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Boby N, Cao X, Williams K, Gadila SKG, Shroyer MN, Didier PJ, Srivastav SK, Das A, Baker K, Sha Q, Pahar B. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Mediated Changes in Jejunum and Peripheral SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 and Associated Proteins or Genes in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835686. [PMID: 35281029 PMCID: PMC8914048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and associated proteins play a pivotal role in various physiological and pathological events, such as immune activation, inflammation, gut barrier maintenance, intestinal stem cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Although many of these clinical events are quite significant in SIV/HIV infection, expression profiling of these proteins has not been well reported. Considering the different pathological consequences in the gut after HIV infection, we hypothesized that the expression of ACE2 and associated proteins of the Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) could be compromised after SIV/HIV infection. We quantified the gene expression of ACE2 as well as AGTR1/2, ADAM17, and TMPRSS2, and compared between SIV infected and uninfected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta; hereafter abbreviated RMs). The gene expression analysis revealed significant downregulation of ACE2 and upregulation of AGTR2 and inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the gut of infected RMs. Protein expression profiling also revealed significant upregulation of AGTR2 after infection. The expression of ACE2 in protein level was also decreased, but not significantly, after infection. To understand the entirety of the process in newly regenerated epithelial cells, a global transcriptomic study of enteroids raised from intestinal stem cells was performed. Interestingly, most of the genes associated with the RAS, such as DPP4, MME, ANPEP, ACE2, ENPEP, were found to be downregulated in SIV infection. HNFA1 was found to be a key regulator of ACE2 and related protein expression. Jejunum CD4+ T cell depletion and increased IL-6 mRNA, MCP-1 and AGTR2 expression may signal inflammation, monocyte/macrophage accumulation and epithelial apoptosis in accelerating SIV pathogenesis. Overall, the findings in the study suggested a possible impact of SIV/HIV infection on expression of ACE2 and RAS-associated proteins resulting in the loss of gut homeostasis. In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV co-infection remains uncertain and needs further investigation as the significance profile of ACE2, a viral entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, and its expression in mRNA and protein varied in the current study. There is a concern of aggravated SARS-CoV-2 outcomes due to possible serious pathological events in the gut resulting from compromised expression of RAS- associated proteins in SIV/HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongthombam Boby
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xuewei Cao
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Kelsey Williams
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Shiva Kumar Goud Gadila
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Monica N. Shroyer
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Peter J. Didier
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Sudesh K. Srivastav
- Department of Biostatistics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Kate Baker
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Qiuying Sha
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bapi Pahar,
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Boby N, Cao X, Ransom A, Pace BT, Mabee C, Shroyer MN, Das A, Didier PJ, Srivastav SK, Porter E, Sha Q, Pahar B. Identification, Characterization, and Transcriptional Reprogramming of Epithelial Stem Cells and Intestinal Enteroids in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:769990. [PMID: 34887863 PMCID: PMC8650114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.769990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell injury and impaired epithelial regeneration are considered key features in HIV pathogenesis and contribute to HIV-induced generalized immune activation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the disrupted epithelial regeneration might provide an alternative approach for the treatment of HIV-mediated enteropathy and immune activation. We have observed a significant increased presence of α defensin5+ (HD5) Paneth cells and proliferating Ki67+ epithelial cells as well as decreased expression of E-cadherin expression in epithelial cells during SIV infection. SIV infection did not significantly influence the frequency of LGR5+ stem cells, but the frequency of HD5+ cells was significantly higher compared to uninfected controls in jejunum. Our global transcriptomics analysis of enteroids provided novel information about highly significant changes in several important pathways like metabolic, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, where the majority of the differentially expressed genes were downregulated in enteroids grown from chronically SIV-infected macaques compared to the SIV-uninfected controls. Despite the lack of significant reduction in LGR5+ stem cell population, the dysregulation of several intestinal stem cell niche factors including Notch, mTOR, AMPK and Wnt pathways as well as persistence of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and loss of epithelial barrier function in enteroids further supports that SIV infection impacts on epithelial cell proliferation and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongthombam Boby
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xuewei Cao
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Alyssa Ransom
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Barcley T Pace
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Christopher Mabee
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Monica N Shroyer
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Peter J Didier
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Sudesh K Srivastav
- Department of Biostatistics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Edith Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Qiuying Sha
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Enhanced Intestinal TGF-β/SMAD-Dependent Signaling in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Rhesus Macaques. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040806. [PMID: 33916615 PMCID: PMC8066988 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β signaling (TGF-β) maintains a balanced physiological function including cell growth, differentiation, and proliferation and regulation of immune system by modulating either SMAD2/3 and SMAD7 (SMAD-dependent) or SMAD-independent signaling pathways under normal conditions. Increased production of TGF-β promotes immunosuppression in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection. However, the cellular source and downstream events of increased TGF-β production that attributes to its pathological manifestations remain unknown. Here, we have shown increased production of TGF-β in a majority of intestinal CD3−CD20−CD68+ cells from acute and chronically SIV infected rhesus macaques, which negatively correlated with the frequency of jejunum CD4+ T cells. No significant changes in intestinal TGF-β receptor II expression were observed but increased production of the pSMAD2/3 protein and SMAD3 gene expression in jejunum tissues that were accompanied by a downregulation of SMAD7 protein and gene expression. Enhanced TGF-β production by intestinal CD3−CD20−CD68+ cells and increased TGF-β/SMAD-dependent signaling might be due to a disruption of a negative feedback loop mediated by SMAD7. This suggests that SIV infection impacts the SMAD-dependent signaling pathway of TGF-β and provides a potential framework for further study to understand the role of viral factor(s) in modulating TGF-β production and downregulating SMAD7 expression in SIV. Regulation of mucosal TGF-β expression by therapeutic TGF-β blockers may help to create effective antiviral mucosal immune responses.
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Li H, Chang HM, Shi Z, Leung PCK. The p38 signaling pathway mediates the TGF-β1-induced increase in type I collagen deposition in human granulosa cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:15591-15604. [PMID: 32996643 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001377r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type I collagen, which is mainly composed of collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), is the most abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) protein in the mammalian ovary; and the cyclical remodeling of the ECM plays an essential role in the regulation of corpus luteum formation. Our previous studies have demonstrated that TGF-β1 is a potent inhibitor of luteinization in human granulosa-lutein (hGL) cells. Whether TGF-β1 can regulate the expression of COL1A1 during the luteal phase remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TGF-β1 on the regulation of COL1A1 expression and the underlying molecular mechanisms using an immortalized hGL cell line (SVOG cells) and primary hGL cells (obtained from 20 consenting patients undergoing IVF treatment). The results showed that TGF-β1 significantly upregulated the expression of COL1A1. Using inhibition approaches, including pharmacological inhibition (a specific p38 inhibitor, SB203580, and a specific ERK1/2 inhibitor, U0126) and specific siRNA-mediated knockdown inhibition, we demonstrated that TGF-β1 promoted the expression and production of COL1A1 in hGL cells, most likely via the ALK5-mediated p38 signaling pathway. Our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which TGF-β1 promotes the deposition of type I collagen during the late follicular phase in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zhendan Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Pahar B, Kuebler D, Rasmussen T, Wang X, Srivastav SK, Das A, Veazey RS. Quantification of Viral RNA and DNA Positive Cells in Tissues From Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Controller and Progressor Rhesus Macaques. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2933. [PMID: 31921088 PMCID: PMC6933296 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Eradication of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) from an infected individual cannot be achieved using current antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens. Viral reservoirs established in early infection remain unaffected by ART and are able to replenish systemic infection upon treatment interruption. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected macaque models are useful for studying HIV pathogenesis, treatments, and persistent viral reservoirs. Here, we used the SIV macaque model to examine and quantify RNA and DNA positive cells in tissues from macaques that control viral replication (controllers) and those that have persistently high plasma viremia (progressors). A positive correlation was detected between tissue RNA+ cells and plasma viral load in both mesenteric lymph node (LN) and spleen. Similarly, a positive correlation also observed between DNA+ cells and plasma viral load in ileum and jejunum. Controllers had a lower frequency of both RNA and DNA+ cells in several tissues compared to progressors. However, DNA+ cells were prevalent in mesenteric LN, inguinal LN, colon, midbrain, and bone marrow tissues in both controller and progressors. Organized lymphoid tissues of LNs, spleen, and intestine were found as the major tissues positive for virus. Viral RNA and DNA positive cells were detected in brain and thymus in macaques with high plasma viremia and SIV-encephalitis. Both T cells and macrophages were shown to be infected in several tissues, indicating vaccines and ART should be specifically designed to protect these cells in organized lymphoid tissues. These results indicate ART should target infected cells in secondary lymphoid organs to reduce both productively and latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Dot Kuebler
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Terri Rasmussen
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Sudesh K Srivastav
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
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Phosphorylated-Akt overexpression is associated with a higher risk of brain metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 18:100625. [PMID: 30976664 PMCID: PMC6444023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis (BM) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is relatively common and has a poor prognosis. Moreover, identifying which patients are more likely to develop BM is challenging. Akt, a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, can be activated in various tumors, including lung cancer, and may be associated with poor prognosis. Here, we used immunohistochemistry to evaluate phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt) expression in tumor tissues of 99 NSCLC patients. We also analyzed the genotype of the patients for two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the AKT1 gene, rs2498804 and rs2494732. We found that p-Akt expression differs between NSCLC patients and correlates with the risk of BM. Indeed, patients exhibiting medium to high p-Akt expression had a higher incidence of BM than those exhibiting low to no p-Akt expression (39% vs 16%). Our data also show that patients with the rs2498804 GT/GG and rs2494732 CT/TT variant genotypes were more likely to exhibit higher levels of p-Akt expression than those with the rs2498804 TT and rs2494732 CC variant genotypes (35% vs. 24% and 37% vs. 25%, respectively). Our results suggest that the level of expression of p-Akt, which may be affected by the AKT1 genotype, is correlated with the risk of BM. However, further studies are needed to establish p-Akt as a predictive marker for BM in NSCLC patients.
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Pan D, Das A, Srivastav SK, Traina-Dorge V, Didier PJ, Pahar B. Lack of T-cell-mediated IL-2 and TNFα production is linked to decreased CD58 expression in intestinal tissue during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Gen Virol 2018; 100:26-34. [PMID: 30480508 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For an effective T-cell activation and response, co-stimulation is required in addition to the antigen-specific signal from their antigen receptors. The CD2/CD58 interaction is considered as one of the most important T-cell co-stimulatory pathways for T-cell activation and proliferation, and its role in regulating intestinal T-cell function in acute and chronic SIV -infected macaques is poorly documented. Here, we demonstrated a significant reduction of CD58 expression in both T- and B-cell populations during acute SIV infection along with high plasma viral load and a loss of intestinal CD4+ T cells compared to SIV-uninfected control macaques. The reduction of CD58 expression in T cells was correlated with the reduced expression of T-cell-mediated IL-2 and TNFα production. Together, these results indicate that reduction in the CD2/CD58 interaction pathway in mucosal lymphocytes might play a crucial role in mucosal T-cell dysfunction during acute SIV/HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diganta Pan
- 1Division of Comparative Pathology, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Arpita Das
- 2Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sudesh K Srivastav
- 3Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vicki Traina-Dorge
- 2Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peter J Didier
- 1Division of Comparative Pathology, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Bapi Pahar
- 1Division of Comparative Pathology, Covington, Louisiana
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Pahar B, Lala W, Kuebler D, Liu D. A significant productive in vivo infection of resting cells with simian immunodeficiency virus in a macaque with AIDS. J Med Primatol 2017; 46:59-62. [PMID: 28145571 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the cells that can be infected with HIV in vivo and thus potentially persist as latent reservoirs is of high priority. Here, we report the major infected cells in a chronically simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaque that developed AIDS and encephalitis. A majority of the infected cells were detected as non-proliferating resting cells. SIV-infected non-proliferating resting cells were found to be playing an important role in viral pathogenesis, persistence, or reservoir formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Wendy Lala
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Dot Kuebler
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - David Liu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
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