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Yang X, Zhao R, Solav D, Yang X, Lee DR, Sparrman B, Fan Y, Herr H. Material, design, and fabrication of custom prosthetic liners for lower-extremity amputees: A review. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2022.100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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2
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Lakho RA, Abro ZA, Chen J, Min R. Smart Insole Based on Flexi Force and Flex Sensor for Monitoring Different Body Postures. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5469. [PMID: 35897973 PMCID: PMC9331244 DOI: 10.3390/s22155469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to fabricate smart insoles using wireless Flexi force and bend sensing technology. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film was chosen as the substrate to hold all the sensors. The developed smart insole has a three-layer structure (insole-PVC layer-fabric layer) and is calibrated in an isolation laboratory to evaluate its measurement performance. One male volunteer subject exhibited four different body postures, namely tree pose, forward-leaning, squatting, and forward folding pose. Changes in pressure distribution were considered to be similar for the forward, squat, and forward-folded positions. When subjects performed a full squat, the flex sensor exhibited maximum flexion during the squat position, and the flex sensor response against the squat pose was found to be higher by about 18.18% than in the forward lean, respectively. The tree pose has the highest error rate at the first metatarsal, about 18.6%, of which the maximum absolute relative error of the sensor is less than 5%. Plantar pressure distribution and body posture measurements were successfully validated using Flexi force and flex sensors embedded in the smart insole. The smart insole proposed in this research work has broader prospects for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafique Ahmed Lakho
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China; (R.A.L.); (J.C.)
- CNR IPCF, Bari Division c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita di Bari, Via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Zamir Ahmed Abro
- Department of Textile Engineering, BUITEMS, Airport Road, Quetta 87300, Pakistan;
| | - Jun Chen
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China; (R.A.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Rui Min
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China; (R.A.L.); (J.C.)
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Zhu W, Chen Y, Ko ST, Lu Z. Redundancy Reduction for Sensor Deployment in Prosthetic Socket: A Case Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3103. [PMID: 35590792 PMCID: PMC9105868 DOI: 10.3390/s22093103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The irregular pressure exerted by a prosthetic socket over the residual limb is one of the major factors that cause the discomfort of amputees using artificial limbs. By deploying the wearable sensors inside the socket, the interfacial pressure distribution can be studied to find the active regions and rectify the socket design. In this case study, a clustering-based analysis method is presented to evaluate the density and layout of these sensors, which aims to reduce the local redundancy of the sensor deployment. In particular, a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and K-means algorithm are employed to find the clustering results of the sensor data, taking the pressure measurement of a predefined sensor placement as the input. Then, one suitable clustering result is selected to detect the layout redundancy from the input area. After that, the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) is used as a similarity metric to guide the removal of redundant sensors and generate a new sparser layout. The Jenson-Shannon Divergence (JSD) and the mean pressure are applied as posterior validation metrics that compare the pressure features before and after sensor removal. A case study of a clinical trial with two sensor strips is used to prove the utility of the clustering-based analysis method. The sensors on the posterior and medial regions are suggested to be reduced, and the main pressure features are kept. The proposed method can help sensor designers optimize sensor configurations for intra-socket measurements and thus assist the prosthetists in improving the socket fitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Zhu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden; (W.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yizhi Chen
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden; (W.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Siu-Teing Ko
- Research and Innovation, Össur, 110 Reykjavík, Iceland;
| | - Zhonghai Lu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden; (W.Z.); (Y.C.)
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Scoping review to evaluate existing measurement parameters and clinical outcomes of transtibial prosthetic alignment and socket fit. Prosthet Orthot Int 2022; 46:95-107. [PMID: 35412519 DOI: 10.1097/pxr.0000000000000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fit and alignment are observable objectives of the prosthesis rendering process for individuals with lower limb amputation. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of validated measures to directly assess the quality of this clinical procedure. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this scoping review are to evaluate existing measurement parameters and clinical outcomes used in investigations of transtibial socket fit or prosthetic alignment and to identify gaps in the literature regarding tools for evaluation of prosthetic fitting. STUDY DESIGN Scoping literature review. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE (through PubMed), Embase (through Elsevier), Scopus (through Elsevier), and Engineering Village (through Elsevier), resulting in 6107 studies to be screened. RESULTS Sixty-three studies were included in the review. When measuring fit, studies most frequently reported on patient-reported comfort (n = 22) and socket size compared with the residual limb volume (n = 9). Alignment was most frequently measured by the prosthetists' judgment and/or use of an alignment jig (n = 34). The measurement parameters used to determine alignment or fit varied greatly among the included studies. CONCLUSION This review demonstrated that most measures of socket fit rely on a patient's self-report and may vary with biopsychosocial factors unrelated to the socket fitting process. Meanwhile, alignment is determined mostly by the prosthetist's judgment, paired with objective measurements, such as alignment jigs and gait analysis. Efforts to standardize and validate measures of these parameters of prosthetic fitting are vital to improving clinical practice and reporting outcomes.
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Assessment of lower limb peripheral nerves with ultrasound in patients with traumatic amputation. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 67:357-364. [PMID: 34870124 PMCID: PMC8606988 DOI: 10.5606/tftrd.2021.7926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
This study aims to assess the sciatic nerve (SN), common peroneal nerve (CPN), and tibial nerve (TN) by ultrasound in patients with traumatic lower limb amputation (LLA) and to examine the possible relationship between ultrasonographic and clinical findings.
Patients and methods
This cross-sectional study included a total of 33 male patients (mean age: 36.6±8.7 years; range, 21 to 48 years) who had LLA due to traumatic injury between May 2019 and April 2020. Amputation and prosthesis use and functional K level of activity were recorded. Ultrasound examinations were performed to measure the cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the SN, CPN, and TN bilaterally at the same levels. The values from the normal sides were accepted as controls.
Results
The CSA values were greater on the amputated sides than the non-amputated sides for SN (p=0.001), TN (p=0.001), and CPN (p=0.015), regardless of the activity level. The amputated side SN (p=0.001), TN (p=0.001), and CPN (p=0.016) were thicker in patients with level of K4 activity than the non-amputated side. For the patients with K3 activity level, larger TN CSA values were determined on the amputated side, compared to those at the K4 level (p=0.035). The SN was found to be greater in patients using microprocessor-controlled knee prosthesis (p=0.032) and TN was larger in hypobaric sealing membrane users on the amputated sides (p=0.041).
Conclusion
The SN, CPN, and TN were found to be larger in all patients on the amputated sides and in patients with K4 activity level. Based on these findings, the K3 activity level and the use of hypobaric sealing membrane seems to affect the CSA values of TN. Additionally, the use of microprocessor knee prosthesis affects the CSA values of SN. We believe that these results may be essential for the analysis or prediction of lower extremity nerve involvement according to the K activity level and the use of prosthesis in patients with traumatic LLA.
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Mbithi FM, Chipperfield AJ, Steer JW, Dickinson AS. Developing a control framework for self-adjusting prosthetic sockets incorporating tissue injury risk estimation and generalized predictive control. Biomed Eng Lett 2021; 12:59-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s13534-021-00211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Lutfi SNN, Abd Razak NA, Ali S, Gholizadeh H. Compression and tension behavior of the prosthetic foam materials polyurethane, EVA, Pelite™ and a combination of polyurethane and EVA: a preliminary study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 66:317-322. [PMID: 34062632 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2019-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Materials with low-strength and low-impedance properties, such as elastomers and polymeric foams are major contributors to prosthetic liner design. Polyethylene-Light (Pelite™) is a foam liner that is the most frequently used in prosthetics but it does not cater to all amputees' limb and skin conditions. The study aims to investigate the newly modified Foam Liner, a combination of two different types of foams (EVA + PU + EVA) as the newly modified Foam Liner in terms of compressive and tensile properties in comparison to Pelite™, polyurethane (PU) foam, and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) foam. Universal testing machine (AGS-X, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) has been used to measure the tensile and compressive stress. Pelite™ had the highest compressive stress at 566.63 kPa and tensile stress at 1145 kPa. Foam Liner fell between EVA and Pelite™ with 551.83 kPa at compression and 715.40 kPa at tension. PU foam had the lowest compressive stress at 2.80 kPa and tensile stress at 33.93 kPa. Foam Liner has intermediate compressive elasticity but has high tensile elasticity compared to EVA and Pelite™. Pelite™ remains the highest in compressive and tensile stiffness. Although it is good for amputees with bony prominence, constant pressure might result in skin breakdown or ulcer. Foam Liner would be the best for amputees with soft tissues on the residual limbs to accommodate movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nur Nabilah Lutfi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nasrul Anuar Abd Razak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sadeeq Ali
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, Oslomet University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hossein Gholizadeh
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 120 University, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, ON, Canada
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Seth M, Beisheim EH, Spencer MT, Horne JR, Sarlo FB, Sions JM. Self-reported socket comfort, mobility, and balance-confidence of individuals with transtibial amputation using pinlock vs suction suspension. Prosthet Orthot Int 2021; 45:214-220. [PMID: 33840751 PMCID: PMC8169564 DOI: 10.1097/pxr.0000000000000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improper suspension between the residual limb and prosthesis can result in pistoning, which may compromise skin integrity and reduce overall user comfort. In addition to objective measures of limb pistoning, user perspective may provide insight into suspension system effectiveness. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this analysis was to explore differences in self-reported measures among adults with transtibial amputation (TTA) using pinlock vs suction suspension systems. STUDY DESIGN This is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data. METHODS Participants (n = 48) were included if they (1) were ≥18 years of age, (2) were community-dwelling, (3) had a unilateral TTA of ≥6 months, and (4) were prescribed a prosthesis with either pinlock or suction suspension. Participants completed self-reported measures evaluating socket comfort (Socket Comfort Score [SCS]), prosthesis-enabled mobility (Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire-Mobility Section [PEQ-MS]; Locomotor Capabilities Index [LCI]), and balance-confidence (Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale [ABC]). RESULTS Participants using suction suspension reported significantly higher SCS as compared with participants using pinlock suspension (P ≤ .001). No differences were observed between groups for PEQ-MS, LCI, and/or ABC. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with TTA using suction suspension may report greater socket comfort than peers using pinlock suspension, but prosthesis-enabled mobility and balance-confidence may be similar. Future research is warranted to confirm these preliminary findings using a prospective, crossover study design that controls for all suspected factors that might influence socket comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Seth
- University of Delaware, Department of Physical Therapy, Newark, DE
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Interface Pressure System to Compare the Functional Performance of Prosthetic Sockets during the Gait in People with Trans-Tibial Amputation. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20247043. [PMID: 33317006 PMCID: PMC7763309 DOI: 10.3390/s20247043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interface pressure between the residual limb and prosthetic socket has a significant effect on the amputee’s mobility and level of comfort with their prosthesis. This paper presents a socket interface pressure (SIFP) system to compare the interface pressure differences during gait between two different types of prosthetic sockets for a transtibial amputee. The system evaluates the interface pressure in six critical regions of interest (CROI) of the lower limb amputee and identifies the peak pressures during certain moments of the gait cycle. The six sensors were attached to the residual limb in the CROIs before the participant with transtibial amputation donned a prosthetic socket. The interface pressure was monitored and recorded while the participant walked on a treadmill for 10 min at 1.4 m/s. The results show peak pressure differences of almost 0.22 kgf/cm2 between the sockets. It was observed that the peak pressure occurred at 50% of the stance phase of the gait cycle. This SIFP system may be used by prosthetists, physical therapists, amputation care centers, and researchers, as well as government and private regulators requiring comparison and evaluation of prosthetic components, components under development, and testing.
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Effect of temperature-control liner materials on long-term outcomes of lower limb prosthesis use: a randomized controlled trial protocol. Trials 2020; 21:61. [PMID: 31924257 PMCID: PMC6954540 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In people living with limb loss, addressing the resulting functional deficit with prostheses increases the risk for secondary conditions such as pressure sores, impaired blood perfusion, and injuries from accidental falls. Any of those occurrences can render the prosthesis temporarily useless, making it challenging for users to engage in many activities of daily life, including work, exercise, and social participation. Many of the described issues originate at the interface between residual limb and prosthetic socket, where the objectives of sufficient weight distribution and suspension are conflicting with the necessity to facilitate heat exchange and limit contact pressure and friction. Recently, prosthesis liners that contain phase-change material have become commercially available, holding the promise that the micro climate at the interface between the residual limb skin and the prosthetic socket can be regulated to reduce the users’ tendency to sweat. Preliminary studies on these liners indicate that the socket temperatures inside the socket stayed lower and rose slower than in conventional liners. However, the clinical relevance of those findings remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether longer (6+ months) periods of use of phase-change material based temperature-control liners have clinically meaningful effects. Methods The protocol is a double-blind longitudinal cross-over research design. A sample of trans-tibial prosthesis users are wearing their regular gel or silicone liners for six months and phase-change material liners for another six months in a randomized sequence. Their prostheses is equipped with activity monitors to detect days when they could not wear their prosthesis. In six-week intervals, individuals’ activity, physical performance, and overall prosthesis assessment is recorded using standardized methods. Discussion Expected results will inform prescription and reimbursement practice of phase-change material-based prosthesis liners and will help improve and economize prosthetic fitting for people with limb loss. The design and duration of the protocol, including randomization, blinding, and within-subject comparison, will generate scientific evidence of a comparably high level. Inclusion of a comparably large sample and different climates, e.g. across all four seasons, will make findings applicable to a large number of prosthesis users. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03428815. Registered on 12 February 2018.
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11
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Evaluating shear and normal force with the use of an instrumented transtibial socket: A case study. Med Eng Phys 2019; 71:102-107. [PMID: 31331756 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with transtibial amputation experience ulcers on their residual limb. The loading between the device and underlying material plays a role in loads transmitted to the skin. The objective was to evaluate normal and shear forces at the socket/liner interface during walking. A 53 year old male (85.45 kg and 177.8 cm) with a transtibial amputation participated in this case study. A transtibial prosthesis was instrumented with a load cell to measure normal and shear forces at the socket interface. Three conditions were evaluated during walking: gel liner, additional three ply sock and a hole in the gel liner. Shear and normal forces were highest with the addition of a three ply. Longitudinal shear stresses ranged from 0.4-7.66 kPa, transverse shear stresses ranged from 0.01-7.79 kPa and normal stresses ranged from 2.7-61.9 kPa. Increased shear and normal forces can cause a significant decrease in blood perfusion, linked to an increased risk of ulcer formation. Experimental force results are also important for future work involving finite element modeling of the skin/liner/device interface.
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12
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Ahmad A, Abu Osman NA, Mokhtar H, Mehmood W, Kadri NA. Analysis of the interface pressure exerted by the Chêneau brace in patients with double-curve adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2019; 233:901-908. [DOI: 10.1177/0954411919856144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Chêneau brace has proven its effectiveness in treating the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. However, no studies reported on the analysis of interface pressure in double-curve adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. In this study, we evaluated the interface pressure of the Chêneau brace action in double-curve adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patient treatment. A total of 72 (60 girls and 12 boys) patients aged 10 years and above participated in the study. The F-Socket transducers (9811E) were used to evaluate the pressure on the right thoracic and left thoracolumbar curves between normal and maximum strap tension and variation in these interface pressures with other tasks. Each patient was asked to do nine different tasks corresponding to daily activities, and the interface pressures for each activity were recorded for both normal and maximum tension. The resultant mean peak pressure in double-curve adolescent idiopathic scoliosis was higher for right thoracic curves than left thoracolumbar curves in all tasks. The pressure significantly increased at the task of maximal inspiration ( p < 0.0001) for both types of curves for normal and maximum tension. The degrees of correction for the thoracic and thoracolumbar curves were 23.2% and 34.5%, respectively, after 6 months of brace use (23 h per day). Hence, we could not find any substantial correlation between mean peak pressure in the standing position and degree of scoliosis correction for two curves having r = 0.158, p = 0.356 and r = –0.024, p = 0.889 values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asliza Ahmad
- Centre for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - NA Abu Osman
- Centre for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- University of Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Halim Mokhtar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Waqas Mehmood
- Centre for Applied Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nahrizul Adib Kadri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Dakhil N, Evin M, Llari M, Mo F, Thefenne L, Liu T, Behr M. Is skin pressure a relevant factor for socket assessment in patients with lower limb amputation? Technol Health Care 2019; 27:669-677. [PMID: 31033471 DOI: 10.3233/thc-191637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prosthetic rehabilitation improves the overall quality of life of patients, despite discomfort and medical complications. No quantitative assessment of prosthesis-patient interaction is used in routine protocols and prosthesis quality still results from the manufacturer's know-how. OBJECTIVE Our objective is to investigate whether pressure can be a relevant factor for assessing socket adequacy. METHODS A total of 8 transtibial amputee volunteers took part in this experimental study. The protocol included static standing and 2 minutes walking tests while the stump-to-socket interface pressures were measured. Questionnaires on comfort and pain were also conducted. RESULTS During static standing test, maximum pressures were recorded in the proximal region of the leg, with a peak value reaching 121.1 ± 31.6 kPa. During dynamic tests, maximum pressures of 254.1 ± 61.2 kPa were recorded during the loading phase of the step. A significant correlation was found between the pain score and static maximum recorded pressure (r= 0.81). CONCLUSIONS The protocol proposed and evaluated in this study is a repeatable, easy-to-set quantified analysis of the patient to socket interaction while standing and walking. This approach is likely to improve feedback for prosthesis manufacturers and consequently the overall design of prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawfal Dakhil
- Aix-Marseille University, IFSTTAR, Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée, Marseille, France
| | - Morgane Evin
- Aix-Marseille University, IFSTTAR, Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée, Marseille, France
| | - Maxime Llari
- Aix-Marseille University, IFSTTAR, Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée, Marseille, France
| | - Fuhao Mo
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Laurent Thefenne
- Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation, Hôpital Laveran, Marseille, France
| | - Tang Liu
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Michel Behr
- Aix-Marseille University, IFSTTAR, Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée, Marseille, France
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Characterization of Prosthetic Liner Products for People with Transtibial Amputation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 30:187-199. [PMID: 30906148 DOI: 10.1097/jpo.0000000000000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Cagle JC, Reinhall PG, Allyn KJ, McLean J, Hinrichs P, Hafner BJ, Sanders JE. A finite element model to assess transtibial prosthetic sockets with elastomeric liners. Med Biol Eng Comput 2018; 56:1227-1240. [PMID: 29235055 PMCID: PMC5999538 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-017-1758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
People with transtibial amputation often experience skin breakdown due to the pressures and shear stresses that occur at the limb-socket interface. The purpose of this research was to create a transtibial finite element model (FEM) of a contemporary prosthesis that included complete socket geometry, two frictional interactions (limb-liner and liner-socket), and an elastomeric liner. Magnetic resonance imaging scans from three people with characteristic transtibial limb shapes (i.e., short-conical, long-conical, and cylindrical) were acquired and used to develop the models. Each model was evaluated with two loading profiles to identify locations of focused stresses during stance phase. The models identified five locations on the participants' residual limbs where peak stresses matched locations of mechanically induced skin issues they experienced in the 9 months prior to being scanned. The peak contact pressure across all simulations was 98 kPa and the maximum resultant shear stress was 50 kPa, showing reasonable agreement with interface stress measurements reported in the literature. Future research could take advantage of the developed FEM to assess the influence of changes in limb volume or liner material properties on interface stress distributions. Graphical abstract Residual limb finite element model. Left: model components. Right: interface pressures during stance phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Cagle
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Per G Reinhall
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kate J Allyn
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jake McLean
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul Hinrichs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian J Hafner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joan E Sanders
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Alias NM, Razak ZA, Ahmad MY, Hamzaid NA. Multi-channel Fabric Based Pressure Mapping Data Acquisition System. IFMBE PROCEEDINGS 2018:197-202. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7554-4_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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17
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Cagle JC, Reinhall PG, Hafner BJ, Sanders JE. Development of Standardized Material Testing Protocols for Prosthetic Liners. J Biomech Eng 2017; 139:2603136. [PMID: 28233885 DOI: 10.1115/1.4035917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A set of protocols was created to characterize prosthetic liners across six clinically relevant material properties. Properties included compressive elasticity, shear elasticity, tensile elasticity, volumetric elasticity, coefficient of friction (CoF), and thermal conductivity. Eighteen prosthetic liners representing the diverse range of commercial products were evaluated to create test procedures that maximized repeatability, minimized error, and provided clinically meaningful results. Shear and tensile elasticity test designs were augmented with finite element analysis (FEA) to optimize specimen geometries. Results showed that because of the wide range of available liner products, the compressive elasticity and tensile elasticity tests required two test maxima; samples were tested until they met either a strain-based or a stress-based maximum, whichever was reached first. The shear and tensile elasticity tests required that no cyclic conditioning be conducted because of limited endurance of the mounting adhesive with some liner materials. The coefficient of friction test was based on dynamic coefficient of friction, as it proved to be a more reliable measurement than static coefficient of friction. The volumetric elasticity test required that air be released beneath samples in the test chamber before testing. The thermal conductivity test best reflected the clinical environment when thermal grease was omitted and when liner samples were placed under pressure consistent with load bearing conditions. The developed procedures provide a standardized approach for evaluating liner products in the prosthetics industry. Test results can be used to improve clinical selection of liners for individual patients and guide development of new liner products.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Cagle
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195 e-mail:
| | - Per G Reinhall
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Stevens Way, Box 352600, Seattle, WA 98195 e-mail:
| | - Brian J Hafner
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356490, Seattle, WA 98195 e-mail:
| | - Joan E Sanders
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195 e-mail:
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Likitlersuang J, Leineweber MJ, Andrysek J. Evaluating and improving the performance of thin film force sensors within body and device interfaces. Med Eng Phys 2017; 48:206-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Noll V, Eschner N, Schumacher C, Beckerle P, Rinderknecht S. A physically-motivated model describing the dynamic interactions between residual limb and socket in lower limb prostheses. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/cdbme-2017-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract:The amputee’s well-being and mobility are distinclty related to socket fit and resulting biomechanical interaction between residual limb and prosthetic socket. Understanding the dynamic interactions at the interface may lead to new socket standards. This paper introduces a physically-motivated reduced model of the interface, describing the dynamic interactions between residual limb and prosthetic socket. The model allows to investigate the sensitivity to changes of specific parameters in an isolated matter. A simulation study shows how stress distribution changes if friction coefficients are varied which might advance liner design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Noll
- 1Institute for Mechatronic Systems in Mechanical Engineering, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Niclas Eschner
- 2wbk Institut für Produktionstechnik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Schumacher
- 3Lauflabor Locomotion Laboratory, Institute of Sport Science, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Philipp Beckerle
- 1Institute for Mechatronic Systems in Mechanical Engineering, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stephan Rinderknecht
- 1Institute for Mechatronic Systems in Mechanical Engineering, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The liner is an integral part of a transtibial prosthesis designed to protect the residual limb, enhance comfort and provide suspension. Literature is difficult to interpret and use given the variety of interventions, outcome measures and method designs. Critical appraisal and synthesis of the evidence is needed to help inform decisions about liner prescription based on the user experience. OBJECTIVES To critically appraise and synthesise research describing the user experience of transtibial prosthetic liners. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS A comprehensive suite of databases were searched using terms related to amputation level, liner type and user experience. Included studies were in English and measured the first-person experience of using a transtibial liner. Studies were appraised using the McMaster University Critical Review Forms. RESULTS A total of 18 articles met the inclusion criteria. While the quality of the evidence has improved over time, a number of common issues (e.g. sampling bias, validity of outcome measures, incorrect inferential analysis) reduce our ability to differentiate between the user experience of different transtibial liners. CONCLUSION There is insufficient research to differentiate between the user experience of different transtibial liners. High-quality research is needed to inform decisions about liner prescription based on the user experience. Clinical relevance The available evidence suggests that the user experience of commonly reported problems (e.g. sweating) may be very similar between different liners. Aspects of the user experience that differ most between liners (e.g. unwanted noises, rotation within the socket) can help focus attention on what matters most when discussing prescription.
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Safari MR, Meier MR. Systematic review of effects of current transtibial prosthetic socket designs--Part 2: Quantitative outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 52:509-26. [PMID: 26436733 DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2014.08.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review is an attempt to untangle the complexity of transtibial prosthetic socket fit and perhaps find some indication of whether a particular prosthetic socket type might be best for a given situation. In addition, we identified knowledge gaps, thus providing direction for possible future research. We followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, using medical subject headings and standard key words to search for articles in relevant databases. No restrictions were made on study design and type of outcome measure used. From the obtained search results (n = 1,863), 35 articles were included. The relevant data were entered into a predefined data form that included the Downs and Black risk of bias assessment checklist. This article presents the results from the systematic review of the quantitative outcomes (n = 27 articles). Trends indicate that vacuum-assisted suction sockets improve gait symmetry, volume control, and residual limb health more than other socket designs. Hydrostatic sockets seem to create less inconsistent socket fittings, reducing a problem that greatly influences outcome measures. Knowledge gaps exist in the understanding of clinically meaningful changes in socket fit and its effect on biomechanical outcomes. Further, safe and comfortable pressure thresholds under various conditions should be determined through a systematic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Safari
- Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gholizadeh H, Abu Osman NA, Eshraghi A, Arifin N, Chung TY. A comparison of pressure distributions between two types of sockets in a bulbous stump. Prosthet Orthot Int 2016; 40:509-16. [PMID: 25583929 DOI: 10.1177/0309364614564022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article describes a total surface bearing prosthetic socket for a patient (25-year-old female) with a bulbous stump. CASE DESCRIPTION AND METHODS The subject had unstable excessive soft tissue at the distal end of the residuum. After 2 years of prosthetic use, she experienced several problems, including pain in the residual limb and knee joint. Pressure distribution was evaluated during ambulation. We also designed a total surface bearing socket with Velcro as suspension system to distribute the load evenly on the residual limb, and to facilitate donning procedure. FINDINGS AND OUTCOMES The main site of weight bearing in the old prosthesis (patellar tendon bearing) was anterior proximal region of the residual limb, especially the patellar tendon. The pressure was almost 10 times higher than the distal region during level walking. Pressures were distributed more evenly with the total surface bearing socket design, and the donning was much easier. CONCLUSION Pressure distribution within the socket could be affected by socket design and suspension system. Using the total surface bearing socket and Velcro as suspension system might facilitate donning of prosthesis and reduce traction at the end of residual limb during the swing phase of gait. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Proper socket design and suspension system based on the amputees' need can facilitate rehabilitation process and lead to the amputee's satisfaction. The pressure is distributed more uniformly over the residual limb by the total surface bearing socket compared to the patellar tendon bearing socket for lower limb amputees with unusual stump shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Gholizadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azuan Abu Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Arezoo Eshraghi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nooranida Arifin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tze Yang Chung
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Al-Fakih EA, Abu Osman NA, Mahmad Adikan FR. Techniques for Interface Stress Measurements within Prosthetic Sockets of Transtibial Amputees: A Review of the Past 50 Years of Research. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16071119. [PMID: 27447646 PMCID: PMC4970162 DOI: 10.3390/s16071119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of interface stresses between the residual limb and prosthetic socket of a transtibial amputee has been considered as a direct indicator of the socket quality fit and comfort. Therefore, researchers have been very interested in quantifying these interface stresses in order to evaluate the extent of any potential damage caused by the socket to the residual limb tissues. During the past 50 years a variety of measurement techniques have been employed in an effort to identify sites of excessive stresses which may lead to skin breakdown, compare stress distributions in various socket designs, and evaluate interface cushioning and suspension systems, among others. The outcomes of such measurement techniques have contributed to improving the design and fitting of transtibial sockets. This article aims to review the operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages of conventional and emerging techniques used for interface stress measurements inside transtibial sockets. It also reviews and discusses the evolution of different socket concepts and interface stress investigations conducted in the past five decades, providing valuable insights into the latest trends in socket designs and the crucial considerations for effective stress measurement tools that lead to a functional prosthetic socket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim A Al-Fakih
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Azuan Abu Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Faisal Rafiq Mahmad Adikan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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Safari MR, Meier MR. Systematic review of effects of current transtibial prosthetic socket designs—Part 1: Qualitative outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 52:491-508. [DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2014.08.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Safari
- Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Margrit Regula Meier
- Department for Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics, and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Pirouzi G, Abu Osman NA, Oshkour AA, Ali S, Gholizadeh H, Abas WABW. Development of an air pneumatic suspension system for transtibial prostheses. SENSORS 2014; 14:16754-65. [PMID: 25207872 PMCID: PMC4208197 DOI: 10.3390/s140916754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The suspension system and socket fitting of artificial limbs have major roles and vital effects on the comfort, mobility, and satisfaction of amputees. This paper introduces a new pneumatic suspension system that overcomes the drawbacks of current suspension systems in donning and doffing, change in volume during daily activities, and pressure distribution in the socket-stump interface. An air pneumatic suspension system (APSS) for total-contact sockets was designed and developed. Pistoning and pressure distribution in the socket-stump interface were tested for the new APSS. More than 95% of the area between each prosthetic socket and liner was measured using a Tekscan F-Scan pressure measurement which has developed matrix-based pressure sensing systems. The variance in pressure around the stump was 8.76 kPa. APSS exhibits less pressure concentration around the stump, improved pressure distribution, easy donning and doffing, adjustability to remain fitted to the socket during daily activities, and more adaptability to the changes in stump volume. The volume changes were adjusted by utility of air pressure sensor. The vertical displacement point and reliability of suspension were assessed using a photographic method. The optimum pressure in every level of loading weight was 55 kPa, and the maximum displacement was 6 mm when 90 N of weight was loaded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamhossein Pirouzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Azuan Abu Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Azim Ataollahi Oshkour
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Sadeeq Ali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Hossein Gholizadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Wan A B Wan Abas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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Comparative study between Dermo, Pelite, and Seal-In X5 liners: effect on patient's satisfaction and perceived problems. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:769810. [PMID: 25184154 PMCID: PMC4144392 DOI: 10.1155/2014/769810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. This study aimed to compare the effect of satisfaction and perceived problems between Pelite, Dermo with shuttle lock, and Seal-In X5 liners on the transtibial amputees. Material and Methods. A total of thirty transtibial amputees (17 male, 13 female) volunteered to take part in this research. Two prostheses were fabricated for each participant. Prosthetic Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ) was filled in by the participants with the three liners. Results. The statistics highlight that Dermo liner showed significantly higher score (P = 0.05) in walking, walking on uneven surfaces, stairs walking, fitting, donning/doffing, sitting, suspension, and overall satisfaction with Dermo liner compared with Seal-In X5 and Pelite liners. Overall satisfaction was 34% higher with Dermo liner than Seal-In X5 liner and 28% higher than Pelite liner. Participants reported less problems with Dermo liner and significant differences (P < 0.05) were recorded between the three liners in sweating, skin irritation, frustration, and pain compared with Seal-In X5 and Pelite liners. Conclusion. Participants experienced high level of satisfaction and practiced fewer problems with Dermo liner. These results showed that there is good indication to believe that Dermo liner might be a good choice for transtibial users and might help the clinicians and prosthetic practitioners in selection criteria of prosthetic liners.
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27
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Gholizadeh H, Osman NAA, Eshraghi A, Abd Razak NA. Clinical implication of interface pressure for a new prosthetic suspension system. Biomed Eng Online 2014; 13:89. [PMID: 24981801 PMCID: PMC4090423 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-13-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prosthesis suspension systems can alter the distribution of pressure within the prosthetic socket. This study evaluates a new suspension system for lower limb prostheses, and aims to compare the interface pressure and amputees' satisfaction with the new system compared with a common prosthetic suspension system (pin/lock). METHODS Ten transtibial amputees walked at a self-selected speed on a level ground with two different suspension systems, namely the pin/lock and HOLO system. The interface pressure was measured using the F-socket transducers at the proximal, middle and distal sites of residual limb. Furthermore, subjective feedback was logged to compare two systems. RESULTS The pressure was significantly higher at the proximal and distal areas with the pin/lock suspension system during the swing phase of gait (P<0.05). Subjective feedback also showed traction at the stump with the pin/lock system. There were no significant differences in the pressure applied to the mid-anterior and mid posterior stump for both suspension systems. However, the lateral and medial sides exhibited higher pressure with the new system during stance phase. CONCLUSIONS The intention of this study was to deepen understanding on the effect of suspension system on the load distribution over the residual limb. The new coupling system was proved compatible with the pin/lock system in terms of suspending the leg and amputee's satisfaction. On the other hand, the HOLO system could distribute the pressure more uniformly over the residual limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Gholizadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Eshraghi A, Abu Osman NA, Karimi M, Gholizadeh H, Soodmand E, Abas WABW. Gait biomechanics of individuals with transtibial amputation: effect of suspension system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96988. [PMID: 24865351 PMCID: PMC4035274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosthetic suspension system is an important component of lower limb prostheses. Suspension efficiency can be best evaluated during one of the vital activities of daily living, i.e. walking. A new magnetic prosthetic suspension system has been developed, but its effects on gait biomechanics have not been studied. This study aimed to explore the effect of suspension type on kinetic and kinematic gait parameters during level walking with the new suspension system as well as two other commonly used systems (the Seal-In and pin/lock). Thirteen persons with transtibial amputation participated in this study. A Vicon motion system (six cameras, two force platforms) was utilized to obtain gait kinetic and kinematic variables, as well as pistoning within the prosthetic socket. The gait deviation index was also calculated based on the kinematic data. The findings indicated significant difference in the pistoning values among the three suspension systems. The Seal-In system resulted in the least pistoning compared with the other two systems. Several kinetic and kinematic variables were also affected by the suspension type. The ground reaction force data showed that lower load was applied to the limb joints with the magnetic suspension system compared with the pin/lock suspension. The gait deviation index showed significant deviation from the normal with all the systems, but the systems did not differ significantly. Main significant effects of the suspension type were seen in the GRF (vertical and fore-aft), knee and ankle angles. The new magnetic suspension system showed comparable effects in the remaining kinetic and kinematic gait parameters to the other studied systems. This study may have implications on the selection of suspension systems for transtibial prostheses. Trial Registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT2013061813706N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Eshraghi
- Prosthetist & Orthotist, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Noor Azuan Abu Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Karimi
- Department of Orthotics & Prosthetics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Gholizadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ehsan Soodmand
- Department of Human Locomotion, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Wan Abu Bakar Wan Abas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ali S, Abu Osman NA, Eshraghi A, Gholizadeh H, Abd Razak NAB, Wan Abas WABB. Interface pressure in transtibial socket during ascent and descent on stairs and its effect on patient satisfaction. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2014; 28:994-9. [PMID: 24161521 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transtibial amputees encounter stairs and steps during their daily activities. The excessive pressure between residual limb/socket may reduce the walking capability of transtibial prosthetic users during ascent and descent on stairs. The purposes of the research were to evaluate the interface pressure between Dermo (shuttle lock) and Seal-In X5 (prosthetic valve) interface systems during stair ascent and descent, and to determine their satisfaction effects on users. METHODS Ten amputees with unilateral transtibial amputation participated in the study. Interface pressure was recorded with F-socket transducer (9811E) during stair ascent and descent at self-selected speed. Each participant filled in a questionnaire about satisfaction and problems encountered with the use of the two interface systems. FINDINGS The resultant mean peak pressure (kPa) was significantly lower for the Dermo interface system compared to that of the Seal-In X5 interface system at the anterior, posterior and medial regions during stair ascent (63.14 vs. 80.14, 63.14 vs. 90.44, 49.21 vs. 66.04, respectively) and descent (67.11 vs. 80.41, 64.12 vs. 88.24, 47.33 vs. 65.11, respectively). Significant statistical difference existed between the two interface systems in terms of satisfaction and problems encountered (P<0.05). INTERPRETATION The Dermo interface system caused less pressure within the prosthetic socket compared to the Seal-In X5 interface system during stair negotiation. The qualitative survey also showed that the prosthesis users experienced fewer problems and increased satisfaction with the Dermo interface system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeeq Ali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.
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The effects of suction and pin/lock suspension systems on transtibial amputees' gait performance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94520. [PMID: 24827560 PMCID: PMC4021017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The suction sockets that are commonly prescribed for transtibial amputees are believed to provide a better suspension than the pin/lock systems. Nevertheless, their effect on amputees’ gait performance has not yet been fully investigated. The main intention of this study was to understand the potential effects of the Seal-in (suction) and the Dermo (pin/lock) suspension systems on amputees’ gait performance. Methodology/Principal Findings Ten unilateral transtibial amputees participated in this prospective study, and two prostheses were fabricated for each of them. A three-dimensional motion analysis system was used to evaluate the temporal-spatial, kinematics and kinetics variables during normal walking. We also asked the participants to complete some part of Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ) regarding their satisfaction and problems with both systems. The results revealed that there was more symmetry in temporal-spatial parameters between the prosthetic and sound limbs using the suction system. However, the difference between two systems was not significant (p<0.05). Evaluation of kinetic data and the subjects’ feedback showed that the participants had more confidence using the suction socket and the sockets were more fit for walking. Nevertheless, the participants had more complaints with this system due to the difficulty in donning and doffing. Conclusion It can be concluded that even though the suction socket could create better suspension, fit, and gait performance, overall satisfaction was higher with the pin/lock system due to easy donning and doffing of the prosthesis. Trial Registration irct.ir IRCT2014012816395N1
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Ghoseiri K, Safari MR. Prevalence of heat and perspiration discomfort inside prostheses: Literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 51:855-68. [DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2013.06.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Gholizadeh H, Abu Osman NA, Eshraghi A, Ali S, Razak NA. Transtibial prosthesis suspension systems: systematic review of literature. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2014; 29:87-97. [PMID: 24315710 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today a number of prosthetic suspension systems are available for transtibial amputees. Consideration of an appropriate suspension system can ensure that amputee's functional needs are satisfied. The higher the insight to suspension systems, the easier would be the selection for prosthetists. This review attempted to find scientific evidence pertaining to various transtibial suspension systems to provide selection criteria for clinicians. METHODS Databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect were explored to find related articles. Search terms were as follows: "Transtibial prosthesis (32), prosthetic suspension (48), lower limb prosthesis (54), below-knee prosthesis (58), prosthetic liner (20), transtibial (193), and prosthetic socket (111)". Two reviewers separately examined the papers. Study design (case series of five or more subjects, retrospective or prospective), research instrument, sampling method, outcome measures and protocols were reviewed. FINDINGS Based on the selection criteria, 22 articles (15 prospective studies, and 7 surveys) remained. Sweat control was found to be a major concern with the available suspension liners. Donning and doffing procedures for soft liners are also problematic for some users, particularly those with upper limb weakness. Moreover, the total surface bearing (TSB) socket with pin/lock system is favored by the majority of amputees. INTERPRETATION In summary, no clinical evidence is available to suggest what kind of suspension system could have an influential effect as a "standard" system for all transtibial amputees. However, among various suspension systems for transtibial amputees, the Iceross system was favored by the majority of users in terms of function and comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gholizadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.
| | - N A Abu Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - A Eshraghi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - S Ali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - N A Razak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia
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Eshraghi A, Abu Osman NA, Gholizadeh H, Ali S, Sævarsson SK, Wan Abas WAB. An experimental study of the interface pressure profile during level walking of a new suspension system for lower limb amputees. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2013; 28:55-60. [PMID: 23157843 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different suspension systems that are used within prosthetic devices may alter the distribution of pressure inside the prosthetic socket in lower limb amputees. This study aimed to compare the interface pressure of a new magnetic suspension system with the pin/lock and Seal-In suspension systems. METHODS Twelve unilateral transtibial amputees participated in the study. The subjects walked on a level walkway at a self-selected speed. The resultant peak pressure with the three different suspension systems was recorded using F-socket transducers. FINDINGS There were significant statistical differences between the three studied suspension systems. Pair-wise analyses revealed that the mean peak pressure (kPa) was lower with the magnetic system than it was with the pin/lock system over the anterior and posterior aspects during one gait cycle (89.89 vs. 79.26 and 47.22 vs. 26.01, respectively). Overall, the average peak pressure values were higher with the Seal-In system than they were with the new magnetic lock and pin/lock system. INTERPRETATION The new magnetic system might reduce the pressure within the prosthetic socket in comparison to the pin/lock and Seal-In system during one gait cycle. This is particularly important during the swing phase of gait and may reduce the pain and discomfort at the distal residual limb in comparison to the pin/lock system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Eshraghi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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