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Xiao L, Zhang K, Wang F, Wang M, Huang Q, Wei C, Gou Z. The LDL-C/ApoB ratio predicts cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the general population. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:104. [PMID: 37480052 PMCID: PMC10362700 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generally, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size can be inferred from the LDL cholesterol concentration to total apolipoprotein B concentration ratio (LDL-C/ApoB ratio, hereinafter called LAR), which is a good predictor of cardiovascular disease. However, the predictive ability of LAR for mortality risk in the general population is still unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between LAR and cardiovascular as well as all-cause mortality among American adults. METHODS The present study was a secondary analysis of existing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The final analysis included 12,440 participants from 2005 to 2014. Survival differences between groups were visualized using Kaplan‒Meier curves and the log-rank test. The association of LAR with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality was evaluated using multivariate Cox regression and restricted cubic spline analysis. Age, sex, coronary artery disease, diabetes, lipid-lowering medication use and hypertriglyceridemia were analyzed in subgroup analyses. RESULTS The median age in the study cohort was 46.0 years [interquartile range (IQR): 31.0-62.0], and 6,034 (48.5%) participants were male. During the follow-up period, there were 872 (7.0%) all-cause deaths and 150 (1.2%) cardiovascular deaths. Compared with individuals without cardiovascular events, those who experienced cardiovascular deaths had a lower LAR (1.13 vs. 1.25) (P < 0.001). The adjusted Cox regression model indicated that lower LAR was an independent risk factor for both cardiovascular [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.304, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.114-0.812] and all-cause mortality (HR = 0.408, 95% CI: 0.270-0.617). Moreover, a significant age interaction was observed (P for interaction < 0.05), and there was a strong association between LAR and mortality among participants over 65 years of age. Further analysis showed an inverse association between LAR and both cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS LAR can independently predict cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Guangji Road, Jiangsu, 215002, Suzhou, China
| | - Kerui Zhang
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Guangji Road, Jiangsu, 215002, Suzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Guangji Road, Jiangsu, 215002, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Guangji Road, Jiangsu, 215002, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Guangji Road, Jiangsu, 215002, Suzhou, China
| | - Chenchen Wei
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Guangji Road, Jiangsu, 215002, Suzhou, China.
| | - Zhongshan Gou
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Guangji Road, Jiangsu, 215002, Suzhou, China.
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Wang XR, Song GR, Li M, Sun HG, Fan YJ, Liu Y, Liu QG. Longitudinal associations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with metabolic syndrome in the Chinese population: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e018659. [PMID: 29743317 PMCID: PMC5942466 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Currently, most studies only reveal the relationship between baseline high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The relationship between dynamic changes in HDL-c or LDL-c and MetS remains unclear. We aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the dynamic changes in HDL-c or LDL-c and MetS. DESIGN A prospective study. SETTING The Medical Centre of the Second Hospital affiliated with Dalian Medical University from 2010 to 2016. PARTICIPANTS A total of 4542 individuals who were initially MetS-free and completed at least two follow-up examinations as part of the longitudinal population were included. METHODS The Joint Interim Statement criteria 2009 were used to define MetS. We used the Joint model to estimate the relative risks (RRs) of incident MetS. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of MetS was 17.81% and was 14.86% in men and 5.36% in women during the 7 years of follow-up. In the Joint models, the RRs of the longitudinal decrease in HDL-c and the longitudinal increase in LDL-c for the development of MetS were 18.8781-fold (95% CI 12.5156 to 28.4900) and 1.3929-fold (95% CI 1.2283 to 1.5795), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight that the dynamic longitudinal decrement of HDL-c or the increment of LDL-c is associated with an elevated risk of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Wang
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Gui-Rong Song
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong-Ge Sun
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yong-Jun Fan
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Liu
- The Physical Examination Centre, The Physical Examination Centre of the Second Affiliated Hospital to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qi-Gui Liu
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Tani S, Yagi T, Atsumi W, Kawauchi K, Matsuo R, Hirayama A. Relation between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/apolipoprotein B ratio and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in patients with coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:123. [PMID: 28969633 PMCID: PMC5625702 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/apolipoprotein B (LDL-C/apoB) ratio has conventionally been used as an index of the LDL-particle size. Smaller LDL-particle size is associated with triglyceride (TG) metabolism disorders, often leading to atherogenesis. We investigated the association between the LDL-C/apoB ratio and TG metabolism in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods In the cross-sectional study, the LDL-C/apoB ratio, which provides an estimate of the LDL-particle size, was calculated in 684 consecutive patients with one additional risk factor. The patients were classified into 4 groups based on the presence or absence of CAD and DM, as follows: CAD (−) DM (−) group, n = 416; CAD (−) DM (+) group, n = 118; CAD (+) DM (−) group, n = 90; CAD (+) DM (+) group, n = 60. Results A multi-logistic regression analysis after adjustments for coronary risk factors revealed that the CAD (+) DM (+) condition was an independent predictor of the smallest LDL-C/apoB ratio among the four groups. Furthermore, multivariate regression analyses identified elevated TG-rich lipoprotein (TRL)-related markers (TG, very-LDL fraction, remnant-like particle cholesterol, apolipoprotein C-II, and apolipoprotein C-III) as being independently predictive of a smaller LDL-particle size in both the overall subject population and a subset of patients with a serum LDL-C level < 100 mg/dL. In the 445 patients followed up for at least 6 months, multi-logistic regression analyses identified increased levels of TRL-related markers as being independently predictive of a decreased LDL-C/apoB ratio, which is indicative of smaller LDL-particle size. Conclusions The association between disorders of TG metabolism and LDL heterogeneity may account for the risk of CAD in patients with DM. Combined evaluation of TRL-related markers and the LDL-C/apoB ratio may be of increasing importance in the risk stratification of CAD patients with DM. Further studies are needed to investigate the useful clinical indices and outcomes of these patients. Clinical Trial Registration UMIN (http://www.umin.ac.jp/) Study ID: UMIN000028029 retrospectively registered 1 July 2017
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigemasa Tani
- Department of Health Planning Center, Nihon University Hospital, 1-6 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8309, Japan. .,Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tsukasa Yagi
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Atsumi
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawauchi
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Matsuo
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirayama
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Zheng S, Han T, Xu H, Zhou H, Ren X, Wu P, Zheng J, Wang L, Zhang M, Jiang Y, Chen Y, Qiu H, Liu W, Hu Y. Associations of apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio with pre-diabetes and diabetes risks: a cross-sectional study in Chinese adults. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014038. [PMID: 28110289 PMCID: PMC5253599 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I (ApoB/ApoA-I) ratio is a useful predictor of cardiovascular risk. However, the association between the ApoB/ApoA-I ratio and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still obscure. AIMS To investigate the associations between the ApoB/ApoA-I ratio and the risk of T2DM and pre-diabetes in a Chinese population, and to assess the role of gender in these associations. METHODS A stratified random sampling design was used in this cross-sectional study which included 264 men and 465 women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), pre-diabetes or T2DM. Serum ApoB, ApoA-I and other lipid and glycaemic traits were measured. Pearson's partial correlation and multivariable logistic analysis were used to evaluate the associations between ApoB/ApoA-I ratio and the risk of T2DM and pre-diabetes. RESULTS The ApoB/ApoA-I ratios were significantly increased across the spectrum of NGT, pre-diabetes and T2DM. Women showed higher levels of ApoB/ApoA-I ratio and ApoB than men in the pre-diabetic and T2DM groups, but not in the NGT group. The ApoB/ApoA-I ratio was closely related with triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other glycaemic traits. Moreover, in women, the risk of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the top and middle tertiles of the ApoB/ApoA-I ratio were 3.65-fold (95% CI 1.69 to 6.10) and 2.19-fold (95% CI 1.38 to 2.84) higher than in the bottom tertile, respectively, after adjusting for potential confounding factors. However, the associations disappeared in men after adjusting for other factors. CONCLUSIONS The ApoB/ApoA-I ratio showed positive associations with the risk of diabetes and pre-diabetes in Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxing Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peihong Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihong Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yawen Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiying Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaomin Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Harris M, Ganase B, Watson B, Hull MW, Guillemi SA, Zhang W, Saeedi R, Harrigan PR. Efficacy and safety of "unboosting" atazanavir in a randomized controlled trial among HIV-infected patients receiving tenofovir DF. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2017; 18:39-47. [PMID: 28067119 DOI: 10.1080/15284336.2016.1271503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess safety and efficacy of a switch to unboosted atazanavir (ATV) among HIV-infected adults receiving ATV/ritonavir (r) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). METHODS HIV-infected adults with viral load (VL) <40 copies/mL at screening and <150 copies/mL consistently for ≥3 months while receiving a regimen including ATV/r and TDF were randomized to continue ATV/r 300/100 mg daily (control) or change to ATV 400 mg daily (switch), while maintaining their TDF backbone. The primary outcome was proportion of subjects without treatment failure (regimen switch or VL > 200 copies/mL twice consecutively) at 48 weeks. RESULTS Fifty participants (46 male, median age 47 years) were randomized, 25 to each arm. At week 48, treatment success occurred in 76% in the control arm and 92% in the switch arm (ITT, p = 0.25). ATV trough levels at week 9 were higher in controls (median 438 ng/mL) than in the switch arm (median 124 ng/mL) (p = 0.003), as was total bilirubin at week 48 (median 38 μmol/L and 28 μmol/L, respectively; p = 0.02). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decreased in the control arm (p = 0.007), but did not change in the switch arm. At week 48, eGFR was higher in the switch arm (median 96 mL/min) than in the control arm (median 85 mL/min) (p = 0.035), but the arms were similar with respect to fasting glucose, C-reactive protein, and lipid parameters. CONCLUSIONS Switching from ATV/r to unboosted ATV appears to be safe and effective in selected virologically suppressed patients receiving TDF-containing regimens, and may have favorable effects on bilirubin and renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Harris
- a British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS , Vancouver , Canada.,b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Practice , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada.,c Faculty of Medicine, Division of AIDS, Department of Medicine , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Bruce Ganase
- d AIDS Research Program , St. Paul's Hospital , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Birgit Watson
- a British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Mark W Hull
- a British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS , Vancouver , Canada.,c Faculty of Medicine, Division of AIDS, Department of Medicine , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Silvia A Guillemi
- a British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS , Vancouver , Canada.,b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Family Practice , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada.,c Faculty of Medicine, Division of AIDS, Department of Medicine , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Wendy Zhang
- a British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Ramesh Saeedi
- e Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - P Richard Harrigan
- a British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS , Vancouver , Canada.,c Faculty of Medicine, Division of AIDS, Department of Medicine , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
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Onat A, Altay S, Karadeniz Y. Clinical Significance and Potential Mechanism of Discordance Between Apolipoprotein B and LDL-Cholesterol. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67:3023-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Coban N, Onat A, Guclu-Geyik F, Can G, Erginel-Unaltuna N. Sex- and Obesity-specific Association of Aromatase (CYP19A1) Gene Variant with Apolipoprotein B and Hypertension. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:564-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Marin MT, Dasari PS, Tryggestad JB, Aston CE, Teague AM, Short KR. Oxidized HDL and LDL in adolescents with type 2 diabetes compared to normal weight and obese peers. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:679-85. [PMID: 25881918 PMCID: PMC9549762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with oxidative stress. Oxidative damage of high-density lipoprotein (oxHDL) leads to a dysfunctional molecule, potentially a mediator and/or marker of cardiometabolic disease. We tested the hypothesis that circulating concentration of oxHDL is higher in obese (Ob) or T2DM adolescents compared to normal-weight (NW) peers. METHODS In 37 NW, 38 Ob, and 42 T2DM adolescents, ages 11-18 y, fasting concentrations of HDL and LDL cholesterol, oxHDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured. RESULTS Compared to the NW group, oxHDL in the Ob group was not different, but was 65% higher (p < 0.01) in the T2DM group. Within the T2DM group oxHDL was higher in boys than in girls, but this sex difference was not evident in NW or Ob groups. OxLDL was 23% higher in Ob (p = 0.02), and 56% higher in T2DM (p < 0.01) versus NW and did not differ between boys and girls. MPO was not different between NW and Ob but was 88% (p < 0.02) higher in T2DM compared to NW. Contrary to our hypothesis MPO and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were not correlated with oxHDL. OxHDL was positively associated with oxLDL and lean body mass while oxLDL was positively associated with apolipoprotein B, triglycerides, HOMA-IR and trunk fat. CONCLUSIONS The higher concentrations of oxHDL and oxLDL, along with higher MPO in children with T2DM reflect higher oxidative stress compared with obesity alone and potentially increased cardiovascular disease risk in youth with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica T Marin
- Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes/Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Paul S Dasari
- Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes/Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jeanie B Tryggestad
- Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes/Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Christopher E Aston
- Pediatrics, Biomedical and Behavioral Methodology Core, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - April M Teague
- Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes/Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kevin R Short
- Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes/Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
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Fizelova M, Miilunpohja M, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Kuusisto J, Ala-Korpela M, Laakso M, Stančáková A. Associations of multiple lipoprotein and apolipoprotein measures with worsening of glycemia and incident type 2 diabetes in 6607 non-diabetic Finnish men. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:272-7. [PMID: 25818853 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the association of various lipoprotein traits, apolipoproteins and their ratios with the deterioration of glycemia, incident type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and insulin secretion in a large population-based Metabolic Syndrome Men (METSIM) Study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The METSIM Study includes 10,197 Finnish men, aged 45-73 years, and examined in 2005-2010. From 6607 non-diabetic participants without statin treatment at baseline, 386 developed incident type 2 diabetes during a 5.9-year follow-up. A total of 3330 non-diabetic participants without statin treatment had both baseline and follow-up visit data, and were included in statistical analyses of the worsening of glycemia. RESULTS Compared to single lipid and lipoprotein measurements, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein ratios were better predictors of the glucose area under the curve and incident type 2 diabetes after adjustment for confounding factors. The apolipoprotein B/LDL cholesterol ratio was the strongest predictor of the worsening of glycemia, whereas the apolipoprotein A1/HDL cholesterol ratio was the strongest predictor of incident type 2 diabetes. The associations of lipoprotein traits, apolipoproteins and their ratios with insulin sensitivity were stronger than those with insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS The apolipoprotein B/LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1/HDL cholesterol ratios were the strongest predictors of the worsening of glycemia and incident type 2 diabetes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fizelova
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Abstract
This review summarizes patent applications in the past 5 years for the management of brain tumors and metastases. Most of the recent patents discuss one of the following strategies: the development of new drug entities that specifically target the brain cells, the blood-brain barrier and the tumor cells, tailor-designing a novel carrier system that is able to perform multitasks and multifunction as a drug carrier, targeting vehicle and even as a diagnostic tool, direct conjugation of a US FDA approved drug with a targeting moiety, diagnostic moiety or PK modifying moiety, or the use of innovative nontraditional approaches such as genetic engineering, stem cells and vaccinations. Until now, there has been no optimal strategy to deliver therapeutic agents to the CNS for the treatment of brain tumors and metastases. Intensive research efforts are actively ongoing to take brain tumor targeting, and novel and targeted CNS delivery systems to potential clinical application.
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Jian ZH, Lung CC, Ko PC, Sun YH, Huang JY, Ho CC, Ho CY, Chiang YC, Chen CJ, Liaw YP. The association between the apolipoprotein A1/ high density lipoprotein -cholesterol and diabetes in Taiwan - a cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord 2013; 13:42. [PMID: 24093822 PMCID: PMC3851878 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-13-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional lipid indices have been associated with type 2 diabetes, but it remains uncertain which lipid index is the best discriminator for diabetes. In this study, we aimed to assess lipoproteins, traditional lipid variables, and other variables to discover their association with diabetes in the Taiwanese population. METHODS Data from a nationwide cross-sectional population-based survey of 3087 men and 3373 women in 2002 were analyzed in this study. All participants were assessed for anthropometry, glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting sugar and lipid profiles with triglycerides, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) and B (ApoB). The ratio of LDL-C/HDL-C, ApoB/ApoA1, ApoB/LDL-C and ApoA1/HDL-C and other variables were analyzed to determine their potential roles in type 2 diabetes in the Taiwanese population. The Odds ratios (ORs) of the risk variables for diabetes were estimated using logistic regression and were adjusted for confounding factors. RESULTS The increased ratio of ApoA1/HDL-C was significantly associated with diabetes in men (top tertile vs. lowest: OR 2.98; 95% CI: 1.12 - 7.92; P-trend = 0.030) and women (top tertile vs. lowest: OR 2.15; 95% CI: 1.00 - 4.59; P-trend = 0.047). A modest increased diabetic risk was evident with ApoB/LDL-C in women (top tertile vs. lowest: OR 2.03; 95% CI: 1.07- 3.85; P-trend = 0.028), but not in men (top tertile v. lowest: OR 1.69; 95% CI: 0.79- 3.62; P-trend = 0.198). CONCLUSIONS ApoA1/HDL-C had a significant linear association with diabetes in both sexes and was superior to other lipid and lipoprotein variables among the general Taiwanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Jian
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Lung
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical, University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chieh Ko
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Sun
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yang Huang
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Ho
- Department of Health and Leisure Management, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yo Ho
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chiang
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Po Liaw
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical, University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
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12
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Jung CH, Hwang JY, Yu JH, Shin MS, Bae SJ, Park JY, Kim HK, Lee WJ. The value of apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in a Korean population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77:699-706. [PMID: 22211563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ratio of apolipoprotein B (apoB) to apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) has been reported to be associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the optimal cut-off value of apoB/A1 ratio for detecting subjects with MetS has remained undetermined. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether apoB/A1 ratio can be an indicator of MetS and to determine the optimal cut-off value of apoB/A1 ratio in detecting subjects with MetS in a Korean population. DESIGN This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. SUBJECTS AND MEASUREMENTS We collected the data of 10,940 subjects who participated in a routine health screening examination regarding conventional risk factors and serum levels of apoB and apoA1. RESULTS The odds for MetS were significantly higher in the highest compared with the lowest apoB/A1 ratio quartiles, after adjustment for confounding variables, in both men [odds ratio (OR) = 4·07, 95% CI = 3·42-4·84] and women (OR = 8·41, 95% CI = 5·85-12·08). The optimal apoB/A1 ratio cut-off value for the detection of MetS was 0·65, which had a sensitivity of 63·5% and a specificity of 61·3% (area under the curve = 0·67, 95% CI = 0·66-0·68, P < 0·001) in men and 0·62, which had a sensitivity of 67·9% and a specificity of 61·9% (area under the curve = 0·70, 95% CI = 0·69-0·71, P < 0·001) in women. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that apoB/A1 ratio is independently associated with MetS and that an apoB/A1 ratio >0·65 in men and 0·62 in women is a marker of MetS independent from conventional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hee Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Guclu-Geyik F, Onat A, Coban N, Komurcu-Bayrak E, Sansoy V, Can G, Erginel-Unaltuna N. Minor allele of the APOA4 gene T347S polymorphism predisposes to obesity in postmenopausal Turkish women. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10907-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Kwon CH, Kim BJ, Kim BS, Kang JH. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to apolipoprotein B ratio is independently associated with metabolic syndrome in Korean men. Metabolism 2011; 60:1136-41. [PMID: 21306749 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to apolipoprotein B (LDL-C/apo B) ratio is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between LDL-C/apo B ratio and metabolic syndrome in Korean men. This study included 499 men (mean age, 49.1 years) without metabolic syndrome at baseline who were followed for an average of 2.9 years. Subjects were divided into 4 groups according to baseline LDL-C/apo B ratio quartiles: greater than 1.243 in group I, 1.164 to 1.243 in group II, 1.070 to 1.163 in group III, and less than 1.070 in group IV. The incidence of metabolic syndrome at follow-up was compared according to LDL-C/apo B ratio group. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The overall incidence of metabolic syndrome was 9.6%: 1.6% in the highest quartile (group I), 9.7% in group II, 11.2% in group III, and 16.0% in the lowest quartile (group IV) (P = .001). In multivariable regression analysis model adjusting for age, lifestyle status, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, LDL-C, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, groups II, III, and IV had significantly increased odds ratio for the incidence of metabolic syndrome compared with the highest LDL-C/apo B quartile (group I). The LDL-C/apo B ratio is independently associated with metabolic syndrome in Korean men, indicating that this ratio may provide additional information when assessing cardiometabolic risks and predicting future development of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hee Kwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-746, South Korea
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15
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Tani S, Saito Y, Anazawa T, Kawamata H, Furuya S, Takahashi H, Iida K, Matsumoto M, Washio T, Kumabe N, Nagao K, Hirayama A. Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol/Apolipoprotein B Ratio May Be a Useful Index That Differs in Statin-Treated Patients With and Without Coronary Artery Disease. Int Heart J 2011; 52:343-7. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.52.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigemasa Tani
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Surugadai Hospital
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Yuuki Saito
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Takeo Anazawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Surugadai Hospital
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Hirofumi Kawamata
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Surugadai Hospital
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Shingo Furuya
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Surugadai Hospital
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Surugadai Hospital
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Kiyoshi Iida
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Surugadai Hospital
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Michiaki Matsumoto
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Surugadai Hospital
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Takehiko Washio
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Surugadai Hospital
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Narimichi Kumabe
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Surugadai Hospital
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Ken Nagao
- Department of Cardiology, Nihon University Surugadai Hospital
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Atsushi Hirayama
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine
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