes the potential causes.The female domination of PBC is reported to be primarily caused by sex hormones, environmental circumstances, and epigenetic changes, each of which has a different subtle impact on patients' gender disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ma
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiaxuan Ma
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chunmei Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenlin Tai
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Li HL, Go S, Chang JC, Verhoeven A, Elferink RO. Soluble adenylyl cyclase, the cell-autonomous member of the family. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166936. [PMID: 37951509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is the evolutionarily most ancient of a set of 10 adenylyl cyclases (Adcys). While Adcy1 to Adcy9 are cAMP-producing enzymes that are activated by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), Adcy10 (sAC) is an intracellular adenylyl cyclase. sAC plays a pivotal role in numerous cellular processes, ranging from basic physiological functions to complex signaling cascades. As a distinct member of the adenylyl cyclase family, sAC is not activated by GPCRs and stands apart due to its unique characteristics, regulation, and localization within cells. This minireview aims to honour Ulli Brandt, the outgoing Executive Editor of our journal, Biochimica Biophysica Acta (BBA), and longstanding Executive Editor of the BBA section Bioenergetics. We will therefore focus this review on bioenergetic aspects of sAC and, in addition, review some important recent general developments in the field of research on sAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lam Li
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Research Institute AGEM, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands
| | - Simei Go
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Research Institute AGEM, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands
| | - Jung-Chin Chang
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Research Institute AGEM, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur Verhoeven
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Research Institute AGEM, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Research Institute AGEM, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands.
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5
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Jiang H, Yu Y, Hu X, Du B, Shao Y, Wang F, Chen L, Yan R, Li L, Lv L. The fecal microbiota of patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) causes PBC-like liver lesions in mice and exacerbates liver damage in a mouse model of PBC. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2383353. [PMID: 39105259 PMCID: PMC11305030 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2383353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiota in the occurrence and progression of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is not fully understood. First, the fecal microbiota of patients with PBC (n = 4) (PBC-FMT) or healthy individuals (n = 3) (HC-FMT) was transplanted into pseudo germ-free mice or 2OA-BSA-induced PBC models. The functions, histology and transcriptome of the liver, and microbiota and metabolome of the feces were analyzed. Second, the liver transcriptomes of PBC patients (n = 7) and normal individuals (n = 7) were analyzed. Third, the liver transcriptomes of patients with other liver diseases were collected from online databases and compared with our human and mouse data. Our results showed that PBC-FMT increased the serum ALP concentration, total bile acid content, liver injury and number of disease-related pathways enriched with upregulated liver genes in pseudo germ-free mice and increased the serum glycylproline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase level and liver damage in a 2OA-BSA-induced PBC model. The gut microbiota and metabolome differed between PBC-FMT and HC-FMT mice and reflected those of their donors. PBC-FMT tended to upregulate hepatic immune and signal transduction pathways but downregulate metabolic pathways, as in some PBC patients. The hematopoietic cell lineage, Toll-like receptor, and PPAR signaling pathway were not affected in patients with alcoholic hepatitis, HBV, HCV, HCV cirrhosis, or NASH, indicating their potential roles in the gut microbiota affecting PBC. In conclusion, the altered gut microbiota of PBC patients plays an important role in the occurrence and progression of PBC. The improvement of the gut microbiota is worthy of in-depth research and promotion as a critical aspect of PBC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingbing Du
- Microecological Laboratory, Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Yini Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ren Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longxian Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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6
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Chen R, Huang B, Lian M, Wei Y, Miao Q, Liang J, Ou Y, Liang X, Zhang H, Li Y, Xiao X, Wang Q, You Z, Chai J, Gershwin ME, Tang R, Ma X. A+T rich interaction domain protein 3a (Arid3a) impairs Mertk-mediated efferocytosis in cholestasis. J Hepatol 2023; 79:1478-1490. [PMID: 37659731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Macrophages are key elements in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases. Arid3a plays a prominent role in the biologic properties of hematopoietic stem cells, B lymphocytes and tumor cells, but its ability to modulate macrophage function during cholestasis remains unknown. METHODS Gene and protein expression and cellular localization were assessed by q-PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. We generated myeloid-specific Arid3a knockout mice and established three cholestatic murine models. The transcriptome was analyzed by RNA-seq. A specific inhibitor of the Mertk receptor was used in vitro and in vivo. Promoter activity was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq against Arid3a and a luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS In cholestatic murine models, myeloid-specific deletion of Arid3a alleviated cholestatic liver injury (accompanied by decreased accumulation of macrophages). Arid3a-deficient macrophages manifested a more reparative phenotype, which was eliminated by in vitro treatment with UNC2025, a specific inhibitor of the efferocytosis receptor Mertk. Efferocytosis of apoptotic cholangiocytes was enhanced in Arid3a-deficient macrophages via upregulation of Mertk. Arid3a negatively regulated Mertk transcription by directly binding to its promoter. Targeting Mertk in vivo effectively reversed the protective phenotype of Arid3a deficiency in macrophages. Arid3a was upregulated in hepatic macrophages and circulating monocytes in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Mertk was correspondingly upregulated and negatively correlated with Arid3a expression in PBC and PSC. Mertk+ cells were located in close proximity to cholangiocytes, while Arid3a+ cells were scattered among immune cells with greater spatial distances to hyperplastic cholangiocytes in PBC and PSC. CONCLUSIONS Arid3a promotes cholestatic liver injury by impairing Mertk-mediated efferocytosis of apoptotic cholangiocytes by macrophages during cholestasis. The Arid3a-Mertk axis is a promising novel therapeutic target for cholestatic liver diseases. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases. This study reveals that macrophages with Arid3a upregulation manifest a pro-inflammatory phenotype and promote cholestatic liver injury by impairing Mertk-mediated efferocytosis of apoptotic cholangiocytes during cholestasis. Although we now offer a new paradigm to explain how efferocytosis is regulated in a myeloid cell autonomous manner, the regulatory effects of Arid3a on chronic liver diseases remain to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Bingyuan Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Min Lian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Yiran Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi Miao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Jubo Liang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Yiyan Ou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Xueying Liang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Huayang Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - You Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Qixia Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Zhengrui You
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Jin Chai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Diseases of PLA, Cholestatic Liver Diseases Center and Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Ruqi Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China.
| | - Xiong Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China; Institute of Aging & Tissue Regeneration, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Reshetnyak VI, Maev IV. New insights into the pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis asymptomatic stage. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:5292-5304. [PMID: 37899787 PMCID: PMC10600802 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i37.5292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic progressive liver disease and one of the most important progressive cholangiopathies in adults. Damage to cholangiocytes triggers the development of intrahepatic cholestasis, which progresses to cirrhosis in the terminal stage of the disease. Accumulating data indicate that damage to biliary epithelial cells [(BECs), cholangiocytes] is most likely associated with the intracellular accumulation of bile acids, which have potent detergent properties and damaging effects on cell membranes. The mechanisms underlying uncontrolled bile acid intake into BECs in PBC are associated with pH change in the bile duct lumen, which is controlled by the bicarbonate (HCO3-) buffer system "biliary HCO3- umbrella". The impaired production and entry of HCO3- from BECs into the bile duct lumen is due to epigenetic changes in expression of the X-linked microRNA 506. Based on the growing body of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of cholangiocyte damage in patients with PBC, we propose a hypothesis explaining the pathogenesis of the first morphologic (ductulopenia), immunologic (antimitochondrial autoantibodies) and clinical (weakness, malaise, rapid fatigue) signs of the disease in the asymptomatic stage. This review focuses on the consideration of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy Ivanovich Reshetnyak
- Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases and Gastroenterology, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Igor Veniaminovich Maev
- Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases and Gastroenterology, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
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8
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Yang Y, He X, Rojas M, Leung PSC, Gao L. Mechanism-based target therapy in primary biliary cholangitis: opportunities before liver cirrhosis? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184252. [PMID: 37325634 PMCID: PMC10266968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an immune-mediated liver disease characterized by cholestasis, biliary injuries, liver fibrosis, and chronic non-suppurative cholangitis. The pathogenesis of PBC is multifactorial and involves immune dysregulation, abnormal bile metabolism, and progressive fibrosis, ultimately leading to cirrhosis and liver failure. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA) are currently used as first- and second-line treatments, respectively. However, many patients do not respond adequately to UDCA, and the long-term effects of these drugs are limited. Recent research has advanced our understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis in PBC and greatly facilitated development of novel drugs to target mechanistic checkpoints. Animal studies and clinical trials of pipeline drugs have yielded promising results in slowing disease progression. Targeting immune mediated pathogenesis and anti-inflammatory therapies are focused on the early stage, while anti-cholestatic and anti-fibrotic therapies are emphasized in the late stage of disease, which is characterized by fibrosis and cirrhosis development. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that currently, there exists a dearth of therapeutic options that can effectively impede the progression of the disease to its terminal stages. Hence, there is an urgent need for further research aimed at investigating the underlying pathophysiology mechanisms with potential therapeutic effects. This review highlights our current knowledge of the underlying immunological and cellular mechanisms of pathogenesis in PBC. Further, we also address current mechanism-based target therapies for PBC and potential therapeutic strategies to improve the efficacy of existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - XiaoSong He
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Manuel Rojas
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Patrick S. C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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9
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Kim KA. [Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = TAEHAN SOHWAGI HAKHOE CHI 2023; 81:86-90. [PMID: 36824036 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2023.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease prevalent in middle-aged women and characterized by chronic cholestasis. PBC is diagnosed when at least two of the following three criteria are met: elevated alkaline phosphatase, presence of PBC-specific autoantibodies such as the anti-mitochondrial antibody or PBC-specific anti-nuclear antibodies, and non-suppurative inflammation of the interlobular bile duct after excluding other causes including drugs and biliary obstruction. The first-line treatment for PBC is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, 13-15 mg/kg/day). The response to UDCA is predictive of long-term prognosis and should be evaluated 6-12 months after the UDCA treatment. The second-line treatments for PBC recommended due to an inadequate response to UDCA include obeticholic acid and fibrates. Symptoms and complications, including pruritus, sicca syndrome, and osteoporosis, should be evaluated and appropriately managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ah Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
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10
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Qiu C, Yang L, Liu S, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Jin Z. Interleukin-35 dampens T helper 22 phenotype shift in CD4 +CD25 +CD127 dim/- regulatory T cells in primary biliary cholangitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023:109751. [PMID: 36697307 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The phenotype shift in regulatory T cells (Tregs) contributes to immunopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The current study was aimed to investigate the regulatory function of interleukin-35 (IL-35) to T helper 22 (Th22) cell phenotype shift in Tregs in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Fifty-five PBC patients and twenty-four controls were enrolled. CD4+CD25+CD127dim/- Tregs and Th22 cells were investigated by flow cytometry. Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mRNA levels were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Plasma IL-10 and IL-22 levels were measured by ELISA. Purified Tregs were stimulated with exogenous IL-35, and were co-cultured with autologous CD4+CD25- T cells. Cellular proliferation and cytokine production was measured. Purified Tregs were also cultured into Th22 condition in the presence or absence of exogenous IL-35, and Th22 phenotype were assessed. PBC patients had lower levels of Treg percentage, FoxP3 mRNA, and plasma IL-10, while had higher levels of Th22 proportion, AhR mRNA, and plasma IL-22. Tregs from PBC patients showed reduced immunosuppressive activity, which presented as increased cellular proliferation, interferon-γ production and decreased IL-35/IL-10 secretion in co-culture system. Tregs shifted into Th22 phenotype in PBC patients with elevated CCR4, CCR6, and CCR10 expression as well as increased IL-22 production. IL-35 not only enhanced inhibitory function of Tregs but also suppressed phenotype shift of Tregs into Th22 phenotype in PBC patients. This process was accompanied by elevation of IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 secretion by Tregs from PBC patients. The present data suggested that reduced IL-35 might be insufficient to maintain Tregs function and phenotype shift from Tregs into Th22 phenotype in PBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qiu
- Digestive Disease Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanlan Yang
- Digestive Disease Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Digestive Disease Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhui Zhang
- Digestive Disease Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Digestive Disease Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjing Jin
- Digestive Disease Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130041, People's Republic of China.
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