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Asaeda M, Hirata K, Ohnishi T, Ito H, Miyahara S, Fukuhara K, Nakashima Y, Iwamoto Y, Ushio K, Mikami Y, Adachi N. Time course of biomechanics during jump landing before and after two different fatigue tasks. Asia Pac J Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Technol 2024; 37:40-46. [PMID: 39113678 PMCID: PMC11305143 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmart.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Muscle fatigue contributes to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, with increased knee and hip abduction observed during fatigue. However, there have been no reports revealing the differences between fatigue tasks or the duration of these changes. In this study, we conducted single-leg drop landings before and after hip and knee fatigue tasks to elucidate the changes in lower limb biomechanics over time. Methods Twenty-two male participants performed single-leg drop landings before, immediately after, and 5, 10, and 15 min after fatigue tasks involving isokinetic hip abduction/adduction (hip fatigue task [HFT]) and knee extension/flexion (knee fatigue task [KFT]). Hip and knee kinematic and kinetic data were collected using a three-dimensional motion analysis device and two force plates. A two-way ANOVA was performed with both the fatigue task (HFT and KFT) and time point (Time 1 to Time 4) as factors, and the main effects and interactions were calculated. Results The knee adduction angle after the HFT was significantly greater than that after KFT immediately following the fatigue task. The knee flexion moment was significantly lower in the KFT, whereas the knee adduction and internal rotation moments were significantly higher in the HFT immediately after the fatigue task. Conclusion This study revealed distinct kinematic and kinetic changes specific to each fatigue task, particularly in the frontal plane for hip joint tasks and the sagittal plane for knee joint tasks. These findings could assist in the development of ACL injury prevention programs tailored to the functional improvement and exercise capacity of each joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Asaeda
- Division of Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Practice and Support, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
- Faculty of Wakayama Health Care Sciences, Takarazuka University of Medical and Health, 2252 Nakanoshima, Wakayama, 640-8392, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hirata
- Division of Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Practice and Support, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ohnishi
- Faculty of Wakayama Health Care Sciences, Takarazuka University of Medical and Health, 2252 Nakanoshima, Wakayama, 640-8392, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ito
- Faculty of Wakayama Health Care Sciences, Takarazuka University of Medical and Health, 2252 Nakanoshima, Wakayama, 640-8392, Japan
| | - So Miyahara
- Faculty of Wakayama Health Care Sciences, Takarazuka University of Medical and Health, 2252 Nakanoshima, Wakayama, 640-8392, Japan
| | - Koki Fukuhara
- Division of Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Practice and Support, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakashima
- Division of Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Practice and Support, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Iwamoto
- Division of Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Practice and Support, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kai Ushio
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yukio Mikami
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Nobuo Adachi
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Graduated School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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Rostami M, Sedaghati P, Daneshmandi H. The effectiveness of the STOP-X training program on the knee valgus angle and balance in female basketball players with dynamic knee valgus: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:52. [PMID: 38383435 PMCID: PMC10882901 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic knee valgus (DKV) accompanied by poor balance is the cause of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in athletes, and the identification and correction of these factors are always of interest to researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of the STOP-X program on the knee valgus angle and static and dynamic balance in female basketball players with DKV defects. METHODS The present study was a quasi-experimental study. Thirty female basketball players with DKV defects were purposefully identified by the single-leg landing (SLL) test and were randomly assigned to two control (n = 15) and experimental (n = 15) groups. Static balance status was evaluated with the BASS STICK test, and dynamic balance status was evaluated with the Y-balance test (YBT). The experimental group performed the STOP-X program for 25-40 min for eight weeks (three times per week), and the control group performed their traditional warm-up program. Data were analyzed by means of 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA followed by post hoc comparison (Bonferroni) at the significance level of (P < 0.05) with SPSS version 26. RESULTS The results showed that with the use of the STOP-X program, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in variables of the static balance (F = 56.45; P = 0.001; ES = 0.66, PC=↑59.64%), total dynamic balance score (F = 107.57; P = 0.001; ES=↑0.79, PC=↑19.84%), and knee valgus angle (F = 119.46; P = 0.001; ES = 0.81, PC=↓34.36%). CONCLUSION In addition to reducing the knee valgus angle, applying the STOP-X injury prevention program can improve static and dynamic balance in female basketball players with DKV defects. Therefore, it can be recommended that sports trainers benefit from these advantages by adding STOP-X training to routine basketball exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Rostami
- Department of Sport Injury and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Parisa Sedaghati
- Department of Sport Injury and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Hassan Daneshmandi
- Department of Sport Injury and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Keller M, Lichtenstein E, Roth R, Faude O. Balance Training Under Fatigue: A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effect of Fatigue on Adaptations to Balance Training. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:297-305. [PMID: 37643391 PMCID: PMC10798588 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Keller, M, Lichtenstein, E, Roth, R, and Faude, O. Balance training under fatigue: a randomized controlled trial on the effect of fatigue on adaptations to balance training. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 297-305, 2024-Balance training is an effective means for injury prevention in sports. However, one can question the existing practice of putting the balance programs at the start of a training session (i.e., train in an unfatigued state) because the occurrence of injuries has been associated with fatigue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the influence of balance training in a fatigued or an unfatigued state on motor performance tested in fatigued and unfatigued conditions. Fifty-two, healthy, active volunteers (28.0 years; 19 women) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 different training groups. The BALANCE group completed 6 weeks of balance training. The other 2 groups completed the identical balance tasks either before (BALANCE-high-intensity interval training [HIIT]) or after (HIIT-BALANCE) a HIIT session. Thus, these groups trained the balance tasks either in a fatigued or in an unfatigued state. In PRE and POST tests, balance (solid ground, soft mat, wobble board) and jump performance was obtained in fatigued and unfatigued states. Balance training resulted in reduced sway paths in all groups. However, the linear models revealed larger adaptations in BALANCE-HIIT and BALANCE when compared with HIIT-BALANCE ( d = 0.22-0.71). These small to moderate effects were-despite some uncertainties-consistent for the "unfatigued" and "fatigued" test conditions. The results of this study revealed for the first time that balance training under fatigue results in diminished adaptations, even when tested in a fatigued state. Therefore, the data indicate that balance training should be implemented at the start of a training session or in an unfatigued state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Keller
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Lichtenstein
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Roth
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Faude
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Phillips DA, Buckalew BR, Keough B, Alencewicz JS. Preparing to Land: Hamstring Preactivation Is Higher in Females and Is Inhibited by Fatigue. J Appl Biomech 2023; 39:370-376. [PMID: 37491013 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The hamstring plays an important role in reducing loads born by the anterior cruciate ligament. As anterior cruciate ligament injuries occur rapidly after ground contact, how the hamstring is activated prior to landing can influence injury risk. The purpose was to determine sex-related differences in hamstring activation immediately before landing and the effect of fatigue on "preactivation." Twenty-four participants (13 males and 11 females, age = 24.3 [6.5] y, mass = 72.2 [19.3] kg, height = 169 [9.7] cm) participated in this study. Participants completed a drop-vertical jump protocol before and after a lower body fatigue protocol. Hamstring electromyography (EMG) amplitude at 5 periods prior to landing, peak vertical ground reactions forces (in newtons/body weight), rate of loading (in body weight/second), and landing error scoring system were measured. Females had higher EMG amplitude before and after fatigue (P < .024), with decreased EMG amplitude for both sexes after fatigue (P = .025). There was no change on vertical ground reaction force, rate of loading, or landing error scoring system. Males and females demonstrated similar landing performance before and after fatigue but have different hamstring neuromuscular coordination strategies. The acute reduction in hamstring EMG amplitude following fatigue may increase loading on the anterior cruciate ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alan Phillips
- Program in Kinesiology, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University-Cascades, Bend, OR,USA
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ,USA
| | - Bridgette Rae Buckalew
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ,USA
| | - Bridget Keough
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ,USA
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Baur H, Pairot De Fontenay B, Sigward S. Editorial: Neuromuscular diagnostics and sensorimotor performance in training and therapy - beyond the pure biomechanical approach. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1296276. [PMID: 37877117 PMCID: PMC10593435 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1296276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Baur
- School of Health Professions, Division of Physiotherapy, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Susan Sigward
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Iguchi J, Hojo T, Fujisawa Y, Kuzuhara K, Yanase K, Hirono T, Koyama Y, Tateuchi H, Ichihashi N. Synergistic Dominance Induced by Hip Extension Exercise Alters Biomechanics and Muscular Activity During Sprinting and Suggests a Potential Link to Hamstring Strain. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1770-1776. [PMID: 37616534 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Iguchi, J, Hojo, T, Fujisawa, Y, Kuzuhara, K, Yanase, K, Hirono, T, Koyama, Y, Tateuchi, H, and Ichihashi, N. Synergistic dominance induced by hip extension exercise alters biomechanics and muscular activity during sprinting and suggests a potential link to hamstring strain. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1770-1776, 2023-Hamstring strain is likely to occur during the late swing phase or the first half of the stance phase in sprinting. During the late swing phase, the hamstrings and gluteus maximus (Gmax) contract eccentrically to decelerate the lower limb. We hypothesized that, when the Gmax becomes dysfunctional because of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), the hamstring workload is increased (i.e., there is synergetic dominance), which could lead to an increased risk of strain. A total of healthy 15 male undergraduate or graduate students (age 23.1 ± 1.28 years) were recruited to perform exercises and maximal sprints. On day 1, before subjects performing DOMS-causing exercises, and on day 3, while subjects were experiencing DOMS in the Gmax, lower-limb biomechanical and muscle activity data were recorded using a motion analysis system and electromyography (EMG), respectively. Data were analyzed and compared between day 1 and day 3. Hip flexion angle on day 3 was significantly lower than that on day 1, but the opposite was true for the knee flexion angle (P < 0.05). Vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF), and Gmax muscle activities on day 3 were significantly higher than those on day 1 (P < 0.05). Peak propulsive forces on day 3 were significantly higher than those on day 1 (P < 0.05). Kinematic changes such as decreased hip flexion angle and EMG changes such as increased BF EMG activity on day 3 to compensate for the loss of function of the Gmax may potentially increase the risk of hamstring strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junta Iguchi
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hojo
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Kuzuhara
- Department of Athletic Training and Conditioning, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ko Yanase
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirono
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yumiko Koyama
- Faculty of Medical Science, Department of Tokyo Physical Therapy, TEIKYO University of Science, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Hiroshige Tateuchi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Pérez F, Rubia ADL, Cañadas E, Lorenzo-Calvo J, Marquina M, García-Sánchez C. Musculoskeletal injury prevalence in professional padel players. A retrospective study of the 2021 season. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 63:9-16. [PMID: 37413954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the influence of the gender, ranking and playing position on the musculoskeletal injuries in professional padel players. DESIGN An epidemiological, observational, descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS 44 injuries were reported by 36 players (20 men/16 women) who participated in the World Padel Tour 2021. SETTING Online questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Descriptive statistics and injury prevalence were calculated. Spearman/Pearson correlations between sample characteristics and injury variables were calculated. The chi-square test was used to analyse the association between injury and descriptive variables. A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare the group differences with regard to days of absence. RESULTS The results showed different injury prevalence (x1000 matches) in male (10.50) and female players (15.10). A higher injury incidence in top-ranked players, both in male (44.40%) and female (58.33%) was identified, but the low-ranked players reported more severe injuries (>28 days) (p < 0.05). Top-ranked players suffered more muscle injuries (p < 0.01) and low-ranked players suffered more tendon injuries (p < 0.01). Gender, ranking and playing position did not influence the days of absence (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that gender and ranking position had an impact on the injury prevalence in professional padel players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pérez
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso de la Rubia
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Cañadas
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Lorenzo-Calvo
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Moisés Marquina
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Sánchez
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Adouni M, Alkhatib F, Gouissem A, Faisal TR. Knee joint biomechanics and cartilage damage prediction during landing: A hybrid MD-FE-musculoskeletal modeling. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287479. [PMID: 37535559 PMCID: PMC10399834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanics behind knee joint injuries and providing appropriate treatment is crucial for improving physical function, quality of life, and employability. In this study, we used a hybrid molecular dynamics-finite element-musculoskeletal model to determine the level of loads the knee can withstand when landing from different heights (20, 40, 60 cm), including the height at which cartilage damage occurs. The model was driven by kinematics-kinetics data of asymptomatic subjects at the peak loading instance of drop landing. Our analysis revealed that as landing height increased, the forces on the knee joint also increased, particularly in the vastus muscles and medial gastrocnemius. The patellar tendon experienced more stress than other ligaments, and the medial plateau supported most of the tibial cartilage contact forces and stresses. The load was mostly transmitted through cartilage-cartilage interaction and increased with landing height. The critical height of 126 cm, at which cartilage damage was initiated, was determined by extrapolating the collected data using an iterative approach. Damage initiation and propagation were mainly located in the superficial layers of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral cartilage. Finally, this study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of landing-associated cartilage damage and could help limit joint injuries and improve training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Adouni
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Australian University, East Mushrif, Kuwait
| | - Fadi Alkhatib
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Australian University, East Mushrif, Kuwait
| | - Afif Gouissem
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Australian University, East Mushrif, Kuwait
| | - Tanvir R Faisal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States of America
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Sadeqi S, Norte GE, Murray A, Erbulut DU, Goel VK. Effect of Whole Body Parameters on Knee Joint Biomechanics: Implications for ACL Injury Prevention During Single-Leg Landings. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:2098-2109. [PMID: 37259968 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231174899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have examined the effect of whole body (WB) parameters on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) strain and loads, as well as knee joint kinetics and kinematics. However, articular cartilage damage occurs in relation to ACL failure, and the effect of WB parameters on ACL strain and articular cartilage biomechanics during dynamic tasks is unclear. PURPOSES (1) To investigate the effect of WB parameters on ACL strain, as well as articular cartilage stress and contact force, during a single-leg cross drop (SLCD) and single-leg drop (SLD). (2) To identify WB parameters predictive of high ACL strain during these tasks. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS Three-dimensional motion analysis data from 14 physically active men and women were recorded during an SLCD and SLD. OpenSim was used to obtain their kinematics, kinetics, and muscle forces for the WB model. Using these data in kinetically driven finite element simulations of the knee joint produced outputs of ACL strains and articular cartilage stresses and contact forces. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess relationships between WB parameters and ACL strain and cartilage biomechanics. Moreover, receiver operating characteristic curve analyses and multivariate binary logistic regressions were used to find the WB parameters that could discriminate high from low ACL strain trials. RESULTS Correlations showed that more lumbar rotation away from the stance limb at peak ACL strain had the strongest overall association (ρ = 0.877) with peak ACL strain. Higher knee anterior shear force (ρ = 0.895) and lower gluteus maximus muscle force (ρ = 0.89) at peak ACL strain demonstrated the strongest associations with peak articular cartilage stress or contact force in ≥1 of the analyzed tasks. The regression model that used muscle forces to predict high ACL strain trials during the dominant limb SLD yielded the highest accuracy (93.5%), sensitivity (0.881), and specificity (0.952) among all regression models. CONCLUSION WB parameters that were most consistently associated with and predictive of high ACL strain and poor articular cartilage biomechanics during the SLCD and SLD tasks included greater knee abduction angle at initial contact and higher anterior shear force at peak ACL strain, as well as lower gracilis, gluteus maximus, and medial gastrocnemius muscle forces. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Knowledge of which landing postures create a high risk for ACL or cartilage injury may help reduce injuries in athletes by avoiding those postures and practicing the tasks with reduced high-risk motions, as well as by strengthening the muscles that protect the knee during single-leg landings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sadeqi
- Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (E-CORE), Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Grant E Norte
- Motion Analysis and Integrative Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Amanda Murray
- Motion Analysis and Integrative Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Deniz U Erbulut
- Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (E-CORE), Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Vijay K Goel
- Engineering Center for Orthopaedic Research Excellence (E-CORE), Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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Hermann A, Christl V, Hastreiter V, Carqueville P, Ellenberger L, Senner V. Muscular Fatigue and Quadriceps-to-Hamstring Ratio in Alpine Skiing in Women over 40 Years. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20085486. [PMID: 37107769 PMCID: PMC10138889 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: In alpine skiing, senior athletes and especially women have a high risk of knee injury. This may also be related to muscular fatigue (MF) of the knee-stabilizing thigh muscles. This study investigates both the evolution of muscle activity (MA) and of MF of the thighs throughout an entire skiing day. (2) Methods: n = 38 female recreational skiers over 40 years of age performed four specific skiing tasks (plough turns, V-steps uphill, turns with short, and middle radii) at specific times, while freely skiing the rest of the day. Surface EMG of the thigh muscle groups (quadriceps and hamstrings) was measured using special wearables (EMG pants). Apart from standard muscle activity parameters, the EMG data were also processed in the frequency domain to calculate the mean frequency and its shift over the day as a metric of muscle fatigue. (3) Results: The EMG pants showed reliable signal quality over the entire day, with BMI not impacting this. MF increased during skiing before and for both muscle groups significantly (p < 0.006) during lunch. MF, however, was not reflected in the quadriceps-hamstrings ratio. The plough manoeuvre seems to require significantly (p < 0.003) more muscle dynamics than the three other tasks. (4) Conclusion: MF may be quantified over an entire skiing day and thus fatigue information could be given to the skier. This is of major importance for skiers at the beginner level dominantly performing plough turns. Crucial for all skiers: There is no regenerative effect of a 45-min lunch break.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljoscha Hermann
- Professorship of Sport Equipment and Materials, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; (V.C.); (V.H.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vera Christl
- Professorship of Sport Equipment and Materials, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; (V.C.); (V.H.); (V.S.)
| | - Valentin Hastreiter
- Professorship of Sport Equipment and Materials, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; (V.C.); (V.H.); (V.S.)
- Institute of Sports Science, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Carqueville
- Professorship of Sport Equipment and Materials, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; (V.C.); (V.H.); (V.S.)
| | - Lynn Ellenberger
- Swiss Council for Accident Prevention BFU, Hodlerstrasse 5A, 3001 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Veit Senner
- Professorship of Sport Equipment and Materials, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; (V.C.); (V.H.); (V.S.)
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Foody JN, Bradley PX, Spritzer CE, Wittstein JR, DeFrate LE, Englander ZA. Elevated In Vivo ACL Strain Is Associated With a Straight Knee in Both the Sagittal and the Coronal Planes. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:422-428. [PMID: 36625427 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221141876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries typically occur during deceleration movements such as landing or cutting. However, conflicting data have left the kinematic mechanisms leading to these injuries unclear. Quantifying the influence of sagittal and coronal plane knee kinematics on in vivo ACL strain may help to elucidate noncontact ACL injury mechanisms. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study was to measure in vivo sagittal and coronal plane knee kinematics and ACL strain during a single-leg jump. We hypothesized that ACL strain would be modulated primarily by motion in the sagittal plane and that limited coronal plane motion would be measured during this activity. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS Seventeen healthy participants (8 male/9 female) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) followed by high-speed biplanar radiography, obtained as participants performed a single-leg jump. Three-dimensional models of the femur, tibia, and associated ACL attachment site footprints were created from the MRIs and registered to the radiographs to reproduce the position of the knee during the jump. ACL strain, knee flexion/extension angles, and varus/valgus angles were measured throughout the jump. Spearman rank correlations were used to assess relationships between mean ACL strain and kinematic variables. RESULTS Mean ACL strain increased with decreasing knee flexion angle (ρ = -0.3; P = .002), and local maxima in ACL strain occurred with the knee in a straight position in both the sagittal and the coronal planes. In addition, limited coronal plane motion (varus/valgus angle) was measured during this activity (mean ± SD, -0.5°± 0.3°). Furthermore, we did not detect a statistically significant relationship between ACL strain and varus/valgus angle (ρ = -0.01; P = .9). CONCLUSION ACL strain was maximized when the knee was in a straight position in both the sagittal and coronal planes. Participants remained in <1° of varus/valgus position on average throughout the jump. As a ligament under elevated strain is more vulnerable to injury, landing on a straight knee may be an important risk factor for ACL rupture. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data may improve understanding of risk factors for noncontact ACL injury, which may be useful in designing ACL injury prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline N Foody
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patrick X Bradley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jocelyn R Wittstein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Louis E DeFrate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zoë A Englander
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Ferguson H, Piquet J, Jemni M, Delextrat A. Effects of a Football Simulated Exercise on Injury Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury in Amateur Female Players. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010124. [PMID: 36671816 PMCID: PMC9855934 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Females are more at risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries than males; however, there is limited literature on neuromuscular risk factors such as angle-specific hamstring/quadriceps functional strength ratios (Hecc/Qcon) and rate of torque development (RTD) in female footballers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fatigue on these neuromuscular risk factors. Thirty-three amateur players (20.3 ± 2.0 years old, 1.67 ± 9.31 m, 63.4 ±8.1 kg, 23.6 ± 5.7% body fat) performed strength assessments of the quadriceps (concentrically, Qcon) and hamstrings (eccentrically, Hecc) on both legs on an isokinetic dynamometer, before and immediately after a football-specific exercise. Results showed significantly lower peak Hecc (-15.1 to -15.5%), peak Hecc/Qcon (-8.8 to -12.9%) and RTD (-14.0 to -17.0%) for hamstring eccentric contractions after fatigue in the dominant and non-dominant legs. Furthermore, significant decreases in Hecc/Qcon were observed at 10° only in the dominant leg (-15.5%), and at 10°, 20° and 30° in the non-dominant leg (-15.1 to -21.8%). These results suggest a reduced capacity of the hamstrings to stabilise the knee joint with fatigue. Unlike results previously shown on men, the non-dominant leg seemed more affected, highlighting the need to consider specific prevention measures in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Ferguson
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 8HU, UK
| | - Jessica Piquet
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 8HU, UK
| | - Monèm Jemni
- The Carrick Institute of Neuroscience, Cap Canaveral, FL 32920, USA
| | - Anne Delextrat
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 8HU, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-1865-48-3610
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13
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Kothurkar R, Lekurwale R. Techniques to determine knee joint contact forces during squatting: A systematic review. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2022; 236:775-784. [DOI: 10.1177/09544119221091609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides an overview of techniques used to determine human knee joint contact forces during squatting. The main two approaches are experimental and theoretical. Thigh calf contact has a significant effect on knee forces and should not be neglected. In this study, data were searched electronically and organized by techniques to find knee joint contact force during squatting theoretically and experimentally. There was a large variation in peak tibiofemoral (CV = 0.45) and patellofemoral (CV = 0.38) contact forces predicted theoretically. However, very little variation was observed between peak tibiofemoral contact forces (CV = 0.12) measured in vivo experimentally but measured knee joint force is available up to a limited knee flexion angle. There was a reduction in knee joint contact forces due to thigh calf contact. Literature of knee joint contact force prediction theoretically during squatting incorporating thigh calf contact force is very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Kothurkar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Ghatkopar, Mumbai, India
| | - Ramesh Lekurwale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Ghatkopar, Mumbai, India
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14
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Single-Leg Drop Jump Biomechanics After Ankle or Knee Joint Cooling in Healthy Young Adults. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 31:271-278. [PMID: 34853186 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2020-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT It is unclear if lower-extremity joint cooling alters biomechanics during a functional movement. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of unilateral lower-extremity cryotherapy on movement alterations during a single-leg drop jump. DESIGN A crossover design. SETTING Laboratory. PATIENTS Twenty healthy subjects (10 males and 10 females; 23 y, 169 cm, 66 kg). INTERVENTION(S) Subjects completed a single-leg drop jump before and after a 20-minute ankle or knee joint cooling on the right leg, or control (seated without cooling) on 3 separate days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Time to peak knee flexion, vertical ground reaction force, lower-extremity joint angular velocity (sagittal plane only), and angle and moment (sagittal and frontal planes) in the involved leg over the entire ground contact (GC; from initial contact to jump-off) during the first landing. Time to peak knee flexion was compared using an analysis of variance; the rest of the outcome measures were analyzed using functional analyses of variance (P < .05). RESULTS Neither joint cooling condition changed the time to peak knee flexion (F2,95 = 0.73, P = .49). Ankle joint cooling reduced vertical ground reaction force (55 N at 4% of GC), knee joint angular velocity (44°/s during 5%-9% of GC), and knee varus moment (181 N·m during 18%-20% of GC). Knee joint cooling resulted in a reduction in knee joint angular velocity (24°/s during 37%-40% of GC) and hip adduction moment (151 N·m during 46%-48% of GC), and an increase in hip joint angular velocity (16°/s during 49%-53% of GC) and plantarflexion angle (1.5° during 11%-29% of GC). CONCLUSION Resuming activity immediately after lower-extremity joint cooling does not seem to predispose an individual to injury during landing because altered mechanics are neither overlapping with the injury time period nor of sufficient magnitude to lead to an injury.
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15
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Hill M, Rosicka K, Wdowski M. Effect of sex and fatigue on quiet standing and dynamic balance and lower extremity muscle stiffness. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:233-244. [PMID: 34669045 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to determine whether there are sex differences in fatigue-induced changes in quiet standing and dynamic balance and establish whether changes in muscle torque and resting stiffness may explain the potential sex differences in balance responses. METHODS Sixteen recreationally active men (age; 24.8 ± 5.0 years, height; 178.2 ± 5.6 cm, mass; 77.8 ± 13.2 kg) and 10 women (age; 21.0 ± 1.6 years, height; 167 ± 5.3 cm, mass; 61.3 ± 8.9 kg) were assessed for postural sway, Y balance test performance, isokinetic and isometric knee extensor torque and resting stiffness of the vastus lateralis (VL), gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) and Achilles tendon (AT) before and immediately after fatiguing exercise. The fatigue protocol consisted of five sets of 20-drop jumps. RESULTS The fatiguing exercise elicited similar magnitude (effects size; ES) reductions in muscle torque (men; ES = 0.45-0.80, women; ES = 0.46-0.52), dynamic balance (men; ES = 0.45-0.74, women; ES = 0.47-0.79) and resting VL stiffness (men; ES = 0.46, women; ES = 0.36) in men and women (all p < 0.05). For quiet standing balance, fatigue induced an increase in postural sway metrics (ES = 0.64-1.28) and reduction in resting GL stiffness (ES = 0.40) in men (both p < 0.001) but not women (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Fatiguing exercise, when producing a similar level of force reduction, induces similar magnitude reductions in dynamic postural control and resting VL stiffness in men and women. Distinct deteriorations in quiet standing balance in men but not women were accompanied by modifications in calf muscle stiffness following exercise-induced muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hill
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Whitefriars Street, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK.
| | - K Rosicka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wlkp., Poznań University of Physical Education, Gorzów Wlkp., Poznań, Poland
| | - M Wdowski
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Whitefriars Street, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK
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16
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Merrigan JJ, O'Toole KB, Wutzke CJ, Jones MT. Kinetic and Kinematic Analysis of Various Drop Jump Performances in Army Reserve Officer Training Corps Cadets. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:738-746. [PMID: 34132221 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Merrigan, JJ, O'Toole, KB, Wutzke, CJ, and Jones, MT. Kinetic and kinematic analysis of various drop jump performances in army reserve officer training corps cadets. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-The purpose was to examine effects of sex, drop height, and external loads on drop jump mechanics in Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets and whether findings were associated with strength. Males (n = 14) and females (n = 12) completed maximal isokinetic concentric (slow-C and fast-C) and eccentric (slow-E and fast-E) knee extensions and flexions at 60°·s-1 and 180°·s-1. After 72 hours, 3 drop jumps were performed under 3 conditions, (i.e., 30 cm unloaded [30UL], 30 cm loaded 15 kg [30L], and 60 cm unloaded [60UL]). No sex × condition interactions existed for any metric (p > 0.05). The 30L condition resulted in slower eccentric and concentric center of mass (COM) and angular velocities, reduced concentric vertical ground reaction forces (vGRF), and lower jump performances. Although 60UL resulted in greater eccentric COM and angular velocities, peak vGRF, impulse, and rate of force development (p < 0.008), no differences existed in jump performances. Males had faster COM and angular concentric velocities and smaller knee valgus angles, but no different vGRF compared with females. The change in the peak hip angle, because of 60UL, was associated with knee extension eccentric and concentric strength, whereas changes in knee angles were associated with eccentric strength. Likewise, eccentric strength influenced the effects of 30L on landing vGRF more so than concentric strength. Initial strength training is recommended, specifically emphasizing eccentric actions, before performing loaded (15 kg) drop jumps to reduce the increase of landing forces. However, caution may be required when performing drops from 60 cm because of increased forces, although no decline in jump performances were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Merrigan
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; School of Nursing and Human Physiology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington; and Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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17
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Mojaddarasil M, Sadigh MJ. On the impact force analysis of two-leg landing with a flexed knee. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2021; 24:1862-1875. [PMID: 34027762 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2021.1925257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This article looks into the effects of the initial knee flexion angle at the contact time on the peak of the impulsive lower limb forces during landing, and how these effects are related to muscular activities. The impact dynamics of drop landing is studied via a musculoskeletal model with eight Hill-type lower-limb muscles. A method is proposed for the representation of two landing strategies: landing with high and low joint stiffness. Then, in each landing strategy, the effect of the initial knee flexion angle on the peak ground reaction force (GRF), the peak knee ligaments force and the peak tibiofemoral contact force is investigated by considering different initial contact postures. It is observed that while landing with a flexed knee decreases the peak GRF in both landing strategies, it decreases the peak tibiofemoral and knee ligaments forces only in landing with low joint stiffness. Specifically, by increasing the initial knee flexion from 0° to 70°, the peak tibiofemoral and knee ligaments forces decrease monotonically by 54% and 82%, in landing with low joint stiffness. For high joint stiffness, however, as the initial knee flexion increases from 10° to 70°, the peak tibiofemoral force is seen to increase monotonically by 42% and the peak knee ligaments force is seen to have a non-monotonic behavior, first decreasing by 42%, and then, increasing by 250%. These results can be considered in training landing strategies to reduce the risk of knee injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Mojaddarasil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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18
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Sex and Limb Differences in Lower Extremity Alignment and Kinematics during Drop Vertical Jumps. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073748. [PMID: 33916746 PMCID: PMC8038346 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sex and limb differences in lower extremity alignments (LEAs) and dynamic lower extremity kinematics (LEKs) during a drop vertical jump were investigated in participants of Korean ethnicity. One hundred healthy males and females participated in a drop vertical jump, and LEAs and LEKs were determined in dominant and non-dominant limbs. A 2-by-2 mixed model MANOVA was performed to compare LEAs and joint kinematics between sexes and limbs (dominant vs. non-dominant). Compared with males, females possessed a significantly greater pelvic tilt, femoral anteversion, Q-angle, and reduced tibial torsion. Females landed on the ground with significantly increased knee extension and ankle plantarflexion with reduced hip abduction and knee adduction, relatively decreased peak hip adduction, knee internal rotation, and increased knee abduction and ankle eversion. The non-dominant limb showed significantly increased hip flexion, abduction, and external rotation; knee flexion and internal rotation; and ankle inversion at initial contact. Further, the non-dominant limb showed increased peak hip and knee flexion, relatively reduced peak hip adduction, and increased knee abduction and internal rotation. It could be suggested that LEAs and LEKs observed in females and non-dominant limbs might contribute to a greater risk of anterior cruciate ligament injuries.
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19
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Sheikhi B, Letafatkar A, Hogg J, Naseri-Mobaraki E. The influence of kinesio taping on trunk and lower extremity motions during different landing tasks: implications for anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Exp Orthop 2021; 8:25. [PMID: 33796962 PMCID: PMC8017065 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-021-00339-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of a 72-h KT application on trunk and lower extremity kinematics during different landing tasks. Methods Twenty-nine competitive male athletes participated in this study. The sum of knee valgus and lateral trunk lean, symmetry index (SI), and peak angles of lateral trunk lean, hip flexion, knee abduction and flexion were assessed for all participants during single-leg drop landing (SLDL), single-leg vertical drop jump (SLVDJ), vertical drop jump (DLVDJ), and double leg forward jump (DLFJ), at baseline and seventy-two hours following KT application. Results The KT application resulted in more knee flexion and abduction, sum of knee valgus and lateral trunk lean as compared with the non-KT condition during SLDL (P < 0.05). Nonetheless, there were no differences in SI, maximum angle of the lateral trunk lean during SLDL, SLVDJ, nor hip flexion, knee abduction, and flexion during DLVDJ, and DLFJ tasks (P > 0.05). Conclusions The research findings suggest that KT after 72-h application may improve knee abduction and sum of knee valgus and lateral trunk lean during SLDL, knee flexion during SLDL and SLVDJ in individuals displaying risky single-leg kinematics. Therefore, KT application may marginally improve high-risk landing kinematics in competitive male athletes. Level of evidence Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Sheikhi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Letafatkar
- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jennifer Hogg
- Health & Human Performance Department, Graduate Athletic Training Program, University of Tennessee Chattanooga, Chattanooga, USA
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Abstract
Few studies have focused on the effect of fatigue severity on landing strategy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue progression on ground reaction force during landing. Eighteen participants performed a fatigue exercise protocol. Then participants performed drop landings at three levels of fatigue: no fatigue, medium fatigue, and severe fatigue. Multiple linear regression was conducted to identify the predictors of the peak vertical ground reaction force at each level of fatigue. Two-way ANOVAs were conducted to test the effect of fatigue on the vertical ground reaction force and the predictors. For the vertical ground reaction force, the knee joint stiffness and the knee angle at initial contact were the main predictors at no fatigue. The peak knee flexion angle and knee power were the main predictors at medium fatigue. However, the peak ankle plantarflexion moments became the main predictor at severe fatigue. The vertical ground reaction force decreased from no to medium fatigue (p = 0.001), and then increased from medium to severe fatigue (p = 0.034). The knee joint stiffness decreased from no to medium fatigue (p = 0.049), and then remained unchanged from medium to severe fatigue. The peak knee flexion angle increased from no to medium fatigue (p = 0.001), and then slightly decreased from medium to severe fatigue (p = 0.051). The results indicate that fatigue progression causes a transition from stiff to soft landing, and then to stiff landing. Participants used ankle joints more to control the landing intensity at severe fatigue.
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21
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Drew MD, Krammer SM, Brown TN. Effects of prolonged walking with body borne load on knee adduction biomechanics. Gait Posture 2021; 84:192-197. [PMID: 33360641 PMCID: PMC7902390 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soldiers that suffer a service-related knee musculoskeletal injury routinely develop joint osteoarthritis. Knee osteoarthritis is a substantial and costly problem among soldiers, yet it is unknown how body borne load and duration of walking impact knee adduction biomechanics linked to progression and severity of osteoarthritis. RESEARCH QUESTION This study determined the adaptations in magnitude and variability of knee adduction joint angle (KAA) and moment (KAM) during prolonged walking with body borne load. METHODS Thirteen recreationally active participants had knee biomechanics quantified while walking over-ground for 60-min at 1.3 m/s with three body borne loads (0, 15, and 30 kg). Magnitude and variability of KAA and KAM measures were quantified and submitted to a RM ANOVA to test the main effect and interactions between load (0, 15 and 30 kg) and time (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min). RESULTS Body borne load increased peak KAM (p < 0.001), whereas time increased peak and range of KAA (both: p < 0.001). Specifically, peak KAM increased with each addition of body borne load (all: p < 0.025), and peak and range of KAA increased after 30 min of walking (both: p < 0.040). Neither body borne load, nor time had a significant effect on KAA or KAM variability (both: p > 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE Prolonged walking with heavy body borne load increased knee adduction biomechanics related to osteoarthritis. Adding heavy body borne load increased in peak KAM whereas duration of walking increased KAA, knee biomechanics that may increase loading of the medial knee joint compartment and risk of OA at the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah D. Drew
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA submitted to Gait and Posture
| | - Samantha M. Krammer
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA submitted to Gait and Posture
| | - Tyler N. Brown
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA submitted to Gait and Posture
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22
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Richardson MC, Murphy S, Macpherson T, English B, Spears I, Chesterton P. Effect of Sand on Knee Load During a Single-Leg Jump Task: Implications for Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Programs. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3164-3172. [PMID: 33105367 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Richardson, MC, Murphy, S, Macpherson, T, English, B, Spears, I, and Chesterton, P. Effect of sand on knee load during a single-leg jump task: implications for injury prevention and rehabilitation programs. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3164-3172, 2020-The purpose of the study was to determine potential differences in landing strategies and subsequent joint loads at the knee (knee abduction moment [KAM], anterior-posterior [AP] tibial translation, and total knee shear force) when jumping onto sand and firm ground from both a level surface and a 30-cm height. Firm ground would act as the control for the study. Seventeen subjects (age: 23.6 ± 3.7 years; body mass: 67.7 ± 10.3 kg; height: 168.5 ± 7.4 cm) performed 3 single-leg jumps on their dominant leg for each of the 4 conditions tested (ground level, sand level, ground height, and sand height). A repeated-measures design investigated the effect of sand on KAM, AP tibial translation, and total knee shear force. Data were analyzed using magnitude-based inferences and presented as percentage change with 90% confidence limits. Results indicated that sand had a clear beneficial effect on KAM, which was possibly moderate during a drop jump (30 cm) and possibly small from a level jump. Sand also had a possibly moderate beneficial effect on AP tibial translation from a level jump. The effect of sand on total knee shear force was unclear. These results suggest that sand may provide a safer alternative to firm ground when performing jump tasks commonly used in anterior cruciate ligament and patellofemoral joint injury prevention and rehabilitation programs. Sand may also allow for an accelerated rehabilitation program because jumping activities could potentially be implemented more safely at an earlier stage in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Richardson
- Psychology, Sport and Exercise Department, Sport and Exercise Science Section, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sinead Murphy
- Psychology, Sport and Exercise Department, Sport and Exercise Science Section, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; and
| | - Tom Macpherson
- Psychology, Sport and Exercise Department, Sport and Exercise Science Section, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; and
| | - Bryan English
- Middlesbrough Football Club, Riverside Stadium, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Spears
- Psychology, Sport and Exercise Department, Sport and Exercise Science Section, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul Chesterton
- Psychology, Sport and Exercise Department, Sport and Exercise Science Section, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; and
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Bates NA, Myer GD, Hale RF, Schilaty ND, Hewett TE. Prospective Frontal Plane Angles Used to Predict ACL Strain and Identify Those at High Risk for Sports-Related ACL Injury. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120957646. [PMID: 33110927 PMCID: PMC7557696 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120957646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Knee abduction moment during landing has been associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, accurately capturing this measurement is expensive and technically rigorous. Less complex variables that lend themselves to easier clinical integration are desirable. Purpose: To corroborate in vitro cadaveric simulation and in vivo knee abduction angles from landing tasks to allow for estimation of ACL strain in live participants during a landing task. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 205 female high school athletes previously underwent prospective 3-dimensional motion analysis and subsequent injury tracking. Differences in knee abduction angle between those who went on to develop ACL injury and healthy controls were assessed using Student t tests and receiver operating characteristic analysis. A total of 11 cadaveric specimens underwent mechanical impact simulation while instrumented to record ACL strain and knee abduction angle. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between these variables. The resultant linear regression model was used to estimate ACL strain in the 205 high school athletes based on their knee abduction angles. Results: Knee abduction angle was greater for athletes who went on to develop injury than for healthy controls (P < .01). Knee abduction angle at initial contact predicted ACL injury status with 78% sensitivity and 83% specificity, with a threshold of 4.6° of knee abduction. ACL strain was significantly correlated with knee abduction angle during cadaveric simulation (P < .01). Subsequent estimates of peak ACL strain in the high school athletes were greater for those who went on to injury (7.7-8.1% ± 1.5%) than for healthy controls (4.1-4.5% ± 3.6%) (P < .01). Conclusion: Knee abduction angle exhibited comparable reliability with knee abduction moment for ACL injury risk identification. Cadaveric simulation data can be extrapolated to estimate in vivo ACL strain. Athletes who went on to ACL injury exhibited greater knee abduction and greater ACL strain than did healthy controls during landing. Clinical Relevance: These important associations between the in vivo and cadaveric environments allow clinicians to estimate peak ACL strain from observed knee abduction angles. Neuromuscular control of knee abduction angle during dynamic tasks is imperative for knee joint health. The present associations are an important step toward the establishment of a minimal clinically important difference value for ACL strain during landing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A Bates
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregory D Myer
- The Sport Center, Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rena F Hale
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nathan D Schilaty
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy E Hewett
- Sparta Science, Menlo Park, California, USA.,The Rocky Mountain Consortium for Sports Research, Edwards, Colorado, USA
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24
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Di Giminiani R, Jozsef T, Francesco M. Gender differences on neuromuscular strategy during drop jump: a comment on Helm et al. (2019). Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2555-2556. [PMID: 32772247 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Giminiani
- Laboratory of Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System and Motion Analysis, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio (Coppito 2), 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Tihanyi Jozsef
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Masedu Francesco
- Laboratory of Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System and Motion Analysis, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio (Coppito 2), 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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25
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Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigue is a commonly accepted risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. It has been proposed that fatigue leads to transient reductions in muscle strength, and deleterious changes in lower limb kinematics and kinetics, during potentially hazardous tasks such as cutting or landing. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to (1) highlight the complexity of fatigue; (2) discuss the theoretical basis by which it is thought to contribute to ACL injury; and (3) critically discuss the evidence underpinning this hypothesis. Despite a significant amount of research, none of the published fatigue protocols appear to have any consistent effect on any lower limb kinematic or kinetic variables known to increase ACL injury risk. On the contrary, fatigued athletes appear to land with greater peak knee and hip flexion angles, and lower landing forces than unfatigued athletes-all of which are considered favourable movement strategies for reducing ACL loading. These data support recent analyses demonstrating no relationship between player workload in training and competition and the occurrence of ACL injury in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Bourne
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Kate E Webster
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy E Hewett
- Mayo Clinic Biomechanics Laboratories and Sports Medicine Research Center, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, and of Physical Medicine and of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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26
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Abstract
Sex differences in biomechanics may provide one explanation for the greater incidence of knee injuries in women, but few studies have compared internal forces. In this study, a musculoskeletal model was used to compare male and female, bilateral and unilateral landings based on motion capture and force plate data. Participants were classified as landing medially or laterally loaded based upon the mediolateral load share at the knee (bilateral: p < 0.001, η2=0.452; unilateral: p < 0.001, η2 = 0.444). Knee kinematics and ground reaction forces were not different between the two groups (p > 0.05, η2 = 0.001 - 0.059), but there were differences in muscular recruitment. Landing strategy did not appear to be dependent on sex. However, for both medially and laterally loaded bilateral landings men had greater gluteal (p = 0.017, η2 = 0.085) and hamstrings forces (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.183), whereas women had greater quadriceps forces (p = 0.004, η2 = 0.116). This study demonstrates an association between muscular recruitment and medially loaded landings. Landing strategy seems to be a function of skill not sex; however, within a particular landing strategy there may be sex differences in muscular activation that contribute to the difference in injury rates.
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27
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Lee HS, Ko SS, An KO. Differences between Male and Female College Students in Dynamic Stability Change through Measuring Lower Extremity Muscle Fatigue. THE ASIAN JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.15758/ajk.2019.21.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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28
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Anderson T, Wasserman EB, Shultz SJ. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk by Season Period and Competition Segment: An Analysis of National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Data. J Athl Train 2019; 54:787-795. [PMID: 31322904 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-501-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although fatigue has been implicated in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, few researchers have examined the timing of injury across a competitive sport season or within a competitive session to gain insight into the potential effects of fatigue on the incidence of ACL injury. OBJECTIVE To identify the time segments across a competitive season or within an individual competition associated with the greatest ACL injury incidence. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS Data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program for 2004-2005 through 2015-2016 for basketball, lacrosse, and soccer were analyzed. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) compared ACL injury rates by sport, sex, season segment, and competition period. Poisson regression was used to examine the associations between each of these categories and the incidence of ACL injury as well as interaction effects. RESULTS During the early regular season, the incidence rate was elevated relative to the preseason (IRR = 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27, 2.74), middle regular season (IRR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.01, 2.15), late regular season (IRR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.08, 2.27), and postseason (IRR = 2.20; 95% CI = 1.06, 4.56). A sport-by-season interaction indicated this effect was largely attributable to a higher incidence in the early season among lacrosse athletes. An interaction between season segment and competition period (P = .02) revealed a greater injury incidence before halftime in the early regular season (IRR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.76), but a greater incidence after halftime in the late regular season (IRR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.15, 5.02). Fewer noncontact injuries occurred in soccer than in basketball or lacrosse. CONCLUSIONS The ACL injury incidence was higher in the early part of the regular season, particularly among lacrosse athletes. Although the injury incidences before and after halftime were similar, further analyses of player time and time of injury within each half are necessary. Coaches and practitioners should be cognizant of the elevated injury incidence during the early season among lacrosse athletes. Future authors should consider more specific analyses to further elucidate the potential role of fatigue development in exacerbating the incidence of ACL injury in collegiate athletes both within games and across the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Anderson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Erin B Wasserman
- Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Inc, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sandra J Shultz
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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Bisciotti GN, Chamari K, Cena E, Bisciotti A, Bisciotti A, Corsini A, Volpi P. Anterior cruciate ligament injury risk factors in football. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:1724-1738. [PMID: 31062538 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) lesion represents one of the most dramatic injuries in a football (soccer) player's career. There are many injury risk factors related to intrinsic (non-modifiable) and/or extrinsic (modifiable) factors of ACL injury. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Research of the studies was conducted until September 2018 without publication data limitation or language restriction on the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, ISI, EXCERPTA. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS To date, evidence from the literature suggests that the risk of ACL injury is multifactorial and involves biomechanical, anatomical, hormonal, and neuromuscular factors. Despite this relative complexity, the mechanisms of injury are well known and rationally classified into two categories: mechanisms of injury based on contact or on non-contact with another player, with the non-contact injury mechanisms clearly prevailing over the mechanisms of contact injury. One of the most frequent biomechanical risk factors, associated with ACL non-contact injury, is represented by the valgus knee in the pivoting and cutting movements and in the landing phase after jumping. Gender-related risk factors show female populations to have a higher predisposition to ACL injury than males However, there are still some theoretical and practical aspects that need further investigation such as; genetic risks together with the role of estrogen and progesterone receptors in female populations, and the in-vivo interaction shoe-playing surface. In particular, the genetic risk factors of ACL lesion seem to be an interesting and promising field of investigation, where considerable progress has still to be made. CONCLUSIONS This narrative review provides an insight into the risk factors of ACL injury that could be used by practitioners for preventing injury in football (soccer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Nicola Bisciotti
- Qatar Orthopedic and Sport Medicine Hospital, FIFA Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar -
| | - Karim Chamari
- Qatar Orthopedic and Sport Medicine Hospital, FIFA Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Emanuele Cena
- Qatar Orthopedic and Sport Medicine Hospital, FIFA Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | - Piero Volpi
- FC Internazionale Milano, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Traumatology, Department of Knee Orthopedic and Sports, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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Busch A, Blasimann A, Henle P, Baur H. Neuromuscular activity during stair descent in ACL reconstructed patients: A pilot study. Knee 2019; 26:310-316. [PMID: 30733114 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a severe knee injury. Altered kinematics and kinetics in ACL reconstructed (ACL-R) patients compared to healthy participants (ACL-I) are known and attributed to an altered sensorimotor control. However, studies on neuromuscular control often lack homogeneous patient cohorts. The objective was to examine neuromuscular activity during stair descent in patients one year after ACL reconstruction. METHOD Neuromuscular activity of vastus medialis (VM) and lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) was recorded by electromyography in 10 ACL-R (age: 26 ± 10 years; height: 175 ± 6 cm; mass: 75 ± 14 kg) and 10 healthy matched controls (age: 31 ± 7 years; height: 175 ± 7 cm; mass: 68 ± 10 kg). A 10-minute walking treadmill warm-up was used for submaximal normalization. Afterwards participants descended 10 times a six-step stairway at a self-selected speed. The movement was separated into pre-activation (PRE), weight acceptance (WA) and push-off phase (PO). Normalized root mean squares for each muscle, limb and movement phase were calculated. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA compared ACL-R injured and contralateral leg and the ACL-I leg (α = 0.05). RESULTS Significant increased normalised activity in ST during WA in ACL-R injured leg compared to ACL-I and during PO in VL in the ACL-R contralateral leg compared to ACL-I. Decreased activity was shown in VM in ACL-R injured compared to contralateral leg (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Altered neuromuscular activations are present one year after ACL reconstruction compared to the contralateral and healthy matched control limb. Current standard rehabilitation programs may not be able to fully restore sensorimotor control and demand further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aglaja Busch
- Department Health & Physiotherapy, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Murtenstrasse 10, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland; University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, DE-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Angela Blasimann
- Department Health & Physiotherapy, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Murtenstrasse 10, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Philipp Henle
- Department of Knee Surgery and Sports Traumatology, Sonnenhof Orthopaedic Center, Buchserstrasse 30, CH-3006 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Heiner Baur
- Department Health & Physiotherapy, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Murtenstrasse 10, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland.
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31
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Greig M. Concurrent changes in eccentric hamstring strength and knee joint kinematics induced by soccer-specific fatigue. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 37:21-26. [PMID: 30802762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the influence of soccer-specific fatigue on concurrent changes in knee joint kinematics and hamstring strength, given the increased risk of injury during the latter stages of match-play and the prevalence of knee joint and hamstring muscular injury. DESIGN Repeated measures, randomized order trials. SETTING Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Ten male professional soccer players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Reactive inversion, eversion and neutral hop tasks were completed at 15 min intervals during a soccer-specific protocol, with touchdown knee joint kinematics in the frontal and sagittal planes calculated at 200 Hz. In a separate trial, players completed maximal eccentric knee flexions at 160°·s-1 (reflecting average knee angular velocity in the functional task) at 15 min intervals, quantifying peak torque. RESULTS All trials were characterized by knee varus at touchdown, with ∼4° greater mal-alignment elicited over the final 15 min of the protocol (P ≤ 0.05). Peak eccentric hamstring strength was significantly (P = 0.045) reduced throughout the 2nd half. CONCLUSIONS The coincident impairment of eccentric hamstring strength and increased knee varus at touchdown predisposes the player to injury, supporting epidemiological observations. Knee varus in these elite male players is in marked contrast to the valgus associated with ACL injury risk in female players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Greig
- Sports Injuries Research Group, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancs, L39 4QP, UK.
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32
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De Ste Croix M, Lehnert M, Maixnerova E, Zaatar A, Svoboda Z, Botek M, Varekova R, Stastny P. Does maturation influence neuromuscular performance and muscle damage after competitive match-play in youth male soccer players? Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1130-1139. [PMID: 30776255 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1575913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Poor neuromuscular control and fatigue have been proposed as a risk factor for non-contact injuries especially around peak height velocity (PHV). This study explored the effects of competitive soccer match-play on neuromuscular performance and muscle damage in male youth soccer players. 24 youth players aged 13-16y were split into a PHV group (-0.5 to 0.5y) and post PHV group (1.0-2.5y) based on maturity off-set. Leg stiffness, reactive strength index (RSI), muscle activation, creatine kinase (CK), and muscle soreness were determined pre and post a competitive soccer match. Paired t-tests were used to explore differences pre and post competitive match play and independent sample t-tests for between groups differences for all outcome measures. There was no significant fatigue-related change in absolute and relative leg stiffness or muscle activation in both groups, except for the gastrocnemius in the post PHV group. RSI, CK and perceived muscle soreness were significantly different after soccer match-play in both groups with small to large effects observed (ES:0.41-2.82). There were no significant differences between the groups pre match-play except for absolute and relative leg stiffness (P < 0.001; ES = 1.16 and 0.63 respectively). No significant differences were observed in the fatigue related responses to competitive match play between groups except for perceived muscle soreness. The influence of competitive match-play on neuromuscular function and muscle damage is similar in male youth around the time of PHV and those post-PHV indicating that other factors must contribute to the heightened injury risk around PHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark De Ste Croix
- a School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire , Gloucester , UK
| | - Michal Lehnert
- b Faculty of Physical Culture , Palacký University in Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Maixnerova
- b Faculty of Physical Culture , Palacký University in Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Amr Zaatar
- b Faculty of Physical Culture , Palacký University in Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Svoboda
- b Faculty of Physical Culture , Palacký University in Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Michal Botek
- b Faculty of Physical Culture , Palacký University in Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Renata Varekova
- b Faculty of Physical Culture , Palacký University in Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Stastny
- b Faculty of Physical Culture , Palacký University in Olomouc , Olomouc , Czech Republic.,c Faculty of Physical Education and Sport , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
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33
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Mejane J, Faubert J, Romeas T, Labbe DR. The combined impact of a perceptual-cognitive task and neuromuscular fatigue on knee biomechanics during landing. Knee 2019; 26:52-60. [PMID: 30583887 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large majority of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are non-contact, most often occurring during a landing or change of direction. Recent research indicates that cognitive factors may be involved in non-contact ACL injuries. The aim of this study was to determine if a game-situation perceptual-cognitive load leads to altered landing kinematics in physically fatigued female athletes. METHODS Nineteen female recreational athletes were recruited to perform a series of jumping and landing trials. In a first phase, eight trials were performed in an isolated condition and eight were performed while participants performed a perceptual-cognitive task. Before a second identical phase, participants underwent a muscular fatigue protocol. Knee-joint kinematics were recorded and compared between conditions using paired t-tests. RESULTS Muscle fatigue led to statistically significant increases in peak knee abduction and peak internal knee rotation as well as a decrease in maximum knee flexion, when comparing conditions without the perceptual-cognitive task. The perceptual-cognitive task had no statistically significant effect on any knee rotations, either pre- or post-fatigue. However, a subgroup of 12 athletes showed a significant increase in knee abduction in the presence of the perceptual-cognitive task, only in the fatigued condition. CONCLUSION A perceptual-cognitive task combined with muscle fatigue alters knee kinematics of landing for a subset of recreational athletes, potentially increasing the risk of ACL rupture. Further studies are necessary to confirm this finding and to identify characteristics of at-risk individuals to target them for injury prevention protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Mejane
- Laboratoire de recherche en imagerie et orthopedie, Ecole de technologie superieure, Montreal, Canada; CHUM Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Faubert
- Psychophysics and Visual Perception Laboratory, School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Thomas Romeas
- Laboratoire de recherche en imagerie et orthopedie, Ecole de technologie superieure, Montreal, Canada; CHUM Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - David R Labbe
- Laboratoire de recherche en imagerie et orthopedie, Ecole de technologie superieure, Montreal, Canada; CHUM Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Psychophysics and Visual Perception Laboratory, School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
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Bazuelo-Ruiz B, Durá-Gil JV, Palomares N, Medina E, Llana-Belloch S. Effect of fatigue and gender on kinematics and ground reaction forces variables in recreational runners. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4489. [PMID: 29576960 PMCID: PMC5865467 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of fatigue has been shown to modify running biomechanics. Overall in terms of gender, women are at lower risk than men for sustaining running-related injuries, although it depends on the factors taken into account. One possible reason for these differences in the injury rate and location might be the dissimilar running patterns between men and women. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fatigue and gender on the kinematic and ground reaction forces (GRF) parameters in recreational runners. Fifty-seven participants (28 males and 29 females) had kinematic and GRF variables measured while running at speed of 3.3 m s−1 before and after a fatigue test protocol. The fatigue protocol included (1) a running Course-Navette test, (2) running up and down a flight of stairs for 5 min, and (3) performance of alternating jumps on a step (five sets of 1 minute each with 30 resting seconds between the sets). Fatigue decreased dorsiflexion (14.24 ± 4.98° in pre-fatigue and 12.65 ± 6.21° in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) at foot strike phase in females, and plantar flexion (−19.23 ± 4.12° in pre-fatigue and −18.26 ± 5.31° in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) at toe-off phase in males. These changes led to a decreased loading rate (88.14 ± 25.82 BW/s in pre-fatigue and 83.97 ± 18.83 BW/s in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) and the impact peak in females (1.95 ± 0.31 BW in pre-fatigue and 1.90 ± 0.31 BW in fatigue condition, p < 0.05), and higher peak propulsive forces in males (−0.26 ± 0.04 BW in pre-fatigue and −0.27 ± 0.05 BW in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) in the fatigue condition. It seems that better responses to impact under a fatigue condition are observed among women. Further studies should confirm whether these changes represent a strategy to optimize shock attenuation, prevent running injuries and improve running economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bazuelo-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Mueller J, Martinez-Valdes E, Stoll J, Mueller S, Engel T, Mayer F. Differences in neuromuscular activity of ankle stabilizing muscles during postural disturbances: A gender-specific analysis. Gait Posture 2018; 61:226-231. [PMID: 29413789 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose was to examine gender differences in ankle stabilizing muscle activation during postural disturbances. Seventeen participants (9 females: 27 ± 2yrs., 1.69 ± 0.1 m, 63 ± 7 kg; 8 males: 29 ± 2yrs., 1.81 ± 0.1 m; 83 ± 7 kg) were included in the study. After familiarization on a split-belt-treadmill, participants walked (1 m/s) while 15 right-sided perturbations were randomly applied 200 ms after initial heel contact. Muscle activity of M. tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) was recorded during unperturbed and perturbed walking. The root mean square (RMS; [%]) was analyzed within 200 ms after perturbation. Co-activation was quantified as ratio of antagonist (GM)/agonist (TA) EMG-RMS during unperturbed and perturbed walking. Time to onset was calculated (ms). Data were analyzed descriptively (mean ± SD) followed by three-way-ANOVA (gender/condition/muscle; α = 0.05). Perturbed walking elicited higher EMG activity compared to normal walking for TA and PL in both genders (p < 0.000). RMS amplitude gender comparisons revealed an interaction between gender and condition (F = 4.6, p = 0.049) and, a triple interaction among gender, condition and muscle (F = 4.7, p = 0.02). Women presented significantly higher EMG-RMS [%] PL amplitude than men during perturbed walking (mean difference = 209.6%, 95% confidence interval = -367.0 to -52.2%, p < 0.000). Co-activation showed significant lower values for perturbed compared to normal walking (p < 0.000), without significant gender differences for both walking conditions. GM activated significantly earlier than TA and PL (p < 0.01) without significant differences between the muscle activation onsets of men and women (p = 0.7). The results reflect that activation strategies of the ankle encompassing muscles differ between genders. In provoked stumbling, higher PL EMG activity in women compared to men is present. Future studies should aim to elucidate if this specific behavior has any relationship with ankle injury occurrence between genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Mueller
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Eduardo Martinez-Valdes
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Germany; School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigacion en Fisiologia del Ejercicio (CIFE), Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Josefine Stoll
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Steffen Mueller
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Germany; Professorship for Physiotherapy: Exercise Science and Applied Biomechanics, Trier University of Applied Science, Germany
| | - Tilman Engel
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frank Mayer
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Orthopaedics, University of Potsdam, Germany
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Barber-Westin SD, Noyes FR. Effect of Fatigue Protocols on Lower Limb Neuromuscular Function and Implications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Training: A Systematic Review. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:3388-3396. [PMID: 28298066 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517693846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately two-thirds of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are sustained during noncontact situations when an athlete is cutting, pivoting, decelerating, or landing from a jump. Some investigators have postulated that fatigue may result in deleterious alterations in lower limb biomechanics during these activities that could increase the risk of noncontact ACL injuries. However, prior studies have noted a wide variation in fatigue protocols, athletic tasks studied, and effects of fatigue on lower limb kinetics and kinematics. PURPOSE First, to determine if fatigue uniformly alters lower limb biomechanics during athletic tasks that are associated with noncontact ACL injuries. Second, to determine if changes should be made in ACL injury prevention training programs to alter the deleterious effects of fatigue on lower limb kinetics and kinematics. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS A systematic review of the literature using MEDLINE was performed. Key terms were fatigue, neuromuscular, exercise, hop test, and single-legged function tests. Inclusion criteria were original research studies involving healthy participants, use of a fatigue protocol, study of at least 1 lower limb task that involved landing from a hop or jump or cutting, and analysis of at least 1 biomechanical variable. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies involving 806 athletes (485 female, 321 male; mean age, 22.7 years) met the inclusion criteria. General fatigue protocols were used in 20 investigations, peripheral protocols were used in 17 studies, and 21 different athletic tasks were studied (13 single-legged, 8 double-legged). There was no consistency among investigations regarding the effects of fatigue on hip, knee, or ankle joint angles and moments or surface electromyography muscle activation patterns. The fatigue protocols typically did not produce statistically significant changes in ground-reaction forces. CONCLUSION Published fatigue protocols did not uniformly produce alterations in lower limb neuromuscular factors that heighten the risk of noncontact ACL injuries. Therefore, justification does not currently exist for major changes in ACL injury prevention training programs to account for potential fatigue effects. However, the effect of fatigue related to ACL injuries is worthy of further investigation, including the refinement of protocols and methods of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue D Barber-Westin
- Cincinnati Sportsmedicine and Orthopaedic Center/Mercy Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Noyes Knee Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Frank R Noyes
- Cincinnati Sportsmedicine and Orthopaedic Center/Mercy Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Noyes Knee Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Kim Y, Youm C, Son M, Kim J, Lee M. The effect of knee flexor and extensor fatigue on shock absorption during cutting movements after a jump landing. Knee 2017; 24:1342-1349. [PMID: 28974400 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporting situations include instances of continuous and/or integrated movements. However, the effect of fatigue on the performance of these movements remains unclear. PURPOSE To investigate the effect of knee flexor and extensor fatigue on the shock absorption strategy of the lower limb during cutting movements performed after jump landings. METHODS Twenty-four healthy participants performed cutting movements following jump landings from two heights - 30cm and 40cm - and under three levels of lower limb fatigue: pre-fatigue (100% peak knee extension torque), and post-fatigue 50% (post-50%) and 30% (post-30%) peak knee extension torque. Fatigue was induced by repeated isokinetic flexion/extension of the knee (60°/s). RESULTS Compared to the pre-fatigue condition, power and work at the knee joint decreased under both post-50% and post-30% conditions (P<0.001), while the work performed by the ankle (P<0.001) increased significantly. An increase in height from 30cm to 40cm was associated with an increase in the range of motion of the ankle (P<0.001) and knee (P=0.022), peak vertical ground reaction force (P<0.001), rate of loading (P<0.001), knee stiffness (P=0.026) and peak power of the knee (P<0.001), as well as the work performed by the knee (P<0.001) and hip (P<0.001) joints. CONCLUSIONS Under substantial muscle fatigue the proportion of shock absorption contributed by the knee for cutting movements performed after jump landings from a height of 40cm decreased; there was an adaptive increase in the contribution by the ankle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youkyung Kim
- Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhong Youm
- Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Care and Science, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minji Son
- Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeounggon Lee
- Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Stearns-Reider KM, Powers CM. Rate of Torque Development and Feedforward Control of the Hip and Knee Extensors: Gender Differences. J Mot Behav 2017; 50:321-329. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2017.1363692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher M. Powers
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Lee M, Youm C, Son M, Kim J, Kim Y. Effects of chronic ankle instability and induced mediolateral muscular fatigue of the ankle on competitive taekwondo athletes. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:1329-1335. [PMID: 28878457 PMCID: PMC5574326 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic ankle instability and induced mediolateral muscular fatigue of the ankle on competitive Taekwondo athletes during single-leg drop landing. [Subjects and Methods] Fourteen competitive taekwondo athletes with chronic ankle instability and 14 healthy adults participated, and they performed three single-leg drop landings from a 40-cm height before and after induced fatigue. Ankle angular position, peak vertical ground reaction force, loading rate, eccentric work, and contribution were calculated and analyzed. [Results] Athletes had lower ankle eversion and abduction angle than the controls did at maximum knee flexion both pre- and post-fatigue. Furthermore, athletes had lower eccentric work of the hip than the controls did post-fatigue, and they had lower eccentric work of the knee than controls at both pre- and post-fatigue. The eccentric work of the knee increased while, peak vertical ground reaction force decreased in both, athletes as well as controls post-fatigue. [Conclusion] Taekwondo athletes with chronic ankle instability who participate in a high-intensity training program are continuously exposed to potential injuries of their ankle or knee joints. Therefore, competitive taekwondo athletes with chronic ankle instability should limit their participation in regular training until they complete the rehabilitation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeounggon Lee
- Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhong Youm
- Department of Health Care and Science, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Son
- Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
| | - Youkyung Kim
- Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Republic of Korea
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Lessi GC, Serrão FV. Effects of fatigue on lower limb, pelvis and trunk kinematics and lower limb muscle activity during single-leg landing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25:2550-2558. [PMID: 26298713 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Because there are no studies that have evaluated the effects of fatigue on the kinematics of the trunk and pelvis or on muscle activation in subjects with ACL reconstruction, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fatigue on the lower limb, pelvis and trunk kinematics and lower limb muscle activation in subjects with ACL reconstruction during a single-leg landing compared to a healthy control group. METHODS The participants included 20 subjects with ACL reconstruction (ACL reconstruction group-ACLRG) and 20 healthy subjects (control group-CG) who were aged between 18 and 35 years. Kinematic and electromyographic analyses were performed during a single-leg landing before and after fatigue. The fatigue protocol included a series of 10 squats, two vertical jumps, and 20 steps. RESULTS The effects of fatigue were increased peak trunk flexion and increased activation of the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris (BF) and gluteus maximus (GMax) during the landing phase. CONCLUSION After the fatigue protocol, an increase in peak trunk flexion and activation of the GMax and BF were observed, most likely as a strategy to reduce the load on the ACL. ACL injury prevention programs should include strength and endurance exercises for the hip and trunk extensor muscles so that they can efficiently control trunk flexion during landing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prospective comparative study, Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Camparis Lessi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, CEP: 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Fábio Viadanna Serrão
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, CEP: 13565-905, Brazil.
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Effects of Two Fatigue Protocols on Impact Forces and Lower Extremity Kinematics during Drop Landings: Implications for Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2017; 2017:5690519. [PMID: 29065622 PMCID: PMC5529654 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5690519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of fatigue on the impact forces and sagittal plane kinematics of the lower extremities in a drop landing task. 15 male collegiate athletes were recruited. Five successful trials of a drop landing task were obtained during prefatigue and postfatigue in two fatigue protocols (constant speed running fatigue protocol [R-FP] and shuttle running + vertical jumping fatigue protocol [SV-FP]). Duration time, maximal heart rate, and RPE of each protocol were measured separately. Kinematic measures of the hip, knee, and ankle joints at different times coupled with peak impact force and loading rate were acquired. Our results showed a more flexed landing posture due to an increase in hip and knee flexion angles in the postfatigue condition. However, no differences in peak impact force and loading rate were found between pre- and postfatigue conditions. The changes were similar between protocols, but the SV-FP showed a significantly shorter exercise duration time than the R-FP. Fatigued athletes in this study demonstrated altered motor control strategies during a drop landing task, which may be an intentional or unintentional protective strategy for preventing themselves from potential ACL injury.
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Tamura A, Akasaka K, Otsudo T, Shiozawa J, Toda Y, Yamada K. Fatigue influences lower extremity angular velocities during a single-leg drop vertical jump. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:498-504. [PMID: 28356640 PMCID: PMC5361019 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Fatigue alters lower extremity landing strategies and decreases the ability to
attenuate impact during landing. The purpose of this study was to reveal the influence of
fatigue on dynamic alignment and joint angular velocities in the lower extremities during
a single leg landing. [Subjects and Methods] The 34 female college students were randomly
assigned to either the fatigue or control group. The fatigue group performed single-leg
drop vertical jumps before, and after, the fatigue protocol, which was performed using a
bike ergometer. Lower extremity kinematic data were acquired using a three-dimensional
motion analysis system. The ratio of each variable (%), for the pre-fatigue to
post-fatigue protocols, were calculated to compare differences between each group.
[Results] Peak hip and knee flexion angular velocities increased significantly in the
fatigue group compared with the control group. Furthermore, hip flexion angular velocity
increased significantly between each group at 40 milliseconds after initial ground
contact. [Conclusion] Fatigue reduced the ability to attenuate impact by increasing
angular velocities in the direction of hip and knee flexion during landings. These
findings indicate a requirement to evaluate movement quality over time by measuring hip
and knee flexion angular velocities in landings during fatigue conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tamura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Akasaka
- Graduate School of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Japan; School of Physical Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | - Takahiro Otsudo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Japan; School of Physical Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Japan
| | | | - Yuka Toda
- Department of Rehabilitation, Yokohama Asahi Center General Hospital, Japan
| | - Kaori Yamada
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kanetsu Hospital, Japan
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Lessi GC, dos Santos AF, Batista LF, de Oliveira GC, Serrão FV. Effects of fatigue on lower limb, pelvis and trunk kinematics and muscle activation: Gender differences. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2017; 32:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Nordin AD, Dufek JS. Lower extremity variability changes with drop-landing height manipulations. Res Sports Med 2017; 25:144-155. [PMID: 28105865 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2017.1282353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Landing is a common lower extremity injury mechanism in sport, with potential connections to movement control accessed through variability measures. We investigated intra-subject lower extremity variability changes following drop-landing height manipulations using standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) among lower extremity peak sagittal joint angles and moments. Fourteen healthy participants completed five drop-landing trials from five heights 20%, 60%, 100%, 140% and 180% maximum vertical jump height (MVJH). Peak joint angles and moments increased with greater landing height (p < 0.001), highlighting inter-joint differences (Flexion: Knee > Hip > Ankle, p < 0.001; Extensor Moment: Hip > Knee > Ankle, in excess of 60% MVJH, p < 0.05). Kinematic and kinetic SD increased with variable magnitudes, while CV decreased at greater landing heights (p ≤ 0.016). Decreased relative variability under greater task demands may underscore non-contact injury mechanisms from repetitive loading of identical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Nordin
- a School of Kinesiology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Janet S Dufek
- b Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences , University of Nevada , Las Vegas , NV , USA
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Bell DR, Pennuto AP, Trigsted SM. The Effect of Exertion and Sex on Vertical Ground Reaction Force Variables and Landing Mechanics. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1661-9. [PMID: 26562710 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine how exertion and sex affected a variety of vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) parameters during a jump-landing task, including peak VGRF, peak VGRF asymmetry, loading rate, and loading rate asymmetry. Additionally, we wanted to determine whether landing mechanics changed after exertion as measured by the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS). Forty recreationally active participants (20 men and 20 women) completed jump landings from a 30-cm-high box onto force plates before and after repeated bouts of an exercise circuit until a specific rating of perceived exertion was achieved. Three-way (sex × time × limb) analyses of variance were used to analyze variables pre-exertion to postexertion. No significant 3-way interactions were observed for peak VGRF (p = 0.31) or loading rate (p = 0.14). Time by sex interactions were observed for peak VGRF (p = 0.02) and loading rate (p = 0.008). Post hoc analysis revealed that men increased landing force and loading rate after exertion while women did not. Landing mechanics, as assessed by total LESS score, were worse after exertion (p < 0.001) with increased frequency of errors for knee flexion <30° at initial contact, lateral trunk flexion, and not flexing the hip during landing. Women may be more resistant to exertion compared with men and use different joint controls' strategies to cope with VGRF after exertion. However, VGRF asymmetry is not affected by sex and exertion. Limiting peak VGRF and addressing landing postures, especially after exertion, should be components of injury prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Bell
- Departments of 1Kinesiology; and 2Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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46
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Jenkins WL, Williams DSB, Williams K, Hefner J, Welch H. Sex differences in total frontal plane knee movement and velocity during a functional single-leg landing. Phys Ther Sport 2016; 24:1-6. [PMID: 28013024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Females land with more knee valgus than males. While most studies have evaluated lower extremity mechanics during double leg landing, most sports require single-leg landing from a double or single leg takeoff. Further, knee movement occurs toward both varus and valgus during functional landing. The purpose of this study was to determine if differences exist between females and males in total frontal plane movement and velocity of the knee during single-leg landing. DESIGN Experimental cohort. SETTING Motion analysis laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Forty healthy, physically-active females (n = 20) and males (n = 20). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Three-dimensional motion analysis was completed on the lower extremities during double-leg jumping followed by a single-leg landing. Student's t-tests (p ≤ 0.05) were used to determine if differences exist in frontal plane knee angles (valgus and varus excursion) and angular velocities between females and males. RESULTS Females demonstrated greater knee valgus and varus excursion, and valgus and varus velocities compared to males (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that total movement in the frontal plane at the knee may be an important factor in injury mechanics in females. Further, single-leg landing from a functional jump should be considered when comparing landing biomechanics between females and males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Jenkins
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - D S Blaise Williams
- VCU RUN LAB, Department of Physical Therapy, Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Kelsey Williams
- Nova Medical Center, 1900 Oates Drive, Suite 100, Mesquite, TX 75150, USA.
| | - Josh Hefner
- Kinetic Physical Therapy and Wellness, 1350-A East Arlington Blvd, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Hannah Welch
- Lenox Baker Children's Hospital, Duke University Health System, 3000 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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Cronström A, Creaby MW, Nae J, Ageberg E. Gender differences in knee abduction during weight-bearing activities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture 2016; 49:315-328. [PMID: 27479217 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased knee abduction during weight-bearing activities is suggested to be a contributing factor for the high knee injury risk reported in women. However, studies investigating gender difference in knee abduction are inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To systematically review gender-differences in knee abduction during weight-bearing activities in individuals with or without knee injury. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. A search in the databases Medline, CINAHL and EMBASE was performed until September 2015. Inclusion criteria were studies that reported (1) gender differences, (2) healthy individuals and/or those with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency or reconstruction or patellofemoral pain PFP, and (3) knee abduction assessed with either motion analysis or visual observation during weight-bearing activity. RESULTS Fifty-eight articles met the inclusion criteria. Women with PFP had greater peak knee abduction compared to men (Std diff in mean; -1.34, 95%CI; -1.83 to -0.84). In healthy individuals, women performed weight-bearing tasks with greater knee abduction throughout the movement (initial contact, peak abduction, excursion) (Std diff in mean; -0.68 to -0.79, 95%CI; -1.04 to -0.37). In subgroup analyses by task, differences in knee abduction between genders were present for most tasks, including running, jump landings and cutting movements. There were too few studies in individuals with ACL injury to perform meta-analysis. CONCLUSION The gender difference in knee abduction during weight-bearing activities should be considered in training programs aimed at preventing or treating knee injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cronström
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Mark W Creaby
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Jenny Nae
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Eva Ageberg
- Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Sex-based differences in knee ligament biomechanics during robotically simulated athletic tasks. J Biomech 2016; 49:1429-1436. [PMID: 27083058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
ACL injury rates are greater in female athletes than their male counterparts. As female athletes are at increased risk, it is important to understand the underlying mechanics that contribute to this sex bias. The purpose of this investigation was to employ a robotic manipulator to simulate male and female kinematics from athletic tasks on cadaveric specimens and identify sex-based mechanical differences relative to the ACL loading. It was hypothesized that simulations of female motion would generate the higher loads and ligament strains associated with in vivo ACL injury risk than simulations of male motion. A 6-degree-of-freedom robotic manipulator articulated cadaveric lower extremity specimens from 12 donors through simulations of in vivo kinematics recorded from male and female athletic tasks. Simulation of female kinematics exhibited lower peak lateral joint force during the drop vertical jump and lower peak anterior and lateral joint force and external joint torque during the sidestep cut (P<0.05). Peak ACL strain during a drop vertical jump was 6.27% and 6.61% for the female and male kinematic simulations, respectively (P=0.86). Peak ACL strain during a sidestep cut was 4.33% and 7.57% for female and male kinematic simulations respectively (P=0.21). For the tasks simulated, the sex-based loading and strain differences identified were unlikely to have a significant bearing on the increased rate of ACL injures observed in female athletes. Additional perturbation may be necessary to invoke the mechanisms that lead to higher rates of ACL injury in female populations.
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49
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Weltin E, Gollhofer A, Mornieux G. Effects of perturbation or plyometric training on core control and knee joint loading in women during lateral movements. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:299-308. [PMID: 26923543 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in trunk control are argued to increase the risk of knee injuries. However, no existing training program effectively addresses trunk control during lateral movements, such as cutting maneuvers. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a combination of perturbation and plyometric training (PPT) would reduce trunk excursions against the new movement direction and reduce knee joint moments during lateral movements. Twenty-four active women participated in a RCT, where trunk and pelvis kinematics and knee joint moments were measured during lateral reactive jumps (LRJ) and unanticipated cutting maneuvers before and after a 4-week PPT program and compared to a control group. During LRJ, trunk rotation away from the new movement direction was reduced (P < 0.001), while pelvis rotation toward the new direction was increased (P = 0.006) after PPT. Moreover, decreased knee extension moments (P = 0.028) and knee internal rotation moments (P < 0.001) were reported after both trainings. Additionally, PPT reduced trunk rotation by 7.2° during unanticipated cuttings. A 4-week PPT improved core control by reducing trunk rotation and reduced knee joint moments during LRJ. During training, perturbations should be introduced to improve core control during dynamic athletic movements, possibly reducing the risk of ACL injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Weltin
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Gollhofer
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - G Mornieux
- UFRSTAPS de Nancy, DevAH, EA3450, University of Lorraine, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
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50
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Khayambashi K, Ghoddosi N, Straub RK, Powers CM. Hip Muscle Strength Predicts Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Male and Female Athletes: A Prospective Study. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:355-61. [PMID: 26646514 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515616237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective studies have reported that abnormal movement patterns at the trunk, hip, and knee are associated with noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Impaired hip strength may underlie these abnormal movement patterns, suggesting that diminished hip strength may increase the risk of noncontact ACL injury. PURPOSE To determine whether baseline hip strength predicts future noncontact ACL injury in athletes. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Before the start of the competitive season, isometric hip strength (external rotation and abduction) was measured bilaterally by use of a handheld dynamometer in 501 competitive athletes (138 female and 363 male athletes) participating in various sports. During the sport season, ACL injury status was recorded, and injured athletes were further classified based on the mechanism of injury (noncontact vs contact). After the season, logistic regression was used to determine whether baseline hip strength predicted future noncontact ACL injury. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed independently for each strength measure to determine the clinical cutoff value between a high-risk and low-risk outcome. RESULTS A total of 15 noncontact ACL injuries were confirmed (6 females, 9 males), for an overall annual incidence of 3.0% (2.5% for males, 4.3% for females). Baseline hip strength measures (external rotation and abduction) were significantly lower in injured athletes compared with noninjured athletes (P = .003 and P < .001, respectively). Separate logistic regression models indicated that impaired hip strength increased future injury risk (external rotation: odds ratio [OR] = 1.23 [95% CI, 1.08-1.39], P = .001; abduction: OR = 1.12 [95% CI, 1.05-1.20], P = .001). Clinical cutoffs to define high risk were established as external rotation strength ≤20.3% BW (percentage of body weight) or abduction strength ≤35.4% BW. CONCLUSION Measures of preseason isometric hip abduction and external rotation strength independently predicted future noncontact ACL injury status in competitive athletes. The study data suggest that screening procedures to assess ACL injury risk should include an assessment of isometric hip abduction and/or external rotation strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Navid Ghoddosi
- College of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rachel K Straub
- Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christopher M Powers
- Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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