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Xu L, Lu YT, Wu DF, Li X, Song M, Hang TJ, Su MX. Application of the metal ions as potential population biomarkers for wastewater-based epidemiology: estimating tobacco consumption in Southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37060434 PMCID: PMC10105154 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an objective approach for the estimation of population-level exposure to a wide range of substances, in which the use of a population biomarker (PB) could significantly reduce back-calculation errors. Although some endogenous or exogenous compounds such as cotinine and other hormones have been developed as PBs, more PBs still need to be identified and evaluated. This study aimed to propose a novel method to estimate population parameters from the mass load of metal ion biomarkers in wastewater, and estimate the consumption of tobacco in 24 cities in Southern China using the developed method. Daily wastewater samples were collected from 234 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 24 cities in Southern China. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was applied to determine the concentrations of common health-related metal ions in wastewater, including sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn), and compared them with the daily mass load of cotinine corresponding to catchment populations. The concentrations of cotinine in wastewater samples were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. There were clear and strong correlations between the target metal ion equivalent population and census data. The correlation coefficients (R) were RK = 0.78, RNa = 0.66, RCa = 0.81, RMg = 0.77, and RFe = 0.69, at p < 0.01 and R2 > 0.6. Subsequently, the combination of WBE and metal ion PBs was used to estimate tobacco consumption. Daily consumption of nicotine was estimated to be approximately 1.76 ± 1.19 mg/d/capita, equivalent to an average of 13.0 ± 8.75 cigarettes/d being consumed by smokers. The data on tobacco consumption in this study were consistent with those in traditional surveys in Southern China. The metal ion potassium is an appropriate PB for reflecting the real-time population and could be used to evaluate the tobacco consumption in WBE study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
- China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Ordos Central Hospital, No. 23 Yijinhuoluo Road, Ordos, 017000, China
| | - Yu-Ting Lu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
- China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dong-Feng Wu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
- China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
- China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Min Song
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
- China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tai-Jun Hang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Meng-Xiang Su
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- China National Narcotics Control Commission - China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Sarigul N, Kurultak İ, Uslu Gökceoğlu A, Korkmaz F. Urine analysis using FTIR spectroscopy: A study on healthy adults and children. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202100009. [PMID: 33768707 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urine spectra from 108 healthy volunteers are studied by attenuated total refraction-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The spectral features are correlated with observable urine components. The variation of spectra within a healthy population is quantified and a library of reference spectra is constructed. Using the band assignments, these spectra are compared with both age-wise and gender-wise. Children show the least intensity variations compared to both adult groups. Young adults show the highest variation, particularly in the 1650 to 1400 cm-1 and 1200 to 900 cm-1 regions. These results indicate the importance of the size of the control group in comparative studies utilizing FTIR. Age-wise comparisons reveal that phosphate and sulfate excretion decreases with age, and that the variance of phosphate among individuals is higher with adults. As for gender-wise comparisons, females show a slightly higher citrate content at 1390 cm-1 regardless of the age and they show a higher variance in the 1200 to 1000 cm-1 region when compared to men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Sarigul
- Institute of Nuclear Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İlhan Kurultak
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Arife Uslu Gökceoğlu
- Ankara Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Filiz Korkmaz
- Biophysics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey
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Beckford K, Grimes CA, Margerison C, Riddell LJ, Skeaff SA, West ML, Nowson CA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 24-h urinary output of children and adolescents: impact on the assessment of iodine status using urinary biomarkers. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:3113-3131. [PMID: 31784814 PMCID: PMC7501103 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02151-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Urinary iodine concentration (UIC (μg/ml) from spot urine samples collected from school-aged children is used to determine the iodine status of populations. Some studies further extrapolate UIC to represent daily iodine intake, based on the assumption that children pass approximately 1 L urine over 24-h, but this has never been assessed in population studies. Therefore, the present review aimed to collate and produce an estimate of the average 24-h urine volume of children and adolescents (> 1 year and < 19 years) from published studies. METHODS EBSCOHOST and EMBASE databases were searched to identify studies which reported the mean 24-h urinary volume of healthy children (> 1 year and < 19 years). The overall mean (95% CI) estimate of 24-h urine volume was determined using a random effects model, broken down by age group. RESULTS Of the 44 studies identified, a meta-analysis of 27 studies, with at least one criterion for assessing the completeness of urine collections, indicated that the mean urine volume of 2-19 year olds was 773 (654, 893) (95% CI) mL/24-h. When broken down by age group, mean (95% CI) 24-h urine volume was 531 mL/day (454, 607) for 2-5 year olds, 771 mL/day (734, 808) for 6-12 year olds, and 1067 mL/day (855, 1279) for 13-19 year olds. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the average urine volume of children aged 2-12 years is less than 1 L, therefore, misclassification of iodine intakes may occur when urine volumes fall below or above 1 L. Future studies utilizing spot urine samples to assess iodine status should consider this when extrapolating UIC to represent iodine intakes of a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Beckford
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Carley A Grimes
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Claire Margerison
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Lynn J Riddell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Sheila A Skeaff
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, 362 Leith St, North Dunedin, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Madeline L West
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Caryl A Nowson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
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Mir C, Rodriguez A, Rodrigo D, Saez-Torres C, Frontera G, Lumbreras J, Espinosa N, Gomez C, Costa-Bauza A, Grases F. Analysis of urine composition from split 24-h samples: use of 12-h overnight samples to evaluate risk factors for calcium stones in healthy and stone-forming children. J Pediatr Urol 2020; 16:371.e1-371.e7. [PMID: 32276885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The analysis of 24-h urine is the gold standard to diagnose metabolic abnormalities in the stone-forming patient. However, urinary composition changes throughout the day and analyzing the whole 24-h urine may mask peaks of increased risk of crystallization. OBJECTIVE To examine variations of stone-promoting and stone-inhibiting factors in urine using split 24-h samples from healthy and stone-forming children. STUDY DESIGN Urine was collected from 87 healthy and 26 stone-forming children using a split collection procedure (12-h daytime urine and 12-h overnight urine). Urine volume, pH, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphate (P), citrate (Cit), uric acid (Ur), and oxalate (Ox) were determined, and the Ca/Cit ratio was calculated. RESULTS The overnight urine samples in both groups had higher levels of P and Mg, lower volume, lower pH, and less citrate and uric acid. As can be seen in the table, higher percentages of healthy and stone-forming children had altered 12-h night urine than 24-h urine with regards to Ca/Cr, Cit/Cr and Ca/Cit ratios. All healthy subjects and all stone-forming children (except one) with altered Cit/Cr ratios or Ca/Cit ratios in the 24-h sample also had altered ratios in the 12-h overnight sample. DISCUSSION This study indicates that urine composition changes throughout the day, and that there is daily variability in most of the parameters related to kidney stone formation. Furthermore, 12-h overnight samples seem to be more sensitive than 24-h samples in detecting the most common urinary abnormalities. The main limitation of this study is the relative low sample size of stone-forming children, owing to the low prevalence of nephrolithiasis in childhood. CONCLUSIONS We observed a higher excretion of stone-promoting substances and a lower citrate in urine at night. However, the study results do not provide enough evidence to conclude that the use of a 12-h overnight sample collection can replace 24 h urine analysis in the metabolic evaluation of children with lithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepcion Mir
- Multidisciplinary Paediatrics Research Group (IdISBa), Son Espases University Hospital, 07020, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07020, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Adrian Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Dolores Rodrigo
- Multidisciplinary Paediatrics Research Group (IdISBa), Son Espases University Hospital, 07020, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07020, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Concepcion Saez-Torres
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Guiem Frontera
- Research Unit, Son Espases University Hospital, 07020, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Javier Lumbreras
- Multidisciplinary Paediatrics Research Group (IdISBa), Son Espases University Hospital, 07020, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07020, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Natalia Espinosa
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07020, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Cristina Gomez
- Laboratory Department, Son Espases University Hospital, 07020, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonia Costa-Bauza
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Felix Grases
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Tang NLS, Hui J, Huang D, Tang MF, Wang X, Wu J, Chan IHS, Leung TF. Reference intervals of spot urine copper excretion in preschool children and potential application in pre-symptomatic screening of Wilson disease. Pathology 2020; 52:439-446. [PMID: 32276787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to determine the reference intervals of spot urine copper excretion indexes in pre-school children and to evaluate their utility in screening for Wilson disease (WD). With spot urine collected from a control sample of preschool children (aged 3-7 years, n=153), the reference intervals of spot urine copper excretion indexes and their biological variation were defined. In order to investigate their utility performance in screening for WD in this age group, multiple spot urine samples from six WD patients who were diagnosed at presymptomatic stage were also analysed and compared. Cut-off values useful for detection of WD were defined by receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis. Biological (inter-individual) variation of spot urine copper indexes expressed as coefficient of variation (CVg) were around 60% at this age group, which was moderate and similar to other clinically useful urine tests, such as urine albumin excretion ratio. Spot urine copper excretion strongly correlated with both urine creatinine and osmolality. Linear regression against both creatinine and osmolality showed that ∼94% of data points in healthy preschool children fell within the prediction interval, suggesting that both were useful normalisation factors. ROC showed that copper to osmolality ratio was the best index with an area under curve (AUC) greater than 0.98. Cut-off values of 0.5 μmol/L, 0.1 μmol/mmol and 0.00085 μmol/mOsmol (32 μg/L, 56 μg/g creatinine and 0.054 μg/mOsmol, respectively, in conventional units) for spot urine copper concentration, copper to creatinine ratio and copper to osmolality ratio, respectively, have potential application in the differentiation of WD patients. Based on the data, a new WD screening strategy targeting preschool children is proposed. Application of a bivariate screening strategy using spot urine copper concentration and urine osmolality may be useful in a population-wide screening program for WD among preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Leung-Sang Tang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Joannie Hui
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Man Fung Tang
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xingyan Wang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Junyi Wu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Iris H S Chan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ting Fan Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Marwaha RK, Garg MK, Dang N, Mithal A, Narang A, Chadha A, Gupta N, Kumar MR. Reference range of random urinary calcium creatinine ratio in North Indian children and adolescents. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 24:34-40. [PMID: 30943678 PMCID: PMC6449613 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2019.24.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Urinary calcium creatinine ratio (UCaCrR) is a reliable indicator for monitoring hypercalciuria following vitamin D supplementation. However, the reference range varies from region to region. Previous studies did not take vitamin D and parathyroid hormone status into account while evaluating UCaCrR. Hence, we undertook this study to establish the 95th percentile of UCaCrR as an indicator of hypercalciuria in North Indian children and adolescents. METHODS Four hundred seventy-three participants (boys 62.2%, girls 37.8%) with adequate dietary calcium intake, normal serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (>20 ng/mL), and without secondary hyperparathyroidism following supplementation were selected for evaluation of UCaCrR. RESULTS The mean age and body mass index of subjects were 11.2±2.6 years and 18.0±3.6 kg/m2, respectively. The 95th percentile of UCaCrR in the study population was 0.126. The mean, median, and 95th percentile of UCaCrR was significantly higher in prepubertal children (age ≤10 years) (0.0586±0.0374, median=0.0548, 95th percentile=0.136) compared to those >10 years old (0.0503±0.0363, median=0.0407, 95th percentile=0.123, P=0.02). No significant difference in UCaCrR was observed between genders and different weight categories. CONCLUSION UCaCrR of 0.13 defines the cutoff value for hypercalciuria in North Indian children and adolescents with adequate dietary intake of calcium and sufficient serum vitamin D levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Kumar Marwaha
- Department of Endocrinology and Thyroid Research Centre, INMAS, DRDO, Delhi, India,Address for correspondence: Raman Kumar Marwaha, DNB Endocrine & Thyroid Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India Tel: +91-9810296820 Fax: +91-11-26523477 E-mail:
| | - Mahendra Kumar Garg
- Department of Medicine & Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | | | - Ambrish Mithal
- Department of Endocrinology, Medanta Hospital, Medicity, Gurugram, India
| | - Archna Narang
- Department of Medicine, Dr B R Sur Homeopathic Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditi Chadha
- Department of Medicine, Dr B R Sur Homeopathic Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Nandita Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, citrate, oxalate, and uric acid by healthy schoolchildren using a 12-h collection protocol. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:1201-8. [PMID: 24519097 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-014-2755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving knowledge about normal urine composition in children is important for early prevention of lithiasis. We describe urinary excretion values of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphate (P), citrate (Cit), uric acid (Ur), and oxalate (Ox) in healthy children with and without a family history of lithiasis, using a 12-h urine collection protocol. METHODS Urine samples were obtained from 184 children (5-12 years): a spot sample collected in the afternoon, and a 12-h overnight sample. Solute/creatinine (Cr) and 12-h solute excretion was calculated. RESULTS Urinary excretion values of the studied solutes are presented as percentile values, separately for each type of sample. Due to age-related differences in the solute/creatinine ratios, except for Ca and Cit, results are described according to the child's age. The presence of excretion values related to an increased risk of lithiasis was more common in children with a family history. CONCLUSIONS We report data from urine samples collected by using a simplified collection protocol. The observed differences between children with and without a family history of lithiasis could justify that in population studies aimed at setting reference values, the former are excluded.
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Mellema MS, Hoareau GL. Hypomagnesemia in brachycephalic dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1418-23. [PMID: 24986211 PMCID: PMC4895574 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brachycephalic dogs are at risk for arterial hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea, which are both associated with chronic magnesium (Mg) depletion. Hypothesis/Objectives To compare the period prevalence of hypomagnesemia between Boxers and Bulldogs presented to a referral teaching hospital. To screen a group of Bulldogs for evidence of hypomagnesemia, and to obtain pilot data regarding the utility of parenteral Mg tolerance testing (PMgTT) in the diagnosis of whole‐body Mg deficiency. Animals Chemistry laboratory submissions were retrospectively analyzed for serum total Mg (tMg) in Boxers and Bulldogs. Prospectively, 16 healthy client‐owned Bulldogs were enrolled. Methods Retrospective case study. tMg concentrations were compared between Boxers and Bulldogs. Dogs with low serum albumin or high serum creatinine concentrations were excluded. Prospectively, ionized Mg (iMg), tMg, and arterial blood pressure were measured and iMg‐to‐tMg ratio (iMg : tMg) was calculated. Parenteral Mg tolerance testing (PMgTT) was performed in 3/16 dogs. Results In the retrospective study, period prevalence of hypomagnesemia was 4.7% in Boxers and 15% in Bulldogs (P = .02). The risk ratio for hypomagnesemia in Bulldogs was 1.8 when compared to Boxers (CI: 1.3–2.7). In the prospective study, iMg was [median (interquartile)] 0.43 (0.42–0.46) mmol/L (reference range 0.4–0.52), tMg was 1.9 (1.8–1.9) mg/dL (reference range 1.9–2.5). iMg : tMg was [mean (±SD)] 0.59 ± 0.04. Percentage retention after PMgTT were 55%, 95%, and 67%, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Mg deficiency is common in Bulldogs and could contribute to comorbidities often observed in this breed. iMg : tMg and PMgTT might prove helpful in detecting chronic subclinical Mg deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Mellema
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA
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Risk factors for urinary stones in healthy schoolchildren with and without a family history of nephrolithiasis. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:639-45. [PMID: 23212561 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of lithiasis is increasing at all ages. This study aimed to assess the crystallization risk in urine from healthy school children and to determine urinary parameters that are most associated with it. METHODS Urine samples were obtained from 184 children aged 5-12 years: a spot sample collected in the afternoon, and a 12-h overnight sample. Information was obtained regarding family histories of lithiasis. Urine volume, pH, and biochemical parameters of stone risk were measured. Crystallization risk was defined by the presence of specific urine conditions that had previously been associated with stone formation in vitro. RESULTS Crystallization risk was observed in 15 % of spot urine samples and 54 % of 12-h samples. Metabolic abnormalities and a low urinary volume were more frequently detected in children with crystallization risk. Calcium excretion and calcium/citrate ratio were higher in children with a family history of lithiasis. CONCLUSIONS We observed a high prevalence of crystallization risk in urine, especially in children with a family history of the disease. Low urinary volume was the factor most associated with increased risk. Adequate fluid intake at an early age may be a simple and effective measure to reduce the incidence of nephrolithiasis.
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